The PI3K/AKT cell signaling pathway is involved in regulation of osteoporosis

In-silico analysis predicts disruption of normal angiogenesis as a causative factor in osteoporosis pathogenesis

Angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling is critical for proper functioning and maintaining the health of bones. Any disruption in this coupling, associated with aging and disease, might lead to loss of bone mass. Osteoporosis (OP) is a debilitating bone metabolic disorder that affects the microarchitecture of bones, gradually leading to fracture. Computational analysis revealed that normal angiogenesis is disrupted during the progression of OP, especially postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). The genes associated with OP and PMOP were retrieved from the DisGeNET database. Hub gene analysis and molecular pathway enrichment were performed via the Cytoscape plugins STRING, MCODE, CytoHubba, ClueGO and the web-based tool Enrichr. Twenty-eight (28) hub genes were identified, eight of which were transcription factors (HIF1A, JUN, TP53, ESR1, MYC, PPARG, RUNX2 and SOX9). Analysis of SNPs associated with hub genes via the gnomAD, I-Mutant2.0, MUpro, ConSurf and COACH servers revealed the substitution F201L in IL6 as the most deleterious. The IL6 protein was modeled in the SWISS-MODEL server and the substitution was analyzed via the YASARA FoldX plugin. A positive ΔΔG (1.936) of the F201L mutant indicates that the mutated structure is less stable than the wild-type structure is. Thirteen hub genes, including IL6 and the enriched molecular pathways were found to be profoundly involved in angiogenesis/endothelial function and immune signaling. Mechanical loading of bones through weight-bearing exercises can activate osteoblasts via mechanotransduction leading to increased bone formation. The present study suggests proper mechanical loading of bone as a preventive strategy for PMOP, by which angiogenesis and the immune status of the bone can be maintained. This in silico analysis could be used to understand the molecular etiology of OP and to develop novel therapeutic approaches.

Panax Notoginseng Saponins Regulate Angiogenic Cytokines Through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway to Promote Fracture Healing in Ovariectomized Rats

Osteoporotic fractures seriously affect the quality of life of the elderly. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have the potential function of preventing osteoporosis. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is involved in the regulation of osteoporosis and has been proven to be related to VEGF secretion and angiogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of PNS on ovariectomized rats with osteoporotic fracture through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and angiogenesis-related factors. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control, fracture model, ovariectomized fracture model, low-dose PNS (100 mg/kg/d), and high-dose PNS (200 mg/kg/d). The ovariectomized rat fracture model was established. In low and high dose groups, PNS was administered intraperitoneally. The vascularization of fracture ends was detected in vitro by micro-CT on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day after modeling, and the area and number of blood vessels in the unit field of vision of the callus healing plane were seen by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of PI3K, AKT1, mTOR, hypoxia inducible factor-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-1), VEGF, Ang-1, VEGFR2, and angiopoietin like 2 Gene (ANGPTL2) were determined using Western blotting. In the PNS treatment group, the area of cortical bone increased, the area of callus decreased, and the number and area of blood vessels increased significantly when compared with the ovariectomized fracture model group. PNS regulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and promotes the expression of vascular-related cytokines (VEGF, Ang-1, VEGFR2, and ANGPTL2) in osteoporotic fractures. PNS may regulate the expression of vascular-related factors through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promote the healing of osteoporotic fractures in ovariectomized rats.

Towards an enhanced understanding of osteoanabolic effects of PTH-induced microRNAs on osteoblasts using a bioinformatic approach

In this study, we used a bioinformatic approach to construct a miRNA-target gene interaction network potentially involved in the anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone analogue teriparatide [PTH (1-34)] on osteoblasts. We extracted a dataset of 26 microRNAs (miRNAs) from previously published studies and predicted miRNA target interactions (MTIs) using four software tools: DIANA, miRWalk, miRDB, and TargetScan. By constructing an interactome of PTH-regulated miRNAs and their predicted target genes, we elucidated signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells, the Hippo signaling pathway, and the TGF-beta signaling pathway as the most significant pathways in the effects of PTH on osteoblasts. Furthermore, we constructed intersection of MTI networks for these three pathways and added validated interactions. There are 8 genes present in all three selected pathways and a set of 18 miRNAs are predicted to target these genes, according to literature data. The most important genes in all three pathways were BMPR1A, BMPR2 and SMAD2 having the most interactions with miRNAs. Among these miRNAs, only miR-146a-5p and miR-346 have validated interactions in these pathways and were shown to be important regulators of these pathways. In addition, we also propose miR-551b-5p and miR-338-5p for further experimental validation, as they have been predicted to target important genes in these pathways but none of their target interactions have yet been verified. Our wet-lab experiment on miRNAs differentially expressed between PTH (1-34) treated and untreated mesenchymal stem cells supports miR-186-5p from the literature obtained data as another prominent miRNA. The meticulous selection of miRNAs outlined will significantly support and guide future research aimed at discovering and understanding the crucial pathways of osteoanabolic PTH-epigenetic effects on osteoblasts. Additionally, they hold potential for the discovery of new PTH target genes, innovative biomarkers for the effectiveness and safety of osteoporosis-affected treatment, as well as novel therapeutic targets.

Positive effect of peptide-calcium chelates from Grifola frondosa on a mouse model of senile osteoporosis

Calcium supplementation has been shown to be efficacious in mitigating the progression of senile osteoporosis (SOP) and reducing the incidence of osteoporotic fractures resulting from prolonged calcium shortage. In this study, Grifola frondosa (GF) peptides-calcium chelate were synthesized through the interaction between peptide from GF and CaCl2. The chelation reaction was shown to involve the participation of the amino and carboxyl groups in the peptide, as revealed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Furthermore, a mouse model of (SOP) induced by d-galactose was established (SCXK-2018-0004). Results demonstrated that low dosage of low-molecular weight GF peptides-calcium chelates (LLgps-Ca) could significantly improve serum index and pathological features of bone tissue and reduce bone injury. Further research suggested that LLgps-Ca could ameliorate SOP by modulating the disrupted metabolic pathway, which includes focal adhesion, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Using Western blot, the differentially expressed proteins were further confirmed. Thus, calciumchelating peptides from GF could serve as functional calcium agents to alleviate SOP.

SHIP1 deficiency causes inflammation-dependent retardation in skeletal growth

Inflammation and skeletal homeostasis are closely intertwined. Inflammatory diseases are associated with local and systemic bone loss, and post-menopausal osteoporosis is linked to low-level chronic inflammation. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase signalling is a pivotal pathway modulating immune responses and controlling skeletal health. Mice deficient in Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP1), a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway, develop systemic inflammation associated with low body weight, reduced bone mass, and changes in bone microarchitecture. To elucidate the specific role of the immune system in skeletal development, a genetic approach was used to characterise the contribution of SHIP1-controlled systemic inflammation to SHIP1-dependent osteoclastogenesis. Lymphocyte deletion entirely rescued the skeletal phenotype in Rag2 -/- /Il2rg -/- /SHIP1 -/- mice. Rag2 -/- /Il2rg -/- /SHIP1 -/- osteoclasts, however, displayed an intermediate transcriptomic signature between control and Rag2 +/+ /Il2rg +/+ /SHIP1 -/- osteoclasts while exhibiting aberrant in vitro development and functions similar to Rag2 +/+ /Il2rg +/+ /SHIP1 -/- osteoclasts. These data establish a cell-intrinsic role for SHIP1 in osteoclasts, with inflammation as the key driver of the skeletal phenotype in SHIP1-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate the central role of the immune system in steering physiological skeletal development.

SIRT1 and ZNF350 as novel biomarkers for osteoporosis: a bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by bone mass decrease and bone tissue microarchitectural deterioration in bone tissue. This study identified potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of OP and elucidated the mechanism of OP.

METHODS

Gene expression profiles were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) for the GSE56814 dataset. A gene co-expression network was constructed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify key modules associated with healthy and OP samples. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted using the R clusterProfiler package for modules to construct the transcriptional regulatory factor networks. We used the "ggpubr" package in R to screen for differentially expressed genes between the two samples. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was employed to further validate hub gene expression levels between normal and OP samples using RT-PCR and immunofluorescence to evaluate the potential biological changes in various samples.

RESULTS

There was a distinction between the normal and OP conditions based on the preserved significant module. A total of 100 genes with the highest MM scores were considered key genes. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that the top 10 biological processes, cellular component and molecular functions were enriched. The Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. SIRT1 and ZNF350 were identified by Wilcoxon algorithm as hub differentially expressed transcriptional regulatory factors that promote OP progression by affecting oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling, and p53 pathway. According to RT-PCR and immunostaining results, SIRT1 and ZNF350 levels were significantly higher in OP samples than in normal samples.

CONCLUSION

SIRT1 and ZNF350 are important transcriptional regulatory factors for the pathogenesis of OP and may be novel biomarkers for OP treatment.

Identification of TNFRSF1A as a potential biomarker for osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a relatively rare malignant bone tumor in teenagers; however, its molecular mechanisms are not yet understood comprehensively.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to use necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) and their relationships with immune-related genes to construct a prognostic signature for OS.

METHODS

TARGET-OS was used as the training dataset, and GSE 16091 and GSE 21257 were used as the validation datasets. Univariate regression, survival analysis, and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to screen for hub genes. The immune-related targets were screened using immune infiltration assays and immune checkpoints. The results were validated using nomogram and decision curve analyses (DCA).

RESULTS

Using univariate Cox regression analysis, TNFRSF1A was screened from 14 NRGs as an OS prognostic signature. Functional enrichment was analyzed based on the median expression of TNFRSF1A. The prognosis of the TNFRSF1A low-expression group in the Kaplan-Meier curve was notably worse. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the number of activated T cells and tumor purity increased considerably. Furthermore, the immune checkpoint lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a possible target for intervention. The nomogram accurately predicted 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates. DCA validated the model (C = 0.669).

Conclusion

TNFRSF1A can be used to elucidate the potential relationship between the immune microenvironment and NRGs in OS pathogenesis.

Identification and characterization of extrachromosomal circular DNA in age-related osteoporosis

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) was once thought to mainly exist in tumour cells, although it was later shown to be ubiquitous in healthy tissues as well. However, the characteristics and properties of eccDNA in healthy tissue or non-cancer tissue are not well understood. This study first analyses the properties, possible formation mechanisms and potential functions of eccDNA in osteoporotic or normal bone tissue. We used circle-seq to demonstrate the expression spectrum of the eccDNA in the bone tissue. A bioinformatics analysis was performed for the differentially expressed eccDNA, and it enriched the Hippo signalling pathway, PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, Ras signal-ling pathway and other signalling pathways that are closely related to osteoporosis (OP). Then, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing to assess human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and obtained the base sequence of the eccDNA cyclization site. Overall, eccDNAs in bone tissue are common and may play a significant role in pathways connected to age-related osteoporosis progression.

Fucoxanthin diminishes oxidative stress damage in human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 pathway

Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PL-MSCs) have therapeutic potential in various clinical contexts due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. However, with increasing age or extensive in vitro culture, their viability and function are gradually lost, thus restricting their therapeutic application. The primary cause of this deterioration is oxidative injury from free radicals. Therefore, enhancing cell viability and restoring cellular repair mechanisms of PL-MSCs in an oxidative stress environment are crucial in this context. Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid derived from brown seaweed, demonstrates antioxidant activity by increasing the production of antioxidant enzymes and lowering the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to determine whether fucoxanthin protects PL-MSCs from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. After characterization, PL-MSCs were co-treated with fucoxanthin and H2O2 for 24 h (co-treatment) or pre-treated with fucoxanthin for 24 h followed by H2O2 for 24 h (pre-treatment). The effects of fucoxanthin on cell viability and proliferation were examined using an MTT assay. The expression of antioxidant enzymes, PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 and intracellular ROS production were investigated in fucoxanthin-treated PL-MSCs compared to the untreated group. The gene expression and involvement of specific pathways in the cytoprotective effect of fucoxanthin were investigated by high-throughput NanoString nCounter analysis. The results demonstrated that co-treatment and pre-treatment with fucoxanthin restored the viability and proliferative capacity of PL-MSCs. Fucoxanthin treatment increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes in PL-MSCs cultured under oxidative stress conditions and decreased intracellular ROS accumulation. Markedly, fucoxanthin treatment could restore PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 expression in H2O2-treated PL-MSCs. High-throughput analysis revealed up-regulation of genes involved in cell survival pathways, including cell cycle and proliferation, DNA damage repair pathways, and down-regulation of genes in apoptosis and autophagy pathways. This study demonstrated that fucoxanthin protects and rescues PL-MSCs from oxidative stress damage through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 pathway. Our data provide the supporting evidence for the use of fucoxanthin as an antioxidant cytoprotective agent to improve the viability and proliferation capacity of PL-MSCs both in vitro and in vivo required to increase the effectiveness of MSC expansion for therapeutic applications.

Bone repair and key signalling pathways for cell-based bone regenerative therapy: A review

Advances in cell-based regenerative therapy create new opportunities for the treatment of bone-related disorders and injuries, by improving the reparative phase of bone healing. Apart from the classical approach of bone grafting, the application of cell-based therapies, particularly stem cells (SCs), has gained a lot of attention in recent years. SCs play an important role in regenerative therapy due to their excellent ability to differentiate into bone-forming cells. Regeneration of new bone is regulated by a wide variety of signalling molecules and intracellular networks, which are responsible for coordinating cellular processes. The activated signalling cascade is significantly involved in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and interaction with the microenvironment and other types of cells within the healing site. Despite the increasing evidence from studies conducted on signalling pathways associated with bone formation, the exact mechanism involved in controlling the differentiation stage of transplanted cells is not well understood. Identifying the key activated pathways involved in bone regeneration may allow for precise manipulation of the relevant signalling molecules within the progenitor cell population to accelerate the healing process. The in-depth knowledge of molecular mechanisms would be advantageous in improving the efficiency of personalised medicine and targeted therapy in regenerative medicine. In this review, we briefly introduce the theory of bone repair mechanism and bone tissue engineering followed by an overview of relevant signalling pathways that have been identified to play an important role in cell-based bone regenerative therapy.

Targeting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase for inhibiting maxillary bone resorption

Previous studies have suggested a role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) in bone remodeling, but the mechanism remains undefined. Here, we explored the contribution of PI3Kγ in the resorption of maxillary bone and dental roots using models of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption, and rapid maxillary expansion (RME). PI3Kγ-deficient mice (PI3Kγ-/- ), mice with loss of PI3Kγ kinase activity (PI3KγKD/KD ) and C57BL/6 mice treated with a PI3Kγ inhibitor (AS605240) and respective controls were used. The maxillary bones of PI3Kγ-/- , PI3KγKD/KD , and C57BL/6 mice treated with AS605240 showed an improvement of bone quality compared to their controls, resulting in reduction of the OTM and RME in all experimental groups. PI3Kγ-/- mice exhibited increased root volume and decreased odontoclasts counts. Consistently, the pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of PI3K resulted in increased numbers of osteoblasts and reduction in osteoclasts during OTM. There was an augmented expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (Alp), a reduction of interleukin-6 (Il-6), as well as a lack of responsiveness of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β (Rank) in PI3Kγ-/- and PI3KγKD/KD mice compared to control mice. The maxillary bones of PI3Kγ-/- animals showed reduced p-Akt expression. In vitro, bone marrow cells treated with AS605240 and cells from PI3Kγ-/- mice exhibited significant augment of osteoblast mineralization and less osteoclast differentiation. The PI3Kγ/Akt axis is pivotal for bone remodeling by providing negative and positive signals for the differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively.

Regulatory Effects of Quercetin on Bone Homeostasis: Research Updates and Future Perspectives

The imbalance of bone homeostasis has become a major public medical problem amid the background of an aging population, which is closely related to the occurrence of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and fractures. Presently, most drugs used in the clinical treatment of bone homeostasis imbalance are bisphosphonates, calcitonin, estrogen receptor modulators, and biological agents that inhibit bone resorption or parathyroid hormone analogs that promote bone formation. However, there are many adverse reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to explore potential drugs. Quercetin, as a flavonol compound with various biological activities, is widely distributed in plants. Studies have found that quercetin can regulate bone homeostasis through multiple pathways and targets. An in-depth exploration of the pharmacological mechanism of quercetin is of great significance for the development of new drugs. This review discusses the therapeutic mechanisms of quercetin on bone homeostasis, such as regulating the expression of long non-coding RNA, signaling pathways of bone metabolism, various types of programmed cell death, bone nutrients supply pathways, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and activation of Sirtuins. We also summarize recent progress in improving quercetin bioavailability and propose some issues worth paying attention to, which may help guide future research efforts.

Osteogenic induction of asiatic acid derivatives in human periodontal ligament stem cells

Asiatic acid (AA) and asiaticoside, pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds derived from Centella asiatica, are known for their biological effects in promoting type I collagen synthesis and inducing osteogenesis of stem cells. However, their applications in regenerative medicine are limited due to their low potency and poor aqueous solubility. This work aimed to evaluate the osteogenic induction activity of AA derivatives in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in vitro. Four compounds were synthesised, namely 501, 502, 503, and 506. AA was used as the control. The 502 exhibited low water solubility, while the 506 compound showed the highest. The cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that 503 caused significant deterioration in cell viability, while other derivatives showed no harmful effect on hPDLSCs. The dimethyl aminopropyl amine derivative of AA, compound 506, demonstrated a relatively high potency in inducing osteogenic differentiation. An elevated mRNA expression of osteogenic-related genes, BMP2, WNT3A, ALP, OSX and IBSP was observed with 506. Additionally, the expression of BMP-2 protein was enhanced with increasing dose of 506, and the effect was pronounced when the Erk signalling molecule was inhibited. The 506 derivative was proposed for the promotion of osteogenic differentiation in hPDLSCs by upregulating BMP2 via the Erk signalling pathway. The 506 molecule showed promise in bone tissue regeneration.

Pulsed frequency modulated ultrasound promotes therapeutic effects of osteoporosis induced by ovarian failure in mice

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proved to be an effective technique for the treatment of osteoporosis. To better activate the bone formation-related markers, promote the different stages of osteogenesis, and further enhance the therapeutic effects of ultrasound, this study employed pulsed frequency modulated ultrasound (pFMUS) to treat mice with osteoporosis, which was caused by ovarian failure due to 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide (VCD) injection. Healthy 8-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups: Sham (S), VCD-control (V), VCD + LIPUS (VU), and VCD + pFMUS (VFU). VU and VFU groups were treated by LIPUS and pFMUS, respectively. Serum analysis, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), mechanical testing and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were performed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of ultrasound. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to explore the mechanism of ultrasound on osteoporosis. Results showed that pFMUS might have better therapeutic effects than traditional LIPUS in terms of bone microstructure and bone strength. In addition, pFMUS could promote bone formation by activating phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, and slow down bone resorption by increasing osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (OPG/RANKL) ratio. This study is of positive prognostic significance when understanding the mechanism of ultrasound regulation on osteoporosis and establishing novel treatment plan of osteoporosis by multi-frequency ultrasound.

Computational Drug Discovery in Ankylosing Spondylitis-Induced Osteoporosis Based on Data Mining and Bioinformatics Analysis

BACKGROUND

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and osteoporosis (OP) are both prevalent illnesses in spine surgery, with OP being a possible consequence of AS. However, the mechanism of AS-induced OP (AS-OP) remains unknown, limiting etiologic research and therapy of the illness. To mine targetable medicine for the prevention and treatment of AS-OP, this study analyzes public data sets using bioinformatics to identify genes and biological pathways relevant to AS-OP.

METHODS

First, text mining was used to identify common genes associated with AS and OP, after which functional analysis was carried out. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to create protein-protein interaction networks. Hub genes and potential drugs were discovered using drug-gene interaction analysis and transcription factors-gene interaction analysis.

RESULTS

The results of text mining showed 241 genes common to AS and OP, from which 115 key symbols were sorted out by functional analysis. As options for treating AS-OP, protein-protein interaction analysis yielded 20 genes, which may be targeted by 13 medications.

CONCLUSIONS

Carlumab, bermekimab, rilonacept, rilotumumab, and ficlatuzumab were first identified as the potential drugs for the treatment of AS-OP, proving the value of text mining and pathway analysis in drug discovery.

Diosmin mitigates dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in vivo: Role of Runx2, RANKL/OPG, and oxidative stress

Secondary osteoporosis is commonly caused by long-term intake of glucocorticoids (GCs), such as dexamethasone (DEX). Diosmin, a natural substance with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is clinically used for treating some vascular disorders. The current work targeted exploring the protective properties of diosmin to counteract DEX-induced osteoporosis in vivo. Rats were administered DEX (7 mg/kg) once weekly for 5 weeks, and in the second week, vehicle or diosmin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) for the next four weeks. Femur bone tissues were collected and processed for histological and biochemical examinations. The study findings showed that diosmin alleviated the histological bone impairments caused by DEX. In addition, diosmin upregulated the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) and the mRNA transcripts of Wingless (Wnt) and osteocalcin. Furthermore, diosmin counteracted the rise in the mRNA levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and the reduction in osteoprotegerin (OPG), both were induced by DEX. Diosmin restored the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and exerted significant antiapoptotic activity. The aforementioned effects were more pronounced at the dose level of 100 mg/kg. Collectively, diosmin has proven to protect rats against DEX-induced osteoporosis by augmenting osteoblast and bone development while hindering osteoclast and bone resorption. Our findings could be used as a stand for recommending supplementation of diosmin for patients chronically using GCs.

Effects of a Functional Ice Cream Enriched with Milk Proteins on Bone Metabolism: A Feasibility Clinical Study and In Vitro Investigation

Background: Milk proteins (MPs) and their derivative whey proteins (WPs) are important components of human diet that might prevent bone loss. We aimed to investigate the effects of MP on the bones of postmenopausal women, along with the effects of WP on osteoblast cells. Methods: We conducted a feasibility controlled clinical study with 62 postmenopausal women who were asked to consume an MP-enriched ice cream. We also investigated the effect of WP on the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways, RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase, RANKL/OPG ratio, and COL1A of Saos-2. Results: After 12 weeks, we found a greater bone mineral density and bone alkaline phosphatase reduction in women who consumed the MP-enriched ice cream compared to the control group (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). In Saos-2 cells, WP upregulated ERK1/2 and AKT pathways (p = 0.002 and p = 0.016), cell proliferation (p = 0.03), and osteoblast differentiation markers, along with downregulating RANKL/OPG (p < 0.001). Moreover, the inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD184253 reverted the effects on both the RUNX2 and ALP mRNA expression and cells proliferation (p = 0.028, p = 0.004, and p = 0.003, respectively) when treated with WP. Conclusions: WP upregulates cell proliferation, RUNX2, and alkaline phosphatase through the activation of the ERK1/2 pathways on Saos-2. These mechanisms probably contribute to preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women.

The mechanism study of inhibition effect of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali osteoporosis through PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

PURPOSE

To observe the mechanism of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali in treating osteoporosis.

METHODS

Osteoporosis rat model was established by bilateral ovariectomy combined with low-calcium diet feeding. Bone mineral density was measured by bone densitometer. Bone metabolism markers in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bone tissue structure was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the effect of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali on PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was investigated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Compared with the model group, the bone tissue structure and imbalance of bone metabolism were improved, and the bone mineral density was significantly increased in the prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali groups. After intervention with prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali, the positive expression of PIK3CA and Akt1 in rat bone tissue was enhanced, and the expression levels of Akt1 mRNA were significantly increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali may treat osteoporosis by activating PI3K/AKT pathway.

Using network pharmacology and molecular docking verification to explore the mechanism of ursolic acid in the treatment of osteoporosis

Whether ursolic acid is an effective drug in treatment of osteoporosis (OP) and how it exhibit activity effect on OP is unclear. To investigated the potential molecular mechanism of ursolic acid in the treatment of OP and figured out its possible mechanism is necessary. The target genes of ursolic acid were screened by using the database of traditional chinese medicine systems pharmacology, PubMed database and UniProt database. OP-related target genes were searched by GeneCards database, and utilized online mapping tool to obtain common target genes of component-disease. String database was used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of component-disease common target genes and perform topological analysis to screen core target genes. DAVID database was performed gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis for component-disease shared target genes. Using the core target protein as the receptor and ursolic acid as the ligand, the molecular docking was performed using AutoDockVina 1.1.2 software. A total of 52 ursolic acid-related target genes and 4657 OP-related target genes were excavated, with a total of collective 43 target genes. The above-mentioned PPI network with shared target genes contains 43 nodes and 510 edges, with an average node degree value of 23.32. A total of 24 core target genes were obtained, mainly including tumor protein p53 (TP53), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), caspase3 (CASP3), matrix metallo protein (MMP9), transcription factor AP-1 (JUN), activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), and prostaglandin endoperoxidase 2 (PTGS2), respectively. According to KEGG enrichment analysis, there are 126 treatment of OP signaling pathway were enriched. GO enrichment analysis revealed that 313 biological processes were identified. The molecular docking result showed that the binding energies were all lower than -5 kcal/mol, indicating strong binding activity to the protein by the 6 core target gene. The therapeutic effect of ursolic acid on OP may be achieved by regulating TP53, JUN, IL6, VEGFA, CASP3, and MAPK8 genes, respectively. It exhibits possible biological function in the treatment of OP mainly involve positive regulation of apoptotic process, response to drug, incytoplasm, cytosol, protein binding, identical protein binding. Its mechanism may related to multiple therapeutic targets and signaling pathways such as cancer pathway, hepatitis B, and TNF signaling pathway.

miR-4739/ITGA10/PI3K signaling regulates differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblast

Introduction

To probe the impacts and biological roles of miR-4739/ITGA10 on the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to screen the key genes in osteoporosis. The upstream miRNAs of ITGA10 were predicted by TargetScan. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed by DAVID database. The osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis were measured using CCK-8 and flow cytometry. The differentiation markers were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the binding of miR-4739 to ITGA10.

Results

ITGA10 was down-regulated in patients with osteoporosis and identified as the key gene in osteoporosis by the bioinformatics analysis. Then the prediction provided by TargetScan indicated that miR-4739 was the potential upstream miRNA for ITGA10. And the following luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-4739 could bind to ITGA10 3′UTR. Furthermore, the miR-4739 inhibitor promoted osteoblasts proliferation, differentiation, and inhibited cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of ITGA10 and subsequently activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Overall, we proved that the higher expression of miR-4739 participated in the progression of osteoporosis by targeting ITGA10 and modulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and perhaps miR-4739/ITGA10 axis could be potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic target for osteoporosis.

Network pharmacology-based strategy to investigate pharmacological mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pill against postmenopausal osteoporosis

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) has became 1 of most prevalent bone disorders with aging population. Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH) Pill, a classical kidney-tonifying prescription, is extensively used to treat PMOP in China. The aim of this study is to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of LWDH Pill against PMOP via network pharmacological strategy. The active ingredients of LWDH Pill were screened out from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology, Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Databases, and their related target genes were fished in the UniProt database. Simultaneously, the GeneCards and DisGeNET databases were used to identify the target genes of PMOP. Through establishing a protein-protein interaction network, the overlapping genes between LWDH Pill and PMOP were identified to analyze their interactions and the hub target genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed to predict the underlying biological processes (BP) and signaling pathways, respectively. A total of 64 active ingredients and 653 related target genes were identified in LWDH Pill, and 292 target genes were closely associated with PMOP. After matching the target genes between LWDH Pill and PMOP, 84 overlapping targets were obtained and considered as therapeutically relevant. Through construction of a protein-protein interaction network, we identified 20 hub target genes including IL6, INS, tumor necrosis factor, AKT1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, IGF1, TP53, IL1B, MMP9, JUN, LEP, CTNNB1, EGF, PTGS2, PPARG, CXCL8, IL10, CCL2, FOS and ESR1. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis suggested that LWDH Pill exerted anti-PMOP effects via regulating multiple BP including cell proliferation and apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed several pathways, such as PI3K-AKT pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, hypoxia-inducible factors-1 pathway, tumor necrosis factor pathway, interleukin-17 (IL-17) pathway and FoxO pathway that might be involved in modulating the above BP. Through network pharmacological approach, we investigated the potential therapeutic mechanism of LWDH Pill against postmenopausal osteoporosis in a systemic perspective. These identified multi-targets and multi-pathways provide promising directions for further revealing more exact mechanisms.

A Scoping Review of the Skeletal Effects of Naringenin

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis is caused by the deterioration of bone density and microstructure, resulting in increased fracture risk. It transpires due to an imbalanced skeletal remodelling process favouring bone resorption. Various natural compounds can positively influence the skeletal remodelling process, of which naringenin is a candidate. Naringenin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound found in citrus fruits and grapefruit. This systematic review aims to present an overview of the available evidence on the skeletal protective effects of naringenin.

METHOD

A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases in August 2022. Original research articles using cells, animals, or humans to investigate the bone protective effects of naringenin were included.

RESULTS

Sixteen eligible articles were included in this review. The existing evidence suggested that naringenin enhanced osteoblastogenesis and bone formation through BMP-2/p38MAPK/Runx2/Osx, SDF-1/CXCR4, and PI3K/Akt/c-Fos/c-Jun/AP-1 signalling pathways. Naringenin also inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by inhibiting inflammation and the RANKL pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Naringenin enhances bone formation while suppressing bone resorption, thus achieving its skeletal protective effects. It could be incorporated into the diet through fruit intake or supplements to prevent bone loss.

Biochemical Targets and Molecular Mechanism of Ginsenoside Compound K in Treating Osteoporosis Based on Network Pharmacology

To investigate the potential of ginsenosides in treating osteoporosis, ginsenoside compound K (GCK) was selected to explore the potential targets and mechanism based on network pharmacology (NP). Based on text mining from public databases, 206 and 6590 targets were obtained for GCK and osteoporosis, respectively, in which 138 targets were identified as co-targets of GCK and osteoporosis using intersection analysis. Five central gene clusters and key genes (STAT3, PIK3R1, VEGFA, JAK2 and MAP2K1) were identified based on Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) analysis through constructing a protein-protein interaction network using the STRING database. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis implied that phosphatidylinositol-related biological process, molecular modification and function may play an important role for GCK in the treatment of osteoporosis. Function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that the c-Fms-mediated osteoclast differentiation pathway was one of the most important mechanisms for GCK in treating osteoporosis. Meanwhile, except for being identified as key targets based on cytoHubba analysis using Cytoscape software, MAPK and PI3K-related proteins were enriched in the downstream of the c-Fms-mediated osteoclast differentiation pathway. Molecular docking further confirmed that GCK could interact with the cavity on the surface of a c-Fms protein with the lowest binding energy (-8.27 Kcal/moL), and their complex was stabilized by hydrogen bonds (Thr578 (1.97 Å), Leu588 (2.02 Å, 2.18 Å), Ala590 (2.16 Å, 2.84 Å) and Cys 666 (1.93 Å)), van der Waals and alkyl hydrophobic interactions. Summarily, GCK could interfere with the occurrence and progress of osteoporosis through the c-Fms-mediated MAPK and PI3K signaling axis regulating osteoclast differentiation.

Relationship between osteoporosis and Cushing syndrome based on bioinformatics

BACKGROUND

Many clinical studies have reported a relatively high incidence of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in patients with Cushing syndrome (CS). However, few papers have investigated osteoporosis and CS in terms of pathogenesis, so this study explores the association between the 2 and predicts upstream micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) through bioinformatics, which provides potential targets for simultaneous pharmacological interventions in both diseases and also provides a basis for pathological screening.

METHODS

We used Genecards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and Therapeutic Target Database databases to screen the targets of osteoporosis and Cushing syndrome; import target genes to Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis; the intersecting genes were uploaded to Search Tool for the Retrieval of Genes and Genomes database to construct protein-protein interaction network; Cytoscape software was used to screen core genes, and Molecular Complex Detection module was used to analyze cluster modules; finally, the NetworkAnalyst data platform was used to predict the miRNAs that interact with core genes.

RESULTS

The core genes of osteoporosis and Cushing syndrome were insulin, tumor necrosis factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), interleukin-6, insulin-like growth factor 1, etc. A total of 340 upstream miRNAs including hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-mir-30a-5p and hsa-mir-125b-5p were predicted. The biological processes involved include regulating the transcription of ribonucleic acid polymerase II promoter and participating in the transduction of cytokine signaling pathways, which focus on the binding of nerve system ligand, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc.

CONCLUSION

Osteoporosis and Cushing syndrome are closely related in terms of targets and molecular mechanisms. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify their targets and mechanisms, providing potential targets for drug simultaneous regulation of the 2 diseases, and providing a new direction for exploring the relationship between diseases.

Bioinformatics Analysis of the Key Genes and Pathways in Multiple Myeloma

Objective

To study the differentially expressed genes between multiple myeloma and healthy whole blood samples by bioinformatics analysis, find out the key genes involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of multiple myeloma, and analyze and predict their functions.

Methods

The gene chip data GSE146649 was downloaded from the GEO expression database. The gene chip data GSE146649 was analyzed by R language to obtain the genes with different expression in multiple myeloma and healthy samples, and the cluster analysis heat map was constructed. At the same time, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of these DEGs were established by STRING and Cytoscape software. The gene co-expression module was constructed by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The hub genes were identified from key gene and central gene. TCGA database was used to analyze the expression of differentially expressed genes in patients with multiple myeloma. Finally, the expression level of TNFSF11 in whole blood samples from patients with multiple myeloma was analyzed by RT qPCR.

Results

We identified four genes (TNFSF11, FGF2, SGMS2, IGFBP7) as hub genes of multiple myeloma. Then, TCGA database was used to analyze the survival of TNFSF11, FGF2, SGMS2 and IGFBP7 in patients with multiple myeloma. Finally, the expression level of TNFSF11 in whole blood samples from patients with multiple myeloma was analyzed by RT qPCR.

Conclusion

The study suggests that TNFSF11, FGF2, SGMS2 and IGFBP7 are important research targets to explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma.

Interactome of PTH-Regulated miRNAs and Their Predicted Target Genes for Investigating the Epigenetic Effects of PTH (1-34) in Bone Metabolism

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that mostly affects the elderly. A lot of drugs are available, mostly with an antiresorptive effect but just a few with an osteoanabolic effect, meaning they promote bone building. PTH (1-34) or teriparatide is an osteoanabolic drug, but its efficacy varies between individuals. We performed a literature review and extracted a dataset of 62 microRNAs (miRNAs) from 10 different studies; predicted miRNA target interactions (MTIs) were obtained with the help of four software tools: DIANA, miRWalk, miRDB and TargetScan. With the construction of an interactome of PTH-regulated miRNAs and their predicted target genes, we elucidated miR-146a-5p, miR-551b-5p, miR-205-3p, miR-33a-3p, miR-338-5p as miRNAs with the most interactions and miR-410-3p as the miRNA targeting bone-related pathways with the highest significance. These miRNAs could help in further understanding the mechanism of action of PTH on bone metabolism and osteoporosis. They also have the potential for novel network-based biomarkers for osteoporosis treatment efficacy and safety and as new therapeutic targets.

Total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone defects

Bone defects are difficult to heal, which conveys a heavy burden to patients' lives and their economy. The total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae (TFRD) can promote the osteogenesis of distraction osteogenesis. However, the dose effect is not clear, the treatment period is short, and the quality of bone formation is poor. In our study, we observed the long-term effects and dose effects of TFRD on bone defects, verified the main ingredients of TFRD in combination with network pharmacology for the first time, explored its potential mechanism, and verified these findings. We found that TFRD management for 12 weeks regulated osteogenesis and angiogenesis in rats with 4-mm tibial bone defects through the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, especially at high doses (135 mg kg^-1  d^-1 ). The vascularization effect of TFRD in promoting human umbilical vein endothelial cells was inhibited by PI3K inhibitors. These results provide a reference for the clinical application of TFRD.

Deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of epimedium on osteoporosis through system bioinformatic approach

Epimedium has gained widespread clinical application in Traditional Chinese Medicine, with the functions of promoting bone reproduction, regulating cell cycle and inhibiting osteoclastic activity. However, its precise cellular pharmacological therapeutic mechanism on osteoporosis (OP) remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of epimedium in the treatment of OP based on system bioinformatic approach. Predicted targets of epimedium were collected from TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM and ETCM databases. Differentially expressed mRNAs of OP patients were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database by performing Limma package of R software. Epimedium-OP common targets were obtained by Venn diagram package for further analysis. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were carried out by using clusterProfiler package. Molecular docking analysis was conducted by AutoDock 4.2 software to validate the binding affinity between epimedium and top 3 proteins based on the result of protein-protein interaction. A total of 241 unique identified epimedium targets were screened from databases, of which 62 overlapped with the targets of OP and were considered potential therapeutic targets. The results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were positive regulation of cell cycle, cellular response to oxidative stress and positive regulation of cell cycle process as well as cellular senescence, FoxO, PI3K-Akt, and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Molecular docking showed that epimedium have a good binding activity with key targets. Our study demonstrated the multitarget and multi-pathway characteristics of epimedium on OP, which elucidates the potential mechanisms of epimedium against OP and provides theoretical basis for further drug development.

Role of PI3K in the bone resorption of apical periodontitis

BACKGROUND

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is located within cells, and is involved in regulating cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PI3K in the process of bone destruction in apical periodontitis, and provide reference data for the treatment of this disease.

METHODS

The relative mRNA expression of PI3K, Acp5 and NFATc1 in the normal human periodontal ligament and in chronic apical periodontitis were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A mouse model of apical periodontitis was established by root canal exposure to the oral cavity, and HE staining was used to observe the progress of apical periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of PI3K and AKT in different stages of apical periodontitis, while enzymatic histochemical staining was used for detection of osteoclasts. An Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory environment was also established at the osteoclast and osteoblast level, and osteoclasts or osteoblasts were treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 to examine the role of PI3K in bone resorption.

RESULTS

The expression of PI3K, Acp5 and NFATc1 genes in chronic apical periodontitis sample groups was significantly increased relative to healthy periodontal ligament tissue (P < 0.05). Mouse apical periodontitis was successfully established and bone resorption peaked between 2 and 3 weeks (P < 0.05). The expression of PI3K and Akt increased with the progression of inflammation, and reached a peak at 14 days (P < 0.05). The gene and protein expression of PI3K, TRAP and NFATc1 in osteoclasts were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the E. coli LPS-mediated inflammatory microenvironment compared to the normal control group. Meanwhile in osteoblasts, the gene and protein expression of PI3K, BMP-2 and Runx2 were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the inflammatory microenvironment. With the addition of LY294002, expressions of bone resorption-related factors (TRAP, NFATc1) and bone formation-related factors (BMP-2, Runx2) significantly decreased (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Under the inflammatory environment induced by LPS, PI3K participates in the occurrence and development of chronic apical periodontitis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Silk Fibroin/Hydroxyapatite Coating Improved Osseointegration of Porous Titanium Implants under Diabetic Conditions via Activation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

The application of three-dimensional printed porous titanium implants (TIs) is compromised in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM), which disturbs the normal process of implant osseointegration, resulting in fixation failure. It was possibly because of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction at the bone-implant interface. A silk fibroin-based hydroxyapatite (SF/HA) hybrid material emerged as a novel biological material for accelerating new bone formation. We proposed that the SF/HA hybrid coated titanium implant (SHT) could mitigate DM-mediated impaired osseointegration, which had never been reported previously. To test this assumption and further elucidate the mechanisms, primary rabbit osteoblasts were seeded on TIs or SHTs and cultured with normal serum, diabetic serum (DS), DS + N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (a potent ROS inhibitor), and DS + LY294002 (a specific PI3K/Akt inhibitor) for osteoblast behavior examinations. An animal study was performed on diabetic rabbits implanted with the two kinds of implants for osseointegration tests. DM-mediated ROS overproduction caused osteoblastic biological dysfunctions and apoptotic injury, associated with suppression of PI3K/Akt signaling in osteoblasts cultured on a TI substrate. Of note, the SHT substrate significantly suppressed ROS overproduction under diabetic conditions, improved osteoblast functional recovery including ameliorative osteoblast adhesion and morphology, improved cellular proliferation and differentiation, and abrogated apoptosis, which exhibited the same effect as NAC administration on the TI. The in vitro results were further corroborated in vivo by enhanced osteogenesis and osseointegration of SHTs in diabetic rabbits. Moreover, the aforesaid promotive effects afforded by the SF/HA coating were totally abolished with administration of LY294002 for blocking PI3K/Akt signaling. The above results collectively demonstrated that the SF/HA hybrid coating significantly ameliorated DM-mediated impaired osseointegration of the TI via reactivation of the ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The hybrid coating elicited a novel surface biofunctionalization strategy to attain favorable clinical performance of TI in diabetics.

Expression profile analysis of lncRNA in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exosomes of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients through microarray and bioinformatics analyses

BACKGROUND

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is the most common bone metabolic disease affecting women worldwide. In this study, we investigate the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression in exosomes obtained from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of patients with PMOP.

METHODS

BMSCs from patients diagnosed with PMOP and healthy post-menopausal females as controls were isolated and cultured before exosome extraction. RNA microarray technology was used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in exosomes from BMSCs. Bioinformatics technology was utilized to analyze the roles of differentially expressed lncRNAs. Further, RT-qPCR was used to validate differentially expressed lncRNAs in 20 pairs of clinical samples.

RESULTS

A total of 286 differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected in the exosomes from BMSCs unlike in the control group, among which 148 were up-regulated, whereas 138 were down-regulated. RT-qPCR identified five critical lncRNAs, including ENST00000593078, NR_120593, ENST00000422343, MEG3 and NR_029192. This was consistent with the microarray results and with a significant difference (P < 0.01). Based on the differentially expressed lncRNAs, we constructed lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks. Functional analysis revealed that differentially expressed lncRNAs in patients with PMOP potentially target Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we detected several dysregulated lncRNAs regulating PMOP progression in exosomes extracted from BMSCs of affected patients acting as novel biomarkers. This in turn provides valuable data for targeted treatment of PMOP.

SUBJECTS

Genomics; Molecular biology; Orthopedics; Women's Health.

Network pharmacology explores the mechanisms of Eucommia ulmoides cortex against postmenopausal osteoporosis

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) has become one of most frequent chronic disease worldwide with aging population. Eucommia ulmoides cortex (EU), a traditional Chinese medicine, has long since been used to treat PMOP. The aim of this study is to explore pharmacological mechanisms of EU against PMOP through using network pharmacology approach.The active ingredients of EU were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database, and target fishing was performed on these ingredients in UniProt database for identification of their relative targets. Then, we screened the targets of PMOP using GeneCards database and DisGeNET database. The overlapping genes between PMOP and EU were obtained to performed protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes, and genomes analysis.Twenty-eight active ingredients were identified in EU, and corresponded to 207 targets. Also, 292 targets were closely associated with PMOP, and 50 of them matched with the targets of EU were considered as therapeutically relevant. Gene ontology enrichment analysis suggested that EU exerted anti-PMOP effects via modulating multiple biological processes including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analysis revealed several pathways, such as PI3K-AKT pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, hypoxia-inducible factors-1 pathway, tumor necrosis factor pathway, and interleukin-17 pathway that might be involved in regulating the above biological processes.Through the method of network pharmacology, we systematically investigated the mechanisms of EU against PMOP. The multi-targets and multi-pathways identified here could provide new insights for further determination of more exact mechanisms of EU.

Osteoprotective effects of flavonoids: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies (Review)

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and quality and bone micro‑architecture degradation. Its primary cause is disorder of bone metabolism: Over‑formation of osteoclasts, resulting in increased bone resorption and insufficient osteogenesis. Traditional herbal flavonoids can be used as alternative drugs to prevent and treat osteoporosis due to their wide range of sources, structural diversity and less adverse effects. The present paper reviewed six flavonoids, including quercetin, icariin, hesperitin, naringin, chrysin and pueraria, that promote bone formation and have been widely studied in the literature over the past five years, with the aim of providing novel ideas for the development of drugs for bone‑associated disease.

Tanshinone Ameliorates Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Loss via Activation of AKT1 Signaling Pathway

Purpose: Osteoporosis, a common disorder especially prevalent in the postmenopausal women and the elderly, is becoming a worldwide public health problem. Osteoporosis can cause severe joint pain, fragility fractures, and other symptoms, which can seriously impair the daily lives of affected patients. Currently, no gold-standard drug is available that can completely cure osteoporosis. Tanshinone is a traditional Chinese medicine, which can exhibit multiple biological activities. It might also display a protective effect on osteoporosis. However, the molecular mechanism through which tanshinone can improve osteoporosis remain unclear. The objective of our study is to explore the underlying mechanism behind the protective actions of tanshinone. Methods: The common KEGG pathways of tanshinone-targeted genes and osteoporosis were analyzed by using bioinformatics analysis. The bioinformatics analysis results were further validated both by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: 21 common KEGG pathways were identified between osteoporosis and tanshinone-targeted genes. It was further found that tanshinone could induce expression of AKT1, promote the proliferation of MSCs, and ultimately suppress their apoptosis. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings indicate that tanshinone can alleviate osteoporosis, its effect was potentially mediated through modulating AKT1 expression. Thus, tanshinone could serve as a promising treatment option for osteoporosis.

Research on the Mechanism of Kaempferol for Treating Senile Osteoporosis by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Kaempferol (KP), as a natural anti-inflammatory compound, has been reported to have curative effects on alleviating senile osteoporosis (SOP), which is an inflammation-related musculoskeletal disease, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear due to scanty relevant studies. We predicted the targets of KP and SOP, and the common targets of them were subsequently used to carry out PPI analysis. Moreover, we adopted GO and KEGG enrichment analysis and molecular docking to explore potential mechanisms of KP against SOP. There were totally 152 KP-related targets and 978 SOP-related targets, and their overlapped targets comprised 68 intersection targets. GO enrichment analysis showed 1529 biological processes (p < 0.05), which involved regulation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, regulation of bone resorption and remodeling, osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, etc. Moreover, KEGG analysis revealed 146 items including 44 signaling pathways (p < 0.05), which were closely linked to TNF, IL-17, NF-kappa B, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, estrogen, p53, prolactin, VEGF, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. By means of molecular docking, we found that kaempferol is bound with the key targets' active pockets through some connections such as hydrogen bond, pi-alkyl, pi-sigma, pi-pi Stacked, pi-pi T-shaped, and van der Waals, illustrating that kaempferol has close combination with the key targets. Collectively, various targets and pathways involve in the process of kaempferol treatment against SOP through regulating inflammatory response, oxidative stress, bone homeostasis, etc. Moreover, our study first reported that kaempferol may regulate core targets' expression with involvement of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and bone homeostasis, thus treating SOP.

The effect of QiangGuYin on osteoporosis through the AKT/mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway mediated by CKIP-1

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone microstructure, which leads to increased bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. Casein kinase 2 interacting protein 1 (CKIP-1, also known as PLEKHO1) is involved in the biological process of bone formation, differentiation and apoptosis, and is a negative regulator of bone formation. QiangGuYin (QGY) is a famous TCM formula that has been widely used in China for the clinical treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for decades, but the effect in regulating CKIP-1 on osteoporosis is not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of CKIP-1 participating in autophagy in bone cells through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and the regulatory effect of QGY. The results in vivo showed that QGY treatment can significantly improve the bone quality of osteoporotic rats, down-regulate the expression of CKIP-1, LC3II/I and RANKL, and up-regulated the expression of p62, p-AKT/AKT, p-mTOR/mTOR, RUNX2 and OPG. It is worth noting that the results in vitro confirmed that CKIP-1 interacts with AKT. By up-regulating the expression of Atg5 and down-regulating the p62, the level of LC3 (autophagosome) is increased, and the cells osteogenesis and differentiation are inhibited. QGY inhibits the combination of CKIP-1 and AKT in osteoblasts, activates the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, inhibits autophagy, and promotes cell differentiation, thereby exerting an anti-osteoporosis effect. Therefore, QGY targeting CKIP-1 to regulate the AKT/mTOR-autophagy signaling pathway may represent a promising drug candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Study on the Mechanism of Compound Kidney-Invigorating Granule for Osteoporosis based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification

Background

This study used a combination of network pharmacology and experimental confirmation to clarify the mechanism of the compound kidney-invigorating granule (CKG) in treating osteoporosis (OP).

Methods

The main bioactive compounds and corresponding targets of CKG were collected and screened via the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), Yet another Traditional Chinese Medicine (YaTCM), and UniProt databases. Disease targets of OP were summarized in GeneCards and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Targets of CKG for OP were obtained by Venn diagram. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by the STRING database and then screened for hub genes through Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were analyzed and visualized by R software. Then, CB-Dock was used for molecular docking verification. Finally, we confirmed the antiosteoporosis effect of CKG through animal and cell experiments.

Results

A total of 250 putative targets were obtained from 65 bioactive compounds in CKG. Among them, 140 targets were related to OP. Topological analysis of the PPI network yielded 23 hub genes. Enrichment analysis showed the targets of CKG in treating OP might concentrate on the MAPK signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc. The results of molecular docking showed the bioactive components in CKG had good binding ability with the key targets. The experimental results showed that CKG-medicated serum had a promoting effect on proliferating hBMSCs, increasing the expression of AKT, PI3K, ERK1, and IkB in cells and decreasing the expression of IKK in cells.

Conclusion

CKG has a complex of multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway. This study lays the theoretical foundation for further in vitro and in vivo experimental studies and further expands the clinical applications of CKG.

Cartilage degeneration is associated with activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in a growing rat experimental model of developmental trochlear dysplasia

•

Established a new experimental rat model of the developmental trochlear dysplasia;

•

Using the macroscopic morphological and micro-CT to assess trochlear dysplasia;

•

Using Histological staining to investigate the cartilage degradation of the model;

•

Investigated the relationship of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway with trochlear dysplasia cartilage degeneration;

•

Using immunohistochemistry and qPCR to investigate the PI3K/AKT and the marker of the cartilage degeneration.

Introduction

Trochlear dysplasia is a commonly encountered lower extremity deformity in humans. However, the molecular mechanism of cartilage degeneration in trochlear dysplasia is unclear thus far.

Objectives

The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is known to be important for regulating the pathophysiology of cartilage degeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway with trochlear dysplasia cartilage degeneration.

Methods

In total, 120 female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks of age) were randomly separated into control and experimental groups. Distal femurs were isolated from the experimental group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery; they were isolated from the control group at the same time points. Micro-computed tomography and histological examination were performed to investigate trochlear anatomy and changes in trochlear cartilage. Subsequently, expression patterns of PI3K/AKT, TGFβ1, and ADAMTS-4 in cartilage were investigated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

In the experimental group, the trochlear dysplasia model was successfully established at 8 weeks after surgery. Moreover, cartilage degeneration was observed beginning at 8 weeks after surgery, with higher protein and mRNA expression levels of PI3K/AKT, TGFβ1, and ADAMTS-4, relative to the control group.

Conclusion

Patellar instability might lead to trochlear dysplasia in growing rats. Moreover, trochlear dysplasia may cause patellofemoral osteoarthritis; cartilage degeneration in trochlear dysplasia might be associated with activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These results provide insights regarding the high incidence of osteoarthritis in patients with trochlear dysplasia. However, more research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Estrogen receptor alpha and NFATc1 bind to a bone mineral density-associated SNP to repress WNT5B in osteoblasts

Genetic factors and estrogen deficiency contribute to the development of osteoporosis. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2887571 is predicted from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to associate with osteoporosis but has had an unknown mechanism. Analysis of osteoblasts from 110 different individuals who underwent joint replacement revealed that the genotype of rs2887571 correlates with WNT5B expression. Analysis of our ChIP-sequencing data revealed that SNP rs2887571 overlaps with an estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) binding site. Here we show that 17β-estradiol (E2) suppresses WNT5B expression and further demonstrate the mechanism of ERα binding at the enhancer containing rs2887571 to suppress WNT5B expression differentially in each genotype. ERα interacts with NFATc1, which is predicted to bind directly at rs2887571. CRISPR-Cas9 and ChIP-qPCR experiments confirm differential regulation of WNT5B between each allele. Homozygous GG has a higher binding affinity for ERα than homozygous AA and results in greater suppression of WNT5B expression. Functionally, WNT5B represses alkaline phosphatase expression and activity, decreasing osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Furthermore, WNT5B increases interleukin-6 expression and suppresses E2-induced expression of alkaline phosphatase during osteoblast differentiation. We show that WNT5B suppresses the differentiation of osteoblasts via receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1/2 (ROR1/2), which activates DVL2/3/RAC1/CDC42/JNK/SIN3A signaling and inhibits β-catenin activity. Together, our data provide mechanistic insight into how ERα and NFATc1 regulate the non-coding SNP rs2887571, as well as the function of WNT5B on osteoblasts, which could provide alternative therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.

Integrating genome-wide association and transcriptome prediction model identifies novel target genes for osteoporosis

In this study, we integrated large-scale GWAS summary data and used the predicted transcriptome-wide association study method to discover novel genes associated with osteoporosis. We identified 204 candidate genes, which provide novel clues for understanding the genetic mechanism of osteoporosis and indicate potential therapeutic targets.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoporosis is a highly polygenetic disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the bone microarchitecture. Our objective was to discover novel candidate genes associated with osteoporosis.

METHODS

To identify potential causal genes of the associated loci, we investigated trait-gene expression associations using the transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) method. This method directly imputes gene expression effects from genome-wide association study (GWAS) data using a statistical prediction model trained on GTEx reference transcriptome data. We then performed a colocalization analysis to evaluate the posterior probability of biological patterns: associations characterized by a single causal variant or multiple distinct causal variants. Finally, a functional enrichment analysis of gene sets was performed using the VarElect and CluePedia tools, which assess the causal relationships between genes and a disease and search for potential gene's functional pathways. The osteoporosis-associated genes were further confirmed based on the differentially expressed genes profiled from mRNA expression data of bone tissue.

RESULTS

Our analysis identified 204 candidate genes, including 154 genes that have been previously associated with osteoporosis, 50 genes that have not been previously discovered. A biological function analysis found that 20 of the candidate genes were directly associated with osteoporosis. Further analysis of multiple gene expression profiles showed that 15 genes were differentially expressed in patients with osteoporosis. Among these, SLC11A2, MAP2K5, NFATC4, and HSP90B1 were enriched in four pathways, namely, mineral absorption pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which indicates a causal relationship with the occurrence of osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that transcriptome fine-mapping identifies more osteoporosis-related genes and provides key insight into the development of novel targeted therapeutics for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Consensus gene modules related to levels of bone mineral density (BMD) among smokers and nonsmokers

Osteoporosis, as a common metabolic disorder characterized by the decrease of bone mass, can cause fractures, thereby threatening the life quality of females, especially postmenopausal women. Thus, it is necessary to reveal the genes involved in osteoporosis and explore biomarkers for osteoporosis. In this study, two groups, smokers and nonsmokers with different bone mineral density (BMD) levels, were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database GSE13850. Consensus modules of the two groups were identified; the variety of gene modules between smokers and nonsmokers with different BMD levels was observed; and a consensus module, including 390 genes significantly correlated with different BMD levels, was identified. Function analysis revealed the significantly enriched osteoporosis-related pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Hub genes analysis revealed the critical role of CXCL12 and CHRM2 in modules related to BMD levels. Based on the support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) analysis, the model containing 10 genes (TNS4, IRF2, BSG, GZMM, ARRB2, COX15, RALY, TP53, RPS6KA3, and SYNPO) with good performance in identifying people with different BMD levels was constructed. Among them, the roles of RALY and SYNPO in the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs were verified experimentally. Overall, this study provides a strategy to explore the biomarkers for osteoporosis through analysis of consensus modules.

Microarray analysis of circRNAs sequencing profile in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients

INTRODUCTION

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes are involved in the modulation of tissue repair and regeneration. CircRNAs play important roles in BMSCs exosomes. The current study sought to explore the role of circRNAs in exosomes derived from BMSCs of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) patients and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

RNA was extracted from BMSCs exosomes of PMOP and a control group. RNA microarray and bioinformatics analyses were used to explore the expression profile and functions circRNAs. Differentially expressed circRNAs from 20 PMOP and 20 controls were analyzed using RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

A total of 237 upregulated and 279 downregulated circRNAs were identified in the current study. The top-10 most upregulated circRNAs in the PMOP group were hsa_circ_0069691, hsa_circ_0005678, hsa_circ_0006464, hsa_circ_0015813, hsa_circ_0000511, hsa_circ_0076527, hsa_circ_0009127, hsa_circ_0047285, hsa_circ_0027741, and hsa_circ_0090949. The top-10 most downregulated circRNAs were hsa_circ_0048669, hsa_circ_0090247, hsa_circ_0070899, hsa_circ_0087557, hsa_circ_0045963, hsa_circ_0090180, hsa_circ_0058392, hsa_circ_0040751, hsa_circ_0067910, and hsa_circ_0049484. RT-PCR verified dysregulation of 5 circRNAs including hsa_circ_0009127, hsa_circ_0090759, hsa_circ_0058392, hsa_circ_0090247, and hsa_circ_0049484. Moreover, a circRNA-microRNA-mRNA interaction network was developed based on differentially expressed circRNAs. Functional analysis showed that pathways involved in the regulation of autophagy, PI3K-Akt signaling, FoxO signaling, and MAPK signaling were associated with the differentially expressed circRNAs in PMOP patients.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study show dysregulated circRNAs in BMSCs exosomes of PMOP patients, which may affect the progression of PMOP. These circRNAs can be used as predictive biomarkers and as therapeutic targets for the treatment of PMOP.

The Effect of Moderate-Intensity Treadmill Exercise on Bone Mass and the Transcription of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Ovariectomized Rats

Objective: Using RNA-sequencing technology to screen the effect of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise on the sensitive genes that affect bone mass in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Methods: Three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) grade were randomly divided into the sham operation (SHAM) group, OVX group, and OVX combined exercise (OVX + EX) group. The OVX + EX group performed moderate-intensity treadmill exercise for 17 weeks. Then, the body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured, and the bone microstructure of the femur was observed. PBMCs were collected from the abdominal aorta, and the differential genes were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing to further screen sensitive genes.

Results: (1) In the OVX group, the body weight and body fat content were significantly higher than in the SHAM group while the muscle content and BMD were significantly lower than the SHAM group. (2) The trabecular bone parameters in the OVX group were significantly lower than in the SHAM group, and they were significantly higher in the OVX + EX group than in the OVX group. When compared with the SHAM group, the microstructure of the distal femur trabecular in the OVX group was severely damaged, suggest that the morphological structure of trabecular bone is severely damaged, the number of trabecular bones is reduced, and the thickness becomes thinner, which lead to the widening of the trabecular bone space and the appearance of osteoporosis. The number and continuity of the trabecular bones were higher in the OVX + EX group than in the OVX group. (3) A Venn diagram showed that there were 58 common differential genes, and the differential genes were mainly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Five sensitive genes were screened including CCL2, Nos3, Tgfb3, ITGb4, and LpL. The expression of CCL2, Nos3, and Tgfb3 genes was closely related to multiple bone parameters.

Conclusion: Moderate-intensity treadmill exercise may improve the body composition and bone mass of the OVX group by upregulating CCL2 and other genes of the PBMC. The PBMCs in the peripheral blood can be a useful tool for monitoring the effect of exercise on bone health in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Exploring the Effect of Jiawei Buguzhi Pills on TGF-β-Smad Pathway in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Based on Integrated Pharmacological Strategy

Objective

To explore the effect of Jiawei Buguzhi Pills (JWBGZP) on the TGF-β-Smad pathway in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) based on integrated pharmacological strategy.

Method

The ETCM database was used to collect JWBGZP. GeneCards and OMIM databases were utilized to obtain PMO-related genes. Cytoscape was used for network construction and analysis, and DAVID was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of key targets. Animal experiments and cell experiments were conducted to further explore the mechanism. The bone mass density was detected by dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer. The TGF-β1 and Smad4 mRNA in bone tissue were detected by RT-qPCR. The TGF-β1 and Smad4 protein in bone tissue were detected by the western blot. The TGF-β1 and Smad4 protein in osteoblasts were determined by immunohistochemistry.

Result

A total of 721 JWBGZP potential targets and 385 PMO-related genes were obtained. The enrichment analysis showed that JWBGZP may regulate the TGF-beta signaling pathway, oxidation-reduction process, aging, response to hypoxia, response to ethanol, negative regulation of cell proliferation, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and other signaling pathways. The animal experiments showed that compared with the model group, the femoral bone mineral density and lumbar bone mineral density of the JWBGZP group increased (P < 0.05); the expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad mRNA and proteins in the JWBGZP group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The cell experiment results showed a large number of osteoblast stained blue-purple and orange-red calcified nodules. The expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad proteins in the JWBGZP group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group and the sham operation group, and the protein expression levels in the model group were the lowest (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

JWBGZP may be involved in PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, estrogen, prolactin, and other signaling pathways and regulate MAPK1, AKT1, PIK3CA, JAK2, and other gene targets, regulate bone metabolism, and thereby treat PMO.

Zhuanggu Zhitong Capsule alleviates osteosarcopenia in rats by up-regulating PI3K/Akt/Bcl2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Osteosarcopenia (OS), characterized by the coexistence of osteoporosis (OP) and sarcopenia (SP), is associated with high morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Nevertheless, its pathogenesis and treatment remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Zhuanggu Zhitong Capsule (ZGZT) in OS rats.

METHODS

All the related targets of OS, corresponding targets for bioactive ingredients of ZGZT, intersection targets of ZGZT against OS, and signaling pathways were predicted and analyzed by network pharmacology. Next, a rat OS model was established by ovariectomy (OVX) and injection of dexamethasone (DXM). Rats were then randomly divided into a Control group, a Sham operation group, an OS model group, an OS+ZGZT group, and an OS+E2 group. The drug was given for 12 weeks. During treatment, body weight, forelimb grip and body composition were measured. In addition, bone mineral density (BMD) and micro CT were used to assess the left femur. After treatment, the left femur, left gastrocnemius, and left soleus, as well as uterus, liver, and kidney, were separated and analyzed using Histomorphology, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

ZGZT could effectively improve the phenotypes of OS by increasing forelimb grip strength, percentage lean mass of the whole body (SMI) or appendicular lean (RSMI), BMD, levels of bone formation markers, improving the microstructure of femur, and decreasing apoptotic rate in femur and gastrocnemius in OS rats by up-regulating PI3K/Akt/Bcl2 signal pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

ZGZT may be a new treatment option for the prevention and treatment of OS.

Photobiomodulation by Near-Infrared 980-nm Wavelengths Regulates Pre-Osteoblast Proliferation and Viability through the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 Pathway

BACKGROUND

bone tissue regeneration remains a current challenge. A growing body of evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction impairs osteogenesis and that this organelle may be the target for new therapeutic options. Current literature illustrates that red and near-infrared light can affect the key cellular pathways of all life forms through interactions with photoacceptors within the cells' mitochondria. The current study aims to provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which photobiomodulation (PBM) by 900-nm wavelengths can induce in vitro molecular changes in pre-osteoblasts.

METHODS

The PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Scholar databases were used. The manuscripts included in the narrative review were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The new experimental set-up was based on irradiation with a 980-nm laser and a hand-piece with a standard Gaussian and flat-top beam profile. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were irradiated at 0.75, 0.45, and 0.20 W in continuous-wave emission mode for 60 s (spot-size 1 cm²) and allowed to generate a power density of 0.75, 0.45, and 0.20 W/cm² and a fluence of 45, 27, and 12 J/cm², respectively. The frequency of irradiation was once, three times (alternate days), or five times (every day) per week for two consecutive weeks. Differentiation, proliferation, and cell viability and their markers were investigated by immunoblotting, immunolabelling, fluorescein-FragELTM-DNA, Hoechst staining, and metabolic activity assays.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The 980-nm wavelength can photobiomodulate the pre-osteoblasts, regulating their metabolic schedule. The cellular signal activated by 45 J/cm², 0.75 W and 0.75 W/cm² consist of the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway; differentiation markers were not affected, nor do other parameters seem to stimulate the cells. Our previous and present data consistently support the window effect of 980 nm, which has also been described in extracted mitochondria, through activation of signalling PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 and cyclin family, while the Wnt and Smads 2/3-β-catenin pathway was induced by 55 J/cm², 0.9 W and 0.9 W/cm².

The Bone Regeneration Capacity of BMP-2 + MMP-10 Loaded Scaffolds Depends on the Tissue Status

Biomaterials-mediated bone formation in osteoporosis (OP) is challenging as it requires tissue growth promotion and adequate mineralization. Based on our previous findings, the development of scaffolds combining bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP-10) shows promise for OP management. To test our hypothesis, scaffolds containing BMP-2 + MMP-10 at variable ratios or BMP-2 + Alendronate (ALD) were prepared. Systems were characterized and tested in vitro on healthy and OP mesenchymal stem cells and in vivo bone formation was studied on healthy and OP animals. Therapeutic molecules were efficiently encapsulated into PLGA microspheres and embedded into chitosan foams. The use of PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) microspheres as therapeutic molecule reservoirs allowed them to achieve an in vitro and in vivo controlled release. A beneficial effect on the alkaline phosphatase activity of non-OP cells was observed for both combinations when compared with BMP-2 alone. This effect was not detected on OP cells where all treatments promoted a similar increase in ALP activity compared with control. The in vivo results indicated a positive effect of the BMP-2 + MMP-10 combination at both of the doses tested on tissue repair for OP mice while it had the opposite effect on non-OP animals. This fact can be explained by the scaffold’s slow-release rate and degradation that could be beneficial for delayed bone regeneration conditions but had the reverse effect on healthy animals. Therefore, the development of adequate scaffolds for bone regeneration requires consideration of the tissue catabolic/anabolic balance to obtain biomaterials with degradation/release behaviors suited for the existing tissue status.

Curculigoside promotes osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs to prevent ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

Curculigoside is a natural phenolic glycoside compound produced by Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. This study aimed to explore the effects of curculigoside in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as well as the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

ADSCs were treated with curculigoside at different concentrations (0 μmol/L, 1 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 20 μmol/L), and cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Then, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined, and alizarin red S (ARS) staining was performed to measure the extracellular mineralization of curculigoside. Information about protein-chemical interactions is provided by the search tool for interactions of chemicals (STITCH) database. Then, LY294002 was administered to explore the mechanism by which curculigoside promotes the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. Western blot assays were performed to assess changes in the expression of osteogenic-related markers and the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Finally, we established an ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model and administered curculigoside to explore the effects of curculigoside in preventing bone loss in vivo.

RESULTS

The CCK-8 assay indicated that curculigoside did not induce cytotoxicity at a concentration of 5 μmol/L after 48 h. The ALP and ARS results revealed that the induced group had higher ALP activity and calcium deposition than the control group. Moreover, the curculigoside group exhibited increased biomineralization, ALP activity, and ARS staining compared to the induced and control groups, and these effects were partially inhibited by LY294002. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the target genes of curculigoside were mainly involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. PCR and western blot analysis showed that the expression of RUNX2, ALP, and Osterix was upregulated in curculigoside-treated ADSCs, but this effect was partially reversed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Moreover, the curculigoside-treated group exhibited significantly increased phosphorylation of AKT to P-AKT compared with the osteogenic induction group. After treatment with curculigoside, the mice had a higher bone volume than the OVX mice, suggesting partial protection from cancellous bone loss. In addition, when LY294002 was added, the protective effects of curculigoside could be neutralized.

CONCLUSIONS

Curculigoside could induce the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs and prevent bone loss in an OVX model through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.