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Liu J, Verma PJ. Generating a Heat-Tolerance Mouse Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2495:259-272. [PMID: 35696038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2301-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Creating mouse models of human genetic disease (Gurumurthy and Lloyd, Dis Models Mech 12(1):dmm029462, 2019) and livestock trait (Schering et al. Arch Physiol Biochem 121(5):194-205, 2015; Habiela et al. J Gen Virol 95 (Pt 11):2329-2345, 2014) have been proven to be a useful tool for understanding the mechanism behind the phenotypes and fundamental and applied research in livestock. A single base pair deletion of prolactin receptor (PRLR) has an impact on hair morphology phenotypes beyond its classical roles in lactation in cattle, the so-called slick cattle (Littlejohn et al. Nat Commun 5:5861, 2014). Here, we generate a knock-in mouse model by targeting the specific locus of PRLR gene using Cas9-mediated genome editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) in mouse zygotes. The mouse model carrying the identical PRLR mutation in slick cattle may provide a useful animal model to study the pathway of thermoregulation and the mechanism of heat-tolerance in the livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Stem Cells and Genome Editing, Genomics and Cellular Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul J Verma
- Aquatics & Livestock Sciences, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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2
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Frohlich J, Chaldakov GN, Vinciguerra M. Cardio- and Neurometabolic Adipobiology: Consequences and Implications for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084137. [PMID: 33923652 PMCID: PMC8072708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies over the past 30 years have revealed that adipose tissue is the major endocrine and paracrine organ of the human body. Arguably, adiopobiology has taken its reasonable place in studying obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is viewed herein as a neurometabolic disorder. The pathogenesis and therapy of these diseases are multiplex at basic, clinical and translational levels. Our present goal is to describe new developments in cardiometabolic and neurometabolic adipobiology. Accordingly, we focus on adipose- and/or skeletal muscle-derived signaling proteins (adipsin, adiponectin, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neuroptrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, irisin, sirtuins, Klotho, neprilysin, follistatin-like protein-1, meteorin-like (metrnl), as well as growth differentiation factor 11) as examples of metabotrophic factors (MTFs) implicated in the pathogenesis and therapy of obesity and related CMDs. We argue that these pathologies are MTF-deficient diseases. In 1993 the "vascular hypothesis of AD" was published and in the present review we propose the "vasculometabolic hypothesis of AD." We discuss how MTFs could bridge CMDs and neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Greater insights on how to manage the MTF network would provide benefits to the quality of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - George N. Chaldakov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Research Institute of the Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria;
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: or
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3
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Extracellular matrix: an important regulator of cell functions and skeletal muscle development. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:65. [PMID: 33789727 PMCID: PMC8011170 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a kind of connective tissue in the cell microenvironment, which is of great significance to tissue development. ECM in muscle fiber niche consists of three layers: the epimysium, the perimysium, and the endomysium (basal lamina). These three layers of connective tissue structure can not only maintain the morphology of skeletal muscle, but also play an important role in the physiological functions of muscle cells, such as the transmission of mechanical force, the regeneration of muscle fiber, and the formation of neuromuscular junction. In this paper, detailed discussions are made for the structure and key components of ECM in skeletal muscle tissue, the role of ECM in skeletal muscle development, and the application of ECM in biomedical engineering. This review will provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of ECM, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the structure, physiological function, and application of ECM in skeletal muscle tissue.
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Long DE, Peck BD, Tuggle SC, Villasante Tezanos AG, Windham ST, Bamman MM, Kern PA, Peterson CA, Walton RG. Associations of muscle lipid content with physical function and resistance training outcomes in older adults: altered responses with metformin. GeroScience 2021; 43:629-644. [PMID: 33462708 PMCID: PMC8110673 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving muscle mass and strength is critical for long-term health and longevity. Age-related muscle lipid accumulation has been shown to be detrimental to muscle health. In healthy older individuals, we sought to determine whether muscle lipid content, determined from computed tomography, is associated with self-reported physical function, laboratory-measured performance, and the response to progressive resistance training (PRT), and how metformin may alter these responses (N = 46 placebo, 48 metformin). Using multiple linear regression models adjusted for confounders in a large cohort, we show that intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) was not associated with baseline function or response to PRT, contrary to previous reports. On the other hand, thigh muscle density (TMD), as an indicator of intra- and extramyocellular lipid (IMCL and EMCL), remained strongly and independently positively associated with physical function and performance following adjustment. Baseline TMD was inversely associated with gains in strength, independent of muscle mass. Percent change in TMD was positively associated with improved chair stand and increased type II fiber frequency but was not associated with muscle hypertrophy or overall strength gain following PRT. For the first time, we show that metformin use during PRT blunted density and strength gains by inhibiting fiber type switching primarily in those with low baseline TMD. These results indicate that participants with higher muscle lipid content derive the most performance benefit from PRT. Our results further indicate that muscle density may be as influential as muscle size for strength, physical function, and performance in healthy older adults. ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02308228, Registered on 25 November 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Long
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Charles T. Wethington Bldg., Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA.
| | - Bailey D Peck
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Charles T. Wethington Bldg., Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA
| | - Steven C Tuggle
- Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Samuel T Windham
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Charles T. Wethington Bldg., Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA
| | - Rosicka G Walton
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Charles T. Wethington Bldg., Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA
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Arends D, Hesse D, Brockmann GA. Invited review: Genetic and genomic mouse models for livestock research. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-87-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Knowledge about the function and functioning of single or
multiple interacting genes is of the utmost significance for understanding the
organism as a whole and for accurate livestock improvement through genomic
selection. This includes, but is not limited to, understanding the
ontogenetic and environmentally driven regulation of gene action
contributing to simple and complex traits. Genetically modified mice, in
which
the functions of single genes are annotated; mice with reduced genetic
complexity; and simplified structured populations are tools to gain
fundamental knowledge of inheritance patterns and whole system genetics and
genomics. In this review, we briefly describe existing mouse resources and
discuss their value for fundamental and applied research in livestock.
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Albrecht E, Schering L, Liu Y, Komolka K, Kühn C, Wimmers K, Gotoh T, Maak S. TRIENNIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Factors influencing bovine intramuscular adipose tissue development and cellularity. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2244-2254. [PMID: 28726981 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Appearance, distribution, and amount of intramuscular fat (IMF), often referred to as marbling, are highly variable and depend on environmental and genetic factors. On the molecular level, the concerted action of several drivers, including hormones, receptors, transcription factors, etc., determines where clusters of adipocytes arise. Therefore, the aim of future studies remains to identify such factors as biological markers of IMF to increase the ability to identify animals that deposit IMF early in age to increase efficiency of high-quality meat production. In an attempt to unravel the cellular development of marbling, we investigated the abundance of markers for adipogenic differentiation during fattening of cattle and the transcriptome of muscle and dissected IMF. Markers of different stages of adipogenic differentiation are well known from cell culture experiments. They are usually transiently expressed, such as delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1) that is abundant in preadipocytes and absent during differentiation to mature adipocytes. It is even a greater challenge to detect those markers in live animals. Within skeletal muscles, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes can be observed throughout life. Therefore, development of marbling requires, on the cellular level, recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of adipogenic cells to store excess energy in the form of lipids in new cells. In a recent study, we investigated the localization and abundance of early markers of adipogenic differentiation, such as DLK1, in bovine muscle tissue. An inverse relationship between IMF content and number of DLK1-positive cells in bovine muscle was demonstrated. Considering the cellular environment of differentiating adipocytes in muscle and the secretory action of adipocytes and myocytes, it becomes obvious that cross talk between cells via adipokines and myokines may be important for IMF development. Secreted proteins can act on other cells, inhibiting or stimulating their function via autocrine and paracrine actions. Such factors with potential influence on IMF, among them, agouti signaling protein and thrombospondin 4, were identified in transcriptome analyses and further investigated. Furthermore, results from transcriptome analysis indicate involvement of genes that are not directly related to adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, providing new candidates for future research.
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Hoffman NJ. Omics and Exercise: Global Approaches for Mapping Exercise Biological Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029884. [PMID: 28348175 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of global "-omics" technologies to exercise has introduced new opportunities to map the complexity and interconnectedness of biological networks underlying the tissue-specific responses and systemic health benefits of exercise. This review will introduce major research tracks and recent advancements in this emerging field, as well as critical gaps in understanding the orchestration of molecular exercise dynamics that will benefit from unbiased omics investigations. Furthermore, significant research hurdles that need to be overcome to effectively fill these gaps related to data collection, computation, interpretation, and integration across omics applications will be discussed. Collectively, a cross-disciplinary physiological and omics-based systems approach will lead to discovery of a wealth of novel exercise-regulated targets for future mechanistic validation. This frontier in exercise biology will aid the development of personalized therapeutic strategies to improve athletic performance and human health through precision exercise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan J Hoffman
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:200-221. [PMID: 27702700 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
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Oh KJ, Lee DS, Kim WK, Han BS, Lee SC, Bae KH. Metabolic Adaptation in Obesity and Type II Diabetes: Myokines, Adipokines and Hepatokines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010008. [PMID: 28025491 PMCID: PMC5297643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes are characterized by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. A high caloric intake combined with a sedentary lifestyle is the leading cause of these conditions. Whole-body insulin resistance and its improvement are the result of the combined actions of each insulin-sensitive organ. Among the fundamental molecular mechanisms by which each organ is able to communicate and engage in cross-talk are cytokines or peptides which stem from secretory organs. Recently, it was reported that several cytokines or peptides are secreted from muscle (myokines), adipose tissue (adipokines) and liver (hepatokines) in response to certain nutrition and/or physical activity conditions. Cytokines exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The present review is focused on the relationship and cross-talk amongst muscle, adipose tissue and the liver as secretory organs in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Da Som Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Bonnet M, Tournayre J, Cassar-Malek I. Integrated data mining of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to predict the secretome of adipose tissue and muscle in ruminants. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2722-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and muscle are endocrine organs releasing signalling and mediator proteins termed adipokines and myokines. The identification of the complete set of proteins secreted by adipose tissue and muscle is a challenge to understand the molecular cross-talk between these tissues and to reveal potential targets to control body or muscle composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bonnet
- INRA
- UMR1213 Herbivores
- F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle
- France
- Clermont Université
| | - J. Tournayre
- INRA
- UMR1213 Herbivores
- F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle
- France
- Clermont Université
| | - I. Cassar-Malek
- INRA
- UMR1213 Herbivores
- F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle
- France
- Clermont Université
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