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Pang M, Xu R, Xi R, Yao H, Bao K, Peng R, Zhi H, Zhang K, He R, Su Y, Liu X, Ming D. Molecular understanding of the therapeutic potential of melanin inhibiting natural products. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2226-2253. [PMID: 39026645 PMCID: PMC11253861 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
With the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, there is an increasing demand for melanin-inhibiting products that prioritize health, safety, and efficacy. Therefore, the development of natural products that can safely and efficiently inhibit melanin synthesis is of great social significance and has significant market potential. In this paper, by reviewing the literature reported in recent years, we summarized the natural products with inhibition of melanin synthesis effects that have been put into or not yet put into the market, and classified them according to the chemical groups of their compounds or the extraction methods of the natural products. Through the summary analysis, we found that these compounds mainly include terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and so on, while the natural product extracts mainly include methanol extracts, ethanol extracts, and aqueous extracts. Their main inhibition of melanin synthesis mechanisms include: (1) direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity; (2) down-regulation of the α-MSH-MC1R, Wnt, NO, PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways through the expression of MITF and its downstream genes TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2; (3) antioxidant; (4) inhibition of melanocyte growth through cytotoxicity; (5) inhibition of melanosome production and transport. This paper provides an in-depth discussion on the research progress of whitening natural products and their market value. The aim is to offer guidance for future research and development of natural skin whitening products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Pang
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Ruitian Xu
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Rongjiao Xi
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Hong Yao
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Kechen Bao
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Rui Peng
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Runnan He
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Yanfang Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital 154 Anshan Street, Heping District 300052 Tianjin China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Dong Ming
- Medical School, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China +(86) 13562488561
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices 300072 Tianjin China
- Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration 300072 Tianjin China
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Fan F, Chen L, Chen C, Ang S, Gutkowski J, Seeram NP, Ma H, Li D. Prenylated flavonoids from Sophora flavescens inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity and modulate melanogenesis in murine melanoma cells and zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1422310. [PMID: 39050754 PMCID: PMC11266098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1422310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sophora flavescens, a traditional Chinese medicine for treating conditions associated with abnormal skin pigmentation, contains flavonoids with inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. However, their mechanisms of action and their modulatory effects on melanogenesis remain unclear. Methods: Herein, a group of prenylated flavonoids was identified from S. flavescens extracts and their inhibitory activities on mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. The anti-melanogenesis effects of these prenylated flavonoids were investigated in cellular (with murine melanoma cells) and animal (with zebrafish) models. Results: Prenylated flavonoids including isoanhydroicaritin (IAI), kurarinone (KR), and sophoraflavanone G (SG) were the major active constituents in S. flavescens extracts with anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 0.7, 7.1, and 6.7 μM, respectively). Enzyme kinetic assays showed that IAI, KR, and SG had a mixed type of tyrosinase inhibition, supported by data from computational docking. Notably, KR at concentrations of 5 and 10 μM enhanced intracellular tyrosinase activity and stimulated melanin production in B16F10 cells, whereas SG and IAI did not exhibit significant activity. Further studies with the zebrafish model showed that IAI (80 and 160 μM) inhibited melanin biosynthesis by about 30.0% while KR (20 μM) stimulated melanogenesis by 36.9%. Furthermore, a zebrafish depigmentation model supported the anti-melanogenesis effect of IAI (80 and 160 μM) by 33.0% and 34.4%, respectively. Conclusion: In summary, IAI was identified as a tyrosinase inhibitor with an anti-melanogenic effect and KR was an enhancer for melanin production in B16F10 cells and zebrafish. Findings from the current study suggest that IAI and KR from S. flavescens may exert contrasting effects in the modulation of melanin production, providing important insights into the development of S. flavescens as a cosmeceutical or medicinal ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenling Fan
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lanqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Caihong Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Ang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Justin Gutkowski
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
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XIANG Y, JIANG B, ZHONG S, WU Y, LIU J, WANG Z, WU Y. Protective effect of five-flavor sophora flavescens enteric-coated capsules on inflammatory bowel disease and its molecular mechanism. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.125522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanru XIANG
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Bing JIANG
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | - Yinglin WU
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Jiaqi LIU
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Zhizhi WANG
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Yan WU
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
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Global Perspective of Plant-Based Cosmetic Industry and Possible Contribution of Sri Lanka to the Development of Herbal Cosmetics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9940548. [PMID: 35280508 PMCID: PMC8916882 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9940548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases, there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. Therefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. The traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58 families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multidisciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
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Anti-Pigmentary Natural Compounds and Their Mode of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126206. [PMID: 34201391 PMCID: PMC8226446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper-activated melanocytes are the major cause of skin hyper-pigmentary disorders, such as freckles and melasma. Increasing efforts have been made to search for materials with depigmenting activity to develop functional cosmetics. As a result, numerous materials have been reported to have depigmenting activity but some of them are known to cause unwanted side effects. Consequently, anti-pigmentary natural compounds without concern of toxicity are in great demand. Virtually all sorts of natural sources have been investigated to find anti-pigmentary natural compounds. This review summarizes recently reported anti-pigmentary natural compounds and their mode of action from the ocean, plants, and bacteria.
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Zhao N, Su X, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhuang W. Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine for Whitening. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20905148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is the chief pigment responsible for the pigmentation of human skin. Increasing evidence indicates that traditional Chinese drugs with skin-whitening effects are attracting the attention of consumers and researchers because they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier than synthetic alternatives. This commentary summarizes the current research on Chinese herbal medicines that inhibit melanin and their biological activities. The findings presented in this study suggest that these traditional Chinese herbal medicines might be potential candidates for novel skin-whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoming Su
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yueyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenyue Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
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Aly SH, Elissawy AM, Eldahshan OA, Elshanawany MA, Efferth T, Singab ANB. The pharmacology of the genus Sophora (Fabaceae): An updated review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153070. [PMID: 31514082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) represents one of the important medicinal plant genera regarding its chemical constituents and outstanding pharmacological activities. PURPOSE In this review, we surveyed the latest findings on the bioactivities of different Sophora extracts and isolated phytochemicals during the past 8 years (2011-2019) updating the latest review article in 2011. The aim of this review is to focus on the molecular pharmacology of Sophora species to provide the rationale basis for the development of novel drugs. RESULTS Sophora and its bioactive compounds possess outstanding pharmacological properties, especially as anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs, in addition to its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. CONCLUSION Based on their use in traditional medicine, Sophora species exert a plethora of cellular and molecular activities, which render them as attractive candidates for rationale drug development. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required for further integration of Sophora-based phototherapies into conventional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza H Aly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elissawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2684108. [PMID: 31662773 PMCID: PMC6778887 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2684108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is the process by which skin repairs itself. It is generally accepted that cutaneous wound healing can be divided into 4 phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. In humans, keratinocytes re-form a functional epidermis (reepithelialization) as rapidly as possible, closing the wound and reestablishing tissue homeostasis. Dermal fibroblasts migrate into the wound bed and proliferate, creating “granulation tissue” rich in extracellular matrix proteins and supporting the growth of new blood vessels. Ultimately, this is remodelled over an extended period, returning the injured tissue to a state similar to that before injury. Dysregulation in any phase of the wound healing cascade delays healing and may result in various skin pathologies, including nonhealing, or chronic ulceration. Indigenous and traditional medicines make extensive use of natural products and derivatives of natural products and provide more than half of all medicines consumed today throughout the world. Recognising the important role traditional medicine continues to play, we have undertaken an extensive survey of literature reporting the use of medical plants and plant-based products for cutaneous wounds. We describe the active ingredients, bioactivities, clinical uses, formulations, methods of preparation, and clinical value of 36 medical plant species. Several species stand out, including Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa, and Paeonia suffruticosa, which are popular wound healing products used by several cultures and ethnic groups. The popularity and evidence of continued use clearly indicates that there are still lessons to be learned from traditional practices. Hidden in the myriad of natural products and derivatives from natural products are undescribed reagents, unexplored combinations, and adjunct compounds that could have a place in the contemporary therapeutic inventory.
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Lee HJ, Lee SY, Jang D, Chung SY, Shim I. Sedative Effect of Sophora flavescens and Matrine. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:390-395. [PMID: 28190318 PMCID: PMC5499617 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the sedative effects of Sophora flavescens (SF) and its bioactive compound, matrine through performing locomotor activity test and the electroencephalography (EEG) analysis in the rat. The underlying neural mechanism of their beneficial effects was determined by assessing c-Fos immunoreactivity and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain utilizing immunohistochemical method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that SF and matrine administration had an effect on normalization of caffeine-induced hyperactivity and promoting a shift toward non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. c-Fos-immunoreactivity and 5-HT level in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), a sleep promoting region, were increased in the both SF and matrine-injected groups. In conclusion, SF and its bioactive compound, matrine alleviated caffeine-induced hyperactivity and promoted NREM sleep by activating VLPO neurons and modulating serotonergic transmission. It is suggested that SF might be a useful natural alternatives for hypnotic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyuk Jang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Chung
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
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Zhu L, Lu Y, Yu WG, Zhao X, Lu YH. Anti-photoageing and anti-melanogenesis activities of chrysin. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2692-2700. [PMID: 27226145 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1179334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Melanin plays an important role in preventing skin photoageing by blocking ultraviolet B (UVB). However, East Asian women prefer light and fair skin, therefore they want to keep their skin from photoageing and at the same time reduce the melanin in their skin. Chrysin is a kind of natural flavonoid with luxurious biological activities, which has a very promising effect on achieving this goal. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects and mechanisms of chrysin on photoageing and melanogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and B16 murine melanoma cells were incubated with chrysin (0-25 μM) for 48 h. Anti-photoageing activity was examined in HDF by assessment of synthesis/degradation of collagen I, antioxidative and antisenescent activities through ELISA and colorimetric method. Anti-melanogenesis activity was tested by assessment of melanin, tyrosinase (TYR), melanogenic proteins inhibition activities in B16 cells using colorimetric and ELISA method. RESULTS Chrysin increased collagen I secretion (50-121.54% at 6.25-25 μM) and chrysin showed anti-photoageing activity by decreasing the degradation of collagen I, repairing oxidation damage and reducing the rate of HDF senescence. Furthermore, chrysin exhibited inhibitory activities with 3.00-20.35% reduction of melanin content at 6.25-25 μM, and inhibited melanin synthesis through the inhibition of TYR activity and the suppression of melanogenic proteins (TYR, TYR-related protein-1/2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) expressions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Chrysin may have potential for developing a functional cosmetic agent because of its anti-photoageing and anti-melanogenesis activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
- b Shanghai Institute of Biomanufacturing Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yue Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
- b Shanghai Institute of Biomanufacturing Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Wan-Guo Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
- b Shanghai Institute of Biomanufacturing Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- c Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co. Ltd. , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
- b Shanghai Institute of Biomanufacturing Technology , Shanghai , P.R. China
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He X, Fang J, Huang L, Wang J, Huang X. Sophora flavescens Ait.: Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:10-29. [PMID: 26087234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sophora flavescens (Fabaceae), also known as Kushen (Chinese: ), has been an important species in Chinese medicine since the Qin and Han dynasties. The root of Sophora flavescens has a long history in the traditional medicine of many countries, including China, Japan, Korea, India and some countries in Europe. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Sophora flavescens has been used extensively, mainly in combination with other medicinal plants in prescriptions to treat fever, dysentery, hematochezia, jaundice, oliguria, vulvar swelling, asthma, eczema, inflammatory disorders, ulcers and diseases associated with skin burns. The aim of this review is to provide updated and comprehensive information regarding the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicology of Sophora flavescens and to discuss possible trends and opportunities for further research on Sophora flavescens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically searched major scientific databases (PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, Medline Plus, ACS, "Da Yi Yi Xue Sou Suo (http://www.dayi100.com/login.jsp)", China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI) and Web of Science) for information published between 1958 and 2015 on Sophora flavescens. Information was also acquired from local classic herbal literature, conference papers, government reports, and PhD and MSc dissertations. RESULTS The broad spectrum of biological activities associated with Sophora flavescens has been considered a valuable resource in both traditional and modern medicine. Extracts are taken either orally or by injection. More than 200 compounds have been isolated from Sophora flavescens, and the major components have been identified as flavonoids and alkaloids. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that at least 50 pure compounds and crude extracts from Sophora flavescens possess wide-ranging antitumor, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory pharmacological abilities. The anticancer and anti-infection abilities of these components are especially attractive areas for research. CONCLUSIONS Sophora flavescens is a promising traditional medicine, but there is a need for more precise studies to test the safety and clinical value of its main active crude extracts and pure compounds and to clarify their mechanisms of action. Moreover, some existing studies have lacked systematic methods and integration with the existing literature, and some of the experiments were isolated, used small sample sizes and were unreliable. More validated data are therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China; The College of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Linhong Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Gansu Traditional Medicine, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
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Shin DH, Cha YJ, Yang KE, Jang IS, Son CG, Kim BH, Kim JM. Ginsenoside Rg3 up-regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human dermal papilla cells and mouse hair follicles. Phytother Res 2013; 28:1088-95. [PMID: 24375856 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crude Panax ginseng has been documented to possess hair growth activity and is widely used to treat alopecia, but the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on hair growth have not to our knowledge been determined. The aim of the current study was to identify the molecules through which Rg3 stimulates hair growth. The thymidine incorporation for measuring cell proliferation was determined. We used DNA microarray analysis to measure gene expression levels in dermal papilla (DP) cells upon treatment with Rg3. The mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human DP cells were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. We also used immunohistochemistry assays to detect in vivo changes in VEGF and 3-stemness marker expressions in mouse hair follicles. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed dose-dependent increases in VEGF mRNA levels on treatment with Rg3. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that expression of VEGF was significantly up-regulated by Rg3 in a dose-dependent manner in human DP cells and in mouse hair follicles. In addition, the CD8 and CD34 were also up-regulated by Rg3 in the mouse hair follicles. It may be concluded that Rg3 might increase hair growth through stimulation of hair follicle stem cells and it has the potential to be used in hair growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Shin
- R&D Center, Somang Cosmetics Corporation, 687-14 Kozan-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-310, Republic of Korea
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