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Zhang Q, Wang Q, Chen H, Chen L, Wang F, Gu Z, Shi G, Liu L, Ding Z. Lignin-degrading enzyme production was enhanced by the novel transcription factor Ptf6 in synergistic microbial co-culture. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127575. [PMID: 38147744 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic microbial co-culture has been an efficient and energy-saving strategy to produce lignin-degrading enzymes (LDEs), including laccase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. However, the regulatory mechanism of microbial co-culture is still unclear. Herein, the extracellular LDE activities of four white-rot fungi were significantly increased by 88-544% over monoculture levels when co-cultured with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Ptf6 was demonstrated from the 9 million Y1H clone library to be a shared GATA transcription factor in the four fungi, and could directly bind to the laccase gene promoter. Ptf6 exists in two alternatively spliced isoforms under monoculture, namely Ptf6-α (1078 amino acids) containing Cys2/Cys2-type zinc finger and Ptf6-β (963 amino acids) lacking the complete domain. Ptf6 responded to co-culture by up-regulation of both its own transcripts and the proportion of Ptf6-α. Ptf6-α positively activated the production of most LDE isoenzymes and bound to four GATA motifs on the LDEs' promoter with different affinities. Moreover, Ptf6-regulation mechanism can be applicable to a variety of microbial co-culture systems. This study lays a theoretical foundation for further improving LDEs production and providing an efficient way to enhance the effects of biological and enzymatic pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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Beliën H, Evens L, Hendrikx M, Bito V, Bronckaers A. Combining stem cells in myocardial infarction: The road to superior repair? Med Res Rev 2021; 42:343-373. [PMID: 34114238 DOI: 10.1002/med.21839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction irreversibly destroys millions of cardiomyocytes in the ventricle, making it the leading cause of heart failure worldwide. Over the past two decades, many progenitor and stem cell types were proposed as the ideal candidate to regenerate the heart after injury. The potential of stem cell therapy has been investigated thoroughly in animal and human studies, aiming at cardiac repair by true tissue replacement, by immune modulation, or by the secretion of paracrine factors that stimulate endogenous repair processes. Despite some successful results in animal models, the outcome from clinical trials remains overall disappointing, largely due to the limited stem cell survival and retention after transplantation. Extensive interest was developed regarding the combinational use of stem cells and various priming strategies to improve the efficacy of regenerative cell therapy. In this review, we provide a critical discussion of the different stem cell types investigated in preclinical and clinical studies in the field of cardiac repair. Moreover, we give an update on the potential of stem cell combinations as well as preconditioning and explore the future promises of these novel regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Beliën
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lize Evens
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marc Hendrikx
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Virginie Bito
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Wang Q, Li Z, Sun L, Chen B, Zhao Y, Shen B, Zhu M, Zhao X, Xu C, Wang M, Xu W, Zhu W. Platelets enhance the ability of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells to promote cancer metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8251-8263. [PMID: 30538494 PMCID: PMC6254656 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s181673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been identified to be closely associated with cancer progression. Our previous experimental results showed that BM-MSCs promote tumor growth and metastasis of gastric cancer through paracrine-soluble cytokines or exosomes. However, the elements that affect the role of BM-MSCs in promoting tumor metastasis are not clear. It is known that thrombocytosis in cancer patients is very common. Recently, platelets are recognized to play a critical role in tumor progression. Purpose This study aims to observe the effect of BM-MSCs which were co-cultured with platelets on tumor cell metastasis. Methods Platelet aggregation rate and the expression of P-selectin of platelets co-incubated with conditioned medium of SGC-7901 cells and BM-MSCs were detected by flow cytometry and platelet aggregometer. We also analyzed the change of BM-MSCs after co-incubation with platelets or platelets which were treated with SGC-7901 cells using transwell assay and Western blot analysis. The proliferation and migration ability and expression of VEGF, c-Myc, and sall-4 in SGC-7901 cells treated with medium of BM-MSCs which were co-cultured with platelets were detected. SGC-7901 cells were injected into Balb/c nude mice and the extent of lung metastasis was observed. Both in vitro and in vivo assays were used to analyze the effect of platelets on enhancing the ability of BM-MSCs to promote cancer metastasis. Results Results suggested that BM-MSCs and tumor cells can promote platelet aggregation rate and the expression of P-selectin. The protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and fibroblast activation protein in BM-MSCs were higher after co-incubation with platelets, and SB431542 was used to confirm the effect of TGF-β on transdifferentiation of BM-MSCs into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Medium of BM-MSCs treated with platelets enhanced the proliferation and migration ability of SGC-7901 cells. More lung metastases were found in mice which were injected with SGC-7901 cells treated with conditioned medium from BM-MSCs co-incubated with platelets. Conclusion Tumor cells and BM-MSCs activate platelets which can change the characteristics of BM-MSCs through secretion of TGF-β. Moreover, we found that platelets enhanced the effect of BM-MSCs on tumor metastasis, which suggested a potential target and approach for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Zhuqian Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Provincial Blood Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaolin Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Provincial Blood Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changgen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Provincial Blood Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Wenrong Xu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,
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4
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Wei W, Huang Y, Li D, Gou HF, Wang W. Improved therapeutic potential of MSCs by genetic modification. Gene Ther 2018; 25:538-547. [PMID: 30254305 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), well-studied adult stem cells in various tissues, possess multi-lineage differentiation potential and anti-inflammatory properties. MSCs have been approved to regenerate lineage-specific cells to replace injured cells in tissues. MSCs are approved to treat inflammatory diseases. With the discovery of genes important for the repair of damaged tissues, MSCs genetically modified by such genes hold improved therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarised the uses of genetically modified MSCs to treat different diseases, including bone diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, central nervous system disorders, and cancer. To better understand the exact role of genetically modified MSCs, key mechanisms determining, which genes are selected to be used for modifying MSCs and improvements in post-genetic modification are discussed. Therapeutic benefits enhanced by genetic modifications are to be documented by further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Rashedi I, Talele N, Wang XH, Hinz B, Radisic M, Keating A. Collagen scaffold enhances the regenerative properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187348. [PMID: 29088264 PMCID: PMC5663483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MSCs are widely applied to regenerate heart tissue in myocardial diseases but when grown in standard two-dimensional (2D) cultures exhibit limited potential for cardiac repair and develop fibrogenic features with increasing culture time. MSCs can undergo partial cardiomyogenic differentiation, which improves their cardiac repair capacity. When applied to collagen patches they may improve cardiac tissue regeneration but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigated the regenerative properties of MSCs grown in a collagen scaffold as a three-dimensional (3D) culture system, and performed functional analysis using an engineered heart tissue (EHT) model. We showed that the expression of cardiomyocyte-specific proteins by MSCs co-cultured with rat neonatal cardiomyocytes was increased in collagen patches versus conventional cultures. MSCs in 3D collagen patches were less fibrogenic, secreted more cardiotrophic factors, retained anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory function, and responded less to TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. EHT analysis showed no effects by MSCs on cardiomyocyte function, whereas control dermal fibroblasts abrogated the beating of cardiac tissue constructs. We conclude that 3D collagen scaffold improves the cardioprotective effects of MSCs by enhancing the production of trophic factors and modifying their immune modulatory and fibrogenic phenotype. The improvement in myocardial function by MSCs after acquisition of a partial cardiac cell-like phenotype is not due to enhanced MSC contractility. A better understanding of the mechanisms of MSC-mediated tissue repair will help to further enhance the therapeutic potency of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iran Rashedi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nilesh Talele
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xing-Hua Wang
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Mechanisms of stem cell based cardiac repair-gap junctional signaling promotes the cardiac lineage specification of mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9755. [PMID: 28852100 PMCID: PMC5574972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Different subtypes of bone marrow-derived stem cells are characterized by varying functionality and activity after transplantation into the infarcted heart. Improvement of stem cell therapeutics requires deep knowledge about the mechanisms that mediate the benefits of stem cell treatment. Here, we demonstrated that co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) led to enhanced synergistic effects on cardiac remodeling. While HSCs were associated with blood vessel formation, MSCs were found to possess transdifferentiation capacity. This cardiomyogenic plasticity of MSCs was strongly promoted by a gap junction-dependent crosstalk between myocytes and stem cells. The inhibition of cell-cell coupling significantly reduced the expression of the cardiac specific transcription factors NKX2.5 and GATA4. Interestingly, we observed that small non-coding RNAs are exchanged between MSCs and cardiomyocytes in a GJ-dependent manner that might contribute to the transdifferentiation process of MSCs within a cardiac environment. Our results suggest that the predominant mechanism of HSCs contribution to cardiac regeneration is based on their ability to regulate angiogenesis. In contrast, transplanted MSCs have the capability for intercellular communication with surrounding cardiomyocytes, which triggers the intrinsic program of cardiogenic lineage specification of MSCs by providing cardiomyocyte-derived cues.
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7
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Golpanian S, Wolf A, Hatzistergos KE, Hare JM. Rebuilding the Damaged Heart: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Cell-Based Therapy, and Engineered Heart Tissue. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1127-68. [PMID: 27335447 PMCID: PMC6345247 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are broadly distributed cells that retain postnatal capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. MSCs evade immune detection, secrete an array of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic mediators, and very importantly activate resident precursors. These properties form the basis for the strategy of clinical application of cell-based therapeutics for inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. In cardiovascular medicine, administration of autologous or allogeneic MSCs in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy holds significant promise. Numerous preclinical studies of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy employing MSC-based therapy have demonstrated that the properties of reducing fibrosis, stimulating angiogenesis, and cardiomyogenesis have led to improvements in the structure and function of remodeled ventricles. Further attempts have been made to augment MSCs' effects through genetic modification and cell preconditioning. Progression of MSC therapy to early clinical trials has supported their role in improving cardiac structure and function, functional capacity, and patient quality of life. Emerging data have supported larger clinical trials that have been either completed or are currently underway. Mechanistically, MSC therapy is thought to benefit the heart by stimulating innate anti-fibrotic and regenerative responses. The mechanisms of action involve paracrine signaling, cell-cell interactions, and fusion with resident cells. Trans-differentiation of MSCs to bona fide cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels is also thought to occur, although at a nonphysiological level. Recently, MSC-based tissue engineering for cardiovascular disease has been examined with quite encouraging results. This review discusses MSCs from their basic biological characteristics to their role as a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Golpanian
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ariel Wolf
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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8
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Carvalho E, Verma P, Hourigan K, Banerjee R. Myocardial infarction: stem cell transplantation for cardiac regeneration. Regen Med 2015; 10:1025-43. [PMID: 26563414 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that by 2030, almost 23.6 million people will perish from cardiovascular disease, according to the WHO. The review discusses advances in stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction, including cell sources, methods of differentiation, expansion selection and their route of delivery. Skeletal muscle cells, hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived cardiomyocytes have advanced to the clinical stage, while induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) are yet to be considered clinically. Delivery of cells to the sites of injury and their subsequent retention is a major issue. The development of supportive scaffold matrices to facilitate stem cell retention and differentiation are analyzed. The review outlines clinical translation of conjugate stem cell-based cellular therapeutics post-myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Carvalho
- IITB Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Paul Verma
- Turretfield Research Centre, South Australian Research & Development Institute (SARDI), SA, Australia.,Stem Cells & Reprogramming Group, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kerry Hourigan
- FLAIR/Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering & Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
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9
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Siciliano C, Chimenti I, Ibrahim M, Napoletano C, Mangino G, Scaletta G, Zoccai GB, Rendina EA, Calogero A, Frati G, De Falco E. Cardiosphere Conditioned Media Influence the Plasticity of Human Mediastinal Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2307-22. [PMID: 26531290 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cardiac regenerative medicine is facing many limitations because of the complexity to find the most suitable stem cell source and to understand the regenerative mechanisms involved. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great regenerative potential due to their intrinsic properties and ability to restore cardiac functionality, directly by transdifferentiation and indirectly by paracrine effects. Yet, how MSCs could respond to definite cardiac-committing microenvironments, such as that created by resident cardiac progenitor cells in the form of cardiospheres (CSs), has never been addressed. Recently, a putative MSC pool has been described in the mediastinal fat (hmADMSCs), but both its biology and function remain hitherto unexplored. Accordingly, we investigated the potential of hmADMSCs to be committed toward a cardiovascular lineage after preconditioning with CS-conditioned media (CCM). Results indicated that CCM affects cell proliferation. Gene expression levels of multiple cardiovascular and stemness markers (MHC, KDR, Nkx2.5, Thy-1, c-kit, SMA) are significantly modulated, and the percentage of hmADMSCs preconditioned with CCM and positive for Nkx2.5, MHC, and KDR is significantly higher relative to FBS and explant-derived cell conditioned media (EDCM, the unselected stage before CS formation). Growth factor-specific and survival signaling pathways (i.e., Erk1/2, Akt, p38, mTOR, p53) present in CCM are all equally regulated. Nonetheless, earlier BAD phosphorylation (Ser112) occurs associated with the CS microenvironment (and to a lesser extent to EDCM), whereas faster phosphorylation of PRAS40 in FBS, and of Akt (Ser473) in EDCM and 5-azacytidine occurs compared to CCM. For the first time, we demonstrated that the MSC pool held in the mediastinal fat is adequately plastic to partially differentiate in vitro toward a cardiac-like lineage. Besides, we have provided novel evidence of the potent inductive niche-like microenvironment that the CS structure can reproduce in vitro. hmADMSCs can represent an interesting tool in order to exploit their possible role in cardiovascular diseases and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Siciliano
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Mohsen Ibrahim
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Gaia Scaletta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Erino Angelo Rendina
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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10
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Behbahan IS, Keating A, Gale RP. Bone Marrow Therapies for Chronic Heart Disease. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3212-27. [PMID: 26086629 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is a leading cause of death. The demand for new therapies and the potential regenerative capacity of bone marrow-derived cells has led to numerous clinical trials. We critically discuss current knowledge of the biology and clinical application of bone marrow cells. It appears unlikely that bone marrow cells can develop into functional cardiomyocyte after infusion but may have favorable paracrine effects. Most, but not all, clinical trials report a modest short- but not long-term benefit of infusing bone marrow-derived cells. Effect size appears to correlate with stringency of study-design: the most stringent trials report the smallest effect-sizes. We conclude there may be short- but not substantial long-term benefit of infusing bone marrow-derived cells into persons with chronic heart failure and any benefit observed is unlikely to result from trans-differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells into functioning cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saramipoor Behbahan
- Clinical Observer, Division of Hematology, Stanford MDS Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Armand Keating
- Division of Hematology, University of Toronto, Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Section of Haematology, Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Chen CH, Sereti KI, Wu BM, Ardehali R. Translational aspects of cardiac cell therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1757-72. [PMID: 26119413 PMCID: PMC4549027 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has been intensely studied for over a decade as a potential treatment for ischaemic heart disease. While initial trials using skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow cells and peripheral blood stem cells showed promise in improving cardiac function, benefits were found to be short-lived likely related to limited survival and engraftment of the delivered cells. The discovery of putative cardiac ‘progenitor’ cells as well as the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells has led to the delivery of cells potentially capable of electromechanical integration into existing tissue. An alternative strategy involving either direct reprogramming of endogenous cardiac fibroblasts or stimulation of resident cardiomyocytes to regenerate new myocytes can potentially overcome the limitations of exogenous cell delivery. Complimentary approaches utilizing combination cell therapy and bioengineering techniques may be necessary to provide the proper milieu for clinically significant regeneration. Clinical trials employing bone marrow cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells have demonstrated safety of catheter based cell delivery, with suggestion of limited improvement in ventricular function and reduction in infarct size. Ongoing trials are investigating potential benefits to outcome such as morbidity and mortality. These and future trials will clarify the optimal cell types and delivery conditions for therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Konstantina-Ioanna Sereti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Windmolders S, Willems L, Daniëls A, Linsen L, Fanton Y, Hendrikx M, Koninckx R, Rummens JL, Hensen K. Clinical-scale in vitro expansion preserves biological characteristics of cardiac atrial appendage stem cells. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:175-86. [PMID: 25630660 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiac atrial appendage stem cells (CASCs) have recently emerged as an attractive candidate for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction. As with other cardiac stem cells, CASCs have to be expanded ex vivo to obtain clinically relevant cell numbers. However, foetal calf serum (FCS), which is routinely used for cell culturing, is unsuitable for clinical purposes, and influence of long-term in vitro culture on CASC behaviour is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined effects on CASC biology of prolonged expansion, and evaluated a culture protocol suitable for human use. RESULTS In FCS-supplemented medium, CASCs could be kept in culture for 55.75 ± 3.63 days, before reaching senescence. Despite a small reduction in numbers of proliferating CASCs (1.37 ± 0.52% per passage) and signs of progressive telomere shortening (0.04 ± 0.02 kb per passage), their immunophenotype and myocardial differentiation potential remained unaffected during the entire culture period. The cells were successfully expanded in human platelet plasma supernatant, while maintaining their biological properties. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed a protocol for long-term culture, to obtain clinically relevant CASC numbers, while retaining their cardiogenic potential. These insights in CASC biology and optimization of a humanized platelet-based culture method are an important step towards clinical application of CASCs for cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Windmolders
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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13
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Tchao J, Han L, Lin B, Yang L, Tobita K. Combined biophysical and soluble factor modulation induces cardiomyocyte differentiation from human muscle derived stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6614. [PMID: 25310989 PMCID: PMC4196107 DOI: 10.1038/srep06614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cardiomyoplasty has emerged as a novel therapy to restore contractile function of injured failing myocardium. Human multipotent muscle derived stem cells (MDSC) can be a potential abundant, autologous cell source for cardiac repair. However, robust conditions for cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation are not well established for this cell type. We have developed a new method for CM differentiation from human MDSC that combines 3-dimensional artificial muscle tissue (AMT) culture with temporally controlled biophysical cell aggregation and delivery of 4 soluble factors (microRNA-206 inhibitor, IWR-1, Lithium Chloride, and BMP-4) (4F-AG-AMT). The 4F-AG-AMT displayed cardiac-like response to β-adrenergic stimulation and contractile properties. 4F-AG-AMT expressed major cardiac (NKX2-5, GATA4, TBX5, MEF2C) transcription factors and structural proteins. They also express cardiac gap-junction protein, connexin-43, similar to CMs and synchronized spontaneous calcium transients. These results highlight the importance of temporal control of biophysical and soluble factors for CM differentiation from MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tchao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Lin
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Injection of mesenchymal stromal cells into a mechanically stimulated in vitro model of cardiac fibrosis has paracrine effects on resident fibroblasts. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:906-14. [PMID: 24713331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Myocardial infarction results in the formation of scar tissue populated by myofibroblasts, a phenotype characterized by increased contractility and matrix deposition. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) delivered to the myocardium can attenuate scar growth and restore cardiac function, though the mechanism is unclear. METHODS This study describes a simple yet robust three-dimensional (3D) in vitro co-culture model to examine the paracrine effects of implanted MSC on resident myofibroblasts in a controlled biochemical and mechanical environment. The fibrosis model consisted of fibroblasts embedded in a 3D collagen gel cultured under defined oxygen tensions and exposed to either cyclic strain or interstitial fluid flow. MSC were injected into this model, and the effect on fibroblast phenotype was evaluated 48 h after cell injection. RESULTS Analysis of gene and protein expression of the fibroblasts indicated that injection of MSC attenuated the myofibroblast transition in response to reduced oxygen and mechanical stress. Assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels demonstrated that their release by fibroblasts was markedly upregulated in hypoxic conditions but attenuated by strain or fluid flow. In fibroblast-MSC co-cultures, vascular endothelial growth factor levels were increased by hypoxia but not affected by mechanical stimuli, whereas insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were generally low and not affected by experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how a 3D in vitro model of the cardiac scar can be used to examine paracrine effects of MSC on the phenotype of resident fibroblasts and therefore illuminates the role of injected progenitor cells on the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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15
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Mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac therapy: practical challenges and potential mechanisms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:254-65. [PMID: 22577007 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell based treatments for myocardial infarction have demonstrated efficacy in the laboratory and in phase I clinical trials, but the understanding of such therapies remains incomplete. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are classically defined as maintaining the ability to generate mesenchyme-derived cell types, namely adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. Recent evidence suggests these cells may in fact harbor much greater potency than originally realized, as several groups have found that MSCs can form cardiac lineage cells in vitro. Additionally, experimental coculture of MSCs with cardiomyocytes appears to improve contractile function of the latter. Bolstered by such findings, several clinical trials have begun to test MSC transplantation for improving post-infarct cardiac function in human patients. The results of these trials have been mixed, underscoring the need to develop a deeper understanding of the underlying stem cell biology. To help synthesize the breadth of studies on the topic, this paper discusses current challenges in the field of MSC cellular therapies for cardiac repair, including methods of cell delivery and the identification of molecular markers that accurately specify the therapeutically relevant mesenchymal cell types. The various possible mechanisms of MSC mediated cardiac improvement, including somatic reprogramming, transdifferentiation, paracrine signaling, and direct electrophysiological coupling are also reviewed. Finally, we consider the traditional cell culture microenvironment, and the promise of cardiac tissue engineering to provide biomimetic in vitro model systems to more faithfully investigate MSC biology, helping to safely and effectively translate exciting discoveries in the laboratory to meaningful therapies in the clinic.
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16
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Richardson JD, Nelson AJ, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S, Worthley SG, Psaltis PJ. Optimization of the cardiovascular therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells-taking the next step. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:281-302. [PMID: 22529015 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite current treatment options, cardiac failure is associated with significant morbidity and mortality highlighting a compelling clinical need for novel therapeutic approaches. Based on promising pre-clinical data, stem cell therapy has been suggested as a possible therapeutic strategy. Of the candidate cell types evaluated, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been widely evaluated due to their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion, potential allogeneic utility and capacity to promote neo-angiogenesis and endogenous cardiac repair. However, the clinical application of MSCs for mainstream cardiovascular use is currently hindered by several important limitations, including suboptimal retention and engraftment and restricted capacity for bona fide cardiomyocyte regeneration. Consequently, this has prompted intense efforts to advance the therapeutic properties of MSCs for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we consider the scope of benefit from traditional plastic adherence-isolated MSCs and the lessons learned from their conventional use in preclinical and clinical studies. Focus is then given to the evolving strategies aimed at optimizing MSC therapy, including discussion of cell-targeted techniques that encompass the preparation, pre-conditioning and manipulation of these cells ex vivo, methods to improve their delivery to the heart and innovative substrate-directed strategies to support their interaction with the host myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Richardson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Adelaide Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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17
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Raynaud CM, Ahmad FS, Allouba M, Abou-Saleh H, Lui KO, Yacoub M. Reprogramming for cardiac regeneration. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014:309-29. [PMID: 25763379 PMCID: PMC4352683 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cardiovascular diseases remains challenging considering the limited regeneration capacity of the heart muscle. Developments of reprogramming strategies to create in vitro and in vivo cardiomyocytes have been the focus point of a considerable amount of research in the past decades. The choice of cells to employ, the state-of-the-art methods for different reprogramming strategies, and their promises and future challenges before clinical entry, are all discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Allouba
- Aswan Heart Center, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Qatar Cardiovascular Research Center, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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18
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Windmolders S, De Boeck A, Koninckx R, Daniëls A, De Wever O, Bracke M, Hendrikx M, Hensen K, Rummens JL. Mesenchymal stem cell secreted platelet derived growth factor exerts a pro-migratory effect on resident Cardiac Atrial appendage Stem Cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 66:177-88. [PMID: 24326234 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate cardiac healing after myocardial injury through the release of paracrine factors, but the exact mechanisms are still unknown. One possible mechanism is through mobilization of endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs). This study aimed to test the pro-migratory effect of MSC conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on endogenous CSCs from human cardiac tissue. By using a three-dimensional collagen assay, we found that MSC-CM improved migration of cells from human cardiac tissue. Cell counts, perimeter and area measurements were utilized to quantify migration effects. To examine whether resident stem cells were among the migrating cells, specific stem cell properties were investigated. The migrating cells displayed strong similarities with resident Cardiac Atrial appendage Stem Cells (CASCs), including a clonogenic potential of ~21.5% and expression of pluripotency associated genes like Oct-4, Nanog, c-Myc and Klf-4. Similar to CASCs, migrating cells demonstrated high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and were able to differentiate towards cardiomyocytes. Receptor tyrosine kinase analysis and collagen assays performed with recombinant platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and Imatinib Mesylate, a PDGF receptor inhibitor, suggested a role for the PDGF-AA/PDGF receptor α axis in enhancing the migration process of CASCs. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that factors present in MSC-CM improve migration of resident stem cells from human cardiac tissue. These data open doors towards future therapies in which MSC secreted factors, like PDGF-AA, can be utilized to enhance the recruitment of CASCs towards the site of myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severina Windmolders
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Astrid De Boeck
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Remco Koninckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Annick Daniëls
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marc Bracke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marc Hendrikx
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Karen Hensen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
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19
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Ramkisoensing AA, De Vries AAF, Schalij MJ, Atsma DE, Pijnappels DA. Brief report: Misinterpretation of coculture differentiation experiments by unintended labeling of cardiomyocytes through secondary transduction: delusions and solutions. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2830-4. [PMID: 22987287 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyogenic differentiation of stem cells can be accomplished by coculture with cardiomyocytes (CMCs). To facilitate their identification, stem cells are often labeled through viral transduction with a fluorescent protein. A second marker to distinguish stem cell-derived CMCs from native CMCs is rarely used. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of secondary transduction of unlabeled neonatal rat (nr) CMCs after coculture with human cells that had been transduced 0, 7, or 14 days earlier with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein-pseudotyped lentiviral vector (LV) encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). To reduce secondary LV transfer, GFP-labeled cells were incubated with non-heat-inactivated human serum (NHI) or with VSV-neutralizing rabbit serum (αVSV). Heat-inactivated human serum and normal rabbit serum were used as controls. Immunostaining showed substantial GFP gene transfer to nrCMCs in cocultures started at the day of transduction indicated by the presence of GFP-positive/human lamin A/C-negative nrCMCs. The extent of secondary transduction was significantly reduced in cocultures initiated 7 days after GFP transduction, while it was completely abolished when human cells were added to nrCMCs 14 days post-transduction. Both NHI and αVSV significantly reduced the occurrence of secondary transduction compared to their controls. However, under all circumstances, GFP-labeled human cells had to be passaged for 14 days prior to coculture initiation to prevent any horizontal GFP gene transfer to the nrCMCs. This study emphasizes that differentiation experiments involving the use of viral vector-marked donor cells should be interpreted with caution and describes measures to reduce/prevent secondary transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti A Ramkisoensing
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Liu BH, Yeh HY, Lin YC, Wang MH, Chen DC, Lee BH, Hsu SH. Spheroid formation and enhanced cardiomyogenic potential of adipose-derived stem cells grown on chitosan. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:28-39. [PMID: 23514754 PMCID: PMC3569958 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate into cardiomyocytes and participate in local tissue repair after heart injury. In the current study, rat adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs) grown on chitosan membranes were observed to form cell spheroids after 3 days. The cell seeding density and surface modification of chitosan with Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptide had an influence on the sizes of ASC spheroids. In the absence of induction, these spheroids showed an increased level of cardiac marker gene expression (Gata4, Nkx2-5, Myh6, and Tnnt2) more than 20-fold versus cells on the tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dish. Induction by 5-azacytidine or p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (SB202190) did not further increase the cardiac marker gene expression of these spheroids. Moreover, the enhanced cardiomyogenic potential of the spheroids was highly associated with the chitosan substrates. When ASC spheroids were plated onto TCPS with either basal or cardiac induction medium for 9 days, the spheroids spread into a monolayer and the positive effect on cardiomyogenic marker gene expression disappeared. The possible role of calcium ion and the up-regulation of adhesion molecule P-selectin and chemokine receptor Cxcr4 were demonstrated in ASC spheroids. Applying these spheroids to the chronic myocardial infarction animal model showed better functional recovery versus single cells after 12 weeks. Taken together, this study suggested that the ASC spheroids on chitosan may form as a result of calcium ion signaling, and the transplantation of these spheroids may offer a simple method to enhance the efficiency of stem cell-based therapy in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hsien Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Huang YS, Li IH, Chueh SH, Hueng DY, Tai MC, Liang CM, Lien SB, Sytwu HK, Ma KH. Mesenchymal stem cells from rat olfactory bulbs can differentiate into cells with cardiomyocyte characteristics. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:E191-201. [PMID: 23378029 DOI: 10.1002/term.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are widely distributed in different tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissues, peripheral blood, umbilical cord and amnionic fluid. Recently, MSC-like cells were also found to exist in rat olfactory bulb and are capable of inducing differentiation into mesenchymal lineages - osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. However, whether these cells can differentiate into myocardial cells is not known. In this study, we examined whether olfactory bulb-derived MSCs could differentiate into myocardial cells in vitro. Fibroblast-like cells isolated from the olfactory bulb of neonatal rats were grown under four conditions: no treatment; in the presence of growth factors (neuregulin-1, bFGF and forskolin); co-cultured with cardiomyocytes; and co-cultured with cardiomyocytes plus neuregulin-1, bFGF and forskolin. Cell differentiation into myocardial cells was monitored by RT-PCR, light microscopy immunofluorescence, western blot analysis and contractile response to pharmacological treatments. The isolated olfactory bulb-derived fibroblast-like cells expressed CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166 but not CD34 and CD45, consistent with the characteristics of MSCs. Long cylindical cells that spontaneously contracted were only observed following 7 days of co-culture of MSCs with rat cardiomyocytes plus neuregulin-1, bFGF and forskolin. RT-PCR and western blot analysis indicated that the cylindrical cells expressed myocardial markers, such as Nkx2.5, GATA4, sarcomeric α-actinin, cardiac troponin I, cardiac myosin heavy chain, atrial natriuretic peptide and connexin 43. They also contained sarcomeres and gap junction and were sensitive to pharmacological treatments (adrenal and cholinergic agonists and antagonists). These findings indicate that rat olfactory bulb-derived fibroblast-like cells with MSC characteristics can differentiate into myocardial-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuahn-Sieh Huang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Hsun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheau-Huei Chueh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiu-Bii Lien
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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Raynaud CM, Halabi N, Elliott DA, Pasquier J, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Rafii A. Human embryonic stem cell derived mesenchymal progenitors express cardiac markers but do not form contractile cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54524. [PMID: 23342164 PMCID: PMC3546995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitors or stromal cells have shown promise as a therapeutic strategy for a range of diseases including heart failure. In this context, we explored the growth and differentiation potential of mesenchymal progenitors (MPs) derived in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Similar to MPs isolated from bone marrow, hESC derived MPs (hESC-MPs) efficiently differentiated into archetypical mesenchymal derivatives such as chondrocytes and adipocytes. Upon treatment with 5-Azacytidine or TGF-β1, hESC-MPs modified their morphology and up-regulated expression of key cardiac transcription factors such as NKX2-5, MEF2C, HAND2 and MYOCD. Nevertheless, NKX2-5+ hESC-MP derivatives did not form contractile cardiomyocytes, raising questions concerning the suitability of these cells as a platform for cardiomyocyte replacement therapy. Gene profiling experiments revealed that, although hESC-MP derived cells expressed a suite of cardiac related genes, they lacked the complete repertoire of genes associated with bona fide cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that whilst agents such as TGF-β1 and 5-Azacytidine can induce expression of cardiac related genes, but treated cells retain a mesenchymal like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M. Raynaud
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Najeeb Halabi
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Elliott
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Elefanty
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edouard G. Stanley
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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De Boeck A, Hendrix A, Maynard D, Van Bockstal M, Daniëls A, Pauwels P, Gespach C, Bracke M, De Wever O. Differential secretome analysis of cancer-associated fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived precursors to identify microenvironmental regulators of colon cancer progression. Proteomics 2013; 13:379-88. [PMID: 23175172 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived proteins that mediate interactions between the tumor stroma and cancer cells is a crucial step toward the discovery of new molecular targets for therapy or molecular signatures that improve tumor classification and predict clinical outcome. CAF are α-smooth muscle actin positive, representing a myofibroblast phenotype that may differentiate from multiple precursor cells, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a crucial inducer of α-smooth muscle actin positive CAFs. In this study, we aimed to identify CAF-derived regulators of colon cancer progression by performing a high-throughput differential secretome profiling between CAF compared to noncancer-activated bone marrow-derived MSC. In addition, we explored the effect of TGF-β1 on the secretion of proteins by bone marrow-derived MSC in comparison with the protein secretion profile of CAF. TGF-β1 induced de novo secretion of 84 proteins in MSC, of which 16 proteins, including stromal-derived factor-1α and Rantes, were also present in CAF secretome. Immunohistochemistry further validated the expression of selected candidates such as tenascin C, fibronectin ED-A domain and stromal-derived factor-1 in clinical colon cancer specimens. In conclusion, this differential secretome approach enabled us to identify a series of candidate biomarkers for colon cancer that are associated with a CAF-specific phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid De Boeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Koninckx R, Daniëls A, Windmolders S, Mees U, Macianskiene R, Mubagwa K, Steels P, Jamaer L, Dubois J, Robic B, Hendrikx M, Rummens JL, Hensen K. The cardiac atrial appendage stem cell: a new and promising candidate for myocardial repair. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:413-23. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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25
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Yannarelli G, Dayan V, Pacienza N, Lee CJ, Medin J, Keating A. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells exhibit enhanced cardiomyocyte reprogramming and cardiac function after experimental acute myocardial infarction. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1651-66. [PMID: 23043977 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We were interested in evaluating the ability of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) population, human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs), to undergo cardiomyocyte reprogramming in an established coculture system with rat embryonic cardiomyocytes. Results were compared with human bone marrow-derived (BM) MSCs. The transcription factors GATA4 and Mef 2c were expressed in HUCPVCs but not BM-MSCs at baseline and, at 7 days, increased 7.6- and 3.5-fold, respectively, compared with BM-MSCs. Although cardiac-specific gene expression increased in both cell types in coculture, upregulation was more significant in HUCPVCs, consistent with Mef 2c-GATA4 synergism. Using a lentivector with eGFP transcribed from the α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter, we found that cardiac gene expression was greater in HUCPVCs than BM-MSCs after 14 days coculture (52±17% vs. 29±6%, respectively). A higher frequency of HUCPVCs expressed α-MHC protein compared with BM-MSCs (11.6±0.9% vs. 5.3±0.3%); however, both cell types retained MSC-associated determinants. We also assessed the ability of the MSC types to mediate cardiac regeneration in a NOD/SCID γ mouse model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fourteen days after AMI, cardiac function was significantly better in cell-treated mice compared with control animals and HUCPVCs exhibited greater improvement. Although human cells persisted in the infarct area, the frequency of α-MHC expression was low. Our results indicate that HUCPVCs exhibit a greater degree of cardiomyocyte reprogramming but that differentiation for both cell types is partial. We conclude that HUCPVCs may be preferable to BM-MSCs in the cell therapy of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Yannarelli
- Cell Therapy Program, Prince Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9.
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26
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Emmert MY, Emmert LS, Martens A, Ismail I, Schmidt-Richter I, Gawol A, Seifert B, Haverich A, Martin U, Gruh I. Higher frequencies of BCRP+ cardiac resident cells in ischaemic human myocardium. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:2830-8. [PMID: 22736676 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Several cardiac resident progenitor cell types have been reported for the adult mammalian heart. Here we characterize their frequencies and distribution pattern in non-ischaemic human myocardial tissue and after ischaemic events. METHODS AND RESULTS We obtained 55 biopsy samples from human atria and ventricles and used immunohistological analysis to investigate two cardiac cell types, characterized by the expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 [for side population (SP) cells] or c-kit. Highest frequencies of BCRP+ cells were detected in the ischaemic right atria with a median of 5.40% (range: 2.48-11.1%) vs. 4.40% (1.79-7.75%) in the non-ischaemic right atria (P = 0.47). Significantly higher amounts were identified in ischaemic compared with non-ischaemic ventricles, viz. 5.44% (3.24-9.30%) vs. 0.74% (0-5.23%) (P = 0.016). Few numbers of BCRP+ cells co-expressed the cardiac markers titin, sarcomeric α-actinin, or Nkx2.5; no co-expression of BCRP and progenitor cell marker Sca-1 or pluripotency markers Oct-3/4, SSEA-3, and SSEA-4 was detected. C-kit+ cells displayed higher frequencies in ischaemic (ratio: 1:25 000 ± 2500 of cell counts) vs. non-ischaemic myocardium (1:105 000 ± 43 000). Breast cancer resistance protein+/c-kit+ cells were not identified. Following in vitro differentiation, BCRP+ cells isolated from human heart biopsy samples (n = 6) showed expression of cardiac troponin T and α-myosin heavy-chain, but no full differentiation into functional beating cardiomyocytes was observed. CONCLUSION We were able to demonstrate that BCRP+/CD31- cells are more abundant in the heart than their c-kit+ counterparts. In the non-ischaemic hearts, they are preferentially located in the atria. Following ischaemia, their numbers are elevated significantly. Our data might provide a valuable snapshot at potential progenitor cells after acute ischaemia in vivo, and mapping of these easily accessible cells may influence future cell therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Y Emmert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, LEBAO and Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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27
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Hodgkiss-Geere HM, Argyle DJ, Corcoran BM, Whitelaw B, Milne E, Bennett D, Argyle SA. Characterisation and differentiation potential of bone marrow derived canine mesenchymal stem cells. Vet J 2012; 194:361-8. [PMID: 22721628 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potential for use in regenerative therapeutics, since they are capable of multi-lineage differentiation. In this study, primary canine MSCs (cMSCs) were isolated from bone marrow aspirates and characterised using marker expression and morphology. cMSCs expressed CD44 and STRO-1, but not CD34 or CD45. Morphologically, cMSCs were similar to previously described MSCs and were capable of chondrocyte differentiation towards articular type cartilage, characterised by increased collagen type II vs. collagen type I expression and expression of Sox-9. cMSCs demonstrated no significant alterations in marker profiles and failed to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in response to a cardiac differentiation protocol or when co-cultured with canine cardiac stem cells. The study indicated that cMSCs can be derived readily from bone marrow and are capable of differentiation into articular cartilage, but appear to have limited ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes using current protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Hodgkiss-Geere
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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28
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Siegel G, Krause P, Wöhrle S, Nowak P, Ayturan M, Kluba T, Brehm BR, Neumeister B, Köhler D, Rosenberger P, Just L, Northoff H, Schäfer R. Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells express cardiomyogenic proteins but do not exhibit functional cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2457-70. [PMID: 22309203 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their paracrine activites, cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is thought to contribute to cardiac regeneration. To systematically evaluate the role of differentiation in MSC-mediated cardiac regeneration, the cardiomyogenic differentiation potential of human MSCs (hMSCs) and murine MSCs (mMSCs) was investigated in vitro and in vivo by inducing cardiomyogenic and noncardiomyogenic differentiation. Untreated hMSCs showed upregulation of cardiac tropopin I, cardiac actin, and myosin light chain mRNA and protein, and treatment of hMSCs with various cardiomyogenic differentiation media led to an enhanced expression of cardiomyogenic genes and proteins; however, no functional cardiomyogenic differentiation of hMSCs was observed. Moreover, co-culturing of hMSCs with cardiomyocytes derived from murine pluripotent cells (mcP19) or with murine fetal cardiomyocytes (mfCMCs) did not result in functional cardiomyogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Despite direct contact to beating mfCMCs, hMSCs could be effectively differentiated into cells of only the adipogenic and osteogenic lineage. After intramyocardial transplantation into a mouse model of myocardial infarction, Sca-1(+) mMSCs migrated to the infarcted area and survived at least 14 days but showed inconsistent evidence of functional cardiomyogenic differentiation. Neither in vitro treatment nor intramyocardial transplantation of MSCs reliably generated MSC-derived cardiomyocytes, indicating that functional cardiomyogenic differentiation of BM-derived MSCs is a rare event and, therefore, may not be the main contributor to cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Siegel
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Kaka GR, Tiraihi T, Delshad A, Arabkheradmand J, Kazemi H. In vitro differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into oligodendrocyte-like cells using triiodothyronine as inducer. Int J Neurosci 2012; 122:237-47. [PMID: 22115181 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.642037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro technique was devised to induced autologous adult stem cells into oligodendrocyte-like cells. In this study, a protocol was developed for the induction of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into oligodendrocyte-like cells. BMSCs were incubated in one of these three pre-inducers: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), β-mercaptoethanol (βME) or biotylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), each followed by retinoic acid (RA) treatment. The percentage of viable cells in BHA-RA preinduced cells was significantly lower than the others. The results showed that the preinduced cells were immunoreactive for nestin and NF-68; among the mentioned protocols, the immunoreactivity yielded by following the DMSO-RA protocol was significantly higher than the others. Moreover, no significant immunoreactivity was observed for preinduced cells to O4, O1, MBP (myelin basic protein), S100, and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). The cells were immunoreactive to oligo-2. Two phases of induction were done: the first was a combination of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and heregulin (HRG), followed by either triiodothyronine (T3) or Forskolin (FSK) as the second phase. The conclusion is that the trans-differentiation of BMSCs by DMSO followed by RA (preinduction stage) then bFGF-PDGF-HRG followed by T3 (10 ng/ml) (induction stage) can be a potential source for oligodendrocyte-like cells preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Reza Kaka
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Xu M, Millard RW, Ashraf M. Role of GATA-4 in differentiation and survival of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:217-41. [PMID: 22917233 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell and tissue regeneration is a relatively new research field and it incorporates a novel application of molecular genetics. Combinatorial approaches for stem-cell-based therapies wherein guided differentiation into cardiac lineage cells and cells secreting paracrine factors may be necessary to overcome the limitations and shortcomings of a singular approach. GATA-4, a GATA zinc-finger transcription factor family member, has been shown to regulate differentiation, growth, and survival of a wide range of cell types. In this chapter, we discuss whether overexpression of GATA-4 increases mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transdifferentiation into cardiac phenotype and enhances the MSC secretome, thereby increasing cell survival and promoting postinfarction cardiac angiogenesis. MSCs engineered with GATA-4 enhance their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cell phenotypes, improve survival of the cardiac progenitor cells and their offspring, and modulate the paracrine activity of stem cells to support their angiomyogenic potential and cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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31
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Yang G, Tian J, Feng C, Zhao LL, Liu Z, Zhu J. Trichostatin a promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells after 5-azacytidine induction or during coculture with neonatal cardiomyocytes via a mechanism independent of histone deacetylase inhibition. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:985-96. [PMID: 21944777 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x593145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effect of trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, on cardiac differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. Rat MSCs were isolated and divided into six groups: 1) control; 2) 5-azacytidine treatment (5-aza, 10 μM); 3) treatment with TSA (100, 300, and 500 nM); 4) treatment with 5-aza followed by incubation with TSA; 5) coculture with neonatal cardiomyocytes (CMs); and 6) treatment with TSA then coculture with CMs. HDAC activity was significantly inhibited in TSA-treated cells with the maximal inhibition after 24 h of exposure to TSA at 300 nM. No changes in HDAC activity were observed in control, 5-aza-treated, or coculture groups. Following 7 days of differentiation, the expression of early cardiac transcription factors GATA-4, NKx2.5, MEF2c, and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was increased by 6-8 times in the cells in 5-aza-treated, coculture, or TSA-treated groups over control as determined using real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting. However, the percent cTnT-positive cells were dramatically different with 0.7% for control, 10% for 5-aza-treated, 25% for coculture, and 4% for TSA-treated group (500 nM). TSA treatment of the cells pretreated with 5-aza or cocultured with CMs dramatically increased the expression of GATA-4, NKx2.5, and MEF2c by 35-50 times over control. The cTnT protein expression was also significantly increased by over threefold by TSA treatment (500 nM) in both 5-aza-treated and coculture group over control. The percent cTnT-positive cells in both 5-aza-pre-treated and coculture groups were significantly increased by TSA treatment after 1 week of differentiation by up to 92.6% (from 10.3% to 19.8%) and 23.9% (from 24.5% to 30.2%), respectively. These data suggested that TSA enhanced the cardiac differentiation of MSCs after 5-aza induction or during coculture with CMs through a mechanism beyond the inhibition of HDAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pediatric Institute of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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32
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Li H, Zuo S, Pasha Z, Yu B, He Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Ashraf M, Xu M. GATA-4 promotes myocardial transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells via up-regulating IGFBP-4. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:1057-65. [PMID: 21846294 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.597380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS GATA-4 is a cardiac transcription factor and plays an important role in cell lineage differentiation during development. We investigated whether overexpression of GATA-4 increases adult mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transdifferentiation into a cardiac phenotype in vitro. METHODS MSC were harvested from rat bone marrow (BM) and transduced with GATA-4 (MSC(GATA-4)) using a murine stem cell virus (pMSCV) retroviral expression system. Gene expression in MSC(GATA-4) was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Native cardiomyocytes (CM) were isolated from ventricles of neonatal rats. Myocardial transdifferentiation of MSC was determined by immunostaining and electrophysiologic recording. The transdifferentiation rate was calculated directly from flow cytometery. RESULTS The expression of cardiac genes, including brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), Islet-1 and α-sarcomeric actinin (α-SA), was up-regulated in MSC(GATA-4) compared with control cells that were transfected with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) only (MSC(Null)). At the same time, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-4 was significantly up-regulated in MSC(GATA-4). A synchronous beating of MSC with native CM was detected and an action potential was recorded. Some GFP (+) cells were positive for α-SA staining after MSC were co-cultured with native CM for 7 days. The transdifferentiation rate was significantly higher in MSC(GATA-4). Functional studies indicated that the differentiation potential of MSC(GATA-4) was decreased by knockdown of IGFBP-4. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of GATA-4 significantly increases MSC differentiation into a myocardial phenotype, which might be associated with the up-regulation of IGFBP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45867, USA
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33
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Koninckx R, Daniëls A, Windmolders S, Carlotti F, Mees U, Steels P, Rummens JL, Hendrikx M, Hensen K. Mesenchymal stem cells or cardiac progenitors for cardiac repair? A comparative study. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2141-56. [PMID: 20972814 PMCID: PMC11115043 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past, clinical trials transplanting bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells reported a limited improvement in cardiac function. Therefore, the search for stem cells leading to more successful stem cell therapies continues. Good candidates are the so-called cardiac stem cells (CSCs). To date, there is no clear evidence to show if these cells are intrinsic stem cells from the heart or mobilized cells from bone marrow. In this study we performed a comparative study between human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), purified c-kit(+) CSCs, and cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). Our results showed that hMSCs can be discriminated from CSCs by their differentiation capacity towards adipocytes and osteocytes and the expression of CD140b. On the other hand, cardiac progenitors display a greater cardiomyogenic differentiation capacity. Despite a different isolation protocol, no distinction could be made between c-kit(+) CSCs and CDCs, indicating that they probably derive from the same precursor or even are the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Koninckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University Limburg, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annick Daniëls
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Severina Windmolders
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University Limburg, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Urbain Mees
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Paul Steels
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University Limburg, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University Limburg, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marc Hendrikx
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnational University Limburg, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Karen Hensen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Campus Virga Jesse, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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Lui PPY, Rui YF, Ni M, Chan KM. Tenogenic differentiation of stem cells for tendon repair-what is the current evidence? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e144-63. [PMID: 21548133 DOI: 10.1002/term.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tendon/ligament injuries are very common in sports and other rigorous activities. Tendons regenerate and repair slowly and inefficiently in vivo after injury. The limited ability of tendon to self-repair and the general inefficiencies of current treatment regimes have hastened the motivation to develop tissue-engineering strategies for tissue repair. Of particular interest in recent years has been the use of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regenerate functional tendons and ligaments. Different sources of MSCs have been studied for their effects on tendon repair. However, ectopic bone and tumour formation has been reported in some special circumstances after transplantation of MSCs. The induction of MSCs to differentiate into tendon-forming cells in vitro prior to transplantation is a possible approach to avoid ectopic bone and tumour formation while promoting tendon repair. While there are reports about the factors that might promote tenogenic differentiation, the study of tenogenic differentiation is hampered by the lack of definitive biomarkers for tendons. This review aims to summarize the cell sources currently used for tendon repair as well as their advantages and limitations. Factors affecting tenogenic differentiation were summarized. Molecular markers currently used for assessing tenogenic differentiation or neotendon formation are summarized and their advantages and limitations are commented upon. Finally, further directions for promoting and assessing tenogenic differentiation of stem cells for tendon repair are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Y Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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35
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Choi YH, Kurtz A, Stamm C. Mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac cell therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:3-17. [PMID: 21062128 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite refinements of medical and surgical therapies, heart failure remains a fatal disease. Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of heart failure, and only palliative measures are available to relieve symptoms and prolong the patient's life span. Because mammalian cardiomyocytes irreversibly exit the cell cycle at about the time of birth, the heart has traditionally been considered to lack any regenerative capacity. This paradigm, however, is currently shifting, and the cellular composition of the myocardium is being targeted by various regeneration strategies. Adult progenitor and stem cell treatment of diseased human myocardium has been carried out for more than 10 years (Menasche et al., 2001; Stamm et al., 2003), and it has become clear that, in humans, the regenerative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, despite potent proangiogenic effects, is limited (Stamm et al., 2009). More recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and related cell types are being evaluated in preclinical models of heart disease as well as in clinical trials (see Published Clinical Trials, below). MSCs have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into lineages that normally originate from the embryonic mesenchyme (connective tissues, blood vessels, blood-related organs) (Caplan, 1991; Prockop, 1997; Pittenger et al., 1999). The current definition of MSCs includes plastic adherence in cell culture, specific surface antigen expression (CD105(+)/CD90(+)/CD73(+), CD34(-)/CD45(-)/CD11b(-) or CD14(-)/CD19(-) or CD79α(-)/HLA-DR1(-)), and multilineage in vitro differentiation potential (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic) (Dominici et al., 2006 ). If those criteria are not met completely, the term "mesenchymal stromal cells" should be used for marrow-derived adherent cells, or other terms for MSC-like cells of different origin. For the purpose of this review, MSCs and related cells are discussed in general, and cell type-specific properties are indicated when appropriate. We first summarize the preclinical data on MSCs in models of heart disease, and then appraise the clinical experience with MSCs for cardiac cell therapy.
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He Z, Li H, Zuo S, Pasha Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Jiang W, Ashraf M, Xu M. Transduction of Wnt11 promotes mesenchymal stem cell transdifferentiation into cardiac phenotypes. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1771-8. [PMID: 21231807 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a potential treatment for ischemic heart repair. Previous studies have suggested that Wnt11 plays a critical role in cardiac specification and morphogenesis. In this study, we examined whether transduction of Wnt11 directly increases MSC differentiation into cardiac phenotypes. MSCs harvested from rat bone marrow were transduced with both Wnt11 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (MSC(Wnt11)) using the murine stem cell virus (pMSCV) retroviral expression system; control cells were only GFP-transfected (MSC(Null)). Compared with control cells, MSC(Wnt11) was shown to have higher expression of Wnt11 by immunofluorescence, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. MSC(Wnt11) shows a higher expression of cardiac-specific genes, including GATA-4, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), islet-1, and α-actinin, after being cultured with cardiomyocytes (CMs) isolated from ventricles of neonatal (1-3 day) SD rats. Some MSC(Wnt11) were positive for α-actinin when MSCs were cocultured with native CMs for 7 days. Electron microscopy further confirmed the appearance of sarcomeres in MSC(Wnt11). Connexin 43 was found between GFP-positive MSCs and neonatal rat CMs labeled with red fluorescent probe PKH26. The transdifferentiation rate was significantly higher in MSC(Wnt11) than in MSC(Null), as assessed by flow cytometry. Functional studies indicated that the differentiation of MSC(Wnt11) was diminished by knockdown of GATA-4 with GATA-4-siRNA. Transduction of Wnt11 into MSCs increases their differentiation into CMs by upregulating GATA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisong He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Valarmathi MT, Fuseler JW, Goodwin RL, Davis JM, Potts JD. The mechanical coupling of adult marrow stromal stem cells during cardiac regeneration assessed in a 2-D co-culture model. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2834-50. [PMID: 21288568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal cardiomyocytes undergo terminal differentiation and a restricted number of human cardiomyocytes retain the ability to divide and regenerate in response to ischemic injury. However, whether these neo-cardiomyocytes are derived from endogenous population of resident cardiac stem cells or from the exogenous double assurance population of resident bone marrow-derived stem cells that populate the damaged myocardium is unresolved and under intense investigation. The vital challenge is to ameliorate and/or regenerate the damaged myocardium. This can be achieved by stimulating proliferation of native quiescent cardiomyocytes and/or cardiac stem cell, or by recruiting exogenous autologous or allogeneic cells such as fetal or embryonic cardiomyocyte progenitors or bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells. The prerequisites are that these neo-cardiomyocytes must have the ability to integrate well within the native myocardium and must exhibit functional synchronization. Adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been shown to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, BMSCs may potentially play an essential role in cardiac repair and regeneration, but this concept requires further validation. In this report, we have provided compelling evidence that functioning cardiac tissue can be generated by the interaction of multipotent BMSCs with embryonic cardiac myocytes (ECMs) in two-dimensional (2-D) co-cultures. The differentiating BMSCs were induced to undergo cardiomyogenic differentiation pathway and were able to express unequivocal electromechanical coupling and functional synchronization with ECMs. Our 2-D co-culture system provides a useful in vitro model to elucidate various molecular mechanisms underpinning the integration and orderly maturation and differentiation of BMSCs into neo-cardiomyocytes during myocardial repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani T Valarmathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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Zhang Q, Yang YJ, Qian HY, Wang H, Xu H. Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs)-a new promising candidate for use in cardiac regeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:173-7. [PMID: 21044703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell-based therapy has been given increased attention in terms of its potential contribution to cardiac regeneration and repair, after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The published studies have identified many kinds of stem cells with the ability to regenerate and repair damaged myocardium after AMI. These include embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent adult progenitor cells, unrestricted somatic stem cells, etc. More recently, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) were identified from murine, as a population of very small CXCR4(+) Lin(-) CD45(-) cells and from human, as a population of very small CD34(+) CD133(+) CXCR4(+) Lin(-) CD45(-) cells. These cells exhibit beneficial effects on improving cardiac function and attenuating cardiac remodeling after AMI. However, the mechanisms underlying the benefits associated with VSELs therapy, in cardiac regeneration and repair, remain poorly understood. This review summarizes the current studies on cardiac repair with VSELs after AMI, and discusses the potential mechanisms and implications of these cells in cardiac repair.
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Young DA, DeQuach JA, Christman KL. Human cardiomyogenesis and the need for systems biology analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 3:666-80. [PMID: 21197666 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the Western world and myocardial infarction is one of the primary facets of this disease. The limited natural self-renewal of cardiac muscle following injury and restricted supply of heart transplants has encouraged researchers to investigate other means to stimulate regeneration of damaged myocardium. The plasticity of stem cells toward multiple lineages offers the potential to repair the heart following injury. Embryonic stem cells have been extensively studied for their ability to differentiate into early cardiomyocytes, however, the pathway has only been partially defined and inadequate efficiency limits their clinical applicability. Some studies have shown cardiomyogenesis from adult mesenchymal stem cells, from both bone marrow and adipose tissue, but their differentiation pathway remains poorly detailed and these results remain controversial. Despite promising results using stem cells in animal models of cardiac injury, the driving mechanisms behind their differentiation down a cardiomyogenic pathway have yet to be determined. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding cardiomyogenesis on the systemic level. Stem cell differentiation results from multiple signaling parameters operating in a tightly regulated spatiotemporal pattern. Investigating this phenomenon from a systems biology perspective could unveil the abstruse mechanisms controlling cardiomyogenesis that would otherwise require extensive in vitro testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Adam Young
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Perán M, Marchal JA, López E, Jiménez-Navarro M, Boulaiz H, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Carrillo E, Sánchez-Espin G, de Teresa E, Tosh D, Aranega A. Human cardiac tissue induces transdifferentiation of adult stem cells towards cardiomyocytes. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:332-7. [PMID: 20230311 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903548202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The goal was to induce the transdifferentiation (or conversion) of human adipose-derived stem cells to cardiomyocytes using an intracellular extract obtained from adult human heart tissue. METHODS Human adult stem cells from lipoaspirates were transiently permeabilized, exposed to human atrial extracts and allowed to recover in culture. RESULTS After 21 days, the cells acquired a cardiomyocyte phenotype, as demonstrated by morphologic changes (appearance of binucleate, striated cells and branching fibers), immunofluorescence detection of cardiac-specific markers (connexin-43, sarcomeric alpha-actinin, cardiac troponin I and T, and desmin) and the presence of cardiomyocyte-related genes analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (cardiac myosin light chain 1, alpha-cardiac actin, cardiac troponin T and cardiac beta-myosin). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time that adult cardiomyocytes obtained from human donors retain the capacity to induce cardiomyocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. The use of autologous extracts for reprogramming adult stem cells may have potential therapeutic implications for treating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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