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Yang Y, He S, Qi Z, Chai X, Zhao Q, Hu B, Li G, Yu Y. Proliferation toxicity and mechanism of novel mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A on human embryonic stem cell. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131050. [PMID: 36821903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A (ClyBrxBPAs) are mixed halogenated-type compounds recently identified in electronic waste dismantling sites. There are a lack of toxicity data on these compounds. To study their development toxicity, the proliferation toxicity was investigated using human embryonic stem cells (hESC) exposed to the lowest effective dose of two ClyBrxBPA analogues (2-chloro-2',6-dibromobisphenol A and 2,2'-dichloro-6-monobromobisphenol A). For comparison, tetrabromobisphenol A, 2,2',6-tribromobisphenol A, and bisphenol A were also assessed. It was observed that ClyBrxBPAs inhibited hESCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The cell bioaccumulation efficiency of ClyBrxBPAs was higher than that of tetrabromobisphenol A. Also, ClyBrxBPAs were more toxic than tetrabromobisphenol A, with 2,2'-dichloro-6-monobromobisphenol A exhibiting the most potent toxicity. Furthermore, flow cytometry and oxidative stress results showed that increased reactive oxygen species raised the degree of apoptosis and reduced DNA synthesis. Metabolomics analysis on the effect of ClyBrxBPAs on metabolic pathway alteration showed that ClyBrxBPAs mainly interfered with four metabolic pathways related to amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. These results provide an initial perspective on the proliferation toxicity of ClyBrxBPAs, indicating development toxicity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shiyao He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuyang Chai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiting Zhao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Beibei Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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A Review on Tetrabromobisphenol A: Human Biomonitoring, Toxicity, Detection and Treatment in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062505. [PMID: 36985477 PMCID: PMC10054480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a known endocrine disruptor employed in a range of consumer products and has been predominantly found in different environments through industrial processes and in human samples. In this review, we aimed to summarize published scientific evidence on human biomonitoring, toxic effects and mode of action of TBBPA in humans. Interestingly, an overview of various pretreatment methods, emerging detection methods, and treatment methods was elucidated. Studies on exposure routes in humans, a combination of detection methods, adsorbent-based treatments and degradation of TBBPA are in the preliminary phase and have several limitations. Therefore, in-depth studies on these subjects should be considered to enhance the accurate body load of non-invasive matrix, external exposure levels, optimal design of combined detection techniques, and degrading technology of TBBPA. Overall, this review will improve the scientific comprehension of TBBPA in humans as well as the environment, and the breakthrough for treating waste products containing TBBPA.
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Tribondeau A, Sachs LM, Buisine N. Tetrabromobisphenol A effects on differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells reveals unexpected impact on immune system. Front Genet 2022; 13:996826. [PMID: 36386828 PMCID: PMC9640982 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.996826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a potent flame retardant used in numerous appliances and a major pollutant in households and ecosystems. In vertebrates, it was shown to affect neurodevelopment, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and thyroid signaling, but its toxicity and modes of actions are still a matter of debate. The molecular phenotype resulting from exposure to TBBPA is only poorly described, especially at the level of transcriptome reprogramming, which further limits our understanding of its molecular toxicity. In this work, we combined functional genomics and system biology to provide a system-wide description of the transcriptomic alterations induced by TBBPA acting on differentiating mESCs, and provide potential new toxicity markers. We found that TBBPA-induced transcriptome reprogramming affect a large collection of genes loosely connected within the network of biological pathways, indicating widespread interferences on biological processes. We also found two hotspots of action: at the level of neuronal differentiation markers, and surprisingly, at the level of immune system functions, which has been largely overlooked until now. This effect is particularly strong, as terminal differentiation markers of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages are strongly reduced: the membrane T cell receptor (Cd79a, Cd79b), interleukin seven receptor (Il7r), macrophages cytokine receptor (Csf1r), monocyte chemokine receptor (Ccr2). Also, the high affinity IgE receptor (Fcer1g), a key mediator of allergic reactions, is strongly induced. Thus, the molecular imbalance induce by TBBPA may be stronger than initially realized.
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Cairrão E. Health toxicity effects of brominated flame retardants: From environmental to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117475. [PMID: 34087639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) are brominated flame retardants widely used in variety of industrial and consumer products (e.g., automobiles, electronics, furniture, textiles and plastics) to reduce flammability. HBCD and TBBPA can also contaminate the environment, mainly water, dust, air and soil, from which human exposure occurs. This constant exposure has raised some concerns against human health. These compounds can act as endocrine disruptors, a property that gives them the ability to interfere with hormonal function and quantity, when HBCD and TBBPA bind target tissues in the body. Studies in human and animals suggest a correlation between HBCD and TBBPA exposure and adverse health outcomes, namely thyroid disorders, neurobehavior and development disorders, reproductive health, immunological, oncological and cardiovascular diseases. However, in humans these effects are still poorly understood, once only a few data evaluated the human health effects. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the toxicity effects of HBCD and TBBPA and how these compounds affect the environment and health, resorting to data and knowledge of 255 published papers from 1979 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrão
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Zhang W, Li A, Pan Y, Wang F, Li M, Liang Y, Yao X, Song J, Song M, Jiang G. Tetrabromobisphenol A induces THR β-mediated inflammation and uterine injury in mice at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124859. [PMID: 33360189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used flame retardant, but the adverse outcomes induced by TBBPA has not been fully elucidated. In this study, TBBPA was detected in 54.9% of 102 female Chinese volunteers with an average serum concentration of 0.34 ng/mL. To investigate whether TBBPA induces adverse outcomes at environmentally relevant exposure doses, the mice were exposed to TBBPA for 14 and 28 days. The internal doses of TBBPA in mice serum were nearly the internal doses in volunteers. TBBPA significantly increased the secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed immune responses in mice under such serum concentrations after 14- and 28-days exposure. Interestingly, uterine edema was observed in TBBPA-treated mice. In primary uterine cells model, the results showed TBBPA exposure suppressed THRβ expression, leading to the activation of the inflammatory PI3K/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings indicated that the uterus is the susceptible target organ of TBBPA and TBBPA exposure might increase risk of uterine cancer through deregulating inflammation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, PR China
| | - Aijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yu Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xinglei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jinghai Song
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 1000730, PR China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Li A, Song M. Tetrachlorobisphenol A induced immunosuppression and uterine injury in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111527. [PMID: 33254397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) is used as flame retardant, and it has been widely detected in the environmental and human samples. TCBPA is an endocrine disrupting chemical, but its effects on the immune system remains poorly understood. Here the effects of TCBPA on immune system were studied using combined in vivo and in vitro assays. Results showed that TCBPA could suppress the immune response in BALB/c mice via reducing the ratio of CD3+ T lymphocytes to regulatory T cells. Moreover, TCBPA exposure significantly induced the increasing secretion of four pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and four anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, GM-CSF) in mice serum. Interestingly, uterine edema was observed in over 80% TCBPA-treated mice after 14- day exposure. TCBPA was detected in 18.6% serum samples of 150 female volunteers in this study. Therefore, our findings provided evidence that TCBPA exposure may cause adverse outcomes on immune system and uterus, suggesting that environmental exposure of TCBPA, as well as its adverse effects on human health should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Aijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Yu Y, Yu Z, Chen H, Han Y, Xiang M, Chen X, Ma R, Wang Z. Tetrabromobisphenol A: Disposition, kinetics and toxicity in animals and humans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:909-917. [PMID: 31351299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a nonregulated brominated flame retardant with a high production volume, and it is applied in a wide variety of consumer products. TBBPA is ubiquitous in abiotic matrices, wildlife and humans around the world. This paper critically reviews the published scientific data concerning the disposition, metabolism or kinetics and toxicity of TBBPA in animals and humans. TBBPA is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed among tissues, and is excreted primarily in the feces. In rats, TBBPA and its metabolites have limited systemic bioavailability. TBBPA has been detected in human milk in the general population. It is available to both the developing fetus and the nursing pups following maternal exposure. It has been suggested that TBBPA causes acute toxicity, endocrine disruptor activity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in animals. Cell-based assays have shown that TBBPA can induce reactive oxygen species in a concentration-dependent manner, and it promotes the production of inflammatory factors such as TNF α, IL-6, and IL-8. Cells exposed to high levels of TBBPA exhibit seriously injured mitochondria and a dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This review will enhance the understanding of the potential risks of TBBPA exposure to ecological and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Ziling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yajing Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xichao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Gallardo-Vera F, Tapia-Rodriguez M, Diaz D, Fortoul van der Goes T, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. Vanadium pentoxide increased PTEN and decreased SHP1 expression in NK-92MI cells, affecting PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-MAPK pathways. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 15:1-11. [PMID: 29228829 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1404662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is an air pollutant that imparts immunosuppressive effects on NK cell immune responses, in part, by dysregulating interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2R-mediated JAK signaling pathways and inducing apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) on other IL-2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways, i.e. PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-MAPK. Here, IL-2-independent NK-92MI cells were exposed to different V2O5 doses for 24 h periods. Expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, ERK1/2, MEK1, PTEN, SHP1, BAD and phosphorylated forms, as well as caspases-3, -8, -9, BAX and BAK in/on the cells were then determined by flow cytometry. The results show that V2O5 was cytotoxic to NK cells in a dose-related manner. Exposure increased BAD and pBAD expression and decreased that of BAK and BAX, but cell death was not related to caspase activation. At 400 µM V2O5, expression of PI3K-p85 regulatory subunit increased 20% and pPI3K 50%, while that of the non-pPI3K 110α catalytic subunit decreased by 20%. At 200 μM, V2O5 showed significant decrease in non-pAkt expression (p < 0.05); the decrease in pAkt expression was significant at 100 μM. Non-pmTOR expression displayed a significant downward trend beginning at 100 μM. Expressions of pMEK-1/2 and pERK-1/2 increased substantially at 200 μM V2O5. No differences were found with non-phosphorylated ERK-1/2. PTEN expression increased significantly at 100 μM V2O5 exposure whereas pPTEN decreased by 18% at 25 μM V2O5 concentrations, but remained unchanged thereafter. Lastly, V2O5 at all doses decreased SHP1 expression and increased expression of its phosphorylated form. These results indicated a toxic effect of V2O5 on NK cells that was due in part to dysregulation of signaling pathways mediated by IL-2 via increased PTEN and decreased SHP1 expression. These results can help to explain some of the known deleterious effects of this particular form of vanadium on innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gallardo-Vera
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodriguez
- b Unidad de Microscopia , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Daniel Diaz
- c Facultad de Ciencias , UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Teresa Fortoul van der Goes
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Luis F Montaño
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Erika P Rendón-Huerta
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
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Yasmin S, Whalen M. Flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane (HCBD) and tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA), alter secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) from human immune cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1483-1494. [PMID: 29356862 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are flame retardants, used in a variety of applications, which contaminate the environment and are found in human blood. HBCD and TBBPA have been shown to alter the tumor killing function of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes and the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The current study examined the effects of HBCD and TBBPA on secretion of the critical pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) from human immune cells. Preparations of human immune cells that ranged in complexity were studied to determine if the effects of the compounds were consistent as the composition of the cell preparation became more heterogeneous. Cell preparations studied were: NK cells, monocyte-depleted (MD) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and PBMCs. Exposure of NK cells to higher concentrations of HBCD (5 and 2.5 µM) caused decreased secretion of TNFα. However, when the cell preparation contained T lymphocytes (MD-PBMCs and PBMCs) these same concentrations of HBCD increased TNFα secretion as did nearly all other concentrations. This suggests that HBCD's ability to increase TNFα secretion from immune cells was dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. In contrast, exposures to TBBPA decreased the secretion of TNFα from all immune cell preparations regardless of the composition of the cell preparation. Further, HBCD-induced increases in TNFα secretion utilized the p38 MARK pathway. Thus, both HBCD and TBBPA may have the capacity to disrupt the inflammatory response with HBCD having the potential to cause chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharia Yasmin
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Margaret Whalen
- Departments of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
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NTP Research Report on Biological Activity of Bisphenol A (BPA) Structural Analogues and Functional Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.22427/ntp-rr-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hall SM, Coulter SJ, Knudsen GA, Sanders JM, Birnbaum LS. Gene expression changes in immune response pathways following oral administration of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in female Wistar Han rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 272:68-74. [PMID: 28300664 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant used globally at high volumes, primarily in the epoxy resin of circuit boards. It has been detected in the environment and in humans. The National Toxicology Program found that chronic oral TBBPA treatment of 250mg/kg and higher caused an increased incidence of uterine lesions in female Wistar Han rats. The present laboratory has previously reported changes in gene expression associated with estrogen homeostasis in liver and uterine tissue of adult female Wistar Han rats after five days of gavage with 250mg/kg of TBBPA. Microarray analysis of tissue from these same TBBPA-treated rats was performed to detect additional pathways perturbed by TBBPA. Microarray analysis of uterine tissue detected downregulation of genes in pathways of the immune response following TBBPA treatment. These results, along with validation of associated gene expression changes using droplet digital PCR, are reported here. Our findings suggest mechanisms that may be related to estrogen-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hall
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sherry J Coulter
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Gabriel A Knudsen
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - J Michael Sanders
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Dunnick JK, Morgan DL, Elmore SA, Gerrish K, Pandiri A, Ton TV, Shockley KR, Merrick BA. Tetrabromobisphenol A activates the hepatic interferon pathway in rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 266:32-41. [PMID: 27914987 PMCID: PMC5791538 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used flame retardant in printed circuit boards, paper, and textiles. In a two-year study, TBBPA showed evidence of uterine tumors in female Wistar-Han rats and liver and colon tumors in B6C3F1 mice. In order to gain further insight into early gene and pathway changes leading to cancer, we exposed female Wistar Han rats to TBBPA at 0, 25, 250, or 1000mg/kg (oral gavage in corn oil, 5×/week) for 13 weeks. Because at the end of the TBBPA exposure period, there were no treatment-related effects on body weights, liver or uterus lesions, and liver and uterine organ weights were within 10% of controls, only the high dose animals were analyzed. Analysis of the hepatic and uterine transcriptomes showed TBBPA-induced changes primarily in the liver (1000mg/kg), with 159 transcripts corresponding to 132 genes differentially expressed compared to controls (FDR=0.05). Pathway analysis showed activation of interferon (IFN) and metabolic networks. TBBPA induced few molecular changes in the uterus. Activation of the interferon pathway in the liver occurred after 13-weeks of TBBPA exposure, and with longer term TBBPA exposure this may lead to immunomodulatory changes that contribute to carcinogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - D L Morgan
- NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - B A Merrick
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Anisuzzaman S, Whalen MM. Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane alter secretion of IL-1β from human immune cells. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:403-16. [PMID: 27297965 PMCID: PMC4910520 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), flame retardant compounds used in epoxy resin circuit boards and upholstery, contaminate the environment and are found in human serum. Lymphocytes and monocytes are immune cells that, among other functions, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, an important regulator of immune responsiveness and tissue growth and repair. Thus, if its levels are dysregulated, loss of proper immune function and increased invasiveness of tumors could ensue. This study examines whether exposures to varying concentrations (0.05-5.0 μM) of TBBPA and HBCD for 24 h, 48 h and 6 days interfere with the ability of immune cells to secrete IL-1β. The immune cell preparations examined were human natural killer (NK) cells, monocyte-depleted (MD) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MD-PBMC) and PBMC. Both increased and decreased secretion of IL-1β from all three types of cell preparation were seen with TBBPA exposures and were dependent on concentration and length of exposure. TBBPA induced changes varied considerably from donor to donor. Exposure to HBCD from 0.5-5.0 μM caused increases in IL-1β secretion after all lengths of exposures in all cell preparations. The specific HBCD levels at which increases occurred varied among donors. Examinations of the signaling pathway(s) responsible for the elevated secretion of IL-1β after HBCD exposure were carried out in MD-PBMC cells. Results revealed that MAPK pathways (ERK1/2 and p38) appear to be the targets of HBCD that lead to increased IL-1β secretion from immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Anisuzzaman
- a Department of Chemistry , Tennessee State University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Margaret M Whalen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tennessee State University , Nashville , TN , USA
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Almughamsi H, Whalen MM. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A alter secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) from human immune cells. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1695-707. [PMID: 26302867 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are brominated flame-retardant compounds used in a variety of applications including insulation, upholstery, and epoxy resin circuit boards. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is an inflammatory cytokine produced by activated T and NK cells that regulates immune responsiveness. HBCD and TBBPA are found in human blood, and previous studies have shown that they alter the ability of human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes to destroy tumor cells. This study examines whether HBCD and TBBPA affect the secretion of IFN-γ from increasingly complex preparations of human immune cells-purified NK cells, monocyte-depleted (MD) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and PBMCs. Both HBCD and TBBPA were tested at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 5 µM. HBCD generally caused increases in IFN-γ secretion after 24-h, 48-h, and 6-day exposures in each of the different cell preparations. The specific concentration of HBCD that caused increases as well as the magnitude of the increase varied from donor to donor. In contrast, TBBPA tended to decrease secretion of IFN-γ from NK cells, MD-PBMCs, and PBMCs. Thus, exposure to these compounds may potentially disrupt the immune regulation mediated by IFN-γ. Signaling pathways that have the capacity to regulate IFN-γ production (nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p44/42, p38, JNK) were examined for their role in the HBCD-induced increases in IFN-γ. Results showed that the p44/42 (ERK1/2) MAPK pathway appears to be important in HBCD-induced increases in IFN-γ secretion from human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Almughamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Margaret M Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
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Gallardo-Vera F, Diaz D, Tapia-Rodriguez M, Fortoul van der Goes T, Masso F, Rendon-Huerta E, Montaño LF. Vanadium pentoxide prevents NK-92MI cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion through sustained JAK3 phosphorylation. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:27-37. [PMID: 25565016 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.996681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is a major air pollutant with toxic and carcinogenic effects; it also exercises immunosuppressive effects on the adaptive immune response. Its effect on the innate immune response is poorly explored. The aim of this study was to identify if vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) impairs the function of immunoregulatory NK cells and to determine possible mechanisms associated with this effect. Interleukin-2-independent NK-92MI cells were exposed to different V2O5 concentrations for 6, 12, or 24 h periods. Cell proliferation was then evaluated using CFSE staining, apoptosis by Annexin V binding, and necrosis by 7-AAD staining. The release of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A, IFNγ, and TNFα by the cells were assessed using a human CBA kit. Expression of CD45, SOCS1, JAK3, pJAK3, STAT5, pSTAT5, IL-2R, IL-15R, Fas, and FasL in/on the cells was determined by flow cytometry; JAK3 and pJAK3 expression were also evaluated via confocal microscopy. The results indicated that V2O5 could inhibit NK-92MI cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-related manner. V2O5 also inhibited IL-2, IL-10, and IFNγ secretion but mostly only after 24 h of exposure and with primarily the higher doses tested. V2O5 had no effect on expression of JAK3 and STAT5, but did cause an increase in pJAK3 and appeared to lead (trend) to reductions in levels of phosphorylated STAT5. V2O5 increased the expression of IL-2R, IL-15R, Fas, and FasL at concentrations above the 50-100 µM range. V2O5 had no effect on expression of the CD45 membrane phosphatase, but it did cause an increase in the expression of SOCS1. These results indicate that a key toxic effect of V2O5 on NK cells is a dysregulation of signaling pathways mediated by IL-2. These effects could help to explain the previously-reported deleterious effects on innate immune responses of hosts exposed to inhaled V2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gallardo-Vera
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Daniel Diaz
- b Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología
| | | | | | - Felipe Masso
- d Departamento de Fisiología , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez' , México
| | - Erika Rendon-Huerta
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Luis F Montaño
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
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Cato A, Celada L, Kibakaya EC, Simmons N, Whalen MM. Brominated flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane, activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human natural killer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:345-60. [PMID: 25341744 PMCID: PMC4246052 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide a vital surveillance against virally infected cells, tumor cells, and antibody-coated cells through the release of cytolytic mediators and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used primarily in expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene foams for thermal insulation in the building and construction industry. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is used both as a reactive and an additive flame retardant in a variety of materials. HBCD and TBBPA contaminate the environment and are found in human blood samples. In previous studies, we have shown that other environmental contaminants, such as the dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT), decrease NK lytic function by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the NK cells. HBCD and TBBPA also interfere with NK cell(s) lytic function. The current study evaluates whether HBCD and/or TBBPA have the capacity to activate MAPKs and MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks). The effects of concentrations of HBCD and TBBPA that inhibited lytic function on the phosphorylation state and total levels of the MAPKs (p44/42, p38, and JNK) and the phosphorylation and total levels of the MAP2Ks (MEK1/2 and MKK3/6) were examined. Results indicate that exposure of human NK cells to 10-0.5 μM HBCD or TBBPA activate MAPKs and MAP2Ks. This HBCD and TBBPA-induced activation of MAPKs may leave them unavailable for activation by virally infected or tumor target cells and thus contributes to the observed decreases in lytic function seen in NK cells exposed to HBCD and TBBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | - Lindsay Celada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | | | - Nadia Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | - Margaret M. Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
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Paine MRL, Rae ID, Blanksby SJ. Direct detection of brominated flame retardants from plastic e-waste using liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1203-1208. [PMID: 24760560 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The worldwide generation of plastic electronic waste (e-waste) is reaching epic proportions. The presence of toxic brominated flame retardants (BFRs) within these materials limits their ability to be recycled, resulting in large amounts of e-waste reaching landfills. METHODS Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) employing a chip-based nanoelectrospray coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer represents a novel control technology for directing e-waste streams for recycling. LESA-MS allows direct sampling and analysis of solid material, capable of detecting BFRs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A), the two most common flame retardant additives currently in circulation. RESULTS Authentic PBDE congeners and TBBP-A were deposited on glass and characterised by LESA-MS analysis. PBDEs are notoriously difficult to detect via electrospray; however, they were detected with ease by utilising a combination of nanoelectrospray and solvent doped with ammonium acetate. In situ detection of TBBP-A within plastic e-waste was also possible by performing LESA-MS on the surface of granulated material provided by a commercial waste depot. E-waste sample analysis was completely automated, with each sample analysed in less than 1 min. CONCLUSIONS LESA-MS is fast, simple, and robust allowing unambiguous detection of a range of additives through tandem mass spectrometry. LESA-MS does not require dissolution of the solid matrix nor the sample to be present under vacuum and the use of separative techniques prior to analysis is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R L Paine
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Hurd-Brown T, Udoji F, Martin T, Whalen MM. Effects of DDT and triclosan on tumor-cell binding capacity and cell-surface protein expression of human natural killer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:495-502. [PMID: 22729613 PMCID: PMC3459142 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and triclosan (TCS) are organochlorine (OC) compounds that contaminate the environment, are found in human blood and have been shown to decrease the tumor-cell killing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells defend against tumor cells and virally infected cells. They bind to these targets, utilizing a variety of cell surface proteins. The present study examined concentrations of DDT and TCS that decrease lytic function for alteration of NK binding to tumor targets. Levels of either compound that caused loss of binding function were then examined for effects on expression of cell-surface proteins needed for binding. NK cells exposed to 2.5 μM DDT for 24 h (which caused a greater than 55% loss of lytic function) showed a decrease in NK binding function of about 22%, and a decrease in CD16 cell-surface protein of 20%. NK cells exposed to 5 μM TCS for 24 h showed a decrease in ability to bind tumor cells of 37% and a decrease in expression of CD56 of about 34%. This same treatment caused a decrease in lytic function of greater than 87%. These results indicated that only a portion of the loss of NK lytic function seen with exposures to these compounds could be accounted for by loss of binding function. They also showed that loss of binding function is accompanied by a loss of cell-surface proteins important in binding function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret M. Whalen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, 37209
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Hurd T, Walker J, Whalen MM. Pentachlorophenol decreases tumor-cell-binding capacity and cell-surface protein expression of human natural killer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:627-34. [PMID: 22912977 PMCID: PMC3428751 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine pesticide that decreases the tumor-cell killing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells defend against tumor cells and virally infected cells. They bind to these targets, utilizing a variety of cell-surface proteins. This study examined concentrations of PCP that decrease lytic function for alteration of NK binding to tumor targets. Levels of PCP that caused loss of binding function were then examined for effects on expression of cell-surface proteins needed for binding. Exposure to 10 μM PCP for 24 h (which caused a greater than 70% loss of lytic function) decreased NK binding function (34.6%), and CD11a (21.7%) and CD56 (26.2%) cell-surface proteins. Both binding function and cell-surface proteins were decreased after longer exposures to lower concentrations of PCP. These data indicate that continuous exposures to PCP decreased binding function as well as cell-surface marker expression in NK cells and that these changes may in part explain the losses of lytic function seen with these exposures. PCP exposures have been shown to increase the incidence of blood and kidney cancers in humans. These data indicate that a possible explanation for this increased risk may be loss of NK lytic function, which is at least in part owing to the loss of the ability of the NK cell to bind to tumor cells. These data also indicate that lost binding function may be due to loss of important cell-surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasia Hurd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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