1
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Dereven'kov IA, Maiorova LA, Koifman OI, Salnikov DS. High Reactivity of Supermolecular Nanoentities of a Vitamin B 12 Derivative in Langmuir-Schaefer Films Toward Gaseous Toxins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:17240-17250. [PMID: 38050683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have described the first supermolecular nanoentities (SMEs) of a vitamin B12 derivative, viz., a monocyano form of heptabutyl cobyrinate ((CN-)BuCby), unique nanoparticles with strong noncovalent intermolecular interactions, and emerging optical and redox properties. In this work, the fast response of thin films based on the SMEs of the B12 derivative to gaseous toxins (viz., hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide) particularly dangerous for humans was demonstrated. The reaction between SMEs of (CN-)BuCby in Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) films and HCN generates dicyano species and proceeds ca. 5-fold more rapidly than the process involving drop-coated films that contain (CN-)BuCby in molecular form. The highest sensitivity toward HCN was achieved by using thicker LS films. The reaction proceeds reversibly: upon exposure to air, the dicyano complex undergoes partial decyanation. The decyanated complex retains reactivity toward HCN for at least four subsequent cycles. The processes involving SMEs of (CN-)BuCby and NH3, SO2, and H2S are irreversible, and the sensitivity of the films toward these gases is lower in comparison with HCN. Presented data provides mechanistic information on the reactions involving solid vitamin B12 derivatives and gaseous toxins. In the case of NH3, deprotonation of the coordinated Co(III)-ion water molecule occurs, and the generated hydroxocyano species exhibit high air stability. After binding of SO2, a mixture of sulfito and dicyano species is produced, and the regenerated film contains aquacyano and diaqua or aquahydroxo species, which possess high reactivity toward gaseous toxins. Reaction with H2S produces a mixture of the Co(III)-dicyano form and Co(II)-species containing sulfide oxidation products, which are resistant to aerobic oxidation. Our findings can be used for the development of naked-eye, electronic optic, and chemiresistive sensors toward gaseous toxins with improved reactivity for prompt cyanide detection in air, blood, and plant samples and for analysis of exhaled gases for the diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Dereven'kov
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - Larissa A Maiorova
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
- Federal Research Center Computer Science and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Oscar I Koifman
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
| | - Denis S Salnikov
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
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2
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Hsia CCW. Tissue Perfusion and Diffusion and Cellular Respiration: Transport and Utilization of Oxygen. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:594-611. [PMID: 37541315 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the journey of inspired oxygen after its uptake across the alveolar-capillary interface, and the interplay among tissue perfusion, diffusion, and cellular respiration in the transport and utilization of oxygen. The critical interactions between oxygen and its facilitative carriers (hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells), and with other respiratory and vasoactive molecules (carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide), are emphasized to illustrate how this versatile system dynamically optimizes regional convective transport and diffusive gas exchange. The rates of reciprocal gas exchange in the lung and the periphery must be well-matched and sufficient for meeting the range of energy demands from rest to maximal stress but not excessive as to become toxic. The mobile red blood cells play a vital role in matching tissue perfusion and gas exchange by dynamically regulating the controlled uptake of oxygen and communicating regional metabolic signals across different organs. Intracellular oxygen diffusion and facilitation via myoglobin into the mitochondria, and utilization via electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, are summarized. Physiological and pathophysiological adaptations are briefly described. Dysfunction of any component across this integrated system affects all other components and elicits corresponding structural and functional adaptation aimed at matching the capacities across the entire system and restoring equilibrium under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C W Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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3
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Baker PR. Recognizing and Managing a Metabolic Crisis. Pediatr Clin North Am 2023; 70:979-993. [PMID: 37704355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In some relatively common inborn errors of metabolism there can be the accumulation of toxic compounds including ammonia and organic acids such as lactate and ketoacids, as well as energy deficits at the cellular level. The clinical presentation is often referred to as a metabolic emergency or crisis. Fasting and illness can result in encephalopathy within hours, and without appropriate recognition and intervention, the outcome may be permanent disability or death. This review outlines easy and readily available means of recognizing and diagnosing a metabolic emergency as well as general guidelines for management. Disease-specific interventions focus on parenteral nutrition to reverse catabolism, toxin removal strategies, and vitamin/nutrition supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Baker
- University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Box 300, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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4
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Kobylarz D, Noga M, Frydrych A, Milan J, Morawiec A, Glaca A, Kucab E, Jastrzębska J, Jabłońska K, Łuc K, Zdeb G, Pasierb J, Toporowska-Kaźmierak J, Półchłopek S, Słoma P, Adamik M, Banasik M, Bartoszek M, Adamczyk A, Rędziniak P, Frączkiewicz P, Orczyk M, Orzechowska M, Tajchman P, Dziuba K, Pelczar R, Zima S, Nyankovska Y, Sowińska M, Pempuś W, Kubacka M, Popielska J, Brzezicki P, Jurowski K. Antidotes in Clinical Toxicology-Critical Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:723. [PMID: 37755734 PMCID: PMC10534475 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Poisoning and overdose are very important aspects in medicine and toxicology. Chemical weapons pose a threat to civilians, and emergency medicine principles must be followed when dealing with patients who have been poisoned or overdosed. Antidotes have been used for centuries and modern research has led to the development of new antidotes that can accelerate the elimination of toxins from the body. Although some antidotes have become less relevant due to modern intensive care techniques, they can still save lives or reduce the severity of toxicity. The availability of antidotes is crucial, especially in developing countries where intensive care facilities may be limited. This article aims to provide information on specific antidotes, their recommended uses, and potential risks and new uses. In the case of poisoning, supportive therapies are most often used; however, in many cases, the administration of an appropriate antidote saves the patient's life. In this review, we reviewed the literature on selected antidotes used in the treatment of poisonings. We also characterised the antidotes (bio)chemically. We described the cases in which they are used together with the dosage recommendations. We also analysed the mechanisms of action. In addition, we described alternative methods of using a given substance as a drug, an example of which is N-acetylcysteine, which can be used in the treatment of COVID-19. This article was written as part of the implementation of the project of the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, "Toxicovigilance, poisoning prevention, and first aid in poisoning with xenobiotics of current clinical importance in Poland", grant number SKN/SP/570184/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kobylarz
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Noga
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
| | - Adrian Frydrych
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Justyna Milan
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adrian Morawiec
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Agata Glaca
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Emilia Kucab
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Julia Jastrzębska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Karolina Jabłońska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Klaudia Łuc
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Gabriela Zdeb
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Jakub Pasierb
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Joanna Toporowska-Kaźmierak
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Szczepan Półchłopek
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Paweł Słoma
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Magdalena Adamik
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Mateusz Banasik
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Mateusz Bartoszek
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Aleksandra Adamczyk
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Patrycja Rędziniak
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Paulina Frączkiewicz
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Michał Orczyk
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Martyna Orzechowska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Paulina Tajchman
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Klaudia Dziuba
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Rafał Pelczar
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Sabina Zima
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Yana Nyankovska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Marta Sowińska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Wiktoria Pempuś
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Maria Kubacka
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Julia Popielska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Patryk Brzezicki
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (E.K.); (G.Z.); (M.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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5
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Lim JWL, Kwa C, Loh S, Yew WS. Delayed presentation of transdermal cyanide poisoning. Anaesth Rep 2023; 11:e12254. [PMID: 37937282 PMCID: PMC10626002 DOI: 10.1002/anr3.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 45-year-old man attended to a warehouse fire involving burning plastic, without wearing full protective equipment. He subsequently presented to hospital with shortness of breath and his trachea was intubated for airway protection due to initial concerns of inhalational injury. However, a post-intubation bronchoscopy was normal. The patient's serum lactate level was normal on admission but was increased when measured 14 h after the initial event and accompanied by a metabolic acidosis. Transdermal cyanide poisoning was suspected given this delayed biochemical presentation and the absence of another apparent cause. A handheld chemical detector detected a high level of toxins on the patient's skin. Clinical improvement was not observed after the first dose of intravenous hydroxocobalamin, which was administered before full body decontamination. After decontamination and the administration of a second dose of hydroxocobalamin, the patient's acid-base status rapidly improved and serum lactate level returned to normal. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for transdermal cyanide poisoning in patients presenting after exposure to a fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. L. Lim
- Department of AnaesthesiologySingapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - C. Kwa
- Department of AnaesthesiologySingapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - S. Loh
- Department of AnaesthesiologySingapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - W. S. Yew
- Department of AnaesthesiologySingapore General HospitalSingapore
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6
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Behymer M, Mo H, Fujii N, Suresh V, Chan A, Lee J, Nath AK, Saha K, Mahon SB, Brenner M, MacRae CA, Peterson R, Boss GR, Knipp GT, Davisson VJ. Identification of Platinum(II) Sulfide Complexes Suitable as Intramuscular Cyanide Countermeasures. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1983-1996. [PMID: 36201358 PMCID: PMC9682522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapidly acting cyanide countermeasures using intramuscular injection (IM) represents an unmet medical need to mitigate toxicant exposures in mass casualty settings. Previous work established that cisplatin and other platinum(II) or platinum(IV)-based agents effectively mitigate cyanide toxicity in zebrafish. Cyanide's in vivo reaction with platinum-containing materials was proposed to reduce the risk of acute toxicities. However, cyanide antidote activity depended on a formulation of platinum-chloride salts with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A working hypothesis to explain the DMSO requirement is that the formation of platinum-sulfoxide complexes activates the cyanide scavenging properties of platinum. Preparations of isolated NaPtCl5-DMSO and Na (NH3)2PtCl-DMSO complexes in the absence of excess DMSO provided agents with enhanced reactivity toward cyanide in vitro and fully recapitulated in vivo cyanide rescue in zebrafish and mouse models. The enhancement of the cyanide scavenging effects of the DMSO ligand could be attributed to the activation of platinum(IV) and (II) with a sulfur ligand. Unfortunately, the efficacy of DMSO complexes was not robust when administered IM. Alternative Pt(II) materials containing sulfide and amine ligands in bidentate complexes show enhanced reactivity toward cyanide addition. The cyanide addition products yielded tetracyanoplatinate(II), translating to a stoichiometry of 1:4 Pt to each cyanide scavenger. These new agents demonstrate a robust and enhanced potency over the DMSO-containing complexes using IM administration in mouse and rabbit models of cyanide toxicity. Using the zebrafish model with these Pt(II) complexes, no acute cardiotoxicity was detected, and dose levels required to reach lethality exceeded 100 times the effective dose. Data are presented to support a general chemical design approach that can expand a new lead candidate series for developing next-generation cyanide countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
M. Behymer
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue
University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Huaping Mo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States
| | - Naoaki Fujii
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States
| | - Vallabh Suresh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California92093, United States
| | - Jangweon Lee
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Anjali K. Nath
- Department
of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Randall Peterson
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California92093, United States
| | - Gregory T. Knipp
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue
University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575
Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United
States,
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7
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Mondal A, Chattopadhyay SK. Selective Turn-On Fluorescence Sensing of Cyanide Using the Pyridoxal Platform of a Ni(II) Complex. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40941-40949. [PMID: 36406569 PMCID: PMC9670700 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide is a very toxic pollutant to aquatic life and the environment. Analytical methods for the quantitative assay of cyanide, which are rapid, sensitive (low limit of detection), and cost-effective, are in great demand. Colorimetric and fluorometric methods are ideally suited for this purpose. In this report, we describe a Ni(II) complex containing a pyridoxal platform for the rapid and sensitive fluorometric estimation of cyanide. The square-planar Ni(II) complex, [Ni(L)(N3)]·3H2O, where the ligand LH = 4-[(2-dimethylamino-ethylimino)-methyl]-5-hydroxymtheyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol, a Schiff base formed between pyridoxal and (2-dimethylamino)ethyl amine, was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques as well as by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The complex was found to selectively bind CN- in the presence of other biologically important anions such as F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OAc-, S2-, NO3 -, PO4 3-, SO4 2-, and H2PO4 - in tris-HCl/NaCl buffer [pH = 7.4], and it can be monitored by fluorescence turn-on or by UV-visible spectroscopy. The binding constant of the complex with CN- was estimated to be 2.046 × 1014 M-2 and the limit of detection (LOD) was 9 nM, the LOD being considerably lower than the maximum permissible level of cyanide ions (1.9 μM) in drinking water, as recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). The effects of pH and temperature on the sensing are also investigated. The Ni(II) complex is also found to bind to calf-thymus DNA very strongly, and the apparent binding constant (K app) was determined to be 1.33 × 107 M-1 by the fluorescence quenching of the ethidium bromide-DNA adduct by the complex.
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8
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Schulz A, Surkau J. Main group cyanides: from hydrogen cyanide to cyanido-complexes. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homoleptic cyanide compounds exist of almost all main group elements. While the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form cyanide salts, the cyanides of the lighter main group elements occur mainly as covalent compounds. This review gives an overview of the status quo of main group element cyanides and cyanido complexes. Information about syntheses are included as well as applications, special substance properties, bond lengths, spectroscopic characteristics and computations. Cyanide chemistry is presented mainly from the field of inorganic chemistry, but aspects of chemical biology and astrophysics are also discussed in relation to cyano compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulz
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
| | - Jonas Surkau
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
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9
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Alsugoor MH. Availability of Antidotes for Management of Acute Toxicity Cases at Emergency Departments in Qassim Hospitals: A Retrospective Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e28992. [PMID: 36249602 PMCID: PMC9548525 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug overdose is a medico-social issue worldwide that may occur intentionally or unintentionally. It is one of the most common reasons for emergency department visits, and it is also a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality globally. This study aims to determine the occurrence of acute toxicity cases and their management outcomes at the emergency departments in Qassim Province hospitals in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the study aims to investigate the antidote availabilities at those medical centers. Methods: A retrospective hospital record-based study of acute toxicity cases admitted to the emergency department in hospitals in Qassim during the period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020, was conducted. Data were collected based on hospital resources such as gastrointestinal decontamination, stabilization, elimination enhancement resources, and antidotes from Qassim hospitals, and the availability of antidotes as well as the clinical data of the patients with the management outcome. Results: A total of 264 patients with acute toxicity were admitted to the emergency departments of 14 hospitals in Qassim Province in 2020. Of the 264 cases, 179 (68%) were males, and 85 (32%) cases were females. Ninety-five percent of the cases were admitted to public hospitals, whereas 5% were admitted to private hospitals. The largest group by age of admitted cases were aged 11-20 years (19.3%). This study showed that 99% received appropriate treatment for their cause of toxicity, whereas 1% did not. The most common causes of toxicity in Qassim were found to be food poisoning (20.5%), followed by intentional suicide attempts with warfarin/enoxaparin/aspirin overdoses (15.9%) and acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdosage seen in 15.5% of admitted cases. Flagyl, in addition to fluids, was used in the management of 16.7% of cases, N-acetyl cysteine was used for 16.3%, and vitamins K and B6 were used for 14.0% of cases. Activated charcoal, atropine, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, flumazenil, insulin, magnesium, sodium bicarbonate, and vitamin K were available at all the studied hospitals. However, all the hospitals lacked both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a cyanide kit. Methylene blue and leucovorin were available in only one of the studied hospitals.
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van Ballegooie C, Wretham N, Ren T, Popescu IM, Yapp DT, Bally MB. PEG Conjugated Zein Nanoparticles for In Vivo Use. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1831. [PMID: 36145579 PMCID: PMC9504474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zein can be utilized to form nanoscale particles for drug delivery applications. Despite the ease of synthesis, these particles often aggregate when exposed to physiologically relevant conditions (e.g., pH and salt concentrations). This instability has prevented their further development in applications requiring intravenous administration. To mitigate this colloidal instability, this research explored Zein nanoparticles (NP)s that were modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) either through functionalized PEG pre- or post-NP formation. The results suggest that the pre-functionalization of the Zein using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester terminated PEG is the method of choice for synthesizing Zein NPs with conjugated PEG (Zein:PEG-Zein NPs). Zein:PEG-Zein NPs formed using this method displayed excellent stability in physiologically relevant conditions over 72 h and were stable at 4 °C for at least 3 months. When the NPs were cultured with cells for 72 h, no cytotoxicity or early signs of apoptosis were identified. Cellular uptake of the Zein:PEG-Zein NPs did not seem to be impacted by the amount of PEG incorporated in the NP but were concentration-, time-, and temperature-dependent. The lowest percent, stable Zein:PEG-Zein NP formulation (80% unmodified Zein and 20% PEG-modified Zein) induced no observable toxicity over 14 days in CD-1 mice dosed at 70 mg/kg via the tail vein. However, repeat dose pharmacokinetic (PK) studies demonstrated that following the first dose, the second dose caused health issues that required euthanasia shortly after administration. For those animals that survived, there was faster plasma elimination of the Zein:PEG-Zein NPs. Despite this, the Zein:PEG-Zein NPs represent a significantly improved formulation approach, one that displays a long circulation half-life and is suitable for single-use administration. Repeat dose applications will require additional methods to silence the immune response that is generated when using these NPs intravenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney van Ballegooie
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- NanoMedicines Innovation Network, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicole Wretham
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Tanya Ren
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Ioana-Mihaela Popescu
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Donald T. Yapp
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- NanoMedicines Innovation Network, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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11
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Philipopoulos GP, Tat J, Chan A, Jiang J, Mukai D, Burney T, Doosty M, Mahon S, Patel HH, White CW, Brenner M, Lee J, Boss GR. Methyl mercaptan gas: mechanisms of toxicity and demonstration of the effectiveness of cobinamide as an antidote in mice and rabbits. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:615-622. [PMID: 34989638 PMCID: PMC9662850 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.2017949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is a colorless, toxic gas with potential for occupational exposure and used as a weapon of mass destruction. Inhalation at high concentrations can result in dyspnea, hypoventilation, seizures, and death. No specific methyl mercaptan antidote exists, highlighting a critical need for such an agent. Here, we investigated the mechanism of CH3SH toxicity, and rescue from CH3SH poisoning by the vitamin B12 analog cobinamide, in mammalian cells. We also developed lethal CH3SH inhalation models in mice and rabbits, and tested the efficacy of intramuscular injection of cobinamide as a CH3SH antidote. RESULTS We found that cobinamide binds to CH3SH (Kd = 84 µM), and improved growth of cells exposed to CH3SH. CH3SH reduced cellular oxygen consumption and intracellular ATP content and activated the stress protein c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); cobinamide reversed these changes. A single intramuscular injection of cobinamide (20 mg/kg) rescued 6 of 6 mice exposed to a lethal dose of CH3SH gas, while all six saline-treated mice died (p = 0.0013). In rabbits exposed to CH3SH gas, 11 of 12 animals (92%) treated with two intramuscular injections of cobinamide (50 mg/kg each) survived, while only 2 of 12 animals (17%) treated with saline survived (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that cobinamide could potentially serve as a CH3SH antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Tat
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - David Mukai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Tanya Burney
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Melody Doosty
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Sari Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Carl W. White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jangwoen Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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12
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Effect of complexation between cobinamides and bovine serum albumin on their reactivity toward cyanide. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Glyoxylate protects against cyanide toxicity through metabolic modulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4982. [PMID: 35322094 PMCID: PMC8943054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cyanide's biological effects are pleiotropic, its most obvious effects are as a metabolic poison. Cyanide potently inhibits cytochrome c oxidase and potentially other metabolic enzymes, thereby unleashing a cascade of metabolic perturbations that are believed to cause lethality. From systematic screens of human metabolites using a zebrafish model of cyanide toxicity, we have identified the TCA-derived small molecule glyoxylate as a potential cyanide countermeasure. Following cyanide exposure, treatment with glyoxylate in both mammalian and non-mammalian animal models confers resistance to cyanide toxicity with greater efficacy and faster kinetics than known cyanide scavengers. Glyoxylate-mediated cyanide resistance is accompanied by rapid pyruvate consumption without an accompanying increase in lactate concentration. Lactate dehydrogenase is required for this effect which distinguishes the mechanism of glyoxylate rescue as distinct from countermeasures based solely on chemical cyanide scavenging. Our metabolic data together support the hypothesis that glyoxylate confers survival at least in part by reversing the cyanide-induced redox imbalances in the cytosol and mitochondria. The data presented herein represent the identification of a potential cyanide countermeasure operating through a novel mechanism of metabolic modulation.
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14
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Figurová D, Tokárová K, Greifová H, Knížatová N, Kolesárová A, Lukáč N. Inflammation, It's Regulation and Antiphlogistic Effect of the Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin. Molecules 2021; 26:5972. [PMID: 34641516 PMCID: PMC8512454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction accompanies in part or in full any disease process in the vascularized metazoan. This complicated reaction is controlled by regulatory mechanisms, some of which produce unpleasant symptomatic manifestations of inflammation. Therefore, there has been an effort to develop selective drugs aimed at removing pain, fever, or swelling. Gradually, however, serious adverse side effects of such inhibitors became apparent. Scientific research has therefore continued to explore new possibilities, including naturally available substances. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside present, e.g., in bitter almonds. This glycoside has already sparked many discussions among scientists, especially about its anticancer potential and related toxic cyanides. However, toxicity at different doses made it generally unacceptable. Although amygdalin given at the correct oral dose may not lead to poisoning, it has not yet been accurately quantified, as its action is often affected by different intestinal microbial consortia. Its pharmacological activities have been studied, but its effects on the body's inflammatory response are lacking. This review discusses the chemical structure, toxicity, and current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of amygdalin activity on immune functions, including the anti-inflammatory effect, but also discusses inflammation as such, its mediators with diverse functions, which are usually targeted by drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.F.); (H.G.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (N.L.)
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15
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Gitonga F, Biwott K, Gitau GW, Wafula OP, Amwayi P, Isaac AO, Nyariki JN. Coenzyme Q10 Ameliorates potassium cyanide-induced toxicosis in a mouse model. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Evaluation and Management of Toxicological Causes of Delirium. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-021-00230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Dang S, Tsui AK, Herndon R, Babiak C, Szkotak A, Füzéry AK, Raizman JE. Hydroxocobalamin interference in routine laboratory tests: Development of a protocol for identifying samples and reporting results from patients treated with Cyanokit TM. Clin Biochem 2021; 91:31-38. [PMID: 33444605 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hydroxocobalamin (OHCob) is an antidote for cyanide poisoning in patients rescued from house fires and is known to cause interference with certain laboratory tests. Consensus is lacking on the extent of this interference and on how to handle these samples. The objectives of this study were to characterize OHCob interference across a wide range of laboratory tests and to develop protocols for identifying and reporting these samples. DESIGNS & METHODS Patient plasma samples (n = 5) were spiked with OHCob (1.5 mg/mL) and compared to controls without this drug. A series of analytes were measured using chemistry, urinalysis, coagulation, hematology, and blood gas instruments. Dose-response testing was performed on a subset of assays that showed interferences ≥10%. RESULTS Of the 77 analytes evaluated, 27 (35%) showed interference from OHCob, with chemistry and coagulation analytes showing the greatest effects. Of those affected, 22 analytes had a positive interference, whereas 5 analytes had negative interference. Dose-response studies showed dose-dependent increases and/or decreases consistent with initial spiking studies. Although red in colour, plasma samples with OHCob did not trigger hemolysis index flags, necessitating a special sample identification and reporting protocol. CONCLUSION OHCob had significant effects on several analytes across different instruments. These findings led to the development of special sample handling and reporting protocols to identify OHCob samples and ensure only accurate results are released. It is vital for emergency departments to document and notify their laboratories whenever blood samples from these patients are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Dang
- Medical Laboratory Science Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, North Sector, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Albert K Tsui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, North Sector, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Herndon
- Misericordia Community Hospital, Laboratory Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cheryl Babiak
- Misericordia Community Hospital, Respiratory Therapy Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Artur Szkotak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, North Sector, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna K Füzéry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, North Sector, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua E Raizman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, North Sector, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Kennedy S, Cahill KC. Cyanide poisoning in inhalation injuries. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3567-3568. [PMID: 33363981 PMCID: PMC7752375 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide gas forms during the combustion of synthetic polymers and should be considered in patients presenting with inhalation injuries. A persistently high lactate following adequate resuscitation may be an indicator of cyanide exposure. As cyanide poisoning can be rapidly fatal, prompt recognition and treatment of this condition is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kennedy
- National Burns UnitDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySt. James’s HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Kevin C. Cahill
- National Burns UnitDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySt. James’s HospitalDublinIreland
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19
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Owiredu S, Ranganathan A, Greenwood JC, Piel S, Janowska JI, Eckmann DM, Kelly M, Ehinger JK, Kilbaugh TJ, Jang DH. In vitro comparison of hydroxocobalamin (B12a) and the mitochondrial directed therapy by a succinate prodrug in a cellular model of cyanide poisoning. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1263-1271. [PMID: 33005568 PMCID: PMC7511654 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the use of hydroxocobalamin (B12a) and a succinate prodrug to evaluate for improvement in mitochondrial function in an in vitro model of cyanide poisoning. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) incubated with 50 mM of sodium cyanide (CN) for five minutes serving as the CN group compared to controls. We investigated the following: (1) Mitochondrial respiration; (2) Superoxide and mitochondrial membrane potential with microscopy; (3) Citrate synthase protein expression. All experiments were performed with a cell concentration of 2-3 × 106 cells/ml for both PBMC and HASMC. There were four conditions: (1) Control (no exposure); (2) Cyanide (exposure only); (3) B12a (cyanide exposure followed by B12a treatment); (4) NV118 (cyanide followed by NV118 treatment). In this study the key findings include: (1) Improvement in key mitochondrial respiratory states with the succinate prodrug (NV118) but not B12a; (2) Attenuation of superoxide production with treatment of NV118 but not with B12a treatment; (3) The changes in respiration were not secondary to increased mitochondrial content as measured by citrate synthase; (4) The use of easily accessible human blood cells showed similar mitochondrial response to both cyanide and treatment to HASMC. The use of a succinate prodrug to circumvent partial CIV inhibition by cyanide with clear reversal of cellular respiration and superoxide production that was not attributed to changes in mitochondrial content not seen by the use of B12a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Owiredu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Abhay Ranganathan
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - John C. Greenwood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Sarah Piel
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Joanna I. Janowska
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Johannes K. Ehinger
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Todd J. Kilbaugh
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - David H. Jang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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Johnson-Davis KL, Farnsworth C, Law C, Parker R. Method validation for a multi-element panel in serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Clin Biochem 2020; 82:90-98. [PMID: 32407718 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory testing for trace and toxic elements is important to diagnose metal toxicity and nutritional deficiency. There are several essential elements that are necessary for biological function and non-essential elements that can pose risk from exposure. Both essential and nonessential elements can be toxic if concentrations exceed a certain threshold. METHODS An aliquot of serum was diluted in a diluent solution, which contained iridium (Ir) as the internal standard, gold (Au), 0.05% Triton X-100, and 1% nitric acid (HNO3). The diluted specimen was aspirated into an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer for quantitative elemental analysis of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). The sample was introduced into the instrument spray chamber to form aerosol droplets, then atomized and ionized in argon plasma. The ions exited the plasma, passed through the interface of the instrument, then arrived at the entrance of the collision cell where helium gas was introduced to remove polyatomic interferences by kinetic energy discrimination (KED). After exiting the collision cell, the ions were filtered by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS The analytical measurement range was determined specifically for each element. Imprecision was <20% CV for the lowest limit of quantification for each element and accuracy was within ±15%. CONCLUSIONS This method was validated for the quantification of seven elements in serum to assess nutritional deficiency and toxicity. The multi-element panel by ICP-MS met the validation criteria for biological monitoring of trace and toxic elements in patient specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamisha L Johnson-Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
| | | | - Christian Law
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Abstract
A middle-aged patient presented with toxic inhalational injury, and was resuscitated prehospitally and treated in the emergency department for smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and cyanide poisoning with the use of antidotes. Due to the CO effects on spectrophotometry, an anaemia initially identified on blood gas analysis was thought to be artefactual, but was later confirmed by laboratory testing to be accurate. In addition, cyanide can confound haemoglobin testing due to its use in the analytical process and non-cyanide analysis is required when there is suspected exposure. Although no consensus exists on a first-line cyanide antidote choice, hydroxocobalamin is the only antidote without a serious side effect profile and/or deleterious cardiovascular effects. We propose prehospital enhanced care teams consider carrying hydroxocobalamin for early administration in toxic inhalational injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jake Turner
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Michael Greenway
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Vitamin B 12b Enhances the Cytotoxicity of Diethyldithiocarbamate in a Synergistic Manner, Inducing the Paraptosis-Like Death of Human Larynx Carcinoma Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010069. [PMID: 31906414 PMCID: PMC7023477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that hydroxycobalamin (vitamin B12b) increases the toxicity of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) to tumor cells by catalyzing the formation of disulfiram (DSF) oxi-derivatives. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of tumor cell death induced by the combination DDC + B12b. It was found that cell death induced by DDC + B12b differed from apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. During the initiation of cell death, numerous vacuoles formed from ER cisterns in the cytoplasm, and cell death was partially suppressed by the inhibitors of protein synthesis and folding, the IP3 receptor inhibitor as well as by thiols. At this time, a short-term rise in the expression of ER-stress markers BiP and PERK with a steady increase in the expression of CHOP were detected. After the vacuolization of the cytoplasm, functional disorders of mitochondria and an increase in the generation of superoxide anion in them occurred. Taken together, the results obtained indicate that DDC and B12b used in combination exert a synergistic toxic effect on tumor cells by causing severe ER stress, extensive ER vacuolization, and inhibition of apoptosis, which ultimately leads to the induction of paraptosis-like cell death.
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23
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Pagel PS, Tawil JN, Freed JK. Cobalt Blues: A New Complication of Hydroxocobalamin Therapy for Vasopressor-Resistant Vasoplegia in Patients Treated With Chronic Renal Replacement Therapy? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3406-3408. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Case Report of Lethal Toxin Lurking in an Edible Plant. JOURNAL OF POPULATION THERAPEUTICS AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 26:e14-e18. [PMID: 31904202 DOI: 10.15586/jptcp.v26i3.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is notoriously known to the public for more than a century now as a weapon of mass destruction (Zyklon B gas - hydrogen cyanide used by Nazis), an agent for chemical warfare during World War I (hydrogen cyanide) and very infamous "Suicide Pill" used in the past by military and espionage organizations during World War II (potassium cyanide). During the modern industrial era, cyanide poisoning is commonly associated with the industrial exposure and domestic fires. But there is little awareness about potentially fatal consequences of cyanide poisoning from common food sources. Here, we present the case report of a 79-year-old female with acute cyanide poisoning from improperly prepared cassava leaves. Symptoms from ingested toxin may start a few hours after exposure, which include headache, confusion, ataxia, seizures, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, flushing, and itching of the skin. Patients may develop hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, hepatic necrosis, rhabdomyolysis, and metabolic acidosis; a multisystem manifestation of hypoxia at the cellular level. Multiple treatment strategies are available to treat cyanide poisoning, including sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, and hydroxycobalamine. This is one of the scenarios where a thorough history, awareness of agents causing cyanide toxicity and knowledge of clinical manifestations can help avoid delays in prompt decision-making for appropriate treatment, thus reducing morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospital course.
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Thompson A, Dunn M, Jefferson RD, Dissanayake K, Reed F, Gregson R, Greenhalgh S, Clutton RE, Blain PG, Thomas SH, Eddleston M. Modest and variable efficacy of pre-exposure hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate in a porcine model of acute cyanide salt poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:190-200. [PMID: 31389254 PMCID: PMC7034532 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1628969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dicobalt edetate and hydroxocobalamin are widely used to treat hydrogen cyanide poisoning. However, comparative and quantitative efficacy data are lacking. Although post-exposure treatment is typical, it may be possible to administer these antidotes before exposure to first attenders entering a known site of cyanide release, as supplementary protection to their personal protective equipment.Methods: We established an anaesthetised Gottingen minipig model of lethal bolus potassium cyanide (KCN) injection to simulate high dose hydrogen cyanide inhalation. Doses were similar to human lethal doses of KCN. Dicobalt edetate and hydroxocobalamin were administered shortly before KCN and their effect on metabolic and cardiovascular variables and survival time were measured.Results: Increases in arterial lactate were similar after 0.08 and 0.12 mmol/kg KCN. KCN 0.08 mmol/kg was survived by 4/4 animals with moderate cardiovascular effects, while the 0.12 mmol/kg dose was lethal in 4/4 animals, with a mean time to euthanasia of 28.3 (SEM: 13.9) min. Administration of dicobalt edetate (0.021 mmol/kg, 8.6 mg/kg) or hydroxocobalamin (0.054 mmol/kg, 75 mg/kg) at clinically licenced doses had modest effect on lactate concentrations but increased survival after administration of KCN 0.12 mmol/kg (survival: dicobalt edetate 4/4, hydroxocobalamin 2/4) but not 0.15 mmol/kg (0/4 and 0/4, respectively). In a subsequent larger study, doubling the dose of hydroxocobalamin (0.108 mmol/kg, 150 mg/kg) was associated with a modest but inconsistent increased survival after 0.15 mmol/kg KCN (survival: control 0/8, 75 mg/kg 1/10, 150 mg/kg 3/10) likely due to variable pharmacokinetics.Conclusions: In this porcine study of cyanide exposure, with pre-exposure antidote administration, licenced doses of dicobalt edetate and hydroxocobalamin were effective at just lethal doses but ineffective at less than twice the estimated LD50. The efficacy of a rapidly-administered double-dose of hydroxocobalamin was limited by variable pharmacokinetics. In clinical poisoning scenarios, with delayed administration, the antidotes are likely to be even less effective. New antidotes are required for treatment of cyanide exposures appreciably above the minimum lethal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Dunn
- Medical Toxicology Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert D Jefferson
- Medical Toxicology Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kosala Dissanayake
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frances Reed
- Wellcome Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael Gregson
- Wellcome Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Greenhalgh
- Wellcome Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- Wellcome Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Hl Thomas
- Medical Toxicology Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mishra R, Geiling J. Chemical Agents in Disaster: Care and Management in the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Clin 2019; 35:633-645. [PMID: 31445610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical agents of warfare are divided into lung agents, blood agents, vesicants, and nerve agents. Intensivists must familiarize themselves with the clinical presentation and management principles in the event of a chemical attack. Key principles in management include aggressive supportive care and early administration of specific antidotes, if available. Management includes proper personal protection for critical care providers. Patients may make complete recovery with aggressive supportive care, even if they appear to have a poor prognosis. Hospitals must have an emergency response disaster plan in place to deal with all potential causes of disasters, including illnesses resulting from chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Mishra
- The Lung Center, Penn Highlands Healthcare, 100 Hospital Avenue, DuBois, PA 15801, USA.
| | - James Geiling
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Medical Service, VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA
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Kaur H, Singh P. Rationally designed molecules for resurgence of cyanide mitigated cytochrome c oxidase activity. Bioorg Chem 2018; 82:229-240. [PMID: 30391853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX) containing binuclear heme a3-Cu B centre (BNC) mechanises the process of electron transfer in the last phase of cellular respiration. The molecular modelling based structural analysis of CcOX - heme a3-Cu B complex was performed and the disturbance to this complex under cyanide poisoning conditions was investigated. Taking into consideration the results of molecular docking studies, new chemical entities were developed for clipping cyanide from the enzyme and restoring its normal function. It was found that the molecules obtained by combining syringaldehyde, oxindole and chrysin moieties bearing propyl/butyl spacing groups occupy the BNC region and effectively remove cyanide bound to the enzyme. The binding constant of compound 2 with CN- was 2.3 × 105 M-1 and its ED50 for restoring the cyanide bound CcOX activity in 10 min was 16 µM. The compound interacted with CN- over the pH range 5-10. The comparison of the loss of enzymatic activity in the presence of CN- and resumption of enzymatic activity by compound 2 mediated removal of CN- indicated the efficacy of the compound as antidote of cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Ng PC, Hendry-Hofer TB, Witeof AE, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Boss GR, Bebarta VS. Characterization of a Swine ( Sus scrofa) Model of Oral Potassium Cyanide Intoxication. Comp Med 2018; 68:375-379. [PMID: 30208987 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a readily available and potentially lethal substance. Oral exposure can result in larger doses, compared with other routes. Currently, there are no antidotes specific for use in the treatment of oral cyanide poisoning, and studies cannot be done in humans. We report on a new large animal model of oral cyanide toxicity to evaluate potential antidotes. Six female swine (Sus scrofa; weight, 45 to 55 kg) were anesthetized, intubated, and instrumented. Animals received a KCN bolus of either 5 or 8 mg/kg delivered via orogastric tube. Time to apnea was recorded; parameters monitored included heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, end-tidal CO2, arterial blood gasses, and lactate concentrations. The Welch t test was used to calculate confidence intervals, mean, and standard deviation, and a Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare survival between the 2 groups. At baseline, all animals in both groups were similar. Animals in the 5-mg/kg group had a more rapid time to apnea (5.1 ± 2.1 min), longer time to death (48.5 ± 38.1 min), and a greater rate of survival than the 8-mg/kg group (apnea, 10.6 ± 10.7 min; death, 26.1 ± 5.8 min). All animals displayed signs of toxicity (acidemia, hyperlactatemia, hypotension, apnea). We here report a large animal (swine) model of oral cyanide poisoning with dose-dependent effects in regard to time to death and survival rate. This model likely will be valuable for the development of medical countermeasures for oral cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Ng
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyssa E Witeof
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Kaita Y, Tarui T, Shoji T, Miyauchi H, Yamaguchi Y. Cyanide poisoning is a possible cause of cardiac arrest among fire victims, and empiric antidote treatment may improve outcomes. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 36:851-853. [PMID: 29395761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning are important causes of death due to fire. Carbon monoxide is more regularly assessed than cyanide at the site of burn or smoke inhalation treatment due to its ease in assessment and simplicity to treat. Although several forensic studies have demonstrated the significance of cyanide poisoning in fire victims using blood cyanide levels, the association between the cause of cardiac arrest and the concentration of cyanide among fire victims has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of cyanide-induced cardiac arrest in fire victims and to assess the necessity of early empiric treatment for cyanide poisoning. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of fire victims with cardiac arrest at the scene who were transported to a trauma and critical care center, Kyorin University Hospital, from January 2014 to June 2017. Patients whose concentration of cyanide was measured were included. RESULTS Five patients were included in the study; all died despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Three of these victims were later found to have lethal cyanide levels (>3 μg/ml). Two of the patients had non-lethal carboxyhemoglobin levels under 50% and might have been saved if hydroxocobalamin had been administered during resuscitation. CONCLUSION According to our results, cyanide-induced cardiac arrest may be more frequently present among fire victims than previously believed, and early empiric treatment with hydroxocobalamin may improve outcomes for these victims in cases where cardiac arrest is of short duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kaita
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Tarui
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shoji
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyauchi
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Japan
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Divakaran S, Loscalzo J. The Role of Nitroglycerin and Other Nitrogen Oxides in Cardiovascular Therapeutics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:2393-2410. [PMID: 29096811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of nitroglycerin in the treatment of angina pectoris began not long after its original synthesis in 1847. Since then, the discovery of nitric oxide as a biological effector and better understanding of its roles in vasodilation, cell permeability, platelet function, inflammation, and other vascular processes have advanced our knowledge of the hemodynamic (mostly mediated through vasodilation of capacitance and conductance arteries) and nonhemodynamic effects of organic nitrate therapy, via both nitric oxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Nitrates are rapidly absorbed from mucous membranes, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin; thus, nitroglycerin is available in a number of preparations for delivery via several routes: oral tablets, sublingual tablets, buccal tablets, sublingual spray, transdermal ointment, and transdermal patch, as well as intravenous formulations. Organic nitrates are commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, but clinical data limit their use mostly to the treatment of angina. They are also used in the treatment of subsets of patients with heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. One major limitation of the use of nitrates is the development of tolerance. Although several agents have been studied for use in the prevention of nitrate tolerance, none are currently recommended owing to a paucity of supportive clinical data. Only 1 method of preventing nitrate tolerance remains widely accepted: the use of a dosing strategy that provides an interval of no or low nitrate exposure during each 24-h period. Nitric oxide's important role in several cardiovascular disease mechanisms continues to drive research toward finding novel ways to affect both endogenous and exogenous sources of this key molecular mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Divakaran
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Abstract
Smoke inhalation injury can cause severe physiologic perturbations. In pediatric patients, these perturbations cause profound changes in cardiac and pulmonary physiology. In this review, we examine the pathology, early management options, ventilator strategy, and long-term outcomes in pediatric patients who have suffered a smoke inhalation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soman Sen
- Division of Burn Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, USA
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32
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Tumakov SO, Dereven’kov IA, Salnikov DS, Makarov SV. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between aquacobalamin and isoniazid. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Majoul N, Rasson J, Francis LA, Aouida S, Bessaïs B. Immobilization of hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12) on aptes-functionalized mesoporous silicon. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa84c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Management of severe burn injury (SBI) requires prompt, complex, and aggressive care. Despite major advances in the management of SBI-including patient-targeted resuscitation, management of inhalation injuries, specific nutritional support, enhanced wound therapy, and infection control-the consequences of SBI often result in complex, multiorgan metabolic changes. Consensus guidelines and clinical evidence regarding specific management of small animal burn patients are lacking. This article aims to review updated therapeutic consideration for the systemic and local management of SBI that are proven effective to optimize outcomes in human burn patients and may translate to small animal patients.
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35
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Burnes ML, Boettcher BT, Woehlck HJ, Zundel MT, Iqbal Z, Pagel PS. Hydroxocobalamin as a Rescue Treatment for Refractory Vasoplegic Syndrome After Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31:1012-1014. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lavon O, Avrahami A, Eisenkraft A. Effectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate in cyanide poisoning as a function of the administration timing. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:13. [PMID: 28288687 PMCID: PMC5348846 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better and safer antidotes against cyanide poisoning are needed. Prior study has shown a favorable effect of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on the survival of cyanide-poisoned rabbits when administered as early as 1 min after poisoning. The aim of the current study was to further evaluate the efficacy of intravenous ISDN administered in clinically relevant timing for first responders. METHODS A comparative animal study using 24 rabbits in 4 randomized study groups was performed. Animals were poisoned with intravenous potassium cyanide (1 mg/kg). Animals in Group 1 served as controls and received no treatment. Groups 2-4 animals were treated intravenously with ISDN (50 μg/kg) after poisoning; one group after 3 min, another group after 5 min and the last after 7 min. Animals were observed for 30 min after poisoning. The study endpoints included survival rate, clinical status, blood pressure, pulse per minute, blood lactate and pH. RESULTS Five of 6 animals (83.3%) from every treatment group survived the whole observation period while all control untreated animals died. All the rabbits collapsed immediately after exposure, showing rapidly deteriorated vital signs with lactic metabolic acidosis (peak blood lactate levels of 18.1 to 19.0 mmol/L on average at 10 min post exposure). Vital signs, clinical scores, and blood gases of treated rabbits gradually improved. CONCLUSION Poisoned rabbits showed improved short-term survival following the administration of ISDN up to 7 min after lethal cyanide poisoning of. We see a potential for ISDN as an antidote against cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophir Lavon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal St., Haifa, 3436212 Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit Avrahami
- Pre Clinical Research Authority, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arik Eisenkraft
- Institute for Research in Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mégarbane B. Hydroxocobalamin-attributed risk of oxalate nephropathy: evidence is not sufficient to change the recommended management of cyanide toxicity by fire smoke inhalation. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42:1197-8. [PMID: 27075761 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMRS 1144, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France.
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Neuregulin 1 Promotes Glutathione-Dependent Neuronal Cobalamin Metabolism by Stimulating Cysteine Uptake. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3849087. [PMID: 27057274 PMCID: PMC4709767 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3849087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG-1) is a key neurotrophic factor involved in energy homeostasis and CNS development, and impaired NRG-1 signaling is associated with neurological disorders. Cobalamin (Cbl), also known as vitamin B12, is an essential micronutrient which mammals must acquire through diet, and neurologic dysfunction is a primary clinical manifestation of Cbl deficiency. Here we show that NRG-1 stimulates synthesis of the two bioactive Cbl species adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl) in human neuroblastoma cells by both promoting conversion of inactive to active Cbl species and increasing neuronal Cbl uptake. Formation of active Cbls is glutathione- (GSH-) dependent and the NRG-1-initiated increase is dependent upon its stimulation of cysteine uptake by excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), leading to increased GSH. The stimulatory effect of NRG-1 on cellular Cbl uptake is associated with increased expression of megalin, which is known to facilitate Cbl transport in ileum and kidney. MeCbl is a required cofactor for methionine synthase (MS) and we demonstrate the ability of NRG-1 to increase MS activity, and affect levels of methionine methylation cycle metabolites. Our results identify novel neuroprotective roles of NRG-1 including stimulating antioxidant synthesis and promoting active Cbl formation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Being called to a firefighting operation is a rare albeit typical scenario for emergency physicians, which apart from medical expertise requires efficient collaboration with the firefighting team. AIM This article outlines the characteristics of collaboration with the team and incident commanders of the fire service and of the medical aspects in firefighting operations, whereby treating the victims of fire as well as hazards to the firefighters are considered. METHOD This overview is based on a selective search of the literature and own experiences in emergency medicine and firefighting. RESULTS Collaboration with the fire service needs to respect the organizational and leadership structures at the scene. Firefighting staff are mainly endangered by the enormous cardiopulmonary strain of the mission, by the rapid development of fire phenomena as well as diverse kinds of accidents. The main features of fire victims are smoke intoxication, burns as well as other injuries. Choosing the right hospital for optimal treatment is crucial. CONCLUSION Medical expertise and basic knowledge of methods and tactics employed by the fire service are prerequisites for successful participation as an emergency physician in a firefighting operation. An integrative view of all aspects of injuries of the fire victims and the subsequent therapeutic decisions represent special challenges, which have not yet received much attention in the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Drinhaus
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln (AöR), Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland. .,Feuerwehr der Stadt Brühl, Brühl (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Deutschland.
| | - S Nüsgen
- Feuerwehr der Stadt Brühl, Brühl (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Deutschland
| | - J Hinkelbein
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln (AöR), Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
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Udeme N, Okafor P, Eleazu C. The Metabolic Effects of Consumption of Yellow Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on Some Biochemical Parameters in Experimental Rats. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:559-64. [PMID: 26467190 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815606085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of yellow cassava (variety TMS 01/1368) was investigated in male albino rats fed a diet containing yellow cassava for 7 to 28 days. There were significant increases (P < 0.05) in total and free cyanide and thiocyanate in the sera and urine samples of the experimental rats compared with the control, significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum glucose, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels of the experimental rats compared with the control, significant decreases (P < 0.05) in serum albumin of the experimental rats compared with the control, but no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the serum total proteins of the experimental rats compared with the control. The experimental rats treated for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days exhibited body weight decreases of 5.11%, 11.10%, 19.16%, and 24.18%, respectively, whereas the control group showed 9.17% gain in body weight. Total and free cyanide concentrations were detected in the liver, kidney, and heart of most of the rats in both the experimental and control groups, except for free cyanide in the control group that was not detected. Metabolism of the yellow cassava variety in experimental rats was capable of exposing the animals to cyanide, underscoring the need for its proper processing before consumption by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Udeme
- Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
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Petrikovics I, Budai M, Kovacs K, Thompson DE. Past, present and future of cyanide antagonism research: From the early remedies to the current therapies. World J Methodol 2015; 5:88-100. [PMID: 26140275 PMCID: PMC4482825 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v5.i2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews milestones in antidotal therapies for cyanide (CN) spanning early remedies, current antidotal systems and research towards next generation therapies. CN has been a part of plant defense mechanisms for millions of years. It became industrially important in the nineteenth century with the advent of CN assisted gold mining and the use of CN as a pest control agent. The biochemical basis of CN poisoning was actively studied and key mechanisms were understood as early as 1929. These fundamental studies led to a variety of antidotes, including indirect CN binders that generate methemoglobin, direct CN binders such as hydroxocobalamin, and sulfur donors that convert CN to the less toxic thiocyanate. Research on blood gases at the end of the twentieth century shed new light on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. The discovery of NO’s ability to compete with CN for enzymatic binding sites provided a previously missed explanation for the rapid efficacy of NO generating antidotes such as the nitrites. Presently used CN therapies include: methemoglobin/NO generators (e.g., sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite, and dimethyl aminophenol), sulfur donors (e.g., sodium thiosulfate and glutathione), and direct binding agents [(e.g., hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (dicobalt edetate)]. A strong effort is being made to explore novel antidotal systems and to formulate them for rapid administration at the point of intoxication in mass casualty scenarios. New antidotes, formulations, and delivery systems are enhancing bioavailability and efficacy and hold promise for a new generation of improved CN countermeasures.
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MacLennan L, Moiemen N. Management of cyanide toxicity in patients with burns. Burns 2015; 41:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lavon O. Early administration of isosorbide dinitrate improves survival of cyanide-poisoned rabbits. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 53:22-7. [PMID: 25519879 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.990564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT More effective, rapidly delivered, safer antidotes are needed for cyanide poisoning. Previous study has demonstrated a beneficial effect of isosorbide dinitrate on the survival of cyanide-poisoned mice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate compared with that of sodium nitrite in cyanide poisoning. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative animal study was performed using 18 rabbits, randomized into 3 study groups. Animals were poisoned intravenously with potassium cyanide (1 mg/kg). The first group was not given any further treatment. The second and third groups were treated intravenously 1 min after poisoning with sodium nitrite (6 mg/kg) and isosorbide dinitrate (50 μg/kg), respectively. The primary outcome was short-term survival of up to 30 min. Secondary outcomes included time to death, a clinical score, mean blood pressure, pulse, blood pH, and lactate and methemoglobin levels. RESULTS Rabbits treated with isosorbide dinitrate or sodium nitrite survived while only one untreated rabbit survived. Median time to death of the 5 poisoned and untreated animals was 10 min. All the animals collapsed soon after poisoning, exhibiting rapidly disturbed vital signs and developed lactic metabolic acidosis; average peak blood lactate levels were 15.5-19.1 mmol/L at 10 min after poisoning. The treated animals improved gradually with practically full recovery of the clinical scores, vital signs, and blood gas levels. Sodium nitrite administration raised methemoglobin to an average peak of 7.9%, while isosorbide dinitrate did not change methemoglobin levels. CONCLUSION Early administration of isosorbide dinitrate improved the short-term survival of cyanide-poisoned rabbits. Isosorbide dinitrate shows potential as an antidote for cyanide poisoning and may exert its effect using a nitric-oxide-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophir Lavon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Carmel Medical Center , Haifa , Israel
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Empiric Treatment of Cyanide Toxicity in an Enclosed-Space Fire Survivor. J Emerg Nurs 2014; 40:282-5; quiz 293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bebarta VS, Tanen DA, Boudreau S, Castaneda M, Zarzabal LA, Vargas T, Boss GR. Intravenous cobinamide versus hydroxocobalamin for acute treatment of severe cyanide poisoning in a swine (Sus scrofa) model. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 64:612-9. [PMID: 24746273 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Hydroxocobalamin is a Food and Drug Administration-approved antidote for cyanide poisoning. Cobinamide is a potential antidote that contains 2 cyanide-binding sites. To our knowledge, no study has directly compared hydroxocobalamin with cobinamide in a severe, cyanide-toxic large-animal model. Our objective is to compare the time to return of spontaneous breathing in swine with acute cyanide-induced apnea treated with intravenous hydroxocobalamin, intravenous cobinamide, or saline solution (control). METHODS Thirty-three swine (45 to 55 kg) were intubated, anesthetized, and instrumented (continuous mean arterial pressure and cardiac output monitoring). Anesthesia was adjusted to allow spontaneous breathing with FiO2 of 21% during the experiment. Cyanide was continuously infused intravenously until apnea occurred and lasted for 1 minute (time zero). Animals were then randomly assigned to receive intravenous hydroxocobalamin (65 mg/kg), cobinamide (12.5 mg/kg), or saline solution and monitored for 60 minutes. A sample size of 11 animals per group was selected according to obtaining a power of 80%, an α of .05, and an SD of 0.17 in mean time to detect a 20% difference in time to spontaneous breathing. We assessed differences in time to death among groups, using Kaplan-Meier estimation methods, and compared serum lactate, blood pH, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation time curves with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Baseline weights and vital signs were similar among groups. The time to apnea and cyanide dose required to achieve apnea were similar. At time zero, mean cyanide blood and lactate concentrations and reduction in mean arterial pressure from baseline were similar. In the saline solution group, 2 of 11 animals survived compared with 10 of 11 in the hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide groups (P<.001 between the 2 treated groups and the saline solution group). Time to return of spontaneous breathing after antidote was similar between hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide (1 minute 48 seconds versus 1 minute 49 seconds, respectively). Blood cyanide concentrations became undetectable at the end of the study in both antidote-treated groups, and no statistically significant differences were detected between the 2 groups for mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, respiratory rate, lactate, or pH. CONCLUSION Both hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide rescued severely cyanide-poisoned swine from apnea in the absence of assisted ventilation. The dose of cobinamide was one fifth that of hydroxocobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Medical Toxicology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX.
| | - David A Tanen
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Susan Boudreau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Maria Castaneda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Lee A Zarzabal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Toni Vargas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Gerry R Boss
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Stutelberg MW, Vinnakota CV, Mitchell BL, Monteil AR, Patterson SE, Logue BA. Determination of 3-mercaptopyruvate in rabbit plasma by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:94-8. [PMID: 24480329 PMCID: PMC3989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accidental or intentional cyanide poisoning is a serious health risk. The current suite of FDA approved antidotes, including hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate is effective, but each antidote has specific major limitations, such as large effective dosage or delayed onset of action. Therefore, next generation cyanide antidotes are being investigated to mitigate these limitations. One such antidote, 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP), detoxifies cyanide by acting as a sulfur donor to convert cyanide into thiocyanate, a relatively nontoxic cyanide metabolite. An analytical method capable of detecting 3-MP in biological fluids is essential for the development of 3-MP as a potential antidote. Therefore, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) method was established to analyze 3-MP from rabbit plasma. Sample preparation consisted of spiking the plasma with an internal standard ((13)C3-3-MP), precipitation of plasma proteins, and reaction with monobromobimane to inhibit the characteristic dimerization of 3-MP. The method produced a limit of detection of 0.1μM, a linear dynamic range of 0.5-100μM, along with excellent linearity (R(2)≥0.999), accuracy (±9% of the nominal concentration) and precision (<7% relative standard deviation). The optimized HPLC-MS-MS method was capable of detecting 3-MP in rabbits that were administered sulfanegen, a prodrug of 3-MP, following cyanide exposure. Considering the excellent performance of this method, it will be utilized for further investigations of this promising cyanide antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Stutelberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chakravarthy V Vinnakota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Brendan L Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alexandre R Monteil
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Cyanid-Intoxikationen. Notf Rett Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-013-1731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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