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Aymerich C, Pacho M, Catalan A, Yousaf N, Pérez-Rodríguez V, Hollocks MJ, Parellada M, Krebs G, Clark B, Salazar de Pablo G. Prevalence and Correlates of the Concurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2024; 14:379. [PMID: 38672028 PMCID: PMC11048346 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young people with ASD, (ii) the prevalence of an ASD diagnosis among young people with OCD, and (iii) the clinical and therapeutic implications of such comorbidity. METHOD A multistep literature search was performed from database inception until 17 November 2023. This PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023480543), identified studies reporting on the prevalence, sociodemographic, psychopathologic, prognostic, and therapeutic correlates of OCD and ASD concurrence in children and adolescents. A quantitative meta-analysis with random effects was conducted to analyse the pooled prevalence of OCD among samples with a mean age of < 18 years old with ASD and the prevalence of ASD among individuals under 18 with OCD. Sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the effect of diagnostic criteria and different continents. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of gender, age, IQ, and OCD severity scores. A narrative review of the clinical and therapeutical implications of the comorbidity was provided. RESULTS 42 studies were selected for the systematic review (SR), and 31 of them were also included in one of the meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of OCD among ASD youth samples (n = 8916, mean age = 10.6 ± 1.6; 16.4% female) was 11.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 6.9%; 18.8%), and the pooled prevalence of ASD among OCD children and adolescent samples (n = 6209, mean age = 14.1 ± 1.4; 45.7% female) was 9.5% (95% CI = 6.0%; 14.7%). Meta-regressions found a statistically higher prevalence of ASD among samples with a lower prevalence of females (β = -4.7; 95%CI = -8.6; -0.8). Children with both OCD and ASD present higher rates of functional impairment, psychopathology, and other comorbidities, compared to youth with either of the disorders alone. CONCLUSIONS OCD and ASD are highly concurrent conditions in youth, with symptomatic, prognostic, severity, and therapeutic implications. Future research should focus on conducting longitudinal cohort studies prospectively to determine development trajectories, along with randomized controlled trials to assess the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Aymerich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Basque Country University, Basurto University Hospital, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Malein Pacho
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Basque Country University, Basurto University Hospital, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ana Catalan
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Basque Country University, Basurto University Hospital, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Noorulain Yousaf
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Violeta Pérez-Rodríguez
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Matthew J. Hollocks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Centro de Investigación en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgina Krebs
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- National & Specialist OCD, BDD and Related Disorder Clinic, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Bruce Clark
- National & Specialist OCD, BDD and Related Disorder Clinic, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Centro de Investigación en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
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Kose S, Turer F, Inal Kaleli I, Calik Senturk HN, Ozuysal Uyar DH, Bildik T. The Relationship Between Social Skills and Sensory Profile, Emotion Regulation, and Empathizing/Systemizing in Adolescents on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06190-5. [PMID: 38127185 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the relationship between social skills and sensory features, emotion regulation, and empathy in adolescents on the autism spectrum. One hundred and twenty-three adolescents were included in the study (50 autistic, 73 typically developing-TD adolescents). The participants filled out the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Parents of the participants completed the Child Empathy and Systemizing Quotient (EQ-C/SQ-C) and Autism-Social Skills Profile (ASSP) scales. Social reciprocity, social participation/avoidance, ASSP total scores, empathy and systemizing scores were lower, and detrimental social behaviors, low registration sensory profile scores were higher in the autism spectrum group. While a difference between genders was observed in sensory sensitivity, sensation avoiding, low registration quadrants and empathy scores, no gender and group interaction was found in any domain. Social skill total scores were correlated to sensation seeking and low registration sensory features, empathy, systemizing, and reappraisal emotion regulation scores. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted controlling for group and gender, sensation seeking (p = .032, β = 0.138), low registration (p = .012, β = - 0.215) of the AASP, and empathy (p < .001, β = 0.555) and systemizing (p = .033, β = 0.138) scores of the EQ/SQ-C was found to significantly predict social skill total scores. Although emotional regulation strategies may play a role, sensory processing features and empathy and systemizing skills seem to be the more significant contributors to social skills during adolescence. Interventions targeting sensory processing and especially improving empathy and systematization skills may positively affect social skills in adolescents on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Kose
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Furkan Turer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Corlu State Hospital, Tekirdag, Turkey.
| | - Ipek Inal Kaleli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hilal Nur Calik Senturk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Damla Hazal Ozuysal Uyar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tezan Bildik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Eaton C, Roarty K, Doval N, Shetty S, Goodall K, Rhodes SM. The Prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1360-1376. [PMID: 37287320 PMCID: PMC10498659 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231177466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD commonly co-occurs with ASD without ID in young people. It has been difficult to obtain accurate prevalence estimates of ADHD in this population, as a dual-diagnosis was not permitted until DSM-V. We systematically reviewed the literature on the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in young people with ASD without ID. METHOD 9,050 articles were identified through six databases. Articles were reviewed against inclusion and exclusion criteria and 23 studies were included. RESULTS ADHD symptom prevalence varied from 2.6% to 95.5%. We discuss these findings according to the ADHD assessment measure, informant, diagnostic criteria, risk of bias rating and recruitment pool. CONCLUSION ADHD symptoms are common in young people with ASD without ID, but there is substantial variance in study reporting. Future studies should recruit participants from community sources, provide information on key sociodemographic sample characteristics and assess ADHD with standardized diagnostic criteria, using both parent/carer and teacher report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Eaton
- University of Edinburgh, UK
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, UK
| | - Kayley Roarty
- University of Edinburgh, UK
- Neurodevelopment Service for Children and Young People, Newmains Health Centre, Lanarkshire, UK
| | - Nimisha Doval
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, NHS Grampian, UK
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Georén L, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Nordenstam L, Andersson G, Olsson NC. Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia in youth with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Internet Interv 2022; 29:100548. [PMID: 35651733 PMCID: PMC9149190 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2022.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with ASD often suffer from sleep disorders affecting their development and quality of life. Research concerning psychological treatment of insomnia in this population is scarce. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility of internet-delivered CBT for insomnia (iCBT-I) and the participants' experiences after completing the treatment. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Six adolescents with ASD and insomnia, aged 13 to 17, participated in the study. The results of the qualitative investigation showed general satisfaction with the iCBT-I. The participants experienced both better sleep and insights into their sleep patterns. Thematic analysis revealed five themes: experience of the structure of the treatment, treatment content, experienced outcomes, experienced difficulties, and suggested improvements. The results indicate the need for additional support for some participants and suggest distinct recommendations for further studies. The quantitative investigation showed large reductions in insomnia symptoms indicating the feasibility of the treatment in this population. The findings suggest promising results, but more studies are needed to define the efficacy of iCBT-I for adolescents with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Georén
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Jansson-Fröjmark
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Nordenstam
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nora Choque Olsson
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author at: Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Liljeholmstorget 7, 117 63 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Are Mental Health, Family and Childhood Adversity, Substance Use and Conduct Problems Risk Factors for Offending in Autism? J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:2057-2067. [PMID: 32915355 PMCID: PMC8124051 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mental health difficulties, family and childhood adversity factors, substance use and conduct problems have all been linked to offending behaviour in the general population. However, no large-scale study with comparison groups has investigated these risk factors in relation to autistic offenders. The current research included 40 autistic offenders, 40 autistic non-offenders, 40 typically developed (TD) offenders and 39 TD non-offenders. Conduct problems risk factors differentiated autistic offenders from both non-offender groups (autistic and TD) and mental health risk factors differentiated autistic offenders from both TD groups (offenders and non-offenders). Further research is required to understand more about the role of both conduct problems risk factors in autistic offenders (e.g., age at onset, frequency of behaviours) and the mental health needs of autistic offenders.
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Colvert E, Simonoff E, Capp SJ, Ronald A, Bolton P, Happé F. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mental Health Problems: Patterns of Difficulties and Longitudinal Trajectories in a Population-Based Twin Sample. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1077-1091. [PMID: 33864558 PMCID: PMC8854265 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern regarding additional psychiatric problems that co-occur with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), as reflected in recent changes to diagnostic schemes. However, there remains little research with population-based samples across childhood. We report on additional problems, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, in a population-based sample of 135 twins with ASD, 55 non-ASD co-twins, and 144 comparison twins low in ASD traits. Frequencies, associated demographic factors, and changes in mental health difficulties from age 4 to 13 years are presented. Our data confirm the high rates of additional difficulties reported in previous studies, and suggest that the profile, associated risk factors and longitudinal course of additional difficulties in ASD may differ from those in typically-developing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Colvert
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO80, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simone J Capp
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO80, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Patrick Bolton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Francesca Happé
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO80, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Uygun SD, Çakmak FH, Canlı M, Temeltürk RD, Efe A, Gürel Y, Açıkel SB, Çetinkaya M. Psychotropic Drug Use in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Admitted to a Training and Research Hospital Outpatient Clinic: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to examine demographic and clinical variables, psychiatric comorbidities, the prevalence of psychotropic drug use, relationships between drug use, demographic and clinical variables, and predictors of drug use in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) admitted to a training and research hospital outpatient clinic. Four hundred and eleven children with ASD admitted to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, between October 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and clinical variables, psychiatric comorbidities, and characteristics of drug use for the cases were recorded. Psychotropic drug use was found in 34.3% (n = 141) of the cases. Our results revealed male sex and psychiatric comorbidity as predictors of psychotropic drug use. Antipsychotics were the most prescribed drugs, and the most common psychiatric comorbidity was conduct disorder. Also, children with ASD who had been toilet-trained, and could express sentences but were illiterate, were using psychotropic drugs more often than others. Future multicentered, large clinic-based studies from training and research hospitals should focus on trends of treatment in psychiatric comorbidities accompanying ASD, and constitute a systematic approach for the psychopharmacological treatment of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabide Duygu Uygun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Hülya Çakmak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Canlı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahime Duygu Temeltürk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Efe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Gürel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadettin Burak Açıkel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Miray Çetinkaya
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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İpÇİ M, İncİ İzmİr SB, TÜrkÇapar MH, Özdel K, ArdiÇ ÜA, Ercan ES. Psychiatric Comorbidity in the Subtypes of ADHD in Children and Adolescents with ADHD According to DSM-IV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 57:283-289. [PMID: 33354119 DOI: 10.29399/npa.24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence rate of psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was 60-80%. The objective of this study was to examine comorbid disorders associated with ADHD and the subtypes of ADHD in children and adolescents with the diagnosis of ADHD. Method The study included 326 children and adolescents aged between 8-15 years who were diagnosed with ADHD for the first time as a result of an interview by psychiatry, in a child adolescent psychiatry clinic in İzmir. Sociodemographic form, Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime version were used to assess psychiatric comorbidity. Results The comorbidities accompanied ADHD were disruptive behavior disorder (28.8%), depressive disorder (13.2%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (9.5%) and anxiety disorder (6.1%). When the subtypes of ADHD were assessed according to psychiatric comorbidity, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder were frequently seen with ADHD combined type, whereas anxiety disorder was more frequent with ADHD inattentive type. Discussion Comorbidity in ADHD Combined type increases the severity of disease, delays treatment response and exacerbates prognosis. Therefore, it is very important to determine which psychiatric diagnosis accompany with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis İpÇİ
- Hasan Kalyoncu University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sevim Berrin İncİ İzmİr
- Ege University Substance Addiction Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hakan TÜrkÇapar
- Social Sciences University of Ankara, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadir Özdel
- Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Akyol ArdiÇ
- Denizli State Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Denizli, Turkey
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McBride NM, Weinzimmer SA, La Buissonnière-Ariza V, Schneider SC, Ehrenreich May J, Lewin AB, McGuire JF, Goodman WK, Wood JJ, Storch EA. The Impact of Comorbidity on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Response in Youth with Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:625-635. [PMID: 32026260 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of externalizing comorbidity on treatment outcome was examined in 104 youth ages 7-16 (M = 11.09 years) with autism spectrum disorder and primary anxiety/obsessive compulsive disorder who completed modular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety/OCD. Three comorbidity profiles were utilized for group comparisons: participants with oppositional defiant or conduct disorder with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ODD; CD; ADHD; group EXT, n = 25); those without ODD/CD and only ADHD (group ADHD, n = 46); and those without externalizing comorbidity (NO-EXT, n = 33). Post-treatment outcomes were measured continuously (Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity) and categorically (treatment response, remission). The ADHD group was four times more likely of being a treatment responder compared to NO-EXT (OR 4.05). Comorbidity group did not impact remission. After controlling for pre-treatment scores, there was a significantly greater reduction of the CGI-S for ADHD versus NO-EXT and EXT versus NO-EXT, but results did not significantly differ for the PARS. Results suggest that a modular CBT approach yields positive impact for treatment outcomes in youth with comorbid externalizing problems, particularly among those with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M McBride
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Saira A Weinzimmer
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sophie C Schneider
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adam B Lewin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph F McGuire
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Wood
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MS:350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Psychiatric comorbidities in Asperger syndrome are related with polygenic overlap and differ from other Autism subtypes. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:258. [PMID: 32732888 PMCID: PMC7393162 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great phenotypic heterogeneity within autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which has led to question their classification into a single diagnostic category. The study of the common genetic variation in ASD has suggested a greater contribution of other psychiatric conditions in Asperger syndrome (AS) than in the rest of the DSM-IV ASD subtypes (Non_AS). Here, using available genetic data from previously performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we aimed to study the genetic overlap between five of the most related disorders (schizophrenia (SCZ), major depression disorder (MDD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) and anxiety (ANX)), and AS, comparing it with the overlap in Non_AS subtypes. A Spanish cohort of autism trios (N = 371) was exome sequenced as part of the Autism Sequencing Consortium (ASC) and 241 trios were extensively characterized to be diagnosed with AS following DSM-IV and Gillberg's criteria (N = 39) or not (N = 202). Following exome imputation, polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated for ASD, SCZ, ADHD, MDD, ANX, and OCD (from available summary data from Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) repository) in the Spanish trios' cohort. By using polygenic transmission disequilibrium test (pTDT), we reported that risk for SCZ (Pscz = 0.008, corrected-PSCZ = 0.0409), ADHD (PADHD = 0.021, corrected-PADHD = 0.0301), and MDD (PMDD = 0.039, corrected-PMDD = 0.0501) is over-transmitted to children with AS but not to Non_AS. Indeed, agnostic clustering procedure with deviation values from pTDT tests suggested two differentiated clusters of subjects, one of which is significantly enriched in AS (P = 0.025). Subsequent analysis with S-Predixcan, a recently developed software to predict gene expression from genotype data, revealed a clear pattern of correlation between cortical gene expression in ADHD and AS (P < 0.001) and a similar strong correlation pattern between MDD and AS, but also extendable to another non-brain tissue such as lung (P < 0.001). Altogether, these results support the idea of AS being qualitatively distinct from Non_AS autism and consistently evidence the genetic overlap between AS and ADHD, MDD, or SCZ.
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Abstract
There has been no study in the literature evaluating autistic traits (ATs) in men with substance use disorders (SUDs). Therefore, we performed the current study to evaluate whether there is a relation between the ATs among men with SUDs and normal controls. A total of 142 men with SUDs and 109 age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the current study. Present attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms of the participants were evaluated using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. The autism spectrum quotient (AQ) was used to evaluate ATs. The current study found that higher AQ imagination and lower AQ attention to detail scores predicted SUDs after controlling for AQ subscales and present ADHD symptoms. This study shows that ATs may be engaged in the development of SUDs. To explore the connection between ATs and SUDs, more research is needed.
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Huntjens A, van den Bosch LMCW, Sizoo B, Kerkhof A, Huibers MJH, van der Gaag M. The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/ or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:127. [PMID: 32183793 PMCID: PMC7079441 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are treated in long-term specialised care. In this population, suicidal behaviour troubles patients, families, and specialists in the field because it is difficult to treat. At present, there is no documented effective therapy for suicidal behaviour in ASD (Autism Research 7:507-521, 2014; Crisis 35:301-309, 2014). Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is an efficacious treatment programme for chronically suicidal and/or self-harm behaviour in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (J Psychiatry 166:1365-1374, 2014; Linehan MM. Cognitive behavioural therapy of borderline personality disorder. 1993). This study will evaluate the efficacy of DBT in persons with ASD and suicidal/ self- destructive behaviour in a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. METHOD One hundred twenty-eight persons with autism and suicidal and/or self-harming behaviour will be recruited from specialised mental healthcare services and randomised into two conditions: 1) the DBT condition in which the participants have weekly individual cognitive behavioural therapy sessions and a 2.5 h skills training group session twice per week during 6 months, and 2) the treatment as usual condition which consists of weekly individual therapy sessions of 30-45 min with a psychotherapist or social worker. Assessments will take place at baseline, at post-treatment (6 months), and after a follow-up period of 12 months. The mediators will also be assessed at 3 months. The primary outcome is the level of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The secondary outcomes are anxiety and social performance, depression, core symptoms of ASD, quality of life, and cost-utility. Emotion regulation and therapeutic alliance are hypothesised to mediate the effects on the primary outcome. DISCUSSION The results from this study will provide an evaluation of the efficacy of DBT treatment in persons with ASD on suicidal and self-harming behaviour. The study is conducted in routine mental health services which enhances the generalisability of the study results to clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN96632579. Registered 1 May 2019. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Huntjens
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Mental Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Bram Sizoo
- Centre for Developmental Disorders, Dimence Institute of Mental Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Kerkhof
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Mental Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J H Huibers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Mental Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Mental Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Nickel K, Maier S, Endres D, Joos A, Maier V, Tebartz van Elst L, Zeeck A. Systematic Review: Overlap Between Eating, Autism Spectrum, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:708. [PMID: 31649563 PMCID: PMC6796791 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Links between eating disorders (EDs) [e.g., anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED)] and the major neurodevelopmental disorders of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been repeatedly highlighted. In both ASD and ADHD, these links range from an elevated risk for EDs to common symptomatic overlaps and etiological commonalities with EDs. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search (through July 2019) with Medline via Ovid for epidemiological data on EDs (AN, BN, and BED) in combination with both ASD and ADHD. Results: The reviewed studies showed that, on average, 4.7% of patients with certain ED diagnoses (AN, BN, or BED) received an ASD diagnosis. Reliable data on the prevalence of EDs in ASD samples are still scarce. Comorbid ASD is most commonly diagnosed in patients with AN. The prevalence of ADHD in EDs ranged between 1.6% and 18%. Comorbid ADHD was more often reported in the AN-binge eating/purging subtype and BN than in the AN restrictive subtype. The prevalence of EDs in ADHD ranged between no association and a lifetime prevalence of 21.8% of developing an ED in women with ADHD. Conclusions: Studies on the prevalence rates of EDs in ADHD and ASD and vice versa are heterogeneous, but they indicate frequent association. While there is growing evidence of clinical overlaps between the three disorders, it remains difficult to determine whether overlapping characteristics (e.g., social withdrawal) are due to common comorbidities (e.g., depression) or are instead primarily associated with EDs and neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, prospective studies are required to better understand how these disorders are related and whether ADHD and ASD could be either specific or nonspecific predisposing factors for the development of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Nickel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Joos
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapeutic Neurology, Kliniken Schmieder, Gailingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Almut Zeeck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Inci SB, Ipci M, Akyol Ardıç U, Ercan ES. Psychiatric Comorbidity and Demographic Characteristics of 1,000 Children and Adolescents With ADHD in Turkey. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1356-1367. [PMID: 27581245 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716666954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective was to examine the frequency of comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD in Turkey and to evaluate the distribution of comorbidities according to the subtypes of ADHD and sociodemographic features. Method: The sample consisted of 1,000 children, 6 to 18 years of age, including 242 females and 758 males, from Ege University who were diagnosed with ADHD. Results: The overall prevalence rate of psychiatric comorbidity in the study was 56.3%. The most frequently observed comorbidity was oppositional defiant disorder with a rate of 37.4%. Conduct disorder, depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorder accompanied ADHD, respectively. The results revealed that 70.2% of the children with ADHD-Combine type had at least one psychiatric comorbidity. Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder accompanied ADHD-Combine type in 54.6%, 12.6%, 8.1%, and 8.8% of the participants, respectively. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable information about the comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with a very large clinical sample of ADHD children.
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15
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Muratori F, Turi M, Prosperi M, Narzisi A, Valeri G, Guerrera S, Santocchi E, Apicella F, Lattarulo C, Calderoni S, Vicari S. Parental Perspectives on Psychiatric Comorbidity in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorders Receiving Publicly Funded Mental Health Services. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:107. [PMID: 30914976 PMCID: PMC6422880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity (PC) in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is consistently reported. While several studies have examined PC in school-aged children, adolescents and adults with ASD, investigations on PC in preschoolers are less common. In this study, we explore the prevalence and the type of PC in a sample of 989 preschoolers with ASD through the DSM-Oriented Scales (DOS) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 1½-5) and their possible links with the core features of ASD and cognitive functioning. Results indicated that 37.8% of the sample had at least one PC in addition to ASD; these subjects displayed significantly higher Total score (p = 0.02) and Social Affect score (p = 0.003) on the ADOS-based calibrated severity scores (CSS), as well as lower (p ≤ 0.0001) performance IQ (pIQ) compared to ASD individuals without PC. As far as the specific DOS, Affective Problems (AP) were detected in 23.4% of the whole sample, ADHD Problems (ADHD) in 17.3%, Anxiety Problems (AXP) in 16.7%, and Oppositional Problems (OP) in 7.9%. These different comorbidities were isolated in 195 subjects (Mono-comorbid group: 19.7% of the whole sample), while 179 subjects (18.1% of the whole sample) had two or more types of PC (Multi-comorbid group). One-way ANOVA revealed that subjects with multi-comorbidity have statistically significant lower pIQ and higher Total score and Social Affect score on CSS-ADOS. Specific differences for each type of comorbidity and gender differences were also discussed. Taken together, results indicate a considerable presence of PC in preschoolers with ASD that should be accurately considered during the assessment and diagnosis process in order to plan a tailored intervention based not only on core symptoms of ASD, but also on comorbid psychiatric condition since preschool age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Muratori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Turi
- Fondazione Stella Maris Mediterraneo, Potenza, Italy
| | - Margherita Prosperi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Narzisi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valeri
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Guerrera
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Santocchi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Apicella
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Sara Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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16
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Bujnakova I, Ondrejka I, Mestanik M, Fleskova D, Sekaninova N, Farsky I, Tonhajzerova I. Potential Effect of Pharmacotherapy on Sympathetic Arousal in Autism. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/acm-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) abnormalities. Moreover, at least 50% of children with ASD suffer from other comorbid diseases such as anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated with receiving psychotropic medication. From this context we aimed to evaluate changes in sympathetic arousal using analysis of electrodermal activity (EDA) as an index of sympathetic cholinergic activity in treated and non-treated autistic children under resting conditions.
Methods: We examined 23 children with ASD and 14 healthy age- and gender-matched children at the age of 7–15 years. The ASD patients were divided into ASD non-treated group (n=12) and ASD treated group (n=11). The EDA was continuously monitored during resting phase in a supine position. The EDA amplitude (μS) was computed as an average of 5 min baseline period.
Results: We found significantly lower EDA in ASD non-treated subgroup compared to controls indicating subtle abnormalities in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Although no significant differences were found between the ASD treated and non-treated subgroups the ASD treated group showed comparable sympathetic activity relative to controls indicating a potential ameliorated treatment effect on sympathetic arousal in ASD.
Conclusions: These findings could help to determine differences in sympathetic arousal in treated and non-treated children with ASD, which is important for assessment of autism-linked cardiovascular risk depending on pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bujnakova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - I Ondrejka
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin , Slovakia
| | - M Mestanik
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - D Fleskova
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin , Slovakia
| | - N Sekaninova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - I Farsky
- Department of Nursing, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin , Slovakia
| | - I Tonhajzerova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
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17
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May T, Brignell A, Hawi Z, Brereton A, Tonge B, Bellgrove MA, Rinehart NJ. Trends in the Overlap of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Prevalence, Clinical Management, Language and Genetics. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-018-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Research has shown high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders among samples of youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Farrell et al., Psychiatry Res 199(2):115-123, 2012; Lewin et al., Psychiatry Res 178(2):317-322, 2010; POTS Team, J Am Med Assoc 292(16):1969-1976, 2004). Autism and autistic traits co-occur at high rates within clinical samples of youth with OCD (Ivarsson and Melin in J Anxiety Disord 22(6):969-978, 2008; Stewart et al. in Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1-9, 2016). This study extends the literature by examining the relationship between ASD traits, family accommodation, and functional impairment in a sample of youth with OCD across a wide age range (n = 80; aged 7-17 years). Results indicated that autistic traits, as measured by the social responsiveness scale (SRS), were elevated in 32.5% of youth (based on a T-score of 66T and above) relative to typically developing youth, as well as youth with non-autism-related psychiatric disorders (Constantino and Gruber in Social responsiveness scale, Western Psychogical Services, Torrance, 2012). Furthermore, 27.5% of youth scored within a moderate range (66T-75T) and 5% of youth scored within a severe range (76T or higher) on the SRS, typical of children with ASD (Constantino and Gruber in Social responsiveness scale, Western Psychogical Services, Torrance, 2012). Additionally, ASD traits were associated with greater functional impairment above OCD severity. Furthermore, family accommodation mediated the relationship between ASD traits and functional impairment. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of clinical assessment and direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Griffiths
- School of Applied Psychology, Behaviour Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Lara J Farrell
- School of Applied Psychology, Behaviour Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Behaviour Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 109 Williams Hall (0436), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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19
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Joshi G, Faraone SV, Wozniak J, Tarko L, Fried R, Galdo M, Furtak SL, Biederman J. Symptom Profile of ADHD in Youth With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Study in Psychiatrically Referred Populations. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:846-855. [PMID: 25085653 PMCID: PMC4312732 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714543368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical presentation of ADHD between youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD and a sample of youth with ADHD only. METHOD A psychiatrically referred sample of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) youth with ADHD attending a specialized ambulatory program for ASD ( n = 107) and a sample of youth with ADHD attending a general child psychiatry ambulatory clinic ( n = 74) were compared. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of youth with ASD met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD. The clinical presentation of ADHD in youth with ASD was predominantly similar to its typical presentation including age at onset (3.5 ± 1.7 vs. 4.0 ± 1.9; p = .12), distribution of diagnostic subtypes, the qualitative and quantitative symptom profile, and symptom severity. Combined subtype was the most frequent presentation of ADHD in ASD youth. CONCLUSION Despite the robust presentation of ADHD, a significant majority of ASD youth with ADHD failed to receive appropriate ADHD treatment (41% vs. 24%; p = .02). A high rate of comorbidity with ADHD was observed in psychiatrically referred youth with ASD, with a clinical presentation typical of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Joshi
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Janet Wozniak
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Tarko
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronna Fried
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maribel Galdo
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephannie L. Furtak
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Kılınç S, Hergüner S. Oral Decongestant-Induced Mania in a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:209-210. [PMID: 27548365 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Kılınç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya, Turkey
| | - Sabri Hergüner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya, Turkey
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21
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Are Generalized Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Associated with Social Competence in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder? J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3778-3788. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Lever AG, Geurts HM. Psychiatric Co-occurring Symptoms and Disorders in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 46:1916-1930. [PMID: 26861713 PMCID: PMC4860203 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although psychiatric problems are less prevalent in old age within the general population, it is largely unknown whether this extends to individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We examined psychiatric symptoms and disorders in young, middle-aged, and older adults with and without ASD (Nmax = 344, age 19–79 years, IQ > 80). Albeit comparable to other psychiatric patients, levels of symptoms and psychological distress were high over the adult lifespan; 79 % met criteria for a psychiatric disorder at least once in their lives. Depression and anxiety were most common. However, older adults less often met criteria for any psychiatric diagnosis and, specifically, social phobia than younger adults. Hence, despite marked psychological distress, psychiatric problems are also less prevalent in older aged individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Lever
- Dutch Autism and ADHD Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- Dutch Autism and ADHD Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dr. Leo Kannerhuis, Research Development and Innovation, Houtsniplaan 1a, 6865 XZ, Doorwerth, The Netherlands
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23
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Guloksuz SA, Abali O, Aktas Cetin E, Bilgic Gazioglu S, Deniz G, Yildirim A, Kawikova I, Guloksuz S, Leckman JF. Elevated plasma concentrations of S100 calcium-binding protein B and tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with autism spectrum disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 39:195-200. [PMID: 28099628 PMCID: PMC7111377 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate plasma concentrations of S100B (a calcium-binding protein derived primarily from the glia) and inflammatory cytokines in children with autism and the relationship between S100B and cytokine concentrations. Methods: Plasma levels of S100B, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were measured in 40 unmedicated children with autism and 35 normally developing healthy children. The severity of autism was assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Concentrations of both S100B and TNF-α were higher in children with autism before and after adjusting for a priori-selected confounders (age, sex, and body mass index). S100B concentrations were higher in children with severe autism compared to children with mild-moderate autism. However, this association remained as a trend after adjusting for confounders. S100B concentrations correlated positively with TNF-α concentrations. Conclusion: Our findings showing an increase in peripheral concentrations of S100B and TNF-α provide limited support to the hypothesis about the roles of altered immune function and S100B in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies of larger numbers of well-characterized individuals with ASD are needed to clarify the potential role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osman Abali
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Bilgic Gazioglu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ivana Kawikova
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James F Leckman
- Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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24
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Tan BWZ, Pooley JA, Speelman CP. A Meta-Analytic Review of the Efficacy of Physical Exercise Interventions on Cognition in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:3126-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Choque Olsson N, Rautio D, Asztalos J, Stoetzer U, Bölte S. Social skills group training in high-functioning autism: A qualitative responder study. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 20:995-1010. [PMID: 26912485 DOI: 10.1177/1362361315621885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic reviews show some evidence for the efficacy of group-based social skills group training in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, but more rigorous research is needed to endorse generalizability. In addition, little is known about the perspectives of autistic individuals participating in social skills group training. Using a qualitative approach, the objective of this study was to examine experiences and opinions about social skills group training of children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorder and their parents following participation in a manualized social skills group training ("KONTAKT"). Within an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial (NCT01854346) and based on outcome data from the Social Responsiveness Scale, six high responders and five low-to-non-responders to social skills group training and one parent of each child (N = 22) were deep interviewed. Interestingly, both high responders and low-to-non-responders (and their parents) reported improvements in social communication and related skills (e.g. awareness of own difficulties, self-confidence, independence in everyday life) and overall treatment satisfaction, although more positive intervention experiences were expressed by responders. These findings highlight the added value of collecting verbal data in addition to quantitative data in a comprehensive evaluation of social skills group training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulrich Stoetzer
- Karolinska Institutet & Swedish Work Environmental Authority, Sweden
| | - Sven Bölte
- Karolinska Institutet, Sweden Stockholm County Council, Sweden
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Rosa M, Puig O, Lázaro L, Calvo R. Socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient as predictors of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and in their siblings. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 20:963-972. [PMID: 26851231 DOI: 10.1177/1362361315617881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown high rates of comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, but failed to compare them with general population and few of them have identified predictors of comorbidity. This study compared the rates of psychiatric disorders in 50 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, 24 of their siblings, 32 controls from general population and 22 of their siblings. Children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorder and their siblings had higher rates of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. Lower socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient were the main risk factors. The contribution of socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient to increase the risk of developing comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder and psychopathology in their siblings deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Puig
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Calvo
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
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Karakoç Demirkaya S, Tutkunkardaş MD, Mukaddes NM. Assessment of suicidality in children and adolescents with diagnosis of high functioning autism spectrum disorder in a Turkish clinical sample. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2921-2926. [PMID: 27956832 PMCID: PMC5113915 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s118304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considering that suicide is one of the most common reasons of adolescent death worldwide, there is a lack of clinical awareness on suicidal behaviors of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study aims to assess the rate of suicidality (suicidal ideation, behaviors and attempts) and associated risk factors for suicidality in high functioning ASD. METHODS Medical records of 55 adolescents (six girls, 49 boys), aged between 7-20 years, with diagnosis of ASD were reviewed. The participants were all able to speak fluently and had no significant limitations in intellectual functioning. Clinical assessment of participants was carried out on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition, Text Revision criteria and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version. Eskin's Suicide Screening Questionnaire and sociodemographic data form including detailed history of suicidal behaviors were used. The study group was also divided into suicidal and non-suicidal groups for the purpose of comparing the results. RESULTS The rate of suicidal behaviors was 29% and suicide attempt was 12.7%. Types of suicidality were behaviors (43.7%), thoughts (37.5%), and verbal declarations (18.7%). A number of bizarre acts were recorded. Rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders and disruptive behaviors were 23.6%, 43.6% and 65.4% respectively. Groups with the psychotic features, positive family history for suicidal behaviors and completed suicide showed more suicidality than the non-suicidal group. CONCLUSION Consistent with the previous findings, rate of suicidality is higher in individuals with ASD. The type of suicidal behaviors showed some differences compared to typically developing individuals. The presence of psychotic features and positive family history for suicidality may be risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents with ASD. To prevent suicide and implement protective health care systems, identifying the population at risk is crucial.
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Olsson NC, Tammimies K, Bölte S. Manualized social skills group training for children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorder: protocol of a naturalistic multicenter, randomized controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3402/tdp.v3.29825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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29
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Gillberg IC, Helles A, Billstedt E, Gillberg C. Boys with Asperger Syndrome Grow Up: Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 20 Years After Initial Diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Smith CJ, Pollard E, Stein AJ, Ober-Reynolds S, Kirwan J, Malligo A, Matthews NL, Openden D, Melmed RD. A Method for Universal Screening of Elementary School Students: Development of the Social Challenges Screening Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15377903.2014.995391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool and Elementary School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:2283-94. [PMID: 25737019 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Prevalence of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
This review focuses on identifying up-to-date number of publications that compared DSM-IV/ICD-10 Asperger's disorder (AspD) to Autistic Disorder/High-functioning Autism (AD/HFA). One hundred and twenty-eight publications were identified through an extensive search of major electronic databases and journals. Based on more than 90 clinical variables been investigated, 94 publications concluded that there were statistically significant or near significant level of quantitative and/or qualitative differences between AspD and AD/HFA groups; 4 publications found both similarities and differences between the two groups; 30 publications concluded with no differences between the two groups. Although DSM-5 ASD will eliminate Asperger's disorder. However, it is plausible to predict that the field of ASD would run full circle during the next decade or two and that AspD will be back in the next edition of DSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 2385 Placid Way, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA,
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34
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Mental health services for individuals with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:502420. [PMID: 25276425 PMCID: PMC4168143 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who do not have an intellectual impairment or disability (ID), described here as individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD), represent a complex and underserved psychiatric population. While there is an emerging literature on the mental health needs of children with ASD with normal intelligence, we know less about these issues in adults. Of the few studies of adolescents and adults with HFASD completed to date, findings suggest that they face a multitude of cooccurring psychiatric (e.g., anxiety, depression), psychosocial, and functional issues, all of which occur in addition to their ASD symptomatology. Despite this, traditional mental health services and supports are falling short of meeting the needs of these adults. This review highlights the service needs and the corresponding gaps in care for this population. It also provides an overview of the literature on psychiatric risk factors, identifies areas requiring further study, and makes recommendations for how existing mental health services could include adults with HFASD.
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Bellebaum C, Brodmann K, Thoma P. Active and observational reward learning in adults with autism spectrum disorder: relationship with empathy in an atypical sample. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2014; 19:205-25. [PMID: 23998722 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2013.823860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterised by disturbances in social behaviour. A prevailing hypothesis suggests that these problems are related to deficits in assigning rewarding value to social stimuli. The present study aimed to examine monetary reward processing in adults with ASDs by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS Ten individuals with mild ASDs (Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism) and 12 healthy control subjects performed an active and an observational probabilistic reward-learning task. RESULTS Both groups showed similar overall learning performance. With respect to reward processing, subjects with ASDs exhibited a general reduction in feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude, irrespective of feedback valence and type of learning (active or observational). Individuals with ASDs showed lower scores for cognitive empathy, while affective empathy did not differ between groups. Correlation analyses revealed that higher empathy (both cognitive and affective) negatively affected performance in observational learning in controls and in active learning in ASDs (only cognitive empathy). No relationships were seen between empathy and ERPs. CONCLUSIONS Reduced FRN amplitudes are discussed in terms of a deficit in fast reward processing in ASDs, which may indicate altered reward system functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bellebaum
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum , Germany
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36
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Matson JL, Cervantes PE. Commonly studied comorbid psychopathologies among persons with autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:952-962. [PMID: 24629541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of comorbid psychopathology among persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is picking up steam. The purpose of this paper was to review and describe important characteristics of existing studies. Among the current crop of papers, depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been frequently evaluated. Groups studied have most frequently been children. Persons with ASD and normal intelligence quotient (IQ) scores have been studied more often than individuals with ASD and intellectual disability. Additional characteristics are discussed, and the implications of these data for future developments in the field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny L Matson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Paige E Cervantes
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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37
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Kreiser NL, White SW. Assessment of Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Gjevik E, Sandstad B, Andreassen OA, Myhre AM, Sponheim E. Exploring the agreement between questionnaire information and DSM-IV diagnoses of comorbid psychopathology in children with autism spectrum disorders. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2014; 19:433-42. [PMID: 24637430 DOI: 10.1177/1362361314526003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are often comorbid with other psychiatric symptoms and disorders. However, identifying psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorders is challenging. We explored how a questionnaire, the Child Behavior Check List, agreed with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)-based semi-structured interview, the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (Kiddie-SADS). The sample comprised 55 children and adolescents (age 6 to 18 years) with autism spectrum disorders, including the main autism spectrum disorder subgroups and the broad range of cognitive and language functioning. High rate of psychopathology was found both through questionnaire and interview assessment. Using predefined Child Behavior Check List cutoffs, we found good agreement between the Child Behavior Check List and the Kiddie-SADS for identifying attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorders, and oppositional defiant disorder. However, overall the specificity of the Child Behavior Check List was low. The Child Behavior Check List was not useful for identifying anxiety disorders. The Child Behavior Check List may capture core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders as well as comorbid psychopathology, and clinicians should be aware that the Child Behavior Check List may be unspecific when used in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Gjevik
- Oslo University Hospital, Norway University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Anne M Myhre
- Oslo University Hospital, Norway University of Oslo, Norway
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Adamo N, Huo L, Adelsberg S, Petkova E, Castellanos FX, Di Martino A. Response time intra-subject variability: commonalities between children with autism spectrum disorders and children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:69-79. [PMID: 23716135 PMCID: PMC3883913 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the common co-occurrence of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the underlying mechanisms are under-explored. A potential candidate for investigation is response time intra-subject variability (RT-ISV), a hypothesized marker of attentional lapses. Direct comparisons of RT-ISV in ASD versus ADHD are limited and contradictory. We aimed to examine whether distinct fluctuations in RT-ISV characterize children with ASD and with ADHD relative to typically developing children (TDC). We applied both a priori-based and data-driven strategies to RT performance of 46 children with ASD, 46 with ADHD, and 36 TDC (aged 7-11.9 years). Specifically, we contrasted groups relative to the amplitude of four preselected frequency bands as well as to 400 frequency bins from 0.006 to 0.345 Hz. In secondary analyses, we divided the ASD group into children with and without substantial ADHD symptoms (ASD(+) and ASD(-), respectively). Regardless of the strategy employed, RT-ISV fluctuations at frequencies between 0.20 and 0.345 Hz distinguished children with ADHD, but not children with ASD, from TDC. Children with ASD(+) and those with ADHD shared elevated amplitudes of RT-ISV fluctuations in frequencies between 0.18 and 0.345 Hz relative to TDC. In contrast, the ASD(-) subgroup did not differ from TDC in RT-ISV frequency fluctuations. RT-ISV fluctuations in frequencies 0.18-0.345 Hz (i.e., periods between 3 and 5 s) are associated with ADHD symptoms regardless of categorical diagnosis and may represent a biomarker. These results suggest that children with ADHD and those with ASD(+) share common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of RT-ISV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Adamo
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lan Huo
- Division of Biostatistics, NYU Child Study Center, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Adelsberg
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Division of Biostatistics, NYU Child Study Center, New York, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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40
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Hepburn SL, Stern JA, Blakeley-Smith A, Kimel LK, Reaven JA. Complex Psychiatric Comorbidity of Treatment-Seeking Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety Symptoms. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2014; 7:359-378. [PMID: 25960821 PMCID: PMC4422383 DOI: 10.1080/19315864.2014.932476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and other co-occurring psychiatric disorders significantly impact adaptive functioning for many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This descriptive study examines the complexity of psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking youth with ASD and anxiety symptoms. Forty-two parents of 8- to 14-year-old children with ASD and anxiety symptoms completed a structured psychiatric interview (K-SADS) and provided information about the child's past and current psychological functioning as part of a screening process to enter an anxiety intervention program. Overall, comorbidity was very complex, with children obtaining an average of 4 psychiatric diagnoses (including anxiety disorders) on a structured clinical interview (range = 0-9). Onset and course differed by psychiatric disorder. Complexity of comorbidity did not differ significantly by age, sex, or autism severity. Despite clinical significance of the symptoms reported, few children were currently (or ever) engaged in mental health treatment or group psychosocial intervention. Although the specificity of the current sample limits the generalizability of these results, findings suggest that treatment-seeking children with ASD and anxiety often present with additional psychiatric symptoms, which supports a transdiagnostic approach to research and intervention in this area. Accurate assessment of comorbidity may provide valuable information for families and clinicians regarding individualized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Hepburn
- JFK Partners/Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver. Colorado Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Jessica A Stern
- JFK Partners/Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Audrey Blakeley-Smith
- JFK Partners/Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | | | - Judith A Reaven
- JFK Partners/Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver. JFK Partners/Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
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41
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Matson JL, Rieske RD, Williams LW. The relationship between autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2475-2484. [PMID: 23751293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The autism spectrum has become a highly studied topic, perhaps the most researched of all developmental disorders. A host of related topics are being studied, with one of the most common being comorbidity of autism with other conditions such as epilepsy, sleep, and anxiety disorders. One of the most prevalent of these comorbid conditions is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). A considerable amount of research has appeared on this topic with respect to symptom expression, prevalence of overlap, type of symptom overlap, and the effect of these two conditions co-occurrence on other symptoms and disorders. Given the substantial data base that has accrued, review and synthesis of these data are in order. This is the purpose of the present manuscript.
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van Steensel FJA, Bögels SM, de Bruin EI. Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comparison with Children with ADHD. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2013; 22:368-376. [PMID: 23524401 PMCID: PMC3602612 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-012-9587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim to identify comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (n = 40) and to compare those comorbidity rates to those in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 40). Participants were clinically referred children aged 7-18 years. DSM-IV classifications were used for the primary diagnosis (ASD/ADHD), while comorbid psychiatric disorders were assessed using a structured diagnostic interview, the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV, childhood diagnoses (KID-SCID). Twenty-three children with ASD (57.5 %) had at least one comorbid disorder, whereas 16 children with ADHD (40.0 %) were classified as having at least one comorbid disorder. No group differences were found with respect to this comorbidity rate or for the rate of comorbid externalizing disorders (ODD and/or CD). However, children with ASD had more comorbid internalizing disorders compared to children with ADHD. More specifically, children with ASD had higher rates of anxiety disorders, but not mood disorders. No associations between comorbidity and age or between comorbidity and the intelligence quotient was found. It is important for clinicians to always be aware of, and screen for, comorbidity, and to consider treatment for these comorbid disorders. In addition, research should focus on establishing valid and reliable screening tools as well as effective treatment options for these comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca J. A. van Steensel
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther I. de Bruin
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Normal rates of neuroradiological findings in children with high functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 42:1662-70. [PMID: 22105143 PMCID: PMC3999957 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to analyze highly specific volumetric and morphological features of the brains of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, there are few comprehensive studies examining the prevalence of neuroradiologic findings seen on routine MRI scans in children with ASD. This study examined the prevalence of neuroradiologic findings in children with high functioning ASD, and compared these rates to those in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children who are typically developing (TD). Results showed that approximately 90% of children had normal MRI scans. There was no significant effect of diagnosis on the total number of neuroradiological findings or the number of specific brain findings. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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44
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Giovinazzo S, Marciano S, Giana G, Curatolo P, Porfirio MC. Clinical and therapeutic implications of psychiatric comorbidity in high functioning autism/Asperger syndrome: An Italian study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2013.33034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tanidir C, Mukaddes NM. Referral pattern and special interests in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome: a Turkish referred sample. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2012; 18:178-84. [PMID: 22987894 DOI: 10.1177/1362361312457716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the most frequent reasons for referral, the most common special interests, age at first referral to a mental health service, and the age of diagnosis in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome living in Turkey. METHODS This study includes 61 children and adolescents diagnosed with Asperger syndrome using strict DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS The mean age at first referral was 7.9 whereas the mean age when Asperger syndrome was diagnosed was 9.9, which is compatible with other studies. The most frequent reasons for the first referral were attention deficits, hyperactivity, and academic failure, and the most common special interest area was "electronic devices, computer, and technical interests". CONCLUSIONS The types of special interests and referral reasons in our Asperger syndrome sample are very similar to the interest areas and referral reasons of individuals with Asperger syndrome from developed western countries indicating the universality of symptoms. It could be concluded that children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome may refer to mental health services with a variety of symptoms; therefore, it is important to make a detailed assessment of social difficulties especially in school-age children and adolescents for the differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome.
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Mazzone L, Ruta L, Reale L. Psychiatric comorbidities in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: diagnostic challenges. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2012; 11:16. [PMID: 22731684 PMCID: PMC3416662 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several psychiatric conditions, both internalizing and externalizing, have been documented in comorbidity with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and High Functioning Autism (HFA). In this review we examine the interplay between psychiatric comorbidities and AS/HFA. In particular, we will focus our attention on three main issues. First, we examine which psychiatric disorders are more frequently associated with AS/HFA. Second, we review which diagnostic tools are currently available for clinicians to investigate and diagnose the associated psychiatric disorders in individuals with AS/HFA. Third, we discuss the challenges that clinicians and researchers face in trying to determine whether the psychiatric symptoms are phenotypic manifestations of AS/HFA or rather they are the expression of a distinct, though comorbid, disorder. We will also consider the role played by the environment in the manifestation and interpretation of these symptoms. Finally, we will propose some strategies to try to address these issues, and we will discuss therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, I,R,C,C,S, Children's Hospital, Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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47
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48
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Close HA, Lee LC, Kaufmann CN, Zimmerman AW. Co-occurring conditions and change in diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e305-16. [PMID: 22271695 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate descriptive characteristics and co-occurring neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in young children, children, and adolescents with a current and consistent or past but not current (PBNC) diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and how such characteristics and conditions may engender a change in diagnosis of an ASD. METHODS Cross-sectional data of 1366 children with a parent-reported current or PBNC ASD diagnosis were obtained from the National Survey of Children's Health 2007 data set across 3 developmental stages: young children (aged 3-5 years), children (aged 6-11 years), and adolescents (aged 12-17 years). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine demographic characteristics and co-occurring conditions that differentiate the groups with a current ASD from groups with a PBNC ASD. RESULTS Results indicated the co-occurring conditions that distinguish groups currently diagnosed with an ASD from groups with a PBNC ASD diagnosis. In young children, current moderate/severe learning disability, and current moderate/severe developmental delay; in children, past speech problem, current moderate/severe anxiety, and past hearing problem; and in adolescents, current moderate/severe speech problem, current mild seizure/epilepsy, and past hearing problem. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the presence of co-occurring psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions are associated with a change in ASD diagnosis. Questions remain as to whether changes in diagnosis of an ASD are due to true etiologic differences or shifts in diagnostic determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Close
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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van Steensel FJA, Bögels SM, Perrin S. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2012; 14:302-17. [PMID: 21735077 PMCID: PMC3162631 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are at increased risk of anxiety and anxiety disorders. However, it is less clear which of the specific DSM-IV anxiety disorders occur most in this population. The present study used meta-analytic techniques to help clarify this issue. A systematic review of the literature identified 31 studies involving 2,121 young people (aged <18 years) with ASD, and where the presence of anxiety disorder was assessed using standardized questionnaires or diagnostic interviews. Across studies, 39.6% of young people with ASD had at least one comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorder, the most frequent being specific phobia (29.8%) followed by OCD (17.4%) and social anxiety disorder (16.6%). Associations were found between the specific anxiety disorders and ASD subtype, age, IQ, and assessment method (questionnaire versus interview). Implications for the identification and treatment of anxiety in young people with ASD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca J A van Steensel
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht, 130 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Parent report of community psychiatric comorbid diagnoses in autism spectrum disorders. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:405849. [PMID: 22937248 PMCID: PMC3420588 DOI: 10.1155/2011/405849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used a national online registry to examine variation in cumulative prevalence of community diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity in 4343 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models compared influence of individual, family, and geographic factors on cumulative prevalence of parent-reported anxiety disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention deficit disorder. Adjusted odds of community-assigned lifetime psychiatric comorbidity were significantly higher with each additional year of life, with increasing autism severity, and with Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified compared with autistic disorder. Overall, in this largest study of parent-reported community diagnoses of psychiatric comorbidity, gender, autistic regression, autism severity, and type of ASD all emerged as significant factors correlating with cumulative prevalence. These findings could suggest both underlying trends in actual comorbidity as well as variation in community interpretation and application of comorbid diagnoses in ASD.
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