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Duranti C, Bagni G, Iorio J, Colasurdo R, Devescovi V, Arcangeli A. Effects of Germanium embedded fabric on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells. Tissue Cell 2024; 90:102507. [PMID: 39128191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinical state which is identified by the degeneration of articular cartilage. OA is a common condition (>500 millions of people affected worldwide), whose frequency is anticipated to continue to rise (> 110 % increase worldwide since 2019). The treatment for early-stage OA is based on a combination of therapeutic approaches, which can include regenerative medicine based on Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs). Germanium embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric has been shown to have positive effects on OA clinically and is envisaged to give encouraging effects also on tissue regeneration. Still, the biological mechanisms underlying this therapeutic modality have not yet been fully defined. We tested the hypothesis that Germanium-embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric could enhance chondrogenic differentiation. To this purpose, we applied Incrediwear® to human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) induced to chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Chondrogenic markers (ACAN, SOX9, RUNX2, COL2A1, COL10A1) were quantified following 21 days of treatment. We also assessed extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (specifically Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)) using Alcian Blue and Sirius Red staining. Here, we provide pilot data to demonstrate that Germanium-embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric can enhance hADSCs chondrogenic differentiation and maturity and potentially induce events of cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Duranti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy; MCK Therapeutics Srl, Via Ciliegiole 98, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Jessica Iorio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Rossella Colasurdo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Valentina Devescovi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy; MCK Therapeutics Srl, Via Ciliegiole 98, Pistoia, Italy.
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Bourne LE, Hesketh A, Sharma A, Bucca G, Bush PG, Staines KA. The effects of physiological and injurious hydrostatic pressure on murine ex vivo articular and growth plate cartilage explants: an RNAseq study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1278596. [PMID: 38144567 PMCID: PMC10740163 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1278596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chondrocytes are continuously exposed to loads placed upon them. Physiological loads are pivotal to the maintenance of articular cartilage health, while abnormal loads contribute to pathological joint degradation. Similarly, the growth plate cartilage is subject to various loads during growth and development. Due to the high-water content of cartilage, hydrostatic pressure is considered one of the main biomechanical influencers on chondrocytes and has been shown to play an important role in the mechano-regulation of cartilage. Methods Herein, we conducted RNAseq analysis of ex vivo hip cap (articular), and metatarsal (growth plate) cartilage cultures subjected to physiological (5 MPa) and injurious (50 MPa) hydrostatic pressure, using the Illumina platform (n = 4 replicates). Results Several hundreds of genes were shown to be differentially modulated by hydrostatic pressure, with the majority of these changes evidenced in hip cap cartilage cultures (375 significantly upregulated and 322 downregulated in 5 MPa versus control; 1022 upregulated and 724 downregulated in 50 MPa versus control). Conversely, fewer genes were differentially affected by hydrostatic pressure in the metatarsal cultures (5 significantly upregulated and 23 downregulated in 5 MPa versus control; 7 significantly upregulated and 19 downregulated in 50 MPa versus control). Using Gene Ontology annotations for Biological Processes, in the hip cap data we identified a number of pathways that were modulated by both physiological and injurious hydrostatic pressure. Pathways upregulated in response to 50 MPa versus control, included those involved in the generation of precursor metabolites and cellular respiration. Biological processes that were downregulated in this tissue included ossification, connective tissue development, and chondrocyte differentiation. Discussion Collectively our data highlights the divergent chondrocyte phenotypes in articular and growth plate cartilage. Further, we show that the magnitude of hydrostatic pressure application has distinct effects on gene expression and biological processes in hip cap cartilage explants. Finally, we identified differential expression of a number of genes that have previously been identified as osteoarthritis risk genes, including Ctsk, and Chadl. Together these data may provide potential genetic targets for future investigations in osteoarthritis research and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie E. Bourne
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hesketh
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Aikta Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giselda Bucca
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Bush
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Wu Z, Korntner SH, Mullen AM, Zeugolis DI. Collagen type II: From biosynthesis to advanced biomaterials for cartilage engineering. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2021; 4:100030. [PMID: 36824570 PMCID: PMC9934443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type II is the major constituent of cartilage tissue. Yet, cartilage engineering approaches are primarily based on collagen type I devices that are associated with suboptimal functional therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we briefly describe cartilage's development and cellular and extracellular composition and organisation. We also provide an overview of collagen type II biosynthesis and purification protocols from tissues of terrestrial and marine species and recombinant systems. We then advocate the use of collagen type II as a building block in cartilage engineering approaches, based on safety, efficiency and efficacy data that have been derived over the years from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - SH Korntner
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - AM Mullen
- Teagasc Research Centre, Ashtown, Ireland
| | - DI Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence author at: REMODEL, NUI Galway & UCD.
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Bian H, Zhu T, Liang Y, Hei R, Zhang X, Li X, Chen J, Lu Y, Gu J, Qiao L, Zheng Q. Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis of Candidate Col10a1 Regulators Identified by the TRAP Program. Front Genet 2021; 12:683939. [PMID: 34276786 PMCID: PMC8283764 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.683939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes and their specific marker, the type X collagen gene (Col10a1), are critical components of endochondral bone formation during skeletal development. We previously found that Runx2 is an indispensable mouse Col10a1 gene regulator and identified many other transcription factors (TFs) that potentially interact with the 150-bp Col10a1 cis-enhancer. However, the roles of these candidate TFs in Col10a1 expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy have not been elucidated. Here, we focus on 32 candidate TFs recently identified by analyzing the 150-bp Col10a1 enhancer using the transcription factor affinity prediction (TRAP) program. We found that 12 TFs (Hoxa3, Lsx, Evx2, Dlx5, S8, Pax2, Egr2, Mef2a, Barhl2, GKlf, Sox17, and Crx) were significantly upregulated and four TFs (Lhx4, Tbx5, Mef2c, and Hb9) were significantly downregulated in hypertrophic MCT cells, which show upregulation of Col10a1 expression. Most of the differential expression pattern of these TFs conformed with the results obtained from ATDC5 cell model and primary mouse chondrocytes. Notably, Tbx5 was downregulated upon Col10a1 upregulation, overexpression of Tbx5 decreased Col10a1 expression, and knock-down of Tbx5 increased Col10a1 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes, suggesting that Tbx5 is a negative regulator of Col10a1. We further generated a stable Tbx5-overexpressing ATDC5 cell line and ColX-Tbx5 transgenic mice driven by Col10a1-specific enhancers and promoters. Tbx5 overexpression decreased Col10a1 expression in ATDC5 cells cultured as early as day 7 and in limb tissue on post-natal day 1. Slightly weaker alkaline phosphatase staining was also observed in cell culture on day 7 and in limb digits on embryonic day 17.5, indicating mildly delayed ossification. Further characterization of these candidate Col10a1 transcriptional regulators could help identify novel therapeutic targets for skeletal diseases associated with abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Bian
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Huai'an Women & Children Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yuting Liang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruoxuan Hei
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Shenzhen Academy of Peptide Targeting Technology at Pingshan and Shenzhen Tyercan Bio-Pharm Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Junxia Gu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longwei Qiao
- Suzhou Affiliated to State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Gusu, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Shenzhen Academy of Peptide Targeting Technology at Pingshan and Shenzhen Tyercan Bio-Pharm Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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COMP and TSP-4: Functional Roles in Articular Cartilage and Relevance in Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052242. [PMID: 33668140 PMCID: PMC7956748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slow-progressing joint disease, leading to the degradation and remodeling of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). The usually quiescent chondrocytes become reactivated and accumulate in cell clusters, become hypertrophic, and intensively produce not only degrading enzymes, but also ECM proteins, like the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4). To date, the functional roles of these newly synthesized proteins in articular cartilage are still elusive. Therefore, we analyzed the involvement of both proteins in OA specific processes in in vitro studies, using porcine chondrocytes, isolated from femoral condyles. The effect of COMP and TSP-4 on chondrocyte migration was investigated in transwell assays and their potential to modulate the chondrocyte phenotype, protein synthesis and matrix formation by immunofluorescence staining and immunoblot. Our results demonstrate that COMP could attract chondrocytes and may contribute to a repopulation of damaged cartilage areas, while TSP-4 did not affect this process. In contrast, both proteins similarly promoted the synthesis and matrix formation of collagen II, IX, XII and proteoglycans, but inhibited that of collagen I and X, resulting in a stabilized chondrocyte phenotype. These data suggest that COMP and TSP-4 activate mechanisms to protect and repair the ECM in articular cartilage.
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Anderson-Baron M, Kunze M, Mulet-Sierra A, Osswald M, Ansari K, Seikaly H, Adesida AB. Nasal Chondrocyte-Derived Soluble Factors Affect Chondrogenesis of Cocultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:37-49. [PMID: 32122264 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of soluble factors released from human nasal chondrocytes (NCs) on cocultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and NC tissue-engineered constructs. Cartilage engineered from pure NCs on a three-dimensional (3D) porous collagen scaffold was cultured indirectly in a Transwell system with cartilage engineered from a direct coculture of human bone marrow-derived MSCs and NCs on a 3D porous collagen scaffold. The soluble factors were measured in the conditioned media from the different chambers of the Transwell system. Engineered cartilage from cocultures exposed to the pure NC construct exhibited reduced chondrogenic potential relative to control constructs, shown by reduced extracellular matrix deposition and increased expression of hypertrophic markers. Analysis of the soluble factors within the conditioned media showed an increase in inflammatory cytokines in the coculture chamber exposed to the pure NC construct. Principal component analysis revealed that the majority of the data variance could be explained by proinflammatory factors and hypertrophic chondrogenesis. In conclusion, our data suggest that inflammatory cytokines derived from NCs reduce the chondrogenic potential of coculture engineered cartilage through the induction of hypertrophic chondrogenesis. Impact statement The use of engineered cartilage from cocultured nasal chondrocytes (NCs) and mesenchymal stem cells for nasal cartilage reconstruction may be problematic. Our data suggest that the soluble factors from surrounding native NCs in the cartilage to be fixed can compromise the quality of the engineered cartilage if used in reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Anderson-Baron
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Melanie Kunze
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Martin Osswald
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada.,Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine (iRSM), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Khalid Ansari
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, 3-021 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Canada.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
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7
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He Y, Manon-Jensen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen KK, Christiansen T, Samuels J, Abramson S, Karsdal MA, Attur M, Bay-Jensen AC. Potential diagnostic value of a type X collagen neo-epitope biomarker for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:611-620. [PMID: 30654118 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenotypic changes of chondrocytes toward hypertrophy might be fundamental in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), of which type X collagen (Col10) is a well-known marker. The purpose was to develop a specific immunoassay for blood quantification of a newly identified neo-epitope of type Col10 to assess its diagnostic value for radiographic knee OA. METHODS A neo-epitope of Col10 was identified in urine samples from OA patients. A monoclonal antibody against the neo-epitope was produced in Balb/C mice. The enzyme responsible for the cleavage was identified. Immunohistochemical detection of this neo-epitope was performed on human OA cartilage. An immunoassay (Col10neo) was developed and quantified in two clinical studies: the C4Pain-003 and the NYU OA progression study. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to evaluate the discriminative power of Col10neo between OA and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RESULTS A neo-epitope specific mAb was produced. The Cathepsin K-generated neo-epitope was localized to the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes, while its presence was extended and more prominent in superficial fibrillation in the cartilage with advanced degradation. In the C4Pain study, a higher level of Col10neo was seen in subjects with greater KL grade. The group of the highest tertile of Col10neo included more subjects with KL3-4. In the NYU study, Col10neo was statistically higher in OA than control or RA. ROC curve analysis revealed area under the curve was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.94). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Col10neo linked to hypertrophic chondrocytes could be used as a diagnostic biochemical marker for knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - T Manon-Jensen
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - L Arendt-Nielsen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; C4Pain, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K K Petersen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - T Christiansen
- Orthopedic Department, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J Samuels
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - S Abramson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - M A Karsdal
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M Attur
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
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Maly K, Schaible I, Riegger J, Brenner RE, Meurer A, Zaucke F. The Expression of Thrombospondin-4 Correlates with Disease Severity in Osteoarthritic Knee Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020447. [PMID: 30669608 PMCID: PMC6359043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease characterized by a continuous degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). The expression of the extracellular glycoprotein thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) is known to be increased in injured tissues and involved in matrix remodeling, but its role in articular cartilage and, in particular, in OA remains elusive. In the present study, we analyzed the expression and localization of TSP-4 in healthy and OA knee cartilage by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunoblot. We found that TSP-4 protein expression is increased in OA and that expression levels correlate with OA severity. TSP-4 was not regulated at the transcriptional level but we detected changes in the anchorage of TSP-4 in the altered ECM using sequential protein extraction. We were also able to detect pentameric and fragmented TSP-4 in the serum of both healthy controls and OA patients. Here, the total protein amount was not significantly different but we identified specific degradation products that were more abundant in sera of OA patients. Future studies will reveal if these fragments have the potential to serve as OA-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Maly
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Inna Schaible
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Jana Riegger
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Rolf E Brenner
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Andrea Meurer
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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9
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Molecular characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in human osteoarthritis cartilage reveals contribution to the OA phenotype. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7044. [PMID: 29728632 PMCID: PMC5935742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human articular cartilage harbors a population of CD166+ mesenchymal stem cell-like progenitors that become more numerous during osteoarthritis (OA). While their role is not well understood, here we report that they are indeed part of cellular clusters formed in OA cartilage, which is a pathological hallmark of this disease. We hypothesize that these cells, termed OA mesenchymal stem cells (OA-MSCs), contribute to OA pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we generated and characterized multiple clonally derived stable/immortalized human OA-MSC cell lines, which exhibited the following properties. Firstly, two mesenchymal stem cell populations exist in human OA cartilage. While both populations are multi-potent, one preferentially undergoes chondrogenesis while the other exhibits higher osteogenesis potential. Secondly, both OA-MSCs exhibit significantly higher expression of hypertrophic OA cartilage markers COL10A1 and RUNX2, compared to OA chondrocytes. Induction of chondrogenesis in OA-MSCs further stimulated COL10A1 expression and MMP-13 release, suggesting that they contribute to OA phenotypes. Finally, knocking down RUNX2 is insufficient to inhibit COL10A1 in OA-MSCs and also requires simultaneous knockdown of NOTCH1 thereby suggesting altered gene regulation in OA stem cells in comparison to chondrocytes. Overall, our findings suggest that OA-MSCs may drive pathogenesis of cartilage degeneration and should therefore be a novel cell target for OA therapy.
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10
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Brophy RH, Zhang B, Cai L, Wright RW, Sandell LJ, Rai MF. Transcriptome comparison of meniscus from patients with and without osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:422-432. [PMID: 29258882 PMCID: PMC6007850 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of osteoarthritis (OA) on the meniscus by comparing transcripts and biological processes in the meniscus between patients with and without OA. DESIGN RNA microarrays were used to identify transcripts differentially expressed (DE) in meniscus obtained from 12 OA and 12 non-OA patients. The non-OA specimens were obtained at the time of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Real-time PCR was performed on selected transcripts. Biological processes and gene-networking was examined computationally. Transcriptome signatures were mapped with 37 OA-related transcripts to evaluate how meniscus gene expression relates to that of OA cartilage. RESULTS We identified 168 transcripts significantly DE between OA (75 elevated, 93 repressed) and non-OA samples (≥1.5-fold). Among these, CSN1S1, COL10A1, WIF1, and SPARCL1 were the most prominent transcripts elevated in OA meniscus, POSTN and VEGFA were most highly repressed in OA meniscus. Transcripts elevated in OA meniscus represented response to external stimuli, cell migration and cell localization while those repressed in OA meniscus represented histone deacetylase activity (related to epigenetics) and skeletal development. Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were DE between the two groups. When segregated by OA-related transcripts, two distinct clustering patterns appeared: OA meniscus appeared to be more inflammatory while non-OA meniscus exhibited a "repair" phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Numerous transcripts with potential relevance to the pathogenesis of OA are DE in OA and non-OA meniscus. These data suggest an involvement of epigenetically regulated histone deacetylation in meniscus tears as well as expression of lncRNAs. Patient clustering based on transcripts related to OA in articular cartilage confirmed distinct phenotypes between injured (non-OA) and OA meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Brophy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - B Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - L Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - R W Wright
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - L J Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering & Applied Science, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - M F Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Correlation between Gene Expression and Osteoarthritis Progression in Human. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071126. [PMID: 27428952 PMCID: PMC4964500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease characterized by gradual degradation of joint cartilage. This study aimed to quantify major pathogenetic factors during OA progression in human cartilage. Cartilage specimens were isolated from OA patients and scored 0–5 according to the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) guidelines. Protein and gene expressions were measured by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, respectively. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were used to detect apoptotic cells. Cartilage degeneration in OA is a gradual progress accompanied with gradual loss of collagen type II and a gradual decrease in mRNA expression of SOX9, ACAN and COL2A1. Expression of WNT antagonists DKK1 and FRZB was lost, while hypertrophic markers (RUNX2, COL10A1 and IHH) increased during OA progression. Moreover, DKK1 and FRZB negatively correlated with OA grading, while RUNX2 and IHH showed a significantly positive correlation with OA grading. The number of apoptotic cells was increased with the severity of OA. Taken together, our results suggested that genetic profiling of the gene expression could be used as markers for staging OA at the molecular level. This helps to understand the molecular pathology of OA and may lead to the development of therapies based on OA stage.
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Gronau T, Krüger K, Prein C, Aszodi A, Gronau I, Iozzo RV, Mooren FC, Clausen-Schaumann H, Bertrand J, Pap T, Bruckner P, Dreier R. Forced exercise-induced osteoarthritis is attenuated in mice lacking the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:442-449. [PMID: 27377816 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interterritorial regions of articular cartilage matrix are rich in decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan and important structural protein, also involved in many signalling events. Decorin sequesters transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), thereby regulating its activity. Here, we analysed whether increased bioavailability of TGFβ in decorin-deficient (Dcn-/-) cartilage leads to changes in biomechanical properties and resistance to osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Unchallenged knee cartilage was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and immunohistochemistry. Active transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ1) content within cultured chondrocyte supernatants was measured by ELISA. Quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR was used to analyse mRNA expression of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-modifying enzymes in C28/I2 cells following TGFβ1 treatment. In addition, OA was induced in Dcn-/- and wild-type (WT) mice via forced exercise on a treadmill. RESULTS AFM analysis revealed a strikingly higher compressive stiffness in Dcn-/- than in WT cartilage. This was accompanied by increased negative charge and enhanced sulfation of GAG chains, but not by alterations in the levels of collagens or proteoglycan core proteins. In addition, decorin-deficient chondrocytes were shown to release more active TGFβ1. Increased TGFβ signalling led to enhanced Chst11 sulfotransferase expression inducing an increased negative charge density of cartilage matrix. These negative charges might attract more water resulting in augmented compressive stiffness of the tissue. Therefore, decorin-deficient mice developed significantly less OA after forced exercise than WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the disruption of decorin-restricted TGFβ signalling leads to higher stiffness of articular cartilage matrix, rendering joints more resistant to OA. Therefore, the loss of an important structural component can improve cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gronau
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carina Prein
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), Munich University of Applied Sciences and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of General, Trauma and Reconstruction Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Gronau
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), Munich University of Applied Sciences and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Bruckner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Dreier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Gu J, Lu Y, Li F, Qiao L, Wang Q, Li N, Borgia JA, Deng Y, Lei G, Zheng Q. Identification and characterization of the novel Col10a1 regulatory mechanism during chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1469. [PMID: 25321476 PMCID: PMC4649528 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of human skeleton develops through the endochondral pathway, in which cartilage-forming chondrocytes proliferate and enlarge into hypertrophic chondrocytes that eventually undergo apoptosis and are replaced by bone. Although at a terminal differentiation stage, hypertrophic chondrocytes have been implicated as the principal engine of bone growth. Abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy has been seen in many skeletal dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Meanwhile, as a specific marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes, the type X collagen gene (COL10A1) is also critical for endochondral bone formation, as mutation and altered COL10A1 expression are often accompanied by abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy in many skeletal diseases. However, how the type X collagen gene is regulated during chondrocyte hypertrophy has not been fully elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that Runx2 interaction with a 150-bp mouse Col10a1 cis-enhancer is required but not sufficient for its hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific reporter expression in transgenic mice, suggesting requirement of additional Col10a1 regulators. In this study, we report in silico sequence analysis of this 150-bp enhancer and identification of its multiple binding factors, including AP1, MEF2, NFAT, Runx1 and TBX5. Using this enhancer as bait, we performed yeast one-hybrid assay and identified multiple candidate Col10a1-interacting genes, including cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1) and Cox-2. We have also performed mass spectrometry analysis and detected EF1-alpha, Fus, GdF7 and Runx3 as components of the specific complex formed by the cis-enhancer and nuclear extracts from hypertrophic MCT (mouse chondrocytes immortalized with large T antigen) cells that express Col10a1 abundantly. Notably, some of the candidate genes are differentially expressed in hypertrophic MCT cells and have been associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and Runx2, an indispensible Col10a1 regulator. Intriguingly, we detected high-level Cox-2 expression in hypertrophic MCT cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between Cox-2 and Col10a1 cis-enhancer, supporting its role as a candidate Col10a1 regulator. Together, our data support a Cox-2-containing, Runx2-centered Col10a1 regulatory mechanism, during chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - F Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - L Qiao
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - N Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - J A Borgia
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Lei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Q Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Lu Y, Qiao L, Lei G, Mira RR, Gu J, Zheng Q. Col10a1 gene expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy during skeletal development and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pesesse L, Sanchez C, Walsh DA, Delcour JP, Baudouin C, Msika P, Henrotin Y. Bone sialoprotein as a potential key factor implicated in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:547-56. [PMID: 24530278 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously identified an association between bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte hypertrophy but the precise role of BSP in ostearthritis (OA) has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to confirm the association between BSP and OA chondrocyte hypertrophy, to define its effect on molecules produced by chondrocytes and to analyse its association with cartilage degradation and vascular density at the osteochondral junction. METHOD Human OA chondrocytes were cultivated in order to increase hypertrophic differentiation. The effect of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), interleukin (IL)-1β or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α on BSP was analysed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. The effects of BSP on OA chondrocytes production of inflammatory response mediators (IL-6, nitric oxide), major matrix molecule (aggrecan), matrix metalloprotease-3 and angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, IL-8, and thrombospondin-1) were investigated. BSP was detected by immunohistochemistry and was associated with cartilage lesions severity and vascular density. RESULTS PTHrP significantly decreased BSP, confirming its association with chondrocyte hypertrophy. In presence of IL-1β, BSP stimulated IL-8 synthesis, a pro-angiogenic cytokine but decreased the production of TSP-1, an angiogenesis inhibitor. The presence of BSP-immunoreactive chondrocytes in cartilage was associated with the severity of histological cartilage lesions and with vascular density at the osteochondral junction. CONCLUSION This study supports the implication of BSP in the pathology of OA and suggests that it could be a key mediator of the hypertrophic chondrocytes-induced angiogenesis. To control chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation is promising in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pesesse
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - C Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - D A Walsh
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - J-P Delcour
- Bois de l'Abbaye Hospital, Seraing, Belgium.
| | - C Baudouin
- Expanscience Laboratories, IRD Direction, Epernon, France.
| | - P Msika
- Expanscience Laboratories, IRD Direction, Epernon, France.
| | - Y Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium.
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van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis: role in initiation and progression of cartilage degeneration? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:223-32. [PMID: 22178514 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the role and regulation of chondrocyte terminal differentiation (hypertrophy-like changes) in osteoarthritis (OA) and to integrate this in a conceptual model of primary OA development. METHODS Papers investigating chondrocyte terminal differentiation in human OA cartilage and experimental models of OA were recapitulated and discussed. Focus has been on the occurrence of hypertrophy-like changes in chondrocytes and the factors described to play a role in regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes in OA. RESULTS Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes are reported in both human OA and experimental OA models by most investigators. These changes play a crucial part in the OA disease process by protease-mediated cartilage degradation. We propose that altered chondrocyte behavior and concomitant cartilage degradation result in a disease-amplifying loop, leading to a mixture of disease stages and cellular responses within an OA joint. CONCLUSION Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes play a role in early and late stage OA. Since not all cells in an OA joint are synchronized, inhibition of hypertrophy-like changes might be a therapeutic target to slow down further OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University, Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Li F, Lu Y, Ding M, Napierala D, Abbassi S, Chen Y, Duan X, Wang S, Lee B, Zheng Q. Runx2 contributes to murine Col10a1 gene regulation through direct interaction with its cis-enhancer. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2899-910. [PMID: 21887706 PMCID: PMC3222790 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that a 150-bp Col10a1 distal promoter (-4296 to -4147 bp) is sufficient to direct hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific reporter (LacZ) expression in vivo. More recently, through detailed sequence analysis we identified two putative tandem-repeat Runx2 binding sites within the 3'-end of this 150-bp region (TGTGGG-TGTGGC, -4187 to -4176 bp). Candidate electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation, and transfection studies demonstrate that these putative Runx2 sites bind Runx2 and mediate upregulated Col10a1/reporter activity in vitro. Transgenic studies using the 5'-sequence without Runx2 sites were not able to drive the cell-specific LacZ reporter activity, suggesting the in vivo requirement of the Runx2 sites located in the 3'-end in mediating Col10a1/reporter expression. Indeed, mutating the Runx2 sites in the context of the 150-bp promoter abolishes its capacity to drive hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific reporter expression in transgenic mice. We have also generated multiple transgenic mouse lines using only the 3'-sequence containing the Runx2 sites to drive the LacZ gene. Interestingly, no hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific blue staining was observed in these transgenic mice. Together, our data support that Runx2 directly interacts with murine Col10a1 cis-enhancer. This interaction is required but not sufficient for cell-specific Col10a1 promoter activity in vivo. Additional cooperative/repressive elements within the 5'- or 3'-sequences of this 150-bp promoter are needed to work with Runx2 together to mediate cell-specific Col10a1 expression. Further delineation of these elements/factors has the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for multiple skeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis, that show abnormal Col10a1 expression and altered chondrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Sanchez C, Deberg MA, Piccardi N, Msika P, Reginster JYL, Henrotin YE. Subchondral bone osteoblasts induce phenotypic changes in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:988-97. [PMID: 16168681 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of osteoarthritic (OA) phenotype of subchondral osteoblasts on the phenotype of human chondrocytes. METHODS Human chondrocytes were isolated from OA cartilage and cultured in alginate beads for 4 or 10 days in the absence or in the presence of osteoblasts in monolayer. The osteoblasts were either isolated from non-sclerotic (N) or sclerotic (SC) zones of human subchondral bone. Before co-culture, osteoblasts were incubated for 72 h with or without 1.7 ng/ml interleukin (IL)-1beta, 100 ng/ml IL-6 with its soluble receptor (50 ng/ml) or 10 ng/ml oncostatin M. SOX9, type I, II and X collagen (COL1, COL2, COL10), osteoblasts-stimulating factor (OSF)-1, bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) and its receptor (PTH-R) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in chondrocytes were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In comparison with chondrocytes cultured alone in alginate beads, chondrocytes after 4 days in co-culture with N or SC osteoblasts expressed significantly less SOX9 and COL2 mRNA. The decrease of SOX9 and COL2 gene expression was significantly more pronounced in the presence of SC than in the presence of N osteoblasts (P<0.001). OSF-1 mRNA level in chondrocyte was increased by both N and SC osteoblasts, but to a larger extent by SC osteoblasts (P<0.001). PTHrP expression in chondrocytes was 21-fold increased by N osteoblasts but four-fold inhibited by SC osteoblasts. PTHrP secretion was also increased by N but reduced by SC osteoblasts. SC, but not N osteoblasts, induced a significant decrease of PTH-R gene expression in chondrocyte. In our experimental conditions, chondrocytes did not express COL1, COL10 or ALP, even after 10 days of co-culture with osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS In co-culture, SC subchondral osteoblasts decrease SOX9, COL2, PTHrP and PTH-R gene expression by chondrocytes but increase that of OSF-1. These findings suggest that SC osteoblasts could initiate chondrocyte phenotype shift towards hypertrophic differentiation and subsequently further matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Metabolism Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, CHU B23, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Seto H, Kamekura S, Miura T, Yamamoto A, Chikuda H, Ogata T, Hiraoka H, Oda H, Nakamura K, Kurosawa H, Chug UI, Kawaguchi H, Tanaka S. Distinct roles of Smad pathways and p38 pathways in cartilage-specific gene expression in synovial fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses the progress in three major fields of "genomics of osteoarthritis" over the past year: genetic alterations thought to be important for the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis, differential gene expression analysis, and functional genomics of osteoarthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Distinct genetic risk factors may predispose different joint sites to osteoarthritis, and although clear loci for susceptibility genes for common osteoarthritis have yet to emerge from the epidemiological studies, new approaches are narrowing down known loci. The search for specific genes using cDNA array technology has further demonstrated its potential in arthritis research as a powerful tool that could further provide biological insights into disease mechanisms, osteoarthritis polymorphic subtypes, the molecular validation of animal models, and the monitoring of drug activity on gene expression levels. Gene expression analysis has further characterized the striking shift in the gene expression pattern during "dedifferentiation" of chondrocytes in vitro as well as added depth to the phenotype of differentiated versus undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Several new molecules potentially relevant to the disease process were identified, among them beta2-microglobulin (B2M), clusterin, and chitinase-like molecule 2. SUMMARY Functional genomic approaches will in the future allow to complement traditional biochemistry and molecular biology. Although there are limitations to cDNA array technology, "molecular portraits" of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro can be produced to analyze whole or large biologic systems rather than just single aspects of it. This will stimulate the testing of new markers, which are needed for the diagnosis and monitoring of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aigner
- Cartilage Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Germany.
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Salminen H, Vuorio E, Säämänen AM. Expression of Sox9 and type IIA procollagen during attempted repair of articular cartilage damage in a transgenic mouse model of osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:947-55. [PMID: 11315934 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<947::aid-anr152>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the capacity of chondrocytes in aging and degenerating articular cartilage to produce major components of the extracellular matrix and maintain the normal structure of articular cartilage in a transgenic mouse model of osteoarthritis. METHODS Transcription factor Sox9 was used as an indicator of the activation and maintenance of the articular chondrocyte phenotype. Knee joints of Del1 mice carrying 6 copies of the pro alpha1(II) collagen transgene with a short deletion mutation were analyzed at the age of 10 days and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 15 months by Northern hybridization, RNase protection assay, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Nontransgenic littermates were used as controls. RESULTS We demonstrated the presence of Sox9 in articular chondrocytes during development, growth, and aging, with the highest messenger RNA levels during the period of rapid growth. With the appearance of degenerative lesions in articular cartilage, 2 repair processes were observed. Local proliferation and activation of chondrocytes rich in Sox9, surrounded by type IIA procollagen and proteoglycans, was seen in articular cartilage. In contrast, metabolically inactive chondrocytes were observed at the margins of the defects. They were devoid of Sox9 and were surrounded by a proteoglycan-poor matrix. Sometimes, the lesions were filled with repair tissue that contained type III collagen but little proteoglycan or type II collagen. CONCLUSION The results indicate that chondrocytes in mature articular cartilage are capable of inducing the production of Sox9 and type IIA procollagen, which is typical of early chondrogenesis. Degenerative defects in the knee joints of transgenic Del1 mice are associated with local activation of chondrocytes, which probably contributes to the repair process. In other areas, the repair process produces a noncartilaginous matrix, which is insufficient to maintain the integrity of articular cartilage and which allows degeneration to proceed.
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MESH Headings
- Aggrecans
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Collagen/genetics
- Collagen/metabolism
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics
- High Mobility Group Proteins/metabolism
- Knee Joint/metabolism
- Knee Joint/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Procollagen/genetics
- Procollagen/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- SOX9 Transcription Factor
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Sevalla K, Todhunter RJ, Vernier-Singer M, Budsberg SC. Effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on DNA content and proteoglycan metabolism in normal and osteoarthritic canine articular cartilage explants. Vet Surg 2000; 29:407-14. [PMID: 10999454 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2000.9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) on proteoglycan metabolism and DNA content of control and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. STUDY DESIGN An in vitro study comparing the effects of PSGAG on articular cartilage explants from canine stifle joints with and without chronic OA after transection of the left cranial cruciate ligament. SAMPLE POPULATION Five large cross-breed dogs. METHODS Cartilage explants (6 to 13 per treatment group) from the medial side of the femoral trochlea and medial femoral condyle from both stifles of each dog were incubated in a defined medium containing 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg/mL of PSGAG. After 72 hours in culture, explants were pulsed for 6 hours with sodium [35S]sulfate. Aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) was used to activate endogenous neutral matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and induce proteoglycan degradation in the radiolabeled explants. DNA content and radioactivity were measured in papain-digested explants, and radioactivity was measured in the medium by liquid scintillation counting. Proteoglycan synthesis and degradation were calculated. Cartilage was examined histologically for signs of OA. A mixed model analysis of variance and linear contrasts were used to test for significant (P < .05) effects of OA and treatment with PSGAG. RESULTS Transection of the cranial cruciate ligament produced OA in operated joints. DNA content and proteoglycan synthesis of OA cartilage were significantly lower than in cartilage from control joints. For both DNA content and proteoglycan synthesis, significant interactions occurred between the concentration of PSGAG and whether the articular cartilage was from OA or control joints. The two lower concentrations of PSGAG (0.05 and 0.5 mg/mL) predominantly increased DNA content in OA cartilage (7 and 18%, respectively, compared with 0 mg/mL PSGAG) while the highest concentration (5 mg/mL) predominantly increased DNA content in control cartilage (30% compared with 0 mg/mL PSGAG). PSGAG at .05 mg/mL predominantly decreased proteoglycan synthesis in OA cartilage (19% reduction compared with 0 mg/mL PSGAG) while PSGAG at .5 and 5 mg/mL predominantly decreased proteoglycan synthesis in control cartilage (17 and 55% reduction, respectively, compared with 0 mg/mL PSGAG). Following activation of MMPs, PSGAG caused a dose-dependent decrease in degradation of radiolabeled proteoglycan in both OA and control cartilage. CONCLUSIONS OA cartilage was responsive to treatment with PSGAG at 100-fold lower concentration than control cartilage. When treated with PSGAG, articular cartilage explants maintained or increased DNA content at the expense of proteoglycan synthesis. Following MMP activation, proteoglycan degradation was inhibited in OA and control explants in a dose-dependent manner. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If the results of this study extend to in vivo use, treatment with PSGAG may modify the progression of OA in articular cartilage by maintaining chondrocyte viability or stimulating chondrocyte division as well as protecting against extracellular matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sevalla
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Pap G, Eberhardt R, Röcken C, Nebelung W, Neumann HW, Roessner A. Expression of stromelysin and urokinase type plasminogen activator protein in resection specimens and biopsies at different stages of osteoarthritis of the knee. Pathol Res Pract 2000; 196:219-26. [PMID: 10782465 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(00)80070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the possible diagnostic value of cartilage biopsies as a convenient marker for cartilage matrix degradation. We therefore examined cartilage specimens from 56 patients with primary osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Resection and biopsy cartilage specimens obtained during joint replacement surgery were used for this study. In addition to histomorphology, immunohistochemistry (ICH) was performed to determine the expression levels and distribution patterns of stromelysin and u-PA protein. The latter data were compared with the degree of histomorphological changes in osteoarthritic cartilage samples, based on a modified version of Mankin's grading score. Compared to the cartilage resection specimens, the biopsies showed comparable expression patterns for both proteinases: the strongest signals were noted in the superficial zone and, as matrix destruction increased, also in the chondrocytes of the transition and deep zones. The strongest signals were ascertained in cell clusters beneath deep matrix fissures. At the immunohistochemical level, we found a direct correlation in the expression of MMP-3 and u-PA between resection specimens and biopsies. Furthermore, in both types of cartilage samples, we noticed a positive relationship between the expression of both proteins and the Mankin score. Analysis of the expression levels revealed significant differences between deep, transition and superficial zones. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical examinations of MMP-3 and u-PA in biopsies of osteoarthritic cartilage turned out to be useful for estimating the pathological changes within osteoarthritic knee joints. Therefore, in future, cartilage biopsies from osteoarthritic knee joints might serve as a diagnostic tool and thus have an influence on further therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pap
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Magdeburg, School of Medicine, Germany.
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Connor JR, Dodds RA, Emery JG, Kirkpatrick RB, Rosenberg M, Gowen M. Human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA expression in adult and fetal chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes by in-situ hybridization. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000; 8:87-95. [PMID: 10772238 DOI: 10.1053/joca.1999.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression pattern of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA in human cartilage and bone. DESIGN In-situ hybridization analysis was used to examine the expression pattern of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA in adult human osteoarthritic articular cartilage from various stages of disease, as well as in human osteophytic tissue and in human fetal bone. RESULTS In cartilage from patients with mild osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration, HC gp-39 was expressed at moderate to high levels only in chondrocytes of the superficial zone. In advanced OA cartilage, cloning chondrocytes of the superficial zone expressed high levels of HC gp-39 and chondrocytes of the mid- and deep zones were also positive. HC gp-39 was undetectable in the chondrocytes of normal articular cartilage. In osteophytic tissue, the expression of HC gp-39 mRNA was intense in flattened, end-stage osteoblasts and in primary osteocytes in both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. Proliferating osteoblasts expressed low to moderate levels. Notably, mature osteocytes were negative for HC gp-39 expression. Chondrocytes in the secondary ossification center of developing fetal cartilage demonstrated high expression while growth plate and mineralized cartilage chondrocytes had lower expression. Osteoblasts at sites of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation were positive for expression of HC gp-39. CONCLUSIONS The stage-specific expression of HC gp-39 in fetal development and adult remodelling bone and cartilage provides evidence for a specific functional or structural role for HC gp-39 in bone and cartilage tissue. HC gp-39 is expressed in diseased human osteoarthritic cartilage and osteophyte, but not in non-diseased tissue, and its distribution within the tissue changes as disease progresses. OA is characterized not only by cartilage degeneration, but by increased subchondral bone formation and osteophytosis. The results from this study indicate that the increased HC gp-39 expression in OA serum and synovial fluid may reflect not only cartilage degeneration but increased osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Connor
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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Hernández-Vidal G, Jeffcott LB, Davies ME. Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in equine dyschondroplastic articular cartilage. Vet J 1998; 156:193-201. [PMID: 9883087 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(98)80122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A polyclonal antiserum raised in sheep against human cathepsin B was tested for specificity and cross-reactivity with the horse homologue by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, prior to being used for immunolocalization of the enzyme in equine articular cartilage. In Western blots, the antiserum recognized the 30 kDa single chain and 25 kDa heavy chain of the mature enzyme in purified bovine cathepsin B, and corresponding bands at 32 and 27 kDa in equine chondrocyte and fibroblast lysates. This antiserum was then used to compare the expression and distribution of cathepsin B in normal and dyschondroplastic cartilage of young horses. In normal articular cartilage (n = 6 animals), significant amounts of enzyme were detected only in hypertrophic chondrocytes in the deep zone. The enzyme was intracellular, located in the lysosomal granules. No extracellular matrix staining was observed. Levels of cathepsin B were increased slightly above normal in the deep zone in age-matched dyschondroplastic cartilage (n = 5 animals). The most striking finding, however, was the abundance of the enzyme in chondrocyte clonal clusters associated with the lesions. Cathepsin B levels were low in chondrocytes isolated from normal cartilage (n = 6), but increased progressively during serial subculture, reaching a maximum at passage 5-6. In contrast, primary cultures of dyschondroplastic chondrocytes (n = 3) expressed abundant cathepsin B.
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Erdmann S, Burkhardt H, von der Mark K, Müller W. Mapping of a carboxyl-terminal active site of parathyroid hormone by calcium-imaging. Cell Calcium 1998; 23:413-21. [PMID: 9924633 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(98)90098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that the C-terminal fragment PTH (52-84) effectively increases intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in a subset of growth plate chondrocytes not activated by the N-terminal PTH fragment (1-34). Here we characterize the active site on C-terminal PTH (52-84) with respect to calcium (Ca2+)-signaling and the mechanism involved by using synthetic PTH-subfragments in digital CCD ratio-imaging experiments. Our results show amino acids 73-76 to be the core region for increasing [Ca2+]i. Ryanodine (1 microM), caffeine (10 mM), lithium (2 mM), or cyclopiazonic acid (2-5 microM), agents that interfere with intracellular Ca2+ release, all failed to block PTH (52-84) induced [Ca2+]i increases. Depletion of extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) blocked PTH (52-84) induced [Ca2+]i increases, indicating a transmembrane Ca2+ influx. In contrast to voltage-gated and Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ influx, PTH (52-84) evoked Ca2+ influx was not blocked by nickel (1 mM). We conclude that PTH amino acids 73-76 are essential for activation of a nickel-insensitive Ca2+ influx pathway in growth plate chondrocytes that is likely to be of relevance for matrix calcification, a key step in endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erdmann
- Institut für Physiologie der Charité, Abteilung Neurophysiologie, AG Molekulare Zellphysiologie, Berlin, Germany
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Beier F, Vornehm S, Pöschl E, von der Mark K, Lammi MJ. Localization of silencer and enhancer elements in the human type X collagen gene. J Cell Biochem 1997; 66:210-8. [PMID: 9213222 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970801)66:2<210::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Collagen type X is a short, network-forming collagen expressed temporally and spatially tightly controlled in hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Studies on chicken chondrocytes indicate that the regulation of type X collagen gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. In this study, we have analyzed the regulatory elements of the human type X collagen (Col10a1) by reporter gene constructs and transient transfections in chondrogenic and nonchondrogenic cells. Four different promoter fragments covering up to 2,864 bp of 5'-flanking sequences, either including or lacking the first intron, were linked to luciferase reporter gene and transfected into 3T3 fibroblasts, HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, prehypertrophic chondrocytes from the resting zone, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and chondrogenic cell lines. The results indicated the presence of three regulatory elements in the human Col10a1 gene besides the proximal promoter. First, a negative regulatory element located between 2.4 and 2.8 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site was active in all nonchondrogenic cells and in prehypertrophic chondrocytes. Second, a positive, but also non-tissue-specific positive regulatory element was present in the first intron. Third, a cell-type-specific enhancer element active only in hypertrophic chondrocytes was located between -2.4 and -0.9 kb confirming a previous report by Thomas et al. [(1995): Gene 160:291-296]. The enhancing effect, however, was observed only when calcium phosphate was either used for transfection or included in the culture medium after lipofection. These findings demonstrate that the rigid control of human Col10a1 gene expression is achieved by both positive and negative regulatory elements in the gene and provide the basis for the identification of factors binding to those elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Beier
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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