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Ortega-Sanhueza I, Girard V, Ziegler-Devin I, Chapuis H, Brosse N, Valenzuela F, Banerjee A, Fuentealba C, Cabrera-Barjas G, Torres C, Méndez A, Segovia C, Pereira M. Preparation and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles from Different Plant Sources. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1610. [PMID: 38891555 PMCID: PMC11174508 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This article presents new research on producing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the antisolvent nanoprecipitation method. Acetone (90%) served as the lignin solvent and water (100%) as the antisolvent, using five types of lignins from various sources. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including NMR, GPC, FTIR, TEM, and DLS, were employed to assess both lignin and LNP properties. The antioxidant activity of the LNPs was evaluated as well. The results demonstrated the successful formation of spherical nanoparticles below 100 nm with initial lignin concentrations of 1 and 2%w/v. The study highlighted the crucial role of lignin purity in LNP formation and colloidal stability, noting that residual carbohydrates adversely affect efficiency. This method offers a straightforward, environmentally friendly approach using cost-effective solvents, applicable to diverse lignin sources. The innovation of this study lies in its demonstration of a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to produce stable, nanometric-sized spherical LNPs. These LNPs have significant potential as reinforcement materials due to their reinforcing capability, hydrophilicity, and UV absorption. This work underscores the importance of starting material purity for optimizing the process and achieving the desired nanometric dimensions, marking a pioneering advancement in lignin-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Ortega-Sanhueza
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070374, Chile; (C.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Victor Girard
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (V.G.); (I.Z.-D.); (H.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Isabelle Ziegler-Devin
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (V.G.); (I.Z.-D.); (H.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Hubert Chapuis
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (V.G.); (I.Z.-D.); (H.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (V.G.); (I.Z.-D.); (H.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Francisca Valenzuela
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile; (F.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Aparna Banerjee
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile; (F.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Cecilia Fuentealba
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Av. Cordillera 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, P.O. Box 4051 Mail 3, Concepción, Chile;
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackena, 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile;
| | - Camilo Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070374, Chile; (C.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Alejando Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070374, Chile; (C.T.); (A.M.)
| | - César Segovia
- Centre d’Essais Textile Lorrain, CETELOR—Université de Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88051 Epinal, France;
| | - Miguel Pereira
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070374, Chile
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2
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Bansal R, Barshilia HC, Pandey KK. Nanotechnology in wood science: Innovations and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130025. [PMID: 38340917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Application of nanomaterials is gaining tremendous interest in the field of wood science and technology for value addition and enhancing performance of wood and wood-based composites. This review focuses on the use of nanomaterials in improving the properties of wood and wood-based materials and protecting them from weathering, biodegradation, and other deteriorating agents. UV-resistant, self-cleaning (superhydrophobic) surfaces with anti-microbial properties have been developed using the extraordinary features of nanomaterials. Scratch-resistant nano-coatings also improve durability and aesthetic appeal of wood. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as wood preservatives for increasing the resistance against wood deteriorating agents such as fungi, termites and borers. Wood can be made more resistant to ignition and slower to burn by introducing nano-clays or nanoparticles of metal-oxides. The use of nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles in wood-based products has attracted huge interest in developing novel materials with improved properties. Nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles derived/synthesized from woody biomass can enhance the mechanical properties such as strength and stiffness and impart additional functionalities to wood-based products. Cellulose nano-fibres/crystals find application in wide areas of materials science like reinforcement for composites. Incorporation of nanomaterials in resin has been used to enhance specific properties of wood-based composites. This review paper highlights some of the advancements in the use of nanotechnology in wood science, and its potential impact on the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Bansal
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560003, India
| | - Harish C Barshilia
- CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, HAL Airport Road, Bangalore 560017, India
| | - Krishna K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560003, India.
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3
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Zhao L, Wang Y, Wang Q, Liu S, Ji X. Lignin Nanoparticles Produced from Wheat Straw Black Liquor Using γ-Valerolactone. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38201715 PMCID: PMC10780368 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The valorization of the black liquor produced during the chemical pulping of wheat straw is the key to the sustainable use of this abundant agricultural waste. However, the silica problem has hampered the recovery process. Herein, nanoprecipitation technology was used to produce lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) from wheat straw black liquor using γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a solvent and water as an anti-solvent. The results showed that a uniform, well-dispersed, and stable LNP was produced. The particle size and Zeta potential of 161 nm and -24 mV of the LNP suspension were obtained at a GVL concentration of 87%. The chemical structure and bonding of the lignin were adequately preserved after nanoprecipitation based on two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-HSQC NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and thermal stability was improved based on thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups of LNP quantified by 31P-NMR analysis are beneficial for chemical cross-linking and modification. This work not only achieved the valorization of wheat straw black liquor but also opened up a new avenue for advanced nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
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4
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Wu Z, Lin X, Teng J, Li M, Song J, Huang C, Wang R, Ying H, Zhang L, Zhu C. Recent Advances of Lignin Functionalization for High-Performance and Advanced Functional Rubber Composites. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4553-4567. [PMID: 37813827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The biomass lignin is the only large-volume renewable feedstock that is composed of aromatics but has been largely underutilized and is sought for valorization as a value-added material. Recent research has highlighted lignin as a promising alternative to traditional petrol-based reinforcements and functional additives for rubber composites. This review summarized the recent advances in the functionalization of lignin for a variety of rubber composites, as well as the compounding techniques for effectively dispersing lignin within the rubber matrix. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of high-performance and advanced functional rubber/lignin composites through carefully designing the structure of lignin-based additives and the optimization of interfacial morphologies. This Review discussed the effect of lignin on composite properties, including mechanical reinforcement, dynamic properties, antiaging performance, and oil resistance, and also the advanced stimuli-responsive performance in detail. A critical analysis for the future development of rubber/lignin composites is presented as concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhe Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiran Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiye Teng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Runguo Wang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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5
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Abraham B, Syamnath VL, Arun KB, Fathima Zahra PM, Anjusha P, Kothakotta A, Chen YH, Ponnusamy VK, Nisha P. Lignin-based nanomaterials for food and pharmaceutical applications: Recent trends and future outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163316. [PMID: 37028661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small particles of size ranging from 1 to 100 nm are referred to as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have tremendous applications in various sectors, including the areas of food and pharmaceutics. They are being prepared from multiple natural sources widely. Lignin is one such source that deserves special mention due to its ecological compatibility, accessibility, abundance, and low cost. This amorphous heterogeneous phenolic polymer is the second most abundant molecule in nature after cellulose. Apart from being used as a biofuel source, lignin is less explored for its potential at a nano-level. In plants, lignin exhibits cross-linking structures with cellulose and hemicellulose. Numerous advancements have taken place in synthesizing nanolignins for manufacturing lignin-based materials to benefit from the untapped potential of lignin in high-value-added applications. Lignin and lignin-based nanoparticles have numerous applications, but in this review, we are mainly focusing on the applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. The exercise we undertake has great relevance as it helps scientists and industries gain valuable insights into lignin's capabilities and exploit its physical and chemical properties to facilitate the development of future lignin-based materials. We have summarized the available lignin resources and their potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries at various levels. This review attempts to understand various methods adopted for the preparation of nanolignin. Furthermore, the unique properties of nano-lignin-based materials and their applications in fields including the packaging industry, emulsions, nutrient delivery, drug delivery hydrogels, tissue engineering, and biomedical applications were well-discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billu Abraham
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - V L Syamnath
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - K B Arun
- Department of Life Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 29, India
| | - P M Fathima Zahra
- College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, India
| | - P Anjusha
- College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, India
| | - Anjhinaeyulu Kothakotta
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan.
| | - P Nisha
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Trivandrum 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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6
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Enhanced Mechanical Stability and Hydrophobicity of Cellulose Aerogels via Quantitative Doping of Nano-Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051316. [PMID: 36904557 PMCID: PMC10007250 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a porous biomass sustainable material, cellulose aerogel has attracted significant attention due to its unique properties in various applications. However, its mechanical stability and hydrophobicity are huge obstacles hindering practical applications. In this work, nano-lignin quantitative doping cellulose nanofiber aerogel was successfully fabricated via liquid nitrogen freeze drying combing vacuum oven drying. The impact of various parameters (lignin content, temperature, and matrix concentration) on the property of the as-prepared materials was systematically explored, revealing the optimum conditions. The morphology, mechanical properties, internal structure, and thermal degradation of the as-prepared aerogels were characterized by various methods (compression test, contact angle, SEM, BET, DSC, and TGA). Compared with pure cellulose aerogel, the addition of nano-lignin did not significantly change the pore size and specific surface area of the material but could improve its thermal stability. In particular, the enhanced mechanical stable and hydrophobic properties of cellulose aerogel via the quantitative doping of nano-lignin was confirmed. The mechanical compressive strength of 160-13.5 C/L-aerogel is as high as 0.913 MPa, while the contact angle was nearly reaching 90°. Significantly, this study provides a new strategy for constructing a novel cellulose nanofiber aerogel with mechanical stability and hydrophobicity.
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7
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Bélanger N, Prasher S, Dumont MJ. Tailoring biochar production for use as a reinforcing bio-based filler in rubber composites: a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2089584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bélanger
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Shiv Prasher
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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8
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Yuan C, Sun J, Tian X, Yuan Y. Preparation of high‐performance deproteinized natural rubber/chitosan composite films via a green and sulfur‐free method. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jinyu Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yizhong Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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9
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Evaluation of vulcanization systems in natural rubber elastomeric tire sidewall compositions with lignin as a stabilizing agent. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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He Z, Li Y, Liu C, Yang J, Qian M, Zhu Y, Wang X. Turning lignin into treasure: An innovative filler comparable to commercial carbon black for the green development of the rubber industry. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:891-899. [PMID: 35907456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the global carbon neutrality action, biomass-derived functional materials have been applied in many fields to alleviate the pressure brought by the depletion of fossil energy. However, due to the complex structure, lignin faces many difficulties in its high-value utilization. The second largest biomass in the world has become the largest "natural waste". In this paper, the lignin-based biochar-silica (LB-S) hybrid nanoparticles were prepared via a combination of two-step acid precipitation and carbonization using lignin black liquor extracted from xylose residue and sodium silicate as raw materials. The effects of carbonization temperature and lignin-based biochar (LB) content on the reinforcing properties of LB-S were studied. The results show that the particle size, specific surface area, pore characteristics, and surface polarity of LB-S all affect the mechanical properties of the final vulcanizates. The reinforcement performance of the best sample (LMB500-S) with "high structure" characteristics can be comparable to that of commercial carbon black (CB) N550. This study shows that LMB500-S hybrid nanoparticles with economic benefits possess the potential to completely replace commercial CB, which can turn lignin waste into treasure and promote the green development of traditional rubber industry in the context of carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision Test Institute, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision Test Institute, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yanchao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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11
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Liu K, Zhuang Y, Chen J, Yang G, Dai L. Research Progress on the Preparation and High-Value Utilization of Lignin Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137254. [PMID: 35806259 PMCID: PMC9266533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles, the innovative achievements in the development and utilization of lignin, combine the structural characteristics of nanomaterials and lignin molecules and have a wide range of applications. In this review, we summarize the methods for preparing lignin nanoparticles by solvent exchange method, mechanical method, biological enzymatic method, interface polymerization/crosslinking method, and spray freezing method, and emphatically introduce the application prospects of lignin nanoparticles in ultraviolet protection, antibacterial, nano-filler, drug delivery, and adsorption, aiming to provide a certain reference direction for additional high-value applications of lignin nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Yuntang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Guihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (L.D.)
| | - Lin Dai
- College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (L.D.)
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12
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A Review of Rubber Biocomposites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fillers. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fillers have attracted considerable attention over the years as a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based fillers (carbon black) in rubber composites due to their renewability, biodegradability, availability, high mechanical properties, low density and low cost. Based on the literature available, a comprehensive review is presented here of rubber biocomposites reinforced with plant-based fillers. The study is divided into different sections depending on the matrix (natural or synthetic rubber) and the type of lignocellulosic fillers (natural fiber, microcrystalline cellulose, lignin and nanocellulose). This review focuses on the curing characteristics, mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of the resulting rubber biocomposites. In addition, the effect of hybrid filler systems, lignocellulosic filler surface modification and modification of the rubber matrix on the properties of these rubber biocomposites are presented and compared. A conclusion is finally presented with some openings for future works.
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Application of Sulfur and Peroxide Curing Systems for Cross-Linking of Rubber Composites Filled with Calcium Lignosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091921. [PMID: 35567090 PMCID: PMC9103945 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium lignosulfonate in different loadings was applied to the rubber matrix based on EPDM. A sulfur curing system, organic peroxide, and a combination of organic peroxide with two coagent types were used for cross-linking of rubber compounds. The work was focused on the investigation of filler content and curing system composition in the curing process, cross-link density, morphology, and physical–mechanical properties of composites. The achieved results demonstrated that the curing parameters of rubber compounds cured with the sulfur system were significantly different from those cured with peroxide systems. There was also an observed different influence of curing systems composition on cross link density, though in all cases, the degree of cross-linking showed a decreasing trend with increasing content of lignosulfonate. The tensile strength of the composites cured with sulfur system and organic peroxide was comparable, regardless of lignosulfonate loading. This points to the application of both curing systems in cross-linking of rubber compounds with biopolymer filler. However, the introduction of coagents in peroxide vulcanization led to the improvement of adhesion and compatibility between the rubber and the filler on the filler–rubber interface. This subsequently resulted in the improvement of the tensile characteristics of composites. The introduction of organic peroxide in combination with coagent seems to be a very simple and efficient way for the preparation of biopolymer-filled composites with applicable physical–mechanical properties.
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14
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He T, Chen F, Zhu W, Yan N. Functionalized lignin nanoparticles for producing mechanically strong and tough flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1339-1351. [PMID: 35460757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong interest in developing environmentally friendly synthesis approaches for making polyurethane elastomers (PUE) with desirable mechanical performance and flame retardancy suitable for a variety of applications. Hence, in this study, a novel nano functionalized lignin nanoparticle (Nano-FL) containing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) moieties was developed via mild grafting reactions combined with the ultrasound method. The Nano-FL incorporated in the PUE acted as both crosslinking agents and flame retardants. The novel Nano-FL showed good compatibility and dispersibility in the PUE matrix, thereby overcoming the weakening effect of adding traditional lignin flame retardants on the mechanical properties of the PUE materials. PUE/Nano-FL exhibited strong tensile properties. Compared with control neat PUE, with 10 wt% of Nano-FL addition, the PUE attained a limiting oxygen index as high as 29.8% and it also passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, Cone Calorimetry Test (CCT) showed that the addition of Nano-FL not only reduced the heat release rate and the total heat release but also decreased the total smoke production rate during combustion. The char residues of PUEs with Nano-FL showed a high oxidation resistance with dense and continuous structural morphologies. The combined barrier and quenching effects of the char layer provided excellent flame retardancy performance. The novel Nano-FL developed in this study showed excellent promises as green functional additives for enhancing mechanical, thermal and flame retardancy performance of a wide range of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Fangeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.
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15
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Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials and Applications of Lignocellulose-Based Polyurethanes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050881. [PMID: 35267704 PMCID: PMC8912558 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review is devoted to the description of the state-of-the-art techniques and procedures concerning treatments and modifications of lignocellulosic materials in order to use them as precursors for biomaterials, biochemicals and biofuels, with particular focus on lignin and lignin-based products. Four different main pretreatment types are outlined, i.e., thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological, with special emphasis on the biological action of fungi and bacteria. Therefore, by selecting a determined type of fungi or bacteria, some of the fractions may remain unaltered, while others may be decomposed. In this sense, the possibilities to obtain different final products are massive, depending on the type of microorganism and the biomass selected. Biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials derived from lignocellulose are extensively described, covering those obtained from the lignocellulose as a whole, but also from the main biopolymers that comprise its structure, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, special attention has been paid to the formulation of bio-polyurethanes from lignocellulosic materials, focusing more specifically on their applications in the lubricant, adhesive and cushioning material fields. High-performance alternatives to petroleum-derived products have been reported, such as adhesives that substantially exceed the adhesion performance of those commercially available in different surfaces, lubricating greases with tribological behaviour superior to those in lithium and calcium soap and elastomers with excellent static and dynamic performance.
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16
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Influence of Temperature and Lignin Concentration on Formation of Colloidal Lignin Particles in Solvent-Shifting Precipitation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal lignin particles offer a promising route towards material applications of lignin. While many parameters influencing the formation of these particles in solvent-shifting precipitation have been studied, only a small amount of research on the influence of temperature has been conducted so far, despite it being a major influence parameter in the precipitation of colloidal lignin particles. Temperature influences various other relevant properties, such as viscosity, density, and lignin solubility. This makes investigation of both temperature and lignin concentration in combination interesting. The present work investigates the precipitation at different temperatures and initial lignin concentrations, revealing that an increased mixing temperature results in smaller particle sizes, while the yield is slightly lowered. This effect was strongest at the highest lignin concentration, lowering the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles from 205 to 168 nm. Decreasing the lignin concentration resulted in significantly smaller particles (from 205 to 121 nm at 20 °C mixing temperature) but almost no change in particle yield (between 81.2 and 84.6% at 20 °C mixing temperature). This opens up possibilities for the process control and optimization of lignin precipitation.
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17
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A recent advancement on preparation, characterization and application of nanolignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:303-326. [PMID: 34999045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year, 50 to 70 million tonnes of lignin are produced worldwide as by-products from pulp industries and biorefineries through numerous processes. Nevertheless, about 98% of lignin is directly burnt to produce steam to generate energy for the pulp mills and only a handful of isolated lignin is used as a raw material for the chemical conversion and for the preparation of various substances as well as modification of lignin into nanomaterials. Thus, thanks to its complex structure, the conversion of lignin to nanolignin, attracting growing attention and generating considerable interest in the scientific community. The objective of this review is to provide a complete understanding and knowledge of the synthesis methods and functionalization of various lignin nanoparticles (LNP). The characterization of LNP such as structural, thermal, molecular weight properties together with macromolecule and quantification assessments are also reviewed. In particular, emerging applications in different areas such as UV barriers, antimicrobials, drug administration, agriculture, anticorrosives, the environment, wood protection, enzymatic immobilization and others were highlighted. In addition, future perspectives and challenges related to the development of LNP are discussed.
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18
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Sethulekshmi AS, Saritha A, Joseph K. A comprehensive review on the recent advancements in natural rubber nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:819-842. [PMID: 34838576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is an eminent sustainable material and is the only agricultural product among various rubbers. Use of nanofillers in NR matrix as a reinforcing agent has gained huge attention because they offer excellent matrix-filler interaction upon forming a good dispersion in the NR matrix. Nanoscale dispersion of fillers lead to greater interfacial interactions between NR and fillers compared to microfillers, which in turn lead to a conspicuous reinforcing effect. Addition of various nanofillers into NR matrix improves not only the mechanical properties but also the electrical, thermal and antimicrobial properties to an extreme level. The current review describes the reinforcing ability of various nanofillers such as clay, graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), titanium dioxide (TiO2), chitin, cellulose, barium titanate (BaTiO3) and lignin in NR matrix. Moreover, reinforcement of various hybrid nanofillers in NR is also discussed in a comprehensive manner. The review also includes the historical trajectory of rubber nanocomposites and a comprehensive account on the factors affecting the properties of the NR nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sethulekshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala PO, Kerala, India
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19
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Zhao S, Li J, Yan Z, Lu T, Liu R, Han X, Cai C, Zhao S, Wang H. Preparation of lignin‐based filling antioxidant and its application in
styrene‐butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jianxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zepei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Tianyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Ruiyin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Chencan Cai
- Anhui Hangpin New Material Technology Co., Ltd Xuancheng China
| | - Shugao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
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20
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He Z, Li Y, Liu C, Li Y, Qian M, Zhu Y, Wang X. Controllable conversion of biomass to lignin-silica hybrid nanoparticles: High-performance renewable dual-phase fillers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:381-388. [PMID: 34607263 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex network of aromatic units, lignin is difficult to achieve high-value applications in the industrial field, becoming the largest "natural waste". In this paper, dual-phase fillers with excellent rubber reinforcement were prepared from lignin and sodium silicate through the method of controllable two-step acid precipitation without any complicated modification. During the formation of hybrid nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles were formed as templates in the first step, and then lignin was used as coating agent to bind with silica. The size and morphology of products could be easily adjusted by changing acid precipitation conditions. The L60SS hybrid nanoparticles with the best reinforcement performance showed the ability to replace carbon black (CB) in a high proportion. In addition, LSRH-S hybrid nanoparticles made from rice husk black liquor had similar physical and chemical properties and excellent reinforcement properties to L60SS. Even if the ratio of each component of the raw material was different, the product could be flexibly controlled by the two-step acid precipitation to obtain the expected properties. The wide applicability of this method in many extraction processes based on alkaline procedures was proved, and it provided a basis for the process design of comprehensive utilization of biomass. This work will promote the application of lignin in high-value fields, and the sustainable development of the rubber industry by utilizing agricultural waste was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision Test Institute, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision Test Institute, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yanchao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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21
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Understanding the Coupling Effect between Lignin and Polybutadiene Elastomer. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From an environmental and economic viewpoint, it is a win–win strategy to use materials obtained from renewable resources for the production of high-performance elastomer composites. Lignin, being a renewable biomass, was employed as a functional filler material to obtain an elastomer composite with a higher degree of mechanical performance. In the presence of a suitable coupling agent, an elevated temperature was preferred for the reactive mixing of lignin with polybutadiene rubber (BR). It is quite fascinating that the mechanical performance of this composite was comparable with carbon black-filled composites. The extraordinary reinforcing behavior of lignin in the BR matrix was understood by an available model of rubber reinforcement. In rubber composite preparation, the interfacial interaction between polybutadiene rubber and lignin in the presence of a coupling agent enabled the efficient dispersion of lignin into the rubber matrix, which is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the rubber composites. The rubber composites thus obtained may lead to the development of a sustainable and cost-effective end product with reliable performance. This novel approach could be implemented in other type of elastomeric materials, enabling a genuine pathway toward a sustainable globe.
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22
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Yue X, Li C, Li Y. Using colloidal lignin intercalated montmorillonite nanosheets as synergistic and reinforced agent for flame‐retardant poly(butylene succinate) composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yue
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Chaofan Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yu Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
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23
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Qi F, Chaoqun Z, Weijun Y, Qingwen W, Rongxian O. Lignin-based polymers. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
On the basis of the world’s continuing consumption of raw materials, there was an urgent need to seek sustainable resources. Lignin, the second naturally abundant biomass, accounts for 15–35% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants and is considered waste for low-cost applications such as thermal and electricity generation. The impressive characteristics of lignin, such as its high abundance, low density, biodegradability, antioxidation, antibacterial capability, and its CO2 neutrality and enhancement, render it an ideal candidate for developing new polymer/composite materials. In past decades, considerable works have been conducted to effectively utilize waste lignin as a component in polymer matrices for the production of high-performance lignin-based polymers. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the recent advances and challenges involving lignin-based polymers utilizing lignin macromonomer and its derived monolignols. These lignin-based polymers include phenol resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc. The structural characteristics and functions of lignin-based polymers are discussed in each section. In addition, we also try to divide various lignin reinforced polymer composites into different polymer matrices, which can be separated into thermoplastics, rubber, and thermosets composites. This chapter is expected to increase the interest of researchers worldwide in lignin-based polymers and develop new ideas in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Zhang Chaoqun
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yang Weijun
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , 214122 Wuxi , P. R. China
| | - Wang Qingwen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Ou Rongxian
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
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24
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Zhang Z, Terrasson V, Guénin E. Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051336. [PMID: 34069477 PMCID: PMC8159083 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to fossil-based chemicals and products for some potential added-value applications, which benefits from their structural diversity and biodegradability. This review elucidates a perspective in recent research on nanolignins and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the different nanolignin preparation methods, emphasizing anti-solvent precipitation, self-assembly and interfacial crosslinking. Also described are the preparation of various nanocomposites by the chemical modification of nanolignin and compounds with inorganic materials or polymers. Additionally, advances in numerous potential high-value applications, such as use in food packaging, biomedical, chemical engineering and biorefineries, are described.
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25
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Formation of pure nanoparticles with solvent-fractionated lignin polymers and evaluation of their biocompatibility. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:660-667. [PMID: 33957201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of lignin characteristics (mainly molecular weight, functional groups, and internal linkages) on nanoparticle formation. First, five different lignin fractions (Mw 1460-12,900) were obtained from commercial kraft lignin (KL) by sequential solvent extraction. Functional groups and internal linkages were determined in lignin fractions, each fraction consisting of different levels and ratios. Second, spherical lignin nanoparticles (i.d. 193-1039 nm) were synthesized by nanoprecipitation at different pre-dialysis concentrations (1, 2, 4, and 6 mg mL-1 THF) with the different fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5). The study revealed that larger particles consisted of lignin fractions of lower molecular weight and higher phenolic group content (KL-F1 and F2), while smaller but non-uniform particles were produced from fractions of higher molecular weight and lower phenolic group content (KLF4 and F5). Every zeta potential value of the particle exceeded -35 mV. The nanoparticles from raw kraft lignin exhibited no significant cytotoxicity, hemotoxicity, and hypersensitivity. This study revealed that molecular weight and hydroxyl group content in the lignin highly correlated with nanoparticle properties. The present kraft lignin nanoparticles have potential for use in various polymer-based nanotechnology.
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26
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Abid U, Gill YQ, Irfan MS, Umer R, Saeed F. Potential applications of polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, polyacids, and other renewable materials for the formulation of green elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1-29. [PMID: 33744249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Renewable resources including polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, and polyacids are the intrinsically valuable class of materials that are naturally available in great quantities. Their utilization as green additives and reinforcing bio-fillers, in substitution of environmentally perilous petroleum-based fillers, for developing high-performance green rubber blends and composites is presently a highly tempting option. Blending of these renewable materials with elastomers is not straight-forward and research needs to exploit the high functionality of carbohydrates and other natural materials as proper physicochemical interactions are essential. Correlating and understanding the structural properties of lignin, carbohydrates, polyacids, and other biopolymers, before their incorporation in elastomers, is a potential approach towards the development of green elastomers for value-added applications. Promising properties i.e., biodegradability, biocompatibility, morphological characteristics, high mechanical properties, thermal stability, sustainability, and various other characteristics along with recent advancements in the development of green elastomers are reviewed in this paper. Structures, viability, interactions, properties, and use of most common natural polycarbohydrates (chitosan and starch), lignin, and proteins (collagen and gelatin) for elastomer modification are extensively reviewed. Challenges in commercialization, applications, and future perspectives of green elastomers are also discussed. Sustainability analysis of green elastomers is accomplished to elaborate their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Abid
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Yasir Qayyum Gill
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Irfan
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
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27
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Chen K, Wang S, Qi Y, Guo H, Guo Y, Li H. State-of-the-Art: Applications and Industrialization of Lignin Micro/Nano Particles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1284-1294. [PMID: 33403798 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As a new product of high-value utilization of lignin, lignin micro/nano particles (LMNPs) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their non-toxicity, corrosion-resistance, UV resistance, and other excellent characteristics and potential application value. This article outlined the main preparation methods of LMNPs at the current stage, summarized and compared them from three perspectives of preparation technology, final product state and product composition. Subsequently, based on the different focuses of the properties of LMNPs, their application research progress as fillers, UV blockers, drug delivery carriers, among others, were introduced. Then a concise analysis of the technical and economic assessment and life cycle assessment of LMNPs in the process of industrialization was made. Finally, the main problems at present and the future development directions were analyzed and prospected to provide references for the deep processing of forest resources and the development of bio-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Yungeng Qi
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Hong Guo
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Li
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
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Vahabi H, Brosse N, Latif NA, Fatriasari W, Solihat N, Hashim R, Hazwan Hussin M, Laoutid F, Saeb M. Nanolignin in materials science and technology— does flame retardancy matter? BIOPOLYMERIC NANOMATERIALS 2021:515-559. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824364-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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29
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Schneider WDH, Dillon AJP, Camassola M. Lignin nanoparticles enter the scene: A promising versatile green tool for multiple applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107685. [PMID: 33383155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to take advantage of residual lignin from industrial processes are well regarded in the field of green chemistry and biotechnology. Quite recently, researchers transformed lignin into nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanofilms, nanocapsules and nanotubes, attracting increasing attention from the scientific community. Lignin nanoparticles are seen as green way to use high-value renewable resources for application in different fields because recent studies have shown they are non-toxic in reasonable concentrations (both in vitro and in vivo assays), inexpensive (a waste generated in the biorefinery, for example, from the bioethanol platform) and potentially biodegradable (by fungi and bacteria in nature). Promising studies have tested lignin nanoparticles for antioxidants, UV-protectants, heavy metal absorption, antimicrobials, drugs carriers, gene delivery systems, encapsulation of molecules, biocatalysts, supercapacitors, tissue engineering, hybrid nanocomposites, wound dressing, and others. These nanoparticles can be produced from distinct lignin types and by different chemical/physical/biological methods, which will result in varied characteristics for their morphology, shape, size, yield and stability. Therefore, taking into account that the theme "lignin nanoparticles" is a trending topic, this present review is emerging and has the discuss the current status, covering from concepts, the formation mechanism, synthesis methods and applications, to the future perspectives and challenges linked to lignin-based nanomaterials, aiming at the viability and commercialization of this biotechnological product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Daniel Hahn Schneider
- Enzymes and Biomass Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas Street, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Aldo José Pinheiro Dillon
- Enzymes and Biomass Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas Street, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Marli Camassola
- Enzymes and Biomass Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas Street, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Tang Q, Qian Y, Yang D, Qiu X, Qin Y, Zhou M. Lignin-Based Nanoparticles: A Review on Their Preparations and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2471. [PMID: 33113775 PMCID: PMC7693155 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant by-product from the pulp and paper industry as well as the second most abundant natural renewable biopolymer after cellulose on earth. In recent years, transforming unordered and complicated lignin into ordered and uniform nanoparticles has attracted wide attention due to their excellent properties such as controlled structures and sizes, better miscibility with polymers, and improved antioxidant activity. In this review, we first introduce five important technical lignin from different sources and then provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of preparation techniques which are involved in the fabrication of various lignin-based nanoparticles and their industrial applications in different fields such as drug delivery carriers, UV absorbents, hybrid nanocomposites, antioxidant agents, antibacterial agents, adsorbents for heavy metal ions and dyes, and anticorrosion nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China;
| | - Yong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Q.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Q.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Yanlin Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Mingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Q.); (D.Y.)
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Duarah P, Haldar D, Purkait MK. Technological advancement in the synthesis and applications of lignin-based nanoparticles derived from agro-industrial waste residues: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1828-1843. [PMID: 32950524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, lignin has drawn a great deal of interest for their potential use as bio-polymers due to the presence of high amount of phenolic compounds, non-polluting feature and cost-competitiveness as compared to synthetic polymers. However, in order to fast-track their development, different attempts are made towards the usage of lignin in nano form since it exhibits some unique properties in nanoscale range. The present review article provides a detail analysis on the recent advancement in the synthesis and applications of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) derived from agro-industrial waste residues. In view of that, an in-depth morphological analysis was reviewed to assess the structural influence on the characteristics of LNPs. Further, application of LNPs is explored in different fields including bio-medical engineering, pharmaceuticals, skin-care products and food industries. Finally, the paper is concluded discussing various challenges associated with the synthesis, modification and development with an aspiration of futuristic developments. The readers of this review article will be highly benefitted after acquiring a comprehensive knowledge on LNPs and its different synthesis processes along with various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangan Duarah
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Haldar
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Mihir Kumar Purkait
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Investigation of Molecular Size Effect on the Formation of Lignin Nanoparticles by Nanoprecipitation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies focused on the synthesis of lignin-based nanoparticle in aqueous solution and its potential applications of the drug carrier were investigated. In this study, soda lignin (SL) nanoparticles (i.d. 128–560 nm) were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation process at three different concentrations (1, 2, and 4 mg/mL THF) with various molecular sizes of soda lignin (NP-F1, NP-F2, and NP-F3) obtained from sequential solvent extraction. The average molecular weights of SL, F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 were 3130, 1190, 2550, 3680, 5310, and 14,650, respectively. The average size of the spherical lignin nanoparticle was a minimum of 128 nm for NP-C1 and the size increased up to 560 nm with increasing concentration. Particle surface charge increased with increasing concentration from −26 mV for NP-C1 to −38 mV for NP-C4. Contrary to expected general trends in polymeric nanoparticles, there was no remarkable change or trend with increasing lignin molecular weight since chemical structures of each lignin fraction are also remarkably different. Further studies to learn correlation between properties of lignin nanoparticle and its additional details regarding the chemical structures is needed.
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33
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Effect of extraction methods on the molecular structure and thermal stability of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus core) biomass as an alternative bio-filler for rubber composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1255-1264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moradi S, Shayesteh K, Behbudi G. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable lignin-sulfonate nanoparticles using the microemulsion method to enhance the acetylation efficiency of lignin-sulfonate. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:632-641. [PMID: 32446897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel method is presented for producing lignin-sulfonate nanoparticles. Then, the effect of produced nanoparticles is investigated on enhancing the acetylation efficiency. For these purposes, lignin-sulfonate was isolated from black-liquor of pulp-and-paper mill wastewater. Next, lignin-sulfonate nanoparticles were obtained using the oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion, followed by modification of micro/nano-lignin-sulfonate particles. The physical, chemical, and morphological properties of lignin sulfonate micro/nanoparticles and modified forms of both samples were analyzed using FTIR, DLS, FE-SEM, AFM, 1H NMR, and 13CNMR analyses. Surface morphology revealed that the nanoparticles were homogenized and spherical with an average diameter of 25.5 nm. The chemical structure of the nanoparticles was similar to that of the microparticles. On the other hand, the chemical structure of acetylated lignin-sulfonate was slightly different from that of unmodified samples. The results also showed that the production of nano-lignin-sulfonate increased the acetylation efficiency and reduced the time and temperature of acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Moradi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Keivan Shayesteh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Gity Behbudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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High Purity and Low Molecular Weight Lignin Nano-Particles Extracted from Acid-Assisted MIBK Pretreatment. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020378. [PMID: 32046247 PMCID: PMC7077479 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and economical biorefinery method, organosolv methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) pretreatment assisted by Lewis acid ferric trichloride hydrolysis, was proposed for fractionating the lignin from extractive-free Eucalyptus powder at the nanoscale, accompanied by another product furfural, derived from hemicellulose. Under the conditions (180 °C, 1 h) optimized based on the best yield of furfural, 40.13% of the acid-insoluble lignin (AIL) could be obtained with a high purity of 100%, a low molecular weight of 767 (Mn) and improved thermostability. The extracted lignin was characterized by its chemical structure, thermostability, homogeneity, molecular weight, and morphology as compared with milled wood lignin (MWL). The results showed significant variations in chemical structures of the extracted lignin during the pretreatment. Specifically, the aryl ether linkage and phenylcoumarans were broken severely while the resinols were more resistant. The G-type lignin was more sensitive to degradation than the S-type, and after the pretreatment, H-type lignin was formed, indicating the occurrence of a demethoxylation reaction at high temperature. Moreover, the lignin nano-particles were identified visually by AFM and TEM images. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the average diameter of the measured samples was 131.8 nm, with the polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.149. The MIBK-lignin nano-particles prepared in our laboratory exhibit high potentials in producing high functional and valuable materials for the application in wide fields.
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Self-assembled lignin-silica hybrid material derived from rice husks as the sustainable reinforcing fillers for natural rubber. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:410-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cha YL, Alam AM, Park SM, Moon YH, Kim KS, Lee JE, Kwon DE, Kang YG. Hydrothermal-process-based direct extraction of polydisperse lignin microspheres from black liquor and their physicochemical characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122399. [PMID: 31759855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nano-/microstructures are widely employed for agricultural drug delivery and heavy metal removal from wastewater, and facile low-cost methods of their large-scale production are therefore highly sought after. Herein, uniform-morphology polydisperse lignin microspheres were directly extracted from black liquor by lowering its pH to <4 followed by hydrothermal treatment and featured several lignin-typical characteristics, e.g., functional groups, thermal stability, amorphousness, and monolignol units. It was assumed that lignin rearranged and assembled into microspheres of various size, shape, and uniformity depending on pH, temperature, and hydrothermal treatment time. Lignin microsphere extraction efficiency was estimated as 15.87-21.62 g L-1, and the average size of microspheres obtained under different conditions was calculated as ∼1 µm, while the C, H, O, and N contents equaled 48-62, 5-6, 30-36, and 0.2-1.5%, respectively. Thus, our method was deemed suitable for direct large-scale extraction of lignin microspheres from black liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Lok Cha
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Al-Mahmnur Alam
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Ho Moon
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Kwon
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Kang
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Republic of Korea
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Jiang C, Bo J, Xiao X, Zhang S, Wang Z, Yan G, Wu Y, Wong C, He H. Converting waste lignin into nano-biochar as a renewable substitute of carbon black for reinforcing styrene-butadiene rubber. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:732-742. [PMID: 31805446 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrial waste lignin was commonly burnt or discharged into river in the past. However, in this study, lignin has been converted into high value-added nano-biochar as a renewable reinforcing filler of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) by a simple high-temperature carbonization treatment. Herein, the physicochemical change in lignin before and after carbonization was investigated. It was found that lignin-derived biochar (LB) consisted of vesicle-like primary nanoparticles which were closely packed to form "high-structure" irregular fragments with a high specific surface area (83.41 m2/g). When incorporating LB into SBR, the tensile properties of LB/SBR composites were significantly improved. At the filler loading of 40 phr, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the rubber composite were improved up to 7.1-folds and 2.4-folds of pristine SBR, respectively. Compared to commercial carbon black (CB) N330, the LB showed a similar reinforcing effect on SBR. However, the analysis on the morphology, stress-strain behavior and dynamic mechanical behavior suggested distinct reinforcing mechanisms for LB- and CB-filled rubber composites, due to the difference in the surface properties and structural characteristic of fillers. This work showed the application potential of LB as a renewable substitute of CB in rubber industry and brought environmental and economic benefits for the disposal of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Jinyu Bo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiefei Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zuhao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Guoping Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yanguang Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chingping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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40
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Lou CH, Chen AN, Lu L, Wu JM, Cheng LJ, Liu RZ, Chen S, Chen Y, Shi YS, Li CH. Highly enhanced dielectric loss of MgO-doped Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3 ceramics prepared by a non-contamination DCC-HVCI method. Ann Ital Chir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Gao W, Fatehi P. Lignin for polymer and nanoparticle production: Current status and challenges. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijue Gao
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentLakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentLakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
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43
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Collins MN, Nechifor M, Tanasă F, Zănoagă M, McLoughlin A, Stróżyk MA, Culebras M, Teacă CA. Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:828-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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44
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Hydroxymethylation-Modified Lignin and Its Effectiveness as a Filler in Rubber Composites. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kraft lignin was modified by using hydroxymethylation to enhance the compatibility between rubber based on a blend of natural rubber/polybutadiene rubber (NR/BR) and lignin. To confirm this modification, the resultant hydroxymethylated kraft lignin (HMKL) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was then incorporated into rubber composites and compared with unmodified rubber. All rubber composites were investigated in terms of rheology, mechanical properties, aging, thermal properties, and morphology. The results show that the HMKL influenced the mechanical properties (tensile properties, hardness, and compression set) of NR/BR composites compared to unmodified lignin. Further evidence also revealed better dispersion and good interaction between the HMKL and the rubber matrix. Based on its performance in NR/BR composites, hydroxymethylated lignin can be used as a filler in the rubber industry.
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45
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Capecchi E, Piccinino D, Bizzarri BM, Avitabile D, Pelosi C, Colantonio C, Calabrò G, Saladino R. Enzyme-Lignin Nanocapsules Are Sustainable Catalysts and Vehicles for the Preparation of Unique Polyvalent Bioinks. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1975-1988. [PMID: 30925212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive lignin nanocapsules catalyze a pigmentation reaction to furnish an innovative type of sustainable polyvalent bioink. In this nanodevice, the pigment, vehicle, binder, and additive are included in a single confined spherical space. Bioinks with different shades of color, black, gray, yellow-like, pink-like, and red/brown hues, have been prepared by selecting the reactants and the pigmentation process. Lignin nanocapsules play multiple functions in the support and activation of the enzyme necessary for the synthesis of pigments. Lignin nanocapsules protected the melanin pigment from alkaline and UV-degradation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Capecchi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences (DEB) , Tuscia University , Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
| | - Davide Piccinino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences (DEB) , Tuscia University , Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
| | - Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences (DEB) , Tuscia University , Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
| | - Daniele Avitabile
- IDI Farmaceutici srl , Via dei Castelli Romani 83/85 , Pomezia , 00040 Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Pelosi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM) , Tuscia University , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
| | - Claudia Colantonio
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM) , Tuscia University , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calabrò
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM) , Tuscia University , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences (DEB) , Tuscia University , Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc , 01100 Viterbo , Italy
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46
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Bioinspired Engineering towards Tailoring Advanced Lignin/Rubber Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10091033. [PMID: 30960958 PMCID: PMC6403759 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of high volume and high value-added applications for lignin has been a long-term challenge. In this work, inspired by the energy sacrificial mechanism from biological materials, we developed high-performance lignin/carbon black (CB)/nitrile rubber (NBR) elastomers by constructing a dual-crosslinking network consisting of sulfur covalent bonds and dynamic coordination sacrificial bonds. Lignin was not only used for the substitution of half mass of CB in the NBR elastomer but also served as natural ligands for the Zn-based coordination bonds, providing a significant synergistic coordination enhancement effect. The mechanical performance of the elastomers can be easily manipulated by adjusting the proportion of non-permanent coordination bonds and permanent covalent bonds. Lignin/CB/NBR elastomers with a higher strength and modulus than CB-filled elastomers were obtained while maintaining excellent elasticity. The thermal stability and the high-temperature oil resistance of NBR elastomers were also improved by incorporation of lignin and metal coordination bonds. Overall, this work inspires a new solution for the design of high-performance lignin/rubber elastomers with a high lignin loading content.
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Abbati de Assis C, Greca LG, Ago M, Balakshin MY, Jameel H, Gonzalez R, Rojas OJ. Techno-Economic Assessment, Scalability, and Applications of Aerosol Lignin Micro- and Nanoparticles. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:11853-11868. [PMID: 30221095 PMCID: PMC6135578 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin micro- and nanoparticles (LMNPs) synthesized from side-streams of pulp and paper and biorefinery operations have been proposed for the generation of new, high-value materials. As sustainable alternatives to particles of synthetic or mineral origins, LMNPs viability depends on scale-up, manufacturing cost, and applications. By using experimental data as primary source of information, along with industrial know-how, we analyze dry and spherical LMNPs obtained by our recently reported aerosol/atomization method. First, a preliminary evaluation toward the commercial production of LMNPs from industrial lignin precursors is presented. Following, we introduce potential LMNPs applications from a financial perspective. Mass and energy balances, operating costs, and capital investment are estimated and discussed in view of LMNPs scalability prospects. The main potential market segments identified (from a financial perspective) include composite nanofillers, solid foams, emulsion stabilizers, chelating agents, and UV protection. Our technical, financial, and market assessment represent the basis for R&D planning and efforts to lower the risk related to expected industrialization efforts. Manufacturing costs were estimated between 870 and 1170 USD/t; also, minimum selling prices varied from 1240 and 1560 USD/t, depending on raw materials used. Sensitivity analysis indicated that manufacturing cost can be as low as 600 USD/t, depending on the process conditions considered. Finally, based on the financial assessment, potential applications were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Abbati de Assis
- Department
of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State
University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Mikhail Yu. Balakshin
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department
of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State
University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ronalds Gonzalez
- Department
of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State
University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Phone: +1 919-515-7477. E-mail: (R.W.G.)
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, Puumiehenkuja
2, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Phone: +358-(0)50-512 4227. E-mail: (O.J.R.)
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48
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Capecchi E, Piccinino D, Delfino I, Bollella P, Antiochia R, Saladino R. Functionalized Tyrosinase-Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Catalysts for the Oxidation of Phenols. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E438. [PMID: 29914085 PMCID: PMC6027214 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable catalysts for the oxidation of phenol derivatives under environmentally friendly conditions were prepared by the functionalization of lignin nanoparticles with tyrosinase. Lignin, the most abundant polyphenol in nature, is the main byproduct in the pulp and paper manufacturing industry and biorefinery. Tyrosinase has been immobilized by direct adsorption, encapsulation, and layer-by-layer deposition, with or without glutaraldehyde reticulation. Lignin nanoparticles were found to be stable to the tyrosinase activity. After the enzyme immobilization, they showed a moderate to high catalytic effect in the synthesis of catechol derivatives, with the efficacy of the catalyst being dependent on the specific immobilization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Capecchi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Davide Piccinino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Ines Delfino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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49
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Xiao X, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Yu P. Preparation and characterization of formaldehyde-modified black liquor lignin/poly (propylene carbonate) composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2018.1449624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiefei Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yousheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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50
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Mattinen ML, Valle-Delgado JJ, Leskinen T, Anttila T, Riviere G, Sipponen M, Paananen A, Lintinen K, Kostiainen M, Österberg M. Enzymatically and chemically oxidized lignin nanoparticles for biomaterial applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 111:48-56. [PMID: 29421036 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked and decolorized lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared enzymatically and chemically from softwood Kraft lignin. Colloidal lignin particles (CLPs, ca. 200 nm) in a non-malodorous aqueous dispersion could be dried and redispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or in water retaining their stability i.e. spherical shape and size. Two fungal laccases, Trametes hirsuta (ThL) and Melanocarpus albomyces (MaL) were used in the cross-linking reactions. Reactivity of ThL and MaL on Lignoboost™ lignin and LNPs was confirmed by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and oxygen consumption measurements with simultaneous detection of red-brown color due to the formation of quinones. Zeta potential measurements verified oxidation of LNPs via formation of surface-oriented carboxylic acid groups. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed minor changes in the particle size distributions of LNPs after laccase catalyzed radicalization, indicating preferably covalent intraparticular cross-linking over polymerization. Changes in the surface morphology of laccase treated LNPs were imaged by atomic force (AFM) and transmission emission (TEM) microscopy. Furthermore, decolorization of LNPs without degradation was obtained using ultrasonication with H2O2 in alkaline reaction conditions. The research results have high impact for the utilization of Kraft lignin as nanosized colloidal particles in advanced bionanomaterial applications in medicine, foods and cosmetics including different sectors from chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija-Liisa Mattinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Timo Leskinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Anttila
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Guillaume Riviere
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mika Sipponen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Kalle Lintinen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mauri Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Monika Österberg
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
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