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Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Goetz V, Yang DD, Lacaille F, Pelosi M, Angoulvant F, Brassier A, Arnoux JB, Schiff M, Heilbronner C, Salvador E, Debray D, Oualha M, Renolleau S, Girard M, de Lonlay P. What are the clues for an inherited metabolic disorder in Reye syndrome? A single Centre study of 58 children. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:320-326. [PMID: 35221207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reye Syndrome is an acute encephalopathy with increased liver enzymes and blood ammonia, without jaundice. The prevalence of an underlying inherited metabolic disorder (IMD) is unclear, nor the clinical or biological factors directing toward this diagnosis. Our aims were to define these clues in a large series of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied all patients with Reye admitted in our institution from 1995. We defined 3 groups: Group 1 with a confirmed IMD, Group 2 considered as free of IMD, Group 3 unclassified. Statistical analysis compared patients in Groups 1 and 2, to find criteria for a diagnosis of IMD. RESULTS Fifty-eight children were included; 41 (71%) had a confirmed IMD, 12 (20%) were free of IMD, and 5 remained unclassified. IMDs included Urea Cycle Disorders (51%), Fatty-Acid Oxidation Disorders (24%), ketogenesis defects (5%), other mitochondrial energy metabolism defects (10%), NBAS mutation (7%), Glycosylation Disorders (2%). In Group 2, the trigger was a viral infection, or a drug, deferasirox in three children. Univariate analysis showed that onset before 2 years-old, recurrent Reye and the association with rhabdomyolysis were significantly associated with IMD. Blood ammonia was a poor discriminating marker. All children were admitted into the intensive care unit, 23% needed continuous venovenous hemodialysis and one died from brain oedema. CONCLUSION Metabolic tests should be performed early in all cases of Reye, regardless of triggers. As they can be inconclusive, we suggest to systematically go to Next-Generation Sequencing study. These children should be transferred early to a specialized unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Goetz
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière G2M, Metab ERN, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - David Dawei Yang
- Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Lacaille
- Gastroenterology-Hepatology-Nutrition Unit, Reference Center for Rare Paediatric Liver Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière Filfoie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michele Pelosi
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière G2M, Metab ERN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Angoulvant
- Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anais Brassier
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière G2M, Metab ERN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière G2M, Metab ERN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière G2M, Metab ERN, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Claire Heilbronner
- Pediatric intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Salvador
- Pediatric intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Pediatric hepatology unit, Reference Center for Rare Paediatric Liver Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière Filfoie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Oualha
- Pediatric intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Renolleau
- Pediatric intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Girard
- Pediatric hepatology unit, Reference Center for Rare Paediatric Liver Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière Filfoie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Filière G2M, Metab ERN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Javanian M, Barary M, Ghebrehewet S, Koppolu V, Vasigala V, Ebrahimpour S. A brief review of influenza virus infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4638-4646. [PMID: 33792930 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory infection that affects all age groups and is associated with high mortality during pandemics, epidemics, and sporadic outbreaks. Nearly 10% of the world's population is affected by influenza annually, with about half a million deaths each year. Influenza vaccination is the most effective method for preventing influenza infection and its complications. The influenza vaccine's efficacy varies each season based on the circulating influenza strains and vaccine uptake rates. Currently, three antiviral drugs targeting the influenza virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase are available for treatment and prophylaxis of disease. Given the significant burden of influenza infection globally, this review is focused on the latest findings in the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sam Ghebrehewet
- Cheshire and Merseyside Health Protection Team, Public Health England North West, Liverpool, UK
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Scientist, Department of Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - VeneelaKrishnaRekha Vasigala
- Department of General Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Khorramdelazad H, Kazemi MH, Najafi A, Keykhaee M, Zolfaghari Emameh R, Falak R. Immunopathological similarities between COVID-19 and influenza: Investigating the consequences of Co-infection. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104554. [PMID: 33157216 PMCID: PMC7607235 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a global public health emergency since December 2019, and so far, more than 980,000 people (until September 24, 2020) around the world have died. SARS-CoV-2 mimics the influenza virus regarding methods and modes of transmission, clinical features, related immune responses, and seasonal coincidence. Accordingly, co-infection by these viruses is imaginable because some studies have reported several cases with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection. Given the importance of the mentioned co-infection and the coming influenza season, it is essential to recognize the similarities and differences between the symptoms, immunopathogenesis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. Therefore, we reviewed the virology, clinical features, and immunopathogenesis of both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated outcomes in cases with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Keykhaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic febrile vasculitis of medium and small arteries, most often occurring in children under age 5 years. This condition is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in the developed world. The cause is unclear but is thought to be a hyperimmune reaction to an infectious agent. Diagnosis is clinical; the classic presentation includes persistent fever, lymphadenopathy, oral mucosal changes, conjunctivitis, and rash. Although the disease technically is self-limiting, treatment with IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) and high-dose aspirin is necessary to prevent cardiac complications, such as coronary artery aneurysm, pericarditis, or myocarditis. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Kawasaki disease.
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Kumar V, Chakraborty S, Gowtham BC, Kumar S, Angurana SK, Muralidharan J. H1N1 Infection Presenting as Acute Liver Failure in an Infant. Indian J Pediatr 2021; 88:78-79. [PMID: 32524364 PMCID: PMC7286813 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Soumalya Chakraborty
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - B C Gowtham
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Surjeet Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Angurana
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Jayashree Muralidharan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
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