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Elbe CI, Siegel JA, Mendoza RR, Caravelli NS, Askew AJ, Mitzner J, Chakkour E, Blashill AJ. "Us big boys gotta find a way that works": A qualitative study of casual sexual experiences among larger-bodied, White and Latino sexual minority men. Body Image 2024; 51:101791. [PMID: 39303424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Compared to their heterosexual counterparts, sexual minority men (SMM) are more likely to report that their own body image negatively impacts their sex lives, are more vulnerable to weight stigma, and more frequently experience size-based discrimination. Additionally, in comparison to heterosexual men, SMM report higher levels of anti-fat bias, both directed at themselves and intimate partners. Given this literature, we qualitatively examined how nine larger-bodied SMM (Mage = 37.89, SD = 12.42) experience and navigate weight stigma when seeking out casual sex. Our analytic process revealed four primary themes: Building a Gate, Letting Partners Past the Gate, Joy Inside the Gate, and When the Gate Fails. The gate refers to the protection that participants employed to avoid negative, unsafe, or fatphobic sexual encounters. Participants shared that they were aware of weight stigma within their own community, and many assumed (or were explicitly told) that their bodies were undesirable to potential partners. Further, participants readily delineated between fat attraction and fat fetishization, whereby the latter was universally framed as negative and degrading. These findings highlight the complex experience of engaging in casual sex for larger-bodied SMM and identify strategies these men use to protect themselves from body shame and weight stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor I Elbe
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Jaclyn A Siegel
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Rebecca R Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Nicolas S Caravelli
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Autumn J Askew
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Jacqueline Mitzner
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Em Chakkour
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
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2
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Alexander T, Burnette CB, Cory H, McHale S, Simone M. The need for more inclusive measurement to advance equity in eating disorders prevention. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38488765 PMCID: PMC11401964 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2328460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Eating disorder (ED) research and practice have been shaped by prevailing stereotypes about who EDs are most likely to affect. Subsequently, the field has prioritized the needs and concerns of affluent, cisgender, heterosexual, white girls and women to the exclusion of others, especially people marginalized based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and/or gender identity. However, EDs exist across diverse groups and actually occur with elevated prevalence in several marginalized groups. Growing research points to differences in the drivers of EDs in such groups (e.g. desire to attain the curvy rather than thin ideal; dietary restraint due to food insecurity rather than weight/shape concerns), yet tools typically used for screening and intervention evaluation do not capture eating pathology driven by such factors. In this commentary, we describe gaps in existing ED assessment tools and argue these gaps likely underestimate EDs among marginalized groups, bias who is invited, participates in, and benefits from ED prevention programs, and obscure potential group differences in the efficacy of such programs. We also discuss the potential of these ramifications to exacerbate inequities in EDs. Finally, we outline recommendations to overcome existing gaps in measurement and, consequently, advance equity in the realm of ED prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Alexander
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Blair Burnette
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hannah Cory
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Safiya McHale
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Melissa Simone
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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3
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Austen E, Bonell S, Griffiths S. Fat is feminine: A qualitative study of how weight stigma is constructed among sexual minority men who use Grindr. Body Image 2022; 42:160-172. [PMID: 35738149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Why is weight stigma so potent among sexual minority men? We propose that sexual minority men may be more vulnerable to weight stigma because of factors not captured by existing measures - for instance, men's perception of fatness as less masculine and/or more feminine. To investigate, we qualitatively examined how 17 sexual minority men (Mage = 28.52, SDage = 1.63, range: 18-49) described fatness in their discussions of body ideals and appearance pressures. We generated two themes: (i) Masculinity is a currency that fat men have less of and (ii) Fatness is stigmatized or fetishized. Participants described appearing masculine (i.e., lean, muscular) as particularly valuable within the gay community - opposingly, fatness was framed as unmasculine and undesirable. Fat men's treatment was understood as rarely divorced from their body size, either being stigmatized or fetishized because of their weight. Finally, being unattracted to fat men was constructed as a personal preference that ought not be criticised. These findings suggest the value of masculinity within the gay community may exacerbate weight stigma experiences and internalization among sexual minority men. Future research should account for the anticipated effects of fatness on men's masculinity and clarify whether sexual preferences and fetishization should be subsumed in weight stigma definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Austen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Bonell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Fogarty SM, Walker DC. Twinks, Jocks, and Bears, Oh My! Differing subcultural appearance identifications among gay men and their associated eating disorder psychopathology. Body Image 2022; 42:126-135. [PMID: 35700650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gay men have increased risk of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating compared to heterosexual men, and it is unclear what differentiates their risk for thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating psychopathology. Differing subcultural appearance identifications (SAIs) among gay men are one potential factor that may relate to varied eating psychopathology, but this has not been studied. We examined gay men's SAIs: twinks, jocks, and bears; any "other" self-identified SAI; or no SAI, as well as the relationship between men's SAIs and traditional eating psychopathology and unhealthy dieting (both facets of thinness-oriented psychopathology), and muscularity-oriented psychopathology using univariate ANOVAs controlling for participant age. 264 U.S. gay-identified participants self-reported sexual orientation, SAIs, and eating psychopathology. Self-identified twinks did not report higher traditional eating psychopathology or unhealthy dieting than other SAIs or those without a SAI, as hypothesized. Self-identified twinks, jocks, and bears all reported greater muscularity-oriented eating pathology than those without a SAI. Self-identified jocks also reported higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating than those with an "other" self-identified SAI and bears. Thus, having a SAI may increase risk for disordered eating; specifically, identifying as a twink, jock or bear may confer greater risk for muscularity-oriented eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Fogarty
- Department of Psychology, Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - D Catherine Walker
- Department of Psychology, Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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5
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Robertson C, Aceves-Martins M, Cruickshank M, Imamura M, Avenell A. Does weight management research for adults with severe obesity represent them? Analysis of systematic review data. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054459. [PMID: 35641006 PMCID: PMC9157335 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the extent to which current evidence from long-term randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of weight management is generalisable and applicable to underserved adult groups with obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2). METHODS Descriptive analysis of 131 RCTs, published after 1990-May 2017 with ≥1 year of follow-up, included in a systematic review of long-term weight management interventions for adults with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 (the REBALANCE Project). Studies were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SCI, CENTRAL and from hand searching. Reporting of trial inclusion and exclusion criteria, trial recruitment strategies, baseline characteristics and outcomes were analysed using a predefined list of characteristics informed by the PROGRESS (Place of residence, Race/ethnicity/culture/language, Occupation, Gender/sex, Religion, Education, Socioeconomic status, Social capital)-Plus framework and the UK Equality Act 2010. RESULTS Few (6.1%) trials reported adapting recruitment to appeal to underserved groups. 10.0% reported culturally adapting their trial materials. Only 6.1% of trials gave any justification for their exclusion criteria, yet over half excluded participation for age or mental health reasons. Just over half (58%) of the trials reported participants' race or ethnicity, and one-fifth reported socioeconomic status. Where outcomes were reported for underserved groups, the most common analysis was by sex (47.3%), followed by race or ethnicity (16.8%). 3.1% of trials reported outcomes according to socioeconomic status. DISCUSSION Although we were limited by poor trial reporting, our results indicate inadequate representation of people most at risk of obesity. Guidance for considering underserved groups may improve the appropriateness of research and inform greater engagement with health and social care services. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme (project number: 15/09/04). PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016040190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Robertson
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Mari Imamura
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alison Avenell
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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6
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Oswald F, Champion A, Khera D, Young M, Pedersen CL. Stereotype Application at the Intersection of Body Shape, Gender/Sex, and Sexual Orientation. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35060416 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2026286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Though much work has examined how sexual orientation and body shape are jointly constituted, less has examined the joint perception of body shape, gender/sex, and sexuality. We draw upon multifarious person perception approaches to examine how personality and sexuality-related traits are attributed to bodies of varying shape (skinny, average, fat) when presented with differing social identities along the axes of gender/sex (male, female) and sexual orientation (heterosexual, lesbian/gay). In a sample of 991 participants, we found robust evidence that trait application varied by both body shape and sexual orientation. Further, supporting our hypotheses, we found that gay male bodies were perceived as more feminine than heterosexual male bodies, and skinny male bodies were perceived as more feminine than other body shapes. Supporting additional hypothesizing, lesbian female bodies were perceived as more masculine than heterosexual female bodies, and fat female bodies were perceived as the most masculine across sexual orientations. Partially supporting our hypotheses, we found that average bodies were perceived as the most typical for all identities; further, bodies perceived as less typical of their social identity category were perceived as experiencing heightened prejudice on the basis of body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Oswald
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University
- Department of Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | | | - Madeline Young
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University
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7
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Suarez S, Lupez E, Siegel J, Streed C. The Annual Examination for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Patients. Prim Care 2021; 48:191-212. [PMID: 33985699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The annual examination is a comprehensive evaluation of patients in which all aspects of health and well-being are considered, including proper screening, appropriate preventive care, and recommendations and resources for healthy living. Clinicians commonly avoid certain topics with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) patients because they may be unprepared to address their health needs. Therefore, clinicians should learn how to conduct an LGBTQ-friendly annual examination in order to provide high-quality care. This article focuses on both the general and unique health needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer patients; care for transgender and gender-diverse patients is considered elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Suarez
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Boston University Medical Center, 72 East Concord Street, Evans 124, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Emily Lupez
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Boston University Medical Center, 72 East Concord Street, Evans 124, Boston, MA 02118, USA. https://twitter.com/emily_lupez
| | - Jennifer Siegel
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Boston University Medical Center, 72 East Concord Street, Evans 124, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Transgender Medicine & Surgery, Boston Medical Center, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 2nd Floor Room 2082, Boston, MA 02118, USA. https://twitter.com/siegenatorJS
| | - Carl Streed
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Transgender Medicine & Surgery, Boston Medical Center, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 2nd Floor Room 2082, Boston, MA 02118, USA. https://twitter.com/cjstreed
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8
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Mijas M, Koziara K, Galbarczyk A, Jasienska G. Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Bears and Other Gay Men: A Descriptive Study from Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1044. [PMID: 33503945 PMCID: PMC7908132 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased by multiple factors including psychosocial stress and health behaviors. Sexual minority men who identify as Bears form a subculture distinguished by characteristics associated with increased CVD risk such as elevated stress and high body weight. However, none of the previous studies comprehensively investigated CVD risk in this population. Our study compared Bears (N = 31) with other gay men (N = 105) across a wide range of CVD risk factors. Logistic regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were performed to compare both groups concerning behavioral (e.g., physical activity), medical (e.g., self-reported hypertension), and psychosocial (e.g., depressiveness) CVD risk factors. Bears were characterized by older age and higher body mass index (BMI) than the control group. We also observed higher resilience, self-esteem, as well as greater prevalence of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in Bears. None of these differences remained statistically significant after adjusting for age and, in the case of self-reported diagnosis of diabetes, both age and BMI. Our study demonstrates that Bears are characterized by increased CVD risk associated predominantly with older age and higher BMI. Health promotion interventions addressed to this community should be tailored to Bears' subcultural norms and should encourage a healthier lifestyle instead of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mijas
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska St., PL 31066 Krakow, Poland; (A.G.); (G.J.)
| | - Karolina Koziara
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, 6 Ingardena St., PL 30060 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska St., PL 31066 Krakow, Poland; (A.G.); (G.J.)
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska St., PL 31066 Krakow, Poland; (A.G.); (G.J.)
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9
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McDonald MD, Dombrowski SU, Skinner R, Calveley E, Carroll P, Elders A, Gray CM, Grindle M, Harris FM, Jones C, Hoddinott P. Recruiting men from across the socioeconomic spectrum via GP registers and community outreach to a weight management feasibility randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:249. [PMID: 33023501 PMCID: PMC7542377 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Men, particularly those living in disadvantaged areas, are less likely to participate in weight management programmes than women despite similar levels of excess weight. Little is known about how best to recruit men to weight management interventions. This paper describes patient and public involvement in pre-trial decisions relevant to recruitment and aims to report on recruitment to the subsequent men-only weight management feasibility trial, including the: i) acceptability and feasibility of recruitment; and ii) baseline sample characteristics by recruitment strategy. Methods Men with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and/or waist circumference ≥ 40 in. were recruited to the feasibility trial via two strategies; community outreach (venue information stands and word of mouth) and GP letters, targeting disadvantaged areas. Recruitment activities (e.g. letters sent, researcher venue hours) were recorded systematically, and baseline characteristics questionnaire data collated. Qualitative interviews (n = 50) were conducted three months post-recruitment. Analyses and reporting followed a complementary mixed methods approach. Results 105 men were recruited within four months (community n = 60, GP letter n = 45). Community outreach took 2.3 recruiter hours per participant and GP letters had an opt-in rate of 10.2% (n = 90/879). More men were interested than could be accommodated. Most participants (60%) lived in more disadvantaged areas. Compared to community outreach, men recruited via GP letters were older (mean = 57 vs 48 years); more likely to report an obesity-related co-morbidity (87% vs 44%); and less educated (no formal qualifications, 32% vs 10%, degree educated 11% vs 41%). Recruitment strategies were acceptable, a sensitive approach and trusting relationships with recruiters valued, and the ‘catchy’ study name drew attention. Conclusions Targeted community outreach and GP letters were acceptable strategies that successfully recruited participants to a men-only weight management feasibility trial. Both strategies engaged men from disadvantaged areas, a typically underserved population. Using two recruitment strategies produced samples with different health risk profiles, which could add value to research where either primary or secondary prevention is of interest. Further work is required to examine how these strategies could be implemented and sustained in practice. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03040518, 2nd February 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McDonald
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK. .,Physical Activity and Wellbeing Research Group, Curtin University, Perth, Australia. .,School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Stephan U Dombrowski
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Rebecca Skinner
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Eileen Calveley
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Andrew Elders
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cindy M Gray
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Grindle
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Fiona M Harris
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Claire Jones
- Health Informatics Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Pat Hoddinott
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Chubby, Hairy and Fearless. Subcultural Identities and Predictors of Self-Esteem in a Sample of Polish Members of Bear Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124439. [PMID: 32575744 PMCID: PMC7344702 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bear subculture exists within a larger gay community, which has been recognized by public health experts as disproportionately burdened with stigma and related health adversities. Bears are distinguished by a particular body look—body hirsuteness and heavy-set physique. Previous research documented the various health risks, and the exposure to both sexual minority and weight stigma, of this population. In this study we focused on the determinants of self-esteem in Bears. We explored the significance of such predictors as: perceived sexual minority and weight stigma, age, resilience, and physique as reflected by the BMI. Our sample consisted of 60 men from the Polish Bear community (i.e., Bears, Cubs, Otters, Wolves). Linear regression models were performed for the entire sample (N = 60) and for Bear-identified men (N = 31). Perceived sexual minority stigma negatively, and resilience positively, predicted self-esteem. In the case of Bear-identified men, age, perceived exposure to weight discrimination, and BMI were also significant predictors of self-esteem. Higher BMI in the case of Bear-identified men predicted higher self-esteem. Our results suggest that although Bear-identified men are characterized by their similarities to other gay men, subcultural identities create unique social contexts that are important for health and health interventions in this population.
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11
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Stupplebeen DA, Eliason MJ, LeBlanc AJ, Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV. Differential Influence of Weight Status on Chronic Diseases by Reported Sexual Orientation Identity in Men. LGBT Health 2019; 6:126-133. [PMID: 30916609 PMCID: PMC6477578 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2018.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether the association between weight status and four chronic diseases (heart disease, hypertension, lifetime asthma, and type 2 diabetes) varied according to sexual orientation identity among adult men, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and other factors. METHODS Pooled data from male adult participants (n = 72,214) in the 2003-2012 California Health Interview Survey were used along with logistic regression models to estimate whether the associations between weight status and chronic diseases varied by sexual orientation identity. RESULTS Weight status was positively associated with each of the chronic diseases (hypertension, heart disease, asthma, and diabetes) among both gay and bisexual men and heterosexual men; however, the associations varied significantly by sexual orientation identity. Among gay and bisexual men, the associations were stronger and statistically significant-with the exception of lifetime asthma-particularly for men in the obese classifications, before and after controlling for age, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, income, health insurance status, food security level, smoking, and nativity. CONCLUSIONS Weight status had stronger detrimental associations with chronic disease among gay and bisexual men despite these men having greater socioeconomic advantage and lower body mass index than heterosexual men. Future research should examine mechanisms, including stress related to minority status, which may lead to greater risks for chronic diseases among sexual minority men.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Stupplebeen
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i
| | - Michele J. Eliason
- Department of Health Education, College of Health and Social Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Allen J. LeBlanc
- Department of Sociology, College of Health and Social Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
- Health Equity Institute, College of Health and Social Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Emma V. Sanchez-Vaznaugh
- Department of Health Education, College of Health and Social Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
- Health Equity Institute, College of Health and Social Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
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12
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Grogan S, O'Brien D, Brownbridge K, Gill S, Cole J, Armitage CJ. 'I didn't realise I was such a sausage': men's accounts of whole-body scanning, body image, and expected changes in health-related behaviours. Psychol Health 2019; 34:550-568. [PMID: 30615842 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1549326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whole-body scanning is now available in stores to assist buyers in choosing well-fitting clothes. This study was designed to investigate men's accounts of scanning, body image and expectations of behaviour change. DESIGN Ten men aged 18-39 years without histories of eating disorders or previous experience of whole-body scanning, took part in semi-structured interviews before and after scanning. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Pre-scan, men's body ideals were tall, slender and relatively muscular. Post-scan, seven reported looking shorter, fatter, thinner and/or less symmetrical than they hoped; three were pleasantly surprised by the images. Men were interested in scans as an objective view of their bodies and as a 'wake-up call' to motivate healthy behaviours. Five men intended to change their behaviour as a result of scanning, and repeat scanning was seen as a good way to monitor behavioural changes. Participants suggested that scanning may raise body concerns in other men, though downplayed impacts on their own body image. CONCLUSION Whole-body scanning may encourage men to exercise and eat more healthily. However, men became more negative about their bodies as a result of seeing their body scans, so scanning needs to be carried out with supervision and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grogan
- a Department of Psychology , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester , UK
| | - Daisy O'Brien
- a Department of Psychology , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester , UK
| | - Kathryn Brownbridge
- b Department of Apparel , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester , UK
| | - Simeon Gill
- c School of Materials , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Jenny Cole
- a Department of Psychology , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester , UK
| | - Christopher J Armitage
- d Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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13
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Abstract
Members of the bear community, a gay male subculture, offer insight into the development and purveyance of a gay subculture. Using Walker and Avant's concept analysis methodology, concept exploration and a subsequent concept analysis of the term bear identity, using existing literature, was conducted to obtain a better understanding of the meanings of the term bear identity. CINAHL, Psycinfo, Pubmed, Medline, LGBT Life, and ProQuest were employed to identify and examine the data surrounding the concept of bear identity. After conducting the literature review, an analysis of bear identity emerged that explores antecedents, attributes, and possible consequences related to bear identification. Lastly, implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph P De Santis
- a School of Nursing and Health Studies , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida , USA
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14
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Terry G, Braun V. "I think gorilla-like back effusions of hair are rather a turn-off": 'Excessive hair' and male body hair (removal) discourse. Body Image 2016; 17:14-24. [PMID: 26907912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Men's hair removal practices are becoming mainstream, seen as a consequence of changing masculine norms and men's relationships to their bodies. This is often presented as a straightforward 'shift' from men's ideal bodies as naturally hairy, to increased hairlessness, and the consequence on men's body concerns as inevitable. This paper analyses qualitative survey data from Aotearoa/New Zealand using critical thematic analysis, and describes three themes. Two themes capture contradictory ideas: that men's body hair is natural, and that men's body hair is unpleasant. A third theme introduces the concept of 'excess' hair, which allowed sense-making of this contradiction, mandating men's grooming of 'excessive' hair. However its vagueness as a concept may provoke anxiety for men resulting in hair removal. This paper adds to a body of research demonstrating a cultural transition: the ways changing masculinities, increased commodification of male bodies, and shifting gender roles impact on men's hair removal practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Terry
- Centre for Person Centred Research, School of Clinical Sciences, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Virginia Braun
- The School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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15
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Warren JC, Smalley KB, Barefoot KN. Differences in Psychosocial Predictors of Obesity Among LGBT Subgroups. LGBT Health 2016; 3:283-91. [PMID: 27228031 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the current study was to examine the overall presence of and differences in rates of overweight/obesity among a large, nationally diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT)-identified individuals (i.e., cisgender lesbians, cisgender gay men, cisgender bisexual women, cisgender bisexual men, transgender women, and transgender men) and to identify specific psychosocial predictors of obesity within each of the six LGBT subgroups. METHODS A total of 2702 LGBT-identified participants participated in the online study. Participants completed a series of demographic questions (including weight and height) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21. RESULTS The percentage of participants who were overweight/obese did not differ significantly across LGBT subgroups, with 61.1% of the total sample being overweight/obese. However, the percentage of participants who self-reported body mass indexes in the obese range differed significantly across the six LGBT subgroups, with the highest prevalence in transgender men (46.0%). In addition, the predictors of obesity varied by subgroup, with age a significant predictor for cisgender lesbians, cisgender gay men, and cisgender bisexual women, relationship status for cisgender bisexual women, employment status for both cisgender gay men and cisgender bisexual women, education level for cisgender lesbians, and depression, anxiety, and stress for cisgender gay men. None of the examined psychosocial factors emerged as predictors of obesity for cisgender bisexual men, transgender women, or transgender men. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are substantial variations in the presence and predictors of obesity across LGBT subgroups that support the need for culturally tailored healthy weight promotion efforts within the LGBT community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Warren
- 1 Center for Rural Health and Health Disparities, Mercer University School of Medicine , Macon, Georgia .,2 Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine , Macon, Georgia
| | - K Bryant Smalley
- 3 Rural Health Research Institute, Georgia Southern University , Statesboro, Georgia .,4 Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University , Statesboro, Georgia
| | - K Nikki Barefoot
- 3 Rural Health Research Institute, Georgia Southern University , Statesboro, Georgia
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16
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Quidley-Rodriguez N, De Santis JP. Physical, psychosocial, and social health of men who identify as bears: a systematic review. J Clin Nurs 2016; 25:3484-3496. [PMID: 27174226 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This article examines the existing qualitative and quantitative research on physical, psychosocial and social health of men who identify as Bears, a subcultural group in the gay community. BACKGROUND During the 1980s, one of the first Bear communities emerged in San Francisco. Using the United States as an example, other Bear communities were created throughout the world. Today, Bear-related organizations and events are found globally. METHODS A systematic review was conducted exploring the health of men who identify as Bears. DESIGN To identify articles addressing the health outcomes of men who identify as Bears, the researcher systematically reviewed articles indexed through CINAHL, PsycINFO, Humanities International Index, Cochrane Library, Medline, and LGBT Life. RESULTS The major findings across the 11 articles were systematically grouped into physical, psychosocial, and social health categories. Men identifying as Bears were more likely to have a higher body mass index, engage in risky sexual behaviours and have a lower self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Future implications for research and practice regarding the health of men who identify as Bears are addressed. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Men who identify as Bears have unique health care needs and respond to health care providers who are sensitive towards their needs. Health care providers should understand and acknowledge the unique health needs of men who identify as Bears to better care for these men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph P De Santis
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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17
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Schnarrs PW, Rosenberger JG, Schick V, Delgado A, Briggs L, Dodge B, Reece M. Difference in Condom Use Between Bear Concordant and Discordant Dyads During the Last Anal Sex Event. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2016; 64:195-208. [PMID: 27175792 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1174024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand how bear identity influenced condom use during the last anal sex event. Participants were recruited to complete an online, anonymous self-report survey through bear-related sexual and social networking websites. A total of 1,080 men who identified as gay or bisexual and as a member of the bear community and were 18 years or older completed the survey. Overall, fewer than a third of men reported condom use during the most recent receptive (28%) and insertive (30%) anal sex event. Men in bear concordant pairings were less likely to use a condom during receptive and insertive anal sex compared to those is discordant pairings (p < .05). Findings suggest that bear identity concordance influences condom use during anal sex after accounting for an individual's relationship to their most recent partner as well as other confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Schnarrs
- a Department of Kinesiology, Health and Nutrition , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas , USA
- b The South Texas Consortium for HIV & STI Research , San Antonio , Texas , USA
| | - Joshua G Rosenberger
- c Department of Biobehavioral Health , Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Vanessa Schick
- d Division of Management, Policy and Community Health , The University of Texas School of Public Health , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Adolph Delgado
- a Department of Kinesiology, Health and Nutrition , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas , USA
- e San Antonio AIDS Foundation , San Antonio , Texas , USA
| | - Lindsay Briggs
- f Department of Health and Community Services , California State University at Chico , Chico , California , USA
| | - Brian Dodge
- g Department of Applied Health Science , Indiana University School of Public Health at Bloomington , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
| | - Michael Reece
- g Department of Applied Health Science , Indiana University School of Public Health at Bloomington , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
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18
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Quidley-Rodriguez N, De Santis JP. A Literature Review of Health Risks in the Bear Community, a Gay Subculture. Am J Mens Health 2015; 11:1673-1679. [PMID: 26718773 DOI: 10.1177/1557988315624507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gay men's subcultural identifications may help explain why certain groups of gay men are more at risk than other groups. One such subculture is the Bear community, a group that espouses that large-framed, hirsute men are attractive. To understand current health risks among the Bear community, a literature search was conducted using Medline, Psychinfo, CINAHL, and LGBT Life. A total of eight articles were found addressing health risks in the Bear community. There is a dearth of literature that focuses on the Bear community, but the current literature indicates that Bears are more likely to have a higher body mass index, lower self-esteem, and engage in risky sexual behaviors than other gay men. Suggestions for engaging and conducting research with the Bear community are provided. Last, clinical implications offer guidance for health care providers working with the Bear community to ensure that appropriate care is delivered to these men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph P De Santis
- 1 University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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19
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Archibald D, Douglas F, Hoddinott P, van Teijlingen E, Stewart F, Robertson C, Boyers D, Avenell A. A qualitative evidence synthesis on the management of male obesity. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008372. [PMID: 26459486 PMCID: PMC4606385 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate what weight management interventions work for men, with which men, and under what circumstances. DESIGN Realist synthesis of qualitative studies. DATA SOURCES Sensitive searches of 11 electronic databases from 1990 to 2012 supplemented by grey literature searches. STUDY SELECTION Studies published between 1990 and 2012 reporting qualitative research with obese men, or obese men in contrast to obese women and lifestyle or drug weight management were included. The studies included men aged 16 years or over, with no upper age limit, with a mean or median body mass index of 30 kg/m(2) in all settings. RESULTS 22 studies were identified, including 5 qualitative studies linked to randomised controlled trials of weight maintenance interventions and 8 qualitative studies linked to non-randomised intervention studies, and 9 relevant UK-based qualitative studies not linked to any intervention. Health concerns and the perception that certain programmes had 'worked' for other men were the key factors that motivated men to engage with weight management programmes. Barriers to engagement and adherence with programmes included: men not problematising their weight until labelled 'obese'; a lack of support for new food choices by friends and family, and reluctance to undertake extreme dieting. Retaining some autonomy over what is eaten; flexibility about treats and alcohol, and a focus on physical activity were attractive features of programmes. Group interventions, humour and social support facilitated attendance and adherence. Men were motivated to attend programmes in settings that were convenient, non-threatening and congruent with their masculine identities, but men were seldom involved in programme design. CONCLUSIONS Men's perspectives and preferences within the wider context of family, work and pleasure should be sought when designing weight management services. Qualitative research is needed with men to inform all aspects of intervention design, including the setting, optimal recruitment processes and strategies to minimise attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryll Archibald
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research & Policy (SCPHRP), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Lothian, UK
| | - Flora Douglas
- Rowett Institute of Health and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Pat Hoddinott
- NMAHP Research Unit, Unit 13 Scion House, University of Stirling, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK
| | - Edwin van Teijlingen
- Maternal & Perinatal Health Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Centre for Midwifery, Christchurch Road Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Fiona Stewart
- Cochrane Incontinence Review Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Clare Robertson
- Health Services Research Unit (HSRU), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Dwayne Boyers
- Health Economics Research Unit (HERU) and Health Services Research Unit (HSRU), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alison Avenell
- Health Services Research Unit (HSRU), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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20
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Lyons A, Hosking W. Health disparities among common subcultural identities of young gay men: physical, mental, and sexual health. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:1621-1635. [PMID: 25060121 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Researchers, policymakers, and health agencies have tended to treat gay men as a relatively homogeneous population, with little attention given to its many subcultural identities. In this study, we focused on young gay men and investigated a range of health-related differences according to common subcultural identities, such as Bear, Cub, and Twink. In a nationwide cross-sectional online survey of 1,034 Australian gay men aged 18-39 years, 44% reported a subcultural identity, the two most common being Cub (9%) and Twink (20%). Logistic and linear regression analyses compared Cub- and Twink-identified men and those without a subcultural identity (Non-identified) on a range of health-related outcomes. After adjusting for differences in age and body mass index (BMI), Twink-identified men had the highest risk profile overall, including significantly higher rates of smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption. They were also significantly more likely to report engaging in receptive anal sex. In addition, Cub-identified men were significantly more likely to report being in an ongoing relationship while Non-identified men were significantly less likely to report experiences of discrimination in the past 12 months. Differences on measures of mental health between the three groups were no longer significant after adjusting for age and BMI. In summary, we found numerous health-related differences according to subcultural identity that warrant further investigation by researchers, health agencies, and others concerned with further understanding and addressing health-related challenges of gay men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lyons
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia,
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21
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Adams J, McCreanor T, Braun V. Gay men's explanations of health and how to improve it. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:887-899. [PMID: 23558711 DOI: 10.1177/1049732313484196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the health views of gay men. In this article we report on how gay men explained health and the ways they discussed how health for gay men can be improved. We conducted a thematic analysis of data collected from 45 gay men in 11 focus groups and identified that health was mainly explained in individual terms, as were the ways to improve health (personal health care services and health promotion). The second way health was explained drew on social and community factors, with the societal acceptance of gay men being reported as essential for health improvements. These individual and social/community approaches were in tension; overall, the individualized approaches dominated. In line with other theorizing in health, we argue that appropriate policy and service provision to meet the health needs of gay men require greater acknowledgment of the social and community explanations of health and ways of improving health.
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22
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Lanzieri N, Cook BJ. Examination of muscularity and body fat depictions in magazines that target heterosexual and gay men. Body Image 2013; 10:251-4. [PMID: 23352323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous content analyses of magazine images have typically examined within genres but failed to include comparisons between publications intended for various populations. The purpose of this study was to examine depictions of muscularity and thinness of male images in several widely distributed magazines that target male audiences from a variety of genres. Twenty-three magazine titles with the highest circulation rates that targeted heterosexual men, gay men, and general audiences were selected for image analyses. We found that magazines that target gay male audiences depicted images of men who were thinner in comparison to magazines targeting heterosexual men. Both gay and heterosexual magazines depicted male images with greater muscularity than magazines intended for general audiences. Differences in male image depictions in magazines may contribute to the promotion of an unattainable body ideal in some subgroups of gay culture.
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23
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Bennett E, Gough B. In pursuit of leanness: The management of appearance, affect and masculinities within a men’s weight loss forum. Health (London) 2012; 17:284-99. [DOI: 10.1177/1363459312454149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a somatic society which promotes visible, idealized forms of embodiment, men are increasingly being interpellated as image-conscious body-subjects. Some research suggests that men negotiate appearance issues in complex and varied ways, partly because image concerns are conventionally feminized. However, little research has considered how overweight men construct body projects in the context of weight loss, or how men talk to each other about weight management efforts. Since sources of information and support for overweight men are now provided online, including dedicated weight loss discussion forums, our analysis focuses on one such forum, linked to a popular male-targeted magazine. We conducted a thematic analysis of selected extracts from seven threads on the forum. Our analysis suggests a widespread focus on appearance, as well as the use of emotion categories when describing difficult bodily experiences. Invariably, however, such talk was carefully constructed and constrained by hegemonic masculinities founded on discipline, work-orientation, pragmatism and self-reliance. The findings are discussed in relation to magazine masculinities and aesthetics, as well as literature on male embodiment.
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24
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Tylka TL, Andorka MJ. Support for an expanded tripartite influence model with gay men. Body Image 2012; 9:57-67. [PMID: 22036192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether an expanded tripartite influence model would represent gay men's experiences. This model was extended by adding partners and gay community involvement as sources of social influence and considering dual body image pathways (muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction) to muscularity enhancement and disordered eating behaviors. Latent variable structural equation modeling analyses upheld this model for 346 gay men. Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors were supported, although three unanticipated interrelationships emerged, suggesting that muscularity and body fat concerns and behaviors may be more integrated for gay men. Internalization of the mesomorphic ideal, appearance comparison, muscularity dissatisfaction, and body fat dissatisfaction were key mediators in the model. Of the sources of social influence, friend and media pressure to be lean, gay community involvement, and partner, friend, media, and family pressures to be muscular made incremental contributions. Unexpectedly, certain sources were directly connected to body change behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Marion, OH 43302, USA.
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