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Scian M, Paço L, Murphree TA, Shireman LM, Atkins WM. Reversibility and Low Commitment to Forward Catalysis in the Conjugation of Lipid Alkenals by Glutathione Transferase A4-4. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020329. [PMID: 36830698 PMCID: PMC9953347 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of electrophilic lipid alkenals formed during oxidative stress are implicated in cytotoxicity and disease. However, low concentrations of alkenals are required to induce antioxidative stress responses. An established clearance pathway for lipid alkenals includes conjugation to glutathione (GSH) via Michael addition, which is catalyzed mainly by glutathione transferase isoform A4 (GSTA4-4). Based on the ability of GSTs to catalyze hydrolysis or retro-Michael addition of GSH conjugates, and the antioxidant function of low concentrations of lipid alkenals, we hypothesize that GSTA4-4 contributes a homeostatic role in lipid metabolism. Enzymatic kinetic parameters for retro-Michael addition with trans-2-Nonenal (NE) reveal the chemical competence of GSTA4-4 in this putative role. The forward GSTA4-4-catalyzed Michael addition occurs with the rapid exchange of the C2 proton of NE in D2O as observed by NMR. The isotope exchange was completely dependent on the presence of GSH. The overall commitment to catalysis, or the ratio of first order kcat,f for 'forward' Michael addition to the first order kcat,ex for H/D exchange is remarkably low, approximately 3:1. This behavior is consistent with the possibility that GSTA4-4 is a regulatory enzyme that contributes to steady-state levels of lipid alkenals, rather than a strict 'one way' detoxication enzyme.
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Liu Y, Wei Y, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Pang Z, Liao M, Sun H. Overexpression of TRIM16 Reduces the Titer of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Promotes the Expression of Antioxidant Genes through Regulating the SQSTM1-NRF2-KEAP1 Axis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020391. [PMID: 36851605 PMCID: PMC9960857 DOI: 10.3390/v15020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in viral replication. Tripartite motif containing 16 (TRIM16) is involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the role of TRIM16 in oxidative stress induced by infection of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is unclear. We found that under conditions of H5N1 HPAIV infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells peaked at 24 h post infection (hpi), and antioxidant genes' expression levels were down-regulated. Overexpression of TRIM16 in A549 cells resulted in a decrease in the titter of H5N1 HPAIV and led to significant up-regulation of the antioxidant genes' expression levels, which indicates that TRIM16 positively regulates the sequestosome 1/Kelch-like associated enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 protein/nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-derived 2-like 2 (SQSTM1/NRF2/KEAP1) pathway. Under basal conditions, TRIM16 led to a modification of NRF2 through an increase in K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of NRF2. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into understanding TRIM16's role in anti-oxidative stress in H5N1 HPAIV infected A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yifan Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxia Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-18675861636 (H.S.)
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-18675861636 (H.S.)
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Qin X, Zhang K, Qiu J, Wang N, Qu K, Cui Y, Huang J, Luo L, Zhong Y, Tian T, Wu W, Wang Y, Wang G. Uptake of oxidative stress-mediated extracellular vesicles by vascular endothelial cells under low magnitude shear stress. Bioact Mater 2021; 9:397-410. [PMID: 34820579 PMCID: PMC8586717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly used as delivery vehicles for drugs and bioactive molecules, which usually require intravascular administration. The endothelial cells covering the inner surface of blood vessels are susceptible to the shear stress of blood flow. Few studies demonstrate the interplay of red blood cell-derived EVs (RBCEVs) and endothelial cells. Thus, the phagocytosis of EVs by vascular endothelial cells during blood flow needs to be elucidated. In this study, red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) were constructed to investigate endothelial cell phagocytosis in vitro and animal models. Results showed that low magnitude shear stress including low shear stress (LSS) and oscillatory shear stress (OSS) could promote the uptake of RBCEVs by endothelial cells in vitro. In addition, in zebrafish and mouse models, RBCEVs tend to be internalized by endothelial cells under LSS or OSS. Moreover, RBCEVs are easily engulfed by endothelial cells in atherosclerotic plaques exposed to LSS or OSS. In terms of mechanism, oxidative stress induced by LSS is part of the reason for the increased uptake of endothelial cells. Overall, this study shows that vascular endothelial cells can easily engulf EVs in areas of low magnitude shear stress, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of EVs-based nano-drug delivery systems in vivo. We recently reported that endothelial cells were amateur phagocytic cells for RBCEVs engulfment. Low magnitude shear stress (LSS and OSS) can increase the uptake of RBCEVs by endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. ROS induced by low magnitude shear stress acts as an accelerator to enhance endothelial cells uptake of RBCEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Kai Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yuliang Cui
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Li Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Cui Q, Yan L. Tripartite motif-containing protein 16 protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by affecting the Keap1/Nrf2 axis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:349-363. [PMID: 34436665 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein (TRIM16) is a newly identified oxidative-stress-responsive protein. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and contributes to the cardiac injury. To date, whether TRIM16 plays a role in mediating oxidative stress during myocardial I/R injury is undetermined. The work is devoted to evaluate the possible relevance of TRIM16 in myocardial I/R injury. TRIM16 induction by myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in vitro or myocardial I/R injury in vivo was observed. TRIM16 overexpression alleviated H/R-induced injury of rat cardiomyocytes. TRIM16 overexpression markedly attenuated cardiac injury, infarct size, and myocardial apoptosis induced by myocardial I/R injury. Further research revealed that TRIM16 was capable of enhancing Nrf2 activation via the regulation of Keap1. The inhibition of Nrf2 diminished TRIM16-overexpression-mediated cardioprotective effects. Overall, this work demonstrates that TRIM16 protects against myocardial I/R injury via affecting the Keap1/Nrf2 axis. This work offers new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying myocardial I/R injury and proposes TRIM16 as an attractive candidate target for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710068, China.
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Sepand MR, Maghsoudi AS, Shadboorestan A, Mirnia K, Aghsami M, Raoufi M. Cigarette smoke-induced toxicity consequences of intracellular iron dysregulation and ferroptosis. Life Sci 2021; 281:119799. [PMID: 34229007 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on the mechanisms of cigarette smoking toxicity over the past three decades, some aspects remain obscure. Recent developments have drawn attention to some hopeful indicators that allow us to advance our awareness of cigarette-induced cell death. Ferroptosis is considered a type of governed death of cells distinguished by the iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide deposition to fatal concentrations. Ferroptosis has been linked with pathological settings such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, heart attack, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and renal dysfunction. This review tries to explain the causal role of ferroptosis cascade in cigarette smoke-mediated toxicity and cell death, highlighting associations on potential action mechanisms and proposing suggestions for its detoxifying and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Armin Salek Maghsoudi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayvan Mirnia
- Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Aghsami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
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Pečan P, Hambalkó S, Ha VT, Nagy CT, Pelyhe C, Lainšček D, Kenyeres B, Brenner GB, Görbe A, Kittel Á, Barteková M, Ferdinandy P, Manček-Keber M, Giricz Z. Calcium Ionophore-Induced Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Cytoprotection against Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Cardiomyocyte-Derived Cell Lines by Inducing Heme Oxygenase 1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207687. [PMID: 33081396 PMCID: PMC7589052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury is still an unmet clinical need. The transient activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been implicated in cardioprotection, which may be achieved by treatment with blood-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, since the isolation of EVs from blood takes considerable effort, the aim of our study was to establish a cellular model from which cardioprotective EVs can be isolated in a well-reproducible manner. EV release was induced in HEK293 cells with calcium ionophore A23187. EVs were characterized and cytoprotection was assessed in H9c2 and AC16 cell lines. Cardioprotection afforded by EVs and its mechanism were investigated after 16 h simulated ischemia and 2 h reperfusion. The induction of HEK293 cells by calcium ionophore resulted in the release of heterogenous populations of EVs. In H9c2 and AC16 cells, stressEVs induced the downstream signaling of TLR4 and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in H9c2 cells. StressEVs decreased necrosis due to simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury in H9c2 and AC16 cells, which was independent of TLR4 induction, but not that of HO-1. Calcium ionophore-induced EVs exert cytoprotection by inducing HO-1 in a TLR4-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pečan
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.P.); (V.T.H.); (D.L.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Szabolcs Hambalkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Van Thai Ha
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.P.); (V.T.H.); (D.L.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Csilla T. Nagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Duško Lainšček
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.P.); (V.T.H.); (D.L.)
- Centre of Excelence EN-FIST, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bence Kenyeres
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Gábor B. Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, ELRN, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Monika Barteková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mateja Manček-Keber
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.P.); (V.T.H.); (D.L.)
- Centre of Excelence EN-FIST, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (M.M.-K.); (Z.G.); Tel.: +386-1-476-0393 (M.M.-K.); +36-1-210-4416 (Z.G.)
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (S.H.); (C.T.N.); (C.P.); (B.K.); (G.B.B.); (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (M.M.-K.); (Z.G.); Tel.: +386-1-476-0393 (M.M.-K.); +36-1-210-4416 (Z.G.)
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TRIM16 protects from OGD/R-induced oxidative stress in cultured hippocampal neurons by enhancing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via downregulation of Keap1. Exp Cell Res 2020; 391:111988. [PMID: 32251645 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite motif 16 (TRIM16) has emerged as a novel oxidative stress-responsive protein that confers cytoprotective effects by reinforcing the cellular antioxidant system. However, whether TRIM16 is involved in regulating oxidative stress during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to explore the potential function and molecular mechanism of TRIM16 in regulating oxidative stress in neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. Here, we found that OGD/R exposure resulted in a significant induction of TRIM16 expression in neurons. Depletion of TRIM16 by siRNA-mediated gene knockdown markedly upregulated the sensitivity of neurons to OGD/R-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Notably, upregulation of TRIM16 expression significantly alleviated OGD/R-induced apoptosis and ROS generation in neurons. Moreover, TRIM16 overexpression markedly increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and enhanced Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) activation associated with downregulation of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression. Restoration of Keap1 significantly reversed the TRIM16-mediated promotion effect on Nrf2/ARE activation. In addition, knockdown of Nrf2 also markedly abrogated the TRIM16-conferred neuroprotective effect in OGD/R-exposed neurons. Taken together, our results of our study demonstrate that induction of TRIM16 confers a cytoprotective effect in OGD/R-exposed neurons through enhancement of Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via downregulation of Keap1. These findings suggest that TRIM16 may play a critical role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and serve as a promising target for neuroprotection.
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Herzberg D, Strobel P, Chihuailaf R, Ramirez-Reveco A, Müller H, Werner M, Bustamante H. Spinal Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage Mediate Chronic Pain in Lame Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090693. [PMID: 31533257 PMCID: PMC6770087 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic inflammatory diseases could impact central nervous system homeostasis, being oxidative damage of the dorsal horn, a relevant mechanism mediating central sensitization. Chronic inflammatory lameness in dairy cows is a painful condition that affects animal welfare, affecting dairy production worldwide. This study reveals increased levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and carbonyl groups, indicating lipid and protein damage in the spinal cord of cows with chronic lameness. Moreover, antioxidant system activity was similar between lame and non-lame cows which suggests that antioxidant dysregulation was not the cause of oxidative damage, as has been proposed previously. Based on the fact that nociceptive pathways are strongly conserved between species, there is no reason to neglect that chronic pain in cows promotes Central Nervous System (CNS) alterations, such as oxidative damage. Moreover, lame cows develop central sensitization, as allodynia and hyperalgesia are centrally and not peripherally mediated. Our results support the current assumption that chronic pain is a central nervous system disease and lameness in dairy cows is far beyond an inflammation of the hoof. Abstract Lameness in dairy cows is a worldwide prevalent disease with a negative impact on animal welfare and herd economy. Oxidative damage and antioxidant system dysfunction are common features of many CNS diseases, including chronic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage markers in the spinal cord of dairy cows with chronic inflammatory lameness. Locomotion score was performed in order to select cows with chronic lameness. Dorsal horn spinal cord samples were obtained post mortem from lumbar segments (L2–L5), and ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl groups were measured along with the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant response (TAR). Lame cows had increased levels of ROS, MDA, and carbonyl groups, while no differences were observed between lame and non-lame cows in SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAR activity. We conclude that painful chronic inflammatory lameness in dairy cows is associated with an increase in ROS, MDA, and carbonyl groups. Nonetheless, an association between ROS generation and dysfunction of the antioxidant system, as previously proposed, could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Herzberg
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Pablo Strobel
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Chihuailaf
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Ramirez-Reveco
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Heine Müller
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Marianne Werner
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Hedie Bustamante
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
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Park EJ, Park YJ, Lee SJ, Lee K, Yoon C. Whole cigarette smoke condensates induce ferroptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2019; 303:55-66. [PMID: 30579903 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is responsible for many fatal pulmonary diseases, however, the toxic mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we first confirmed that whole cigarette smoke condensates (WCSC) contain hydrophilic elements, lipophilic and gaseous components. Then, we treated BEAS-2B cells, a normal human bronchial epithelial cell line, at dosages of 0.25, 0.5, and 1% for 24 h and explored the toxic mechanism. Cell viability decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and fission and fusion of mitochondria, damage of endoplasmic reticulume (ER) structures, and formation of autophagosome-like vacuoles were found in cells treated with 1% WCSC. Mitochondrial and ER volumes, lysosomal fluorescence intensity, LDH release, and intracellular ROS levels notably decreased at the highest doses compared with the control, whereas intracellular calcium ion and NO levels were significantly elevated accompanying G2/M phase arrest. Expression of an iron-binding nuclear protein-related gene (pirin) was the most up-regulated in the WCSC-treated cells with enhanced expression of antioxidant-related genes, whereas expression of carbonic anhydrase IX gene, a marker of tumor hypoxia, was the most down-regulated. Additionally, levels of apoptosis (BAX, Apaf-1, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP), autophagy (p62 and LC3B-II), ER stress (PERK, IRE-1a, Bip, and CHOP), antioxidant (SOD-1 and SOD-2), and MAPkinase activation (p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK)-related proteins were clearly enhanced following exposure to WCSC, whereas expression of several mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins was reduced with dose. Interestingly, expression of ferritin protein (light chain) was dramatically enhanced near the ER along with that of p62 protein. More importantly, the hypoxia inducible factor-1 pathway and ferroptosis were proposed among the 20 terms in KEGG pathway analysis, and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, which are involved in hypoxia-induced inflammation, were clearly elevated with dose. Taken together, we suggest that WCSC may induce ferroptosis in bronchial epithelial cells via ER stress and disturbed homeostasis in mitochondrial dynamics caused by induction of hypoxia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoo-Jin Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jellobuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jellobuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Jena KK, Kolapalli SP, Mehto S, Nath P, Das B, Sahoo PK, Ahad A, Syed GH, Raghav SK, Senapati S, Chauhan S, Chauhan S. TRIM16 controls assembly and degradation of protein aggregates by modulating the p62-NRF2 axis and autophagy. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798358. [PMID: 30143514 PMCID: PMC6138442 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of protein aggregates in inclusion bodies and their subsequent degradation prevents proteostasis imbalance, cytotoxicity, and proteinopathies. The underlying molecular mechanisms controlling the turnover of protein aggregates are mostly uncharacterized. Herein, we show that a TRIM family protein, TRIM16, governs the process of stress-induced biogenesis and degradation of protein aggregates. TRIM16 facilitates protein aggregate formation by positively regulating the p62-NRF2 axis. We show that TRIM16 is an integral part of the p62-KEAP1-NRF2 complex and utilizes multiple mechanisms for stabilizing NRF2. Under oxidative and proteotoxic stress conditions, TRIM16 activates ubiquitin pathway genes and p62 via NRF2, leading to ubiquitination of misfolded proteins and formation of protein aggregates. We further show that TRIM16 acts as a scaffold protein and, by interacting with p62, ULK1, ATG16L1, and LC3B, facilitates autophagic degradation of protein aggregates. Thus, TRIM16 streamlines the process of stress-induced aggregate clearance and protects cells against oxidative/proteotoxic stress-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo Taken together, this work identifies a new mechanism of protein aggregate turnover, which could be relevant in protein aggregation-associated diseases such as neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Parej Nath
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sunil K Raghav
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shantibhusan Senapati
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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11
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Gallelli CA, Calcagnini S, Romano A, Koczwara JB, de Ceglia M, Dante D, Villani R, Giudetti AM, Cassano T, Gaetani S. Modulation of the Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation by Endocannabinoids and Their Lipid Analogues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E93. [PMID: 30021985 PMCID: PMC6070960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the pivotal role played by oxidative stress in tissue injury development, thus resulting in several pathologies including cardiovascular, renal, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders, all characterized by an altered oxidative status. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation-derived reactive aldehydes including acrolein, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, among others, are the main responsible for cellular and tissue damages occurring in redox-dependent processes. In this scenario, a link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and redox homeostasis impairment appears to be crucial. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the best characterized endocannabinoids, are able to modulate the activity of several antioxidant enzymes through targeting the cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 as well as additional receptors such as the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors 18 and 55. Moreover, the endocannabinoids lipid analogues N-acylethanolamines showed to protect cell damage and death from reactive aldehydes-induced oxidative stress by restoring the intracellular oxidants-antioxidants balance. In this review, we will provide a better understanding of the main mechanisms triggered by the cross-talk between the oxidative stress and the ECS, focusing also on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants as scavengers of reactive aldehydes and their toxic bioactive adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Anna Gallelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Justyna Barbara Koczwara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Dante
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Peng YF, Wei YS. The relationships between serum fructosamine concentrations and lipid profiles in community-dwelling adults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6886. [PMID: 28761149 PMCID: PMC5537271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the epidemiological associations between serum fructosamine and dyslipidemia indices in community-dwelling adults. Clinical characteristics and lipid profiles were analyzed in 1352 community-dwelling adults. The demographic characteristics and laboratory results were grouped according to the quartiles of serum fructosamine concentrations in all eligible individuals. From the bottom to the top quartile of serum fructosamine, there were graded increases in age, total cholesterol (TC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol/ high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Serum fructosamine was positive correlated with age, TC, FBG, TP, TG, TC/HDL-C and AIP in whole individuals. The positive correlations were then observed in both genders between serum fructosamine and TC, FBG, TP, TG. Two dominant factors were identified by principal component analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed that the two factors were associated with increased serum fructosamine with adjustment for gender, age, body mass index (BMI), FBG and TP. The similar results were observed in males, but not in females. Dyslipidemia tends to contribute to increased serum fructosamine concentrations in study population, suggesting that elevated serum fructosamine may herald an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among community-dwelling adults, especially in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Fan Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| | - Ye-Sheng Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China.
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13
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Umeno A, Biju V, Yoshida Y. In vivo ROS production and use of oxidative stress-derived biomarkers to detect the onset of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:413-427. [PMID: 28372523 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in biochemistry have furthered our understanding of the onset and progression of various diseases, and have advanced the development of new therapeutics. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ubiquitous in biological systems. ROS can be formed non-enzymatically by chemical, photochemical and electron transfer reactions, or as the byproducts of endogenous enzymatic reactions, phagocytosis, and inflammation. Imbalances in ROS homeostasis, caused by impairments in antioxidant enzymes or non-enzymatic antioxidant networks, increase oxidative stress, leading to the deleterious oxidation and chemical modification of biomacromolecules such as lipids, DNA, and proteins. While many ROS are intracellular signaling messengers and most products of oxidative metabolisms are beneficial for normal cellular function, the elevation of ROS levels by light, hyperglycemia, peroxisomes, and certain enzymes causes oxidative stress-sensitive signaling, toxicity, oncogenesis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Although the underlying mechanisms of these diseases are manifold, oxidative stress caused by ROS is a major contributing factor in their onset. This review summarizes the relationship between ROS and oxidative stress, with special reference to recent advancements in the detection of biomarkers related to oxidative stress. Further, we will introduce biomarkers for the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, with a focus on our recent work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Umeno
- a Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Takamatsu , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Vasudevanpillai Biju
- a Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Takamatsu , Kagawa , Japan.,b Laboratory of Molecular Photonics, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10 , Kita Ward, Sapporo , Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- a Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Takamatsu , Kagawa , Japan
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14
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Hentschel A, Zahedi RP, Ahrends R. Protein lipid modifications--More than just a greasy ballast. Proteomics 2016; 16:759-82. [PMID: 26683279 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent lipid modifications of proteins are crucial for regulation of cellular plasticity, since they affect the chemical and physical properties and therefore protein activity, localization, and stability. Most recently, lipid modifications on proteins are increasingly attracting important regulatory entities in diverse signaling events and diseases. In all cases, the lipid moiety of modified proteins is essential to allow water-soluble proteins to strongly interact with membranes or to induce structural changes in proteins that are critical for elemental processes such as respiration, transport, signal transduction, and motility. Until now, roughly about ten lipid modifications on different amino acid residues are described at the UniProtKB database and even well-known modifications are underrepresented. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to develop a better understanding of this emerging and so far under-investigated type of protein modification. Therefore, this review aims to give a comprehensive and detailed overview about enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipidation events, will report their role in cellular biology, discuss their relevancy for diseases, and describe so far available bioanalytical strategies to analyze this highly challenging type of modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Niki E. Oxidative stress and antioxidants: Distress or eustress? Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:19-24. [PMID: 27095209 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not just associated with various pathologies, but that they act as physiological redox signaling messenger with important regulatory functions. It is sometimes stated that "if ROS is a physiological signaling messenger, then removal of ROS by antioxidants such as vitamins E and C may not be good for human health." However, it should be noted that ROS acting as physiological signaling messenger and ROS removed by antioxidants are not the same. The lipid peroxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol induce adaptive response and enhance defense capacity against subsequent oxidative insults, but it is unlikely that these lipid peroxidation products are physiological signaling messenger produced on purpose. The removal of ROS and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by antioxidants should be beneficial for human health, although it has to be noted also that they may not be an effective inhibitor of oxidative damage mediated by non-radical oxidants. The term ROS is vague and, as there are many ROS and antioxidants which are different in chemistry, it is imperative to explicitly specify ROS and antioxidant to understand the effects and role of oxidative stress and antioxidants properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan; Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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16
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KURPIŃSKA AK, JAROSZ A, OŻGO M, SKRZYPCZAK WF. Analysis of protein expression changes in the blood plasma of cows during the last month before parturition and 2 months after calving. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1501-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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17
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Morita M, Sekine A, Urano Y, Nishimura T, Takabe W, Arai H, Hamakubo T, Kodama T, Noguchi N. Lysophosphatidylcholine promotes SREBP-2 activation via rapid cholesterol efflux and SREBP-2-independent cytokine release in human endothelial cells. J Biochem 2015; 158:331-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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18
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Akazawa-Ogawa Y, Shichiri M, Nishio K, Yoshida Y, Niki E, Hagihara Y. Singlet-oxygen-derived products from linoleate activate Nrf2 signaling in skin cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:164-75. [PMID: 25499849 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Linoleates are required for normal mammalian health and development, but they are also prone to oxidation, resulting in biologically active metabolites such as hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs). To investigate the biological activity of 9-EZ-HODE, 10-EZ-HODE, 12-ZE-HODE, and 13-ZE-HODE, the metabolites of singlet-oxygen-derived products from linoleates, we assessed adaptive cytoprotection in HaCaT skin cells. Treating HaCaT cells with sublethal concentrations of 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE, which are singlet-oxygen-mediated specific oxidation metabolites of linoleates, but not 9-EZ-HODE and 13-ZE-HODE, caused resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage. Microarray analysis of HaCaT cells revealed that 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE induced cellular antioxidant genes that are responsive to nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), such as heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione synthesis enzymes. Although 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE did not induce Nrf2 mRNA, treatment with these metabolites increased the intranuclear expression of Nrf2. These results suggest that 10-EZ-HODE and 12-ZE-HODE initiate adaptive responses that reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Akazawa-Ogawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Keiko Nishio
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Etsuo Niki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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19
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Yoshida Y, Umeno A, Akazawa Y, Shichiri M, Murotomi K, Horie M. Chemistry of Lipid Peroxidation Products and Their Use as Biomarkers in Early Detection of Diseases. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:347-56. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Aya Umeno
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yoko Akazawa
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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20
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Fedorova M, Bollineni RC, Hoffmann R. Protein carbonylation as a major hallmark of oxidative damage: update of analytical strategies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:79-97. [PMID: 23832618 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation, one of the most harmful irreversible oxidative protein modifications, is considered as a major hallmark of oxidative stress-related disorders. Protein carbonyl measurements are often performed to assess the extent of oxidative stress in the context of cellular damage, aging and several age-related disorders. A wide variety of analytical techniques are available to detect and quantify protein-bound carbonyls generated by metal-catalyzed oxidation, lipid peroxidation or glycation/glycoxidation. Here we review current analytical approaches for protein carbonyl detection with a special focus on mass spectrometry-based techniques. The utility of several carbonyl-derivatization reagents, enrichment protocols and especially advanced mass spectrometry techniques are compared and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms and biology of protein carbonylation are summarized based on recent high-throughput proteomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Chapple SJ, Cheng X, Mann GE. Effects of 4-hydroxynonenal on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell redox signaling and function in health and disease. Redox Biol 2013; 1:319-31. [PMID: 24024167 PMCID: PMC3757694 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a lipid hydroperoxide end product formed from the oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative abundance of HNE within the vasculature is dependent not only on the rate of lipid peroxidation and HNE synthesis but also on the removal of HNE adducts by phase II metabolic pathways such as glutathione-S-transferases. Depending on its relative concentration, HNE can induce a range of hormetic effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including kinase activation, proliferation, induction of phase II enzymes and in high doses inactivation of enzymatic processes and apoptosis. HNE also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and in utero diseases such as pre-eclampsia. This review examines the known production, metabolism and consequences of HNE synthesis within vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, highlighting alterations in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function and their association with various vascular pathologies. HNE is a lipid peroxidation endproduct regulating vascular redox signaling. HNE detoxification is tightly regulated in vascular and other cell types. Elevated HNE levels are associated with various vascular diseases.
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Key Words
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14) prostaglandin-J2
- 4-hydroxynonenal
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- AR, Aldose reductase
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- BAEC, Bovine aortic endothelial cells
- BH4, Tetrahydrobiopterin
- BLMVEC, Bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells
- BPAEC, Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
- BTB, Broad complex Tramtrack and Bric–brac domain
- CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein
- Endothelial cells
- EpRE, Electrophile response element
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FAP, Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
- GCLC, Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM, Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- GS-DHN, Glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene
- GS-HNE, HNE-conjugates
- GSH, Glutathione
- GST, Glutathione-S-transferase
- GTPCH, Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I
- HASMC, Human aortic smooth muscle cells
- HCSMC, Human coronary smooth muscle cells
- HERP, Homocysteine inducible ER protein
- HMEC, Human microvascular endothelial cells
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hsp-70/72/90, Heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90
- IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1
- IVR, Central intervening region
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MASMC, Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
- MEK1/2, Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2
- MMP-1/2, Matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2
- MPEC, Mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, Nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2
- PCEC, Porcine cerebral endothelial cells
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PDI, Protein disulfide isomerases
- PERK, Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RASMC, Rat aortic smooth muscle cells
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RVSMC, Rat vascular smooth muscle cells
- Redox signaling
- SMC, Smooth muscle cell
- TKR, Tyrosine kinase receptor
- UPR, Unfolded protein response
- Vascular biology
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- elF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
- iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- oxLDL, Oxidized low density lipoprotein
- tBHP, Tert-butylhydroperoxide
- xCT, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chapple
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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22
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Spickett CM. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: Advances in chemistry and analysis. Redox Biol 2013; 1:145-52. [PMID: 24024147 PMCID: PMC3757682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the most studied products of phospholipid peroxidation, owing to its reactivity and cytotoxicity. It can be formed by several radical-dependent oxidative routes involving the formation of hydroperoxides, alkoxyl radicals, epoxides, and fatty acyl cross-linking reactions. Cleavage of the oxidized fatty acyl chain results in formation of HNE from the methyl end, and 9-oxo-nonanoic acid from the carboxylate or esterified end of the chain, although many other products are also possible. HNE can be metabolized in tissues by a variety of pathways, leading to detoxification and excretion. HNE-adducts to proteins have been detected in inflammatory situations such as atherosclerotic lesions using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, which have also been applied in ELISAs and western blotting. However, in order to identify the proteins modified and the exact sites and nature of the modifications, mass spectrometry approaches are required. Combinations of enrichment strategies with targetted mass spectrometry routines such as neutral loss scanning are now facilitating detection of HNE-modified proteins in complex biological samples. This is important for characterizing the interactions of HNE with redox sensitive cell signalling proteins and understanding how it may modulate their activities either physiologically or in disease.
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Key Words
- Anti-HNE antibodies
- DHN-MA, 1,4-Dihydroxynonane-mercapturic acid
- DNPH, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- FT-ICR, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
- HNE, 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
- HNE-protein adducts
- HODA, 9-Hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- HPETE, Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, Hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Hydroxyalkenal
- KODA, 9-Keto-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- MALDI, Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- Mab, Monoclonal antibody
- Mass spectrometry
- Neutral loss scanning
- ONA, 9-Oxo-nonanoic acid
- ONE, 9-Oxo-2-nonenal
- PETE, Peroxyeicosatetraenoate
- PODE, Peroxyoctadecadienoate
- Redox signalling
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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Mondal NK, Sorensen E, Hiivala N, Feller E, Griffith B, Wu ZJ. Oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair in heart failure patients after implantation of continuous flow left ventricular assist devices. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:883-93. [PMID: 23781134 PMCID: PMC3675502 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the status of oxidative stress and DNA damage repair in circulating blood leukocytes of heart failure patients supported by continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten HF patients implanted with LVAD as bridge to transplant or destination therapy were enrolled in the study and 10 age and sex matched volunteers were recruited as the study control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood leukocytes and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes were measured by flow cytometry/immunofluorescence microscopy and spectrophotometry, respectively. ELISA was used to measure oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) in plasma. Markers of DNA damage (γ-H2AX) and repairs (Mre11, DNA ligase IV, Ku70, and Ku80) were quantified in blood lymphocytes by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Levels of ROS and oxLDL were significantly higher in HF patients with LVAD than baseline as well as the control group; moreover, SOD levels were decreased with increasing post-operative periods. All the changes indicated enhanced oxidative stress among LVAD recipients. Significantly higher γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes confirmed DNA double strand breaks in LVAD recipients. γ-H2AX foci numbers in lymphocytes were positively correlated with the ROS and oxLDL and negatively with SOD levels (p<0.0001). Expressions of DNA ligase IV, Ku70 and Ku80 proteins were highest after one week and Mre11 protein after 3 months of LVAD transplantation; indicated abnormal DNA repair. CONCLUSIONS The study, for the first time shows that, continuous flow LVAD implanted HF patients not only exhibit elevated oxidative stress and DNA damage in blood leukocytes but also have abnormalities in DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Kumar Mondal
- Department of Surgery, Artificial Organ Lab, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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24
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Yoshida Y, Umeno A, Shichiri M. Lipid peroxidation biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress and assessing antioxidant capacity in vivo. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 52:9-16. [PMID: 23341691 PMCID: PMC3541426 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the biological roles of lipid peroxidation products have received a great deal of attention not only for elucidating pathological mechanisms but also for practical clinical applications as biomarkers. In the last 50 years, lipid peroxidation has been the subject of extensive studies from the viewpoints of mechanisms, dynamics, product analysis, involvement in diseases, inhibition, and biological signaling. Lipid hydroperoxides are formed as major primary products, but they are substrates for various enzymes and they also undergo various secondary reactions. During this decade, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid from linoleates, F2-isoprostanes from arachidonates, and neuroprostanes from docosahexanoates have been proposed as biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress in vivo and its related diseases. The implications of lipid peroxidation products in vivo will be briefly reviewed and their practical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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25
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Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Čipak Gašparović A, Vuković L, Vlainić J, Žarković N, Oršolić N. Quercetin supplementation: insight into the potentially harmful outcomes of neurodegenerative prevention. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:1185-97. [PMID: 23073654 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary antioxidant supplements have been considered for the prevention of neuronal oxidative injury and death. Recent studies indicate that excessive antioxidants could exert adverse effects, thereby questioning the safety of prolonged supplementation. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of quercetin (up to 150 μM), the ubiquitous plant-derived flavonoid and highly potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on healthy P19 neurons, in order to assess the efficacy and safety of its long-term use in neurodegenerative prevention. Although exposure for 24 h to quercetin did not compromise neuronal survival, morphological examination revealed diminished neuronal branching, a finding probably related to an observed decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity. Using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and dot-blot analysis, we found reduced basal levels of ROS and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, confirming the antioxidative mechanism of quercetin action. Unexpectedly, quercetin also depleted intracellular glutathione content. Reverse transcriptase PCR and western blot analysis showed depletion of total RNA amount and changes in the expression of cell survival regulating genes Bcl-2, p53, and c-fos. Nuclear condensation and caspase-3/7 activity, phenomena related to programmed cell death cascade, were not affected. The potential risk of observed changes indicates that quercetin-enriched supplements should be taken with caution. The diversity of quercetin effects and complexity of possible intracellular interactions between affected genes pointed out the necessity for additional pharmacological and toxicological studies in order to better elucidate the mechanisms of quercetin action and to recognize its potential side effects at higher doses and during long-term administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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26
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Daughton CG. Using biomarkers in sewage to monitor community-wide human health: isoprostanes as conceptual prototype. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 424:16-38. [PMID: 22425170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Timely assessment of the aggregate health of small-area human populations is essential for guiding the optimal investment of resources needed for preventing, avoiding, controlling, or mitigating exposure risks. Seeking those interventions yielding the greatest benefit with respect to allocation of resources is essential for making progress toward community sustainability, promoting social justice, and maintaining or improving health and well-being. More efficient approaches are needed for revealing cause-effect linkages between environmental stressors and human health and for measuring overall aggregate health of small-area populations. A new concept is presented--community health assessment via Sewage Chemical Information Mining (SCIM)--for quickly gauging overall, aggregate health status or trends for entire small-area populations. The approach--BioSCIM--would monitor raw sewage for specific biomarkers broadly associated with human disease, stress, or health. A wealth of untapped chemical information resides in raw sewage, a portion comprising human biomarkers of exposure and effects. BioSCIM holds potential for capitalizing on the presence of biomarkers in sewage for accomplishing any number of objectives. One of the many potential applications of BioSCIM could use various biomarkers of stress resulting from the collective excretion from all individuals in a local population. A prototype example is presented using a class of biomarkers that measures collective, systemic oxidative stress--the isoprostanes (prostaglandin-like free-radical catalyzed oxidation products from certain polyunsaturated fatty acids). Sampling and analysis of raw sewage hold great potential for quickly determining aggregate biomarker levels for entire communities. Presented are the basic principles of BioSCIM, together with its anticipated limitations, challenges, and potential applications in assessing community-wide health. Community health assessment via BioSCIM could allow rapid assessments and intercomparisons of health status among distinct populations, revealing hidden or emerging trends or disparities and aiding in evaluating correlations (or hypotheses) between stressor exposures and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Daughton
- Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA.
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McKim JM, Keller DJ, Gorski JR. A newin vitromethod for identifying chemical sensitizers combining peptide binding with ARE/EpRE-mediated gene expression in human skin cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010; 29:171-92. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2010.483869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone As U-Shaped Dose Responses Molecules (Hormetins). Dose Response 2010. [DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-0001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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29
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone as u-shaped dose responses molecules (hormetins). Dose Response 2010; 9:32-49. [PMID: 21431076 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox environment involves a broad network of pro-oxidant and antioxidant components. Health benefit or damage can be induced as a consequence of an adaptive cellular stress response. A consequence of hormetic amplification is an increase in the homeodynamic space of a living system in terms of an increased defense capacity and a reduced load of damaged macromolecules. Ozone, when used at appropriate doses, promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides allows them to become late and long-lasting messengers. Healthy aging may be achieved by hormesis through mild and periodic, but not severe or chronic, physical and mental challenges, and by the use of nutritional hormesis incorporating mild stress-inducing molecules called hormetins. The paradoxical concept that ozone eventually induces an antioxidant response capable of reversing a chronic oxidative stress is common in the animal and vegetal kingdom; it is already supported by findings of an increased level of antioxidant enzymes during ozone therapy. Those facts can include ozone as a hormetin. The established scientific foundations of hormesis are ready to pave the way for new and effective approaches in redox-related disease research and intervention; ozone therapy can be a good candidate.
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