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Barsi F, Dalzini E, Russo S, Cosciani-Cunico E, Monastero P, Arrigoni N, Garbarino CA, Cortimiglia C, Losio MN, Ricchi M. Isothermal inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in curd simulating the stretching phase in pasta-filata cheese process. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1052222. [PMID: 36532449 PMCID: PMC9751633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw milk and dairy products are usually considered the major sources of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) exposure for humans. During the production process of mozzarella cheese, as well as of other pasta-filata cheeses made with pasteurized or raw milk, curd is heated and stretched by addition of hot or boiling water. This step is the critical point for the inactivation of MAP during the production process, but, to our knowledge, no studies have been published about the thermal death time values of MAP in curd. The aim of this study was to determine the inactivation kinetics of MAP in curd used to produce pasta-filata cheese in six independent experiments. The milk was inoculated with a mix of MAP strains (field and registered strains) and, with the aim to simulate the thermal treatment of the curd during the stretching step, samples of 10 g of contaminated curd were vacuum packed and treated separately at six different temperatures from 60°C to 75°C in a water bath. MAP survival was then evaluated by plate count method and inactivation parameters were estimated for determining the thermal resistance of the pathogen directly in the curd. D-values increased from 0.15 min (D75-value) to 4.22 min (D60-value) and the calculated z-value was 10.2°C. These data aid: (i) to design food thermal process treatments defining acceptance limits of critical control points to ensure safety against MAP; (ii) to predict the time/temperature combinations needed to obtain a certain MAP log reduction during the curd stretching step; (iii) to optimize or validate pasta-filata cheese process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Barsi
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Dalzini
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Russo
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Monastero
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Anna Garbarino
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Milan, Italy
- Food Control Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Piacenza, Italy
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Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010012. [PMID: 35011118 PMCID: PMC8749836 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants and many non-ruminant animals caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Affected animals show diarrhoea, loss of weight, and decreased production performance with consequent economic losses. This bacterium has been detected in some humans suffering from a chronic intestinal disease known as Crohn’s disease (CD) and, therefore, some scientists believe that CD is the human form of paratuberculosis. The disease in small ruminants has been reported in all continents, with goats being more susceptible than sheep. The clinical signs of the disease in goats are not so obvious as often do not show signs of diarrhoea, and the animal may die before being finally diagnosed. In Africa and many developing countries, paratuberculosis is described as a “neglected disease” particularly in small ruminants, which play a vital role in the livelihood of poor communities. This overview attempts to highlight the current research and gaps on this disease in small ruminants to draw more attention for further studies on diagnosis, prevention and control. Abstract Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.
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Pagliasso G, Di Blasio A, Vitale N, Romano A, Decastelli L, Quasso A, Ricchi M, Dondo A, Pastorino P, Gennero MS, Bergagna S. Goat Paratuberculosis: Experimental Model for the Evaluation of Mycobacterium Persistence in Raw Milk Cheese. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102032. [PMID: 34683352 PMCID: PMC8538418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of chronic proliferative enteritis found in ruminants, known as paratuberculosis (PTB). The spread of PTB is increasing in countries with advanced animal husbandry practices, leading to significant economic losses. Moreover, a supposed zoonotic role of MAP in Crohn's disease (CD) in humans has been discussed by the scientific community; however, although the association between MAP and CD has generally been accepted, it is still up for debate if MAP is the main cause of CD, a contributing factor, or merely a commensal organism for the development of CD. The aim of this study was to assess the survival of MAP during the entire production process of a traditional Italian goat's raw milk fresh cheese, the "Robiola di Roccaverano", assessing the survival rate and persistence of MAP in the final product. A mix of MAP field isolates from goats of the Roccaverano area and a reference ATCC strain were used to carry out milk in experimental inoculation. Samples of milk, curd and cheese were taken in two consecutive batches of production. Microbiological challenge tests, evaluated by f57-qPCR, showed a significant decrease in MAP charge during the cheesemaking process for both batches, suggesting the productive process has an impact on MAP survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliasso
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3, S.C. Sanità Animale, 10064 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Angelo Romano
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonio Quasso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale AT, S.C. Sanità Animale, 14100 Asti, Italy;
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- National Reference Centre for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Emilia Romagna e della Lombardia, Sezione di Piacenza-Gariga, Strada della Faggiola 1, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-268-6251
| | - Maria Silvia Gennero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (A.D.B.); (N.V.); (A.R.); (L.D.); (A.D.); (M.S.G.); (S.B.)
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Khosravi M, Nouri M, Mohammadi A, Mosavari N, Constable PD. Preparation of immunomagnetic beads coupled with a rhodamine hydrazine immunosensor for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6944-6960. [PMID: 33814150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method for detecting Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) bacteria in bovine fecal, milk, and colostrum samples using immunomagnetic beads (IMB) and a rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor. Immunomagnetic beads were prepared by using purified antibodies from hyperimmunized sera that were coupled to Fe nanoparticles with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or ethyl (dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) as linkers. Rhodamine hydrazone particles were synthesized and coupled to IgY anti-MAP antibodies using DTPA or EDC-NHS linkers. Separation efficiency of the IMB was tested on bovine fecal, milk, and colostrum samples experimentally contaminated with MAP. The studied methods were evaluated on their ability to detect MAP and separate bacteria in complex mediums. The ELISA results indicated 95% efficacy in antibody coupling to IMB, with the DTPA-IMB method being more efficient than the EDC-NHS-IMB method. By using the DTPA-IMB method, MAP bacteria were successfully recovered from fecal, milk, and colostrum samples. The DTPA-IMB method used in combination with the rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor had a limit of detection equal to 30 and 30,000 MAP cells/mL using chromogenic and fluorescent properties, respectively. Combining the DTPA-IMB separation method with the rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor provides a fast, sensitive, and cost-beneficial method for detecting MAP in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khosravi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran.
| | - M Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - A Mohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - N Mosavari
- Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - P D Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61802
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Acharya KR, Plain KM, Whittington RJ, Dhand NK. Australian Veterinarians' Perceptions Regarding the Zoonotic Potential of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010033. [PMID: 32204515 PMCID: PMC7157240 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Public concerns over exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) or MAP components via foods of animal origin could have negative trade consequences, despite the absence of conclusive scientific evidence of a causal association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn’s disease (CD). This study was conducted among Australian veterinarians to understand (a) their perceptions regarding the role of MAP in the causation of CD (an ordinal outcome), and (b) their consideration of the adoption of the precautionary principle against Johne’s disease (JD; a binary outcome). Ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of explanatory variables with the above outcomes, respectively. Almost one-third of the respondents (32.2%) considered that MAP was likely to be involved in the causation of CD whereas more than two-thirds (69.8%) agreed with the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD. Veterinarians who were concerned about exposure to and/or getting infected with MAP were more likely to consider MAP as a causative agent of CD (odds ratio: 7.63; 95% CI: 1.55, 37.63) and favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD (odds ratio: 6.20; 95% CI: 1.90, 20.25). Those perceiving MAP as a causative agent of CD were also more likely to favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD (odds ratio: 13.2; 95% CI: 1.26, 138.90). The results suggest that Australian veterinarians, particularly those who consider MAP as a causative agent of CD are concerned about exposure to MAP and favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD. These findings can be useful for animal health authorities for designing JD control programs and policies.
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Cammi G, Ricchi M, Galiero A, Daminelli P, Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, Losio M, Savi R, Cerutti G, Garbarino C, Leo S, Arrigoni N. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during the manufacturing process of Italian raw milk hard cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 305:108247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gamberale F, Pietrella G, Sala M, Scaramella P, Puccica S, Antognetti V, Arrigoni N, Ricchi M, Cersini A. Management of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy farms: Selection and evaluation of different DNA extraction methods from bovine and buffaloes milk and colostrum for the establishment of a safe colostrum farm bank. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e875. [PMID: 31420952 PMCID: PMC6813442 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate different innovative DNA extraction methods to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA from bovine and buffalo colostrum. Paratuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory infection of domestic and wild animals, especially ruminants, caused by MAP. The primary route of disease transmission is feces, but MAP can also be excreted in milk and colostrum. In 2015, the Italian Ministry of Health has issued a voluntary control plan of MAP in order to allow risk‐based certification of bovine and buffaloes farms. In addition to the annual diagnostic screening and to the clinical surveillance of animals the plan includes the adoption of biosecurity and management measures to progressively mitigate the incidence of MAP. To achieve this goal it is crucial to ensure the accuracy of the methods used to detect the presence of MAP in bovine and buffaloes milk and colostrum, in order to: (1) support a "safe colostrum farm‐bank" set‐up and thus prevent the main within‐farm MAP transmission route and (2) to allow the MAP‐free certification of milk products for export purposes. To achieve these goals, seven different DNA extraction protocols were identified from bibliography, out of which three methods were finally selected after the adoption of an evaluation procedure aimed at assessing the efficiency of extraction of DNA, the purity of DNA and the adaptability of the DNA amplification: NucleoSpin® Food Kit (Macherey‐Nagel), NucleoSpin® Food Kit (Macherey‐Nagel) combined with the magnetic beads, and QIAamp Cador Pathogen Mini kit (QIAGEN). In particular, the NucleoSpin® Food Kit (Macherey‐Nagel) and the QIAamp Cador Pathogen Mini kit (QIAGEN) were tested on bovine and buffalo colostrum, showing a LOD between 4 × 104 (2.6 × 106 cfu/ml) and 4.08 (26.7 cfu/ml) IS900 target copies and a LOD between 5.3 × 105 (4.1 × 106 cfu/ml) and 53 (4.1 × 103 cfu/ml) IS900 target copies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gamberale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pietrella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scaramella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Puccica
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Antognetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for paratuberculosis, Podenzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for paratuberculosis, Podenzano, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
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Chaubey KK, Singh SV, Gupta S, Singh M, Sohal JS, Kumar N, Singh MK, Bhatia AK, Dhama K. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - an important food borne pathogen of high public health significance with special reference to India: an update. Vet Q 2018; 37:282-299. [PMID: 29090657 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1397301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review underlines the public health significance of 'Indian Bison Type' of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and also its potential as 'zoonotic infection'. In the absence of control programs, bio-load of MAP is increasing and if we take total population of animals (500 million plus) and human beings (1.23 billion plus) into account, the number of infected animals and human beings will run into millions in India. Our research on screening of over 26,000 domestic livestock for MAP infection using 4 different diagnostic tests (microscopy, culture, ELISA and PCR), during last 31 years has shown that the average bio-load of MAP in the livestock population of India is very high (cattle 43%, buffaloes 36%, goats 23% and sheep 41%). 'Mass screening' of 28,291 human samples between 2008-2016 revealed also high bio-load of MAP. It has been proved that MAP is not in-activated during pasteurization and therefore live bacilli are continuously reaching human population by consumption of even pasteurized milk and other milk products. Live bacilli have also been recovered from meat products and the environment thus illustrating the potential of MAP as pathogen of public health concern. However, at present, there is inadequate scientific evidence to confirm a conclusive link between MAP infection and Johne's disease in ruminants and some cases of Crohn's disease in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- c Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology, Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- d Veterinary Type Culture Collection, NRC On Equines , Indian Council of Agricultural Research , Hisar , India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- e Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , UP , India
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Magnetic Separation Methods for the Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Various Types of Matrices: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28642876 PMCID: PMC5469987 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5869854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main reasons to improve the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are animal health and monitoring of MAP entering the food chain via meat, milk, and/or dairy products. Different approaches can be used for the detection of MAP, but the use of magnetic separation especially in conjunction with PCR as an end-point detection method has risen in past years. However, the extraction of DNA which is a crucial step prior to PCR detection can be complicated due to the presence of inhibitory substances. Magnetic separation methods involving either antibodies or peptides represent a powerful tool for selective separation of target bacteria from other nontarget microorganisms and inhibitory sample components. These methods enable the concentration of pathogens present in the initial matrix into smaller volume and facilitate the isolation of sufficient quantities of pure DNA. The purpose of this review was to summarize the methods based on the magnetic separation approach that are currently available for the detection of MAP in a broad range of matrices.
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Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence. Prev Vet Med 2016; 132:32-48. [PMID: 27664446 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in ruminants and is hypothesized to be an infectious cause of Crohn's disease, as well as some other human diseases. Due to key knowledge gaps, the potential public health impact of M. paratuberculosis is unknown. This scoping review aims to identify and characterised the evidence on potential sources and vehicles of M. paratuberculosis exposure for humans to better understand how exposure is likely to occur. Evidence from 255 primary research papers is summarized; most examined the prevalence or concentration of M. paratuberculosis in animals (farmed domestic, pets and wildlife) (n=148), food for human consumption (62) (milk, dairy, meat, infant formula) or water (drinking and recreational) and the environment (farm, pasture and areas affected by runoff water) (20). The majority of this research has been published since 2000 (Figure- abstract). Nine case-control studies examining risk factors for Crohn's disease highlighted significant associations with the consumption of processed meats and cheese, while direct contact with ruminants, high risk occupations (farmer, veterinarian), milk consumption and water source were factors not associated with the disease and/or M. paratuberculosis exposure status. Molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated strain-sharing between species. Produce and seafood were the only previously suggested sources of human exposure for which there was no supporting evidence identified in this scoping review. The results of this review indicate that ruminant populations from around the globe are infected with M. paratuberculosis and many non-ruminant species have also been found to carry or be infected with M. paratuberculosis. Several potential sources for human exposure to M. paratuberculosis were identified; however there remain important gaps in quantitative information on the prevalence and concentration of M. paratuberculosis in contaminated sources of exposure. This information is critical to understanding the risk of exposure, opportunities for risk mitigation interventions and modelling exposures to distill the importance of various sources of human exposure to M. paratuberculosis including direct contact with animals and the environment as well as consumption of contaminated foods and water. Results of this study may be used to prioritize future research and to support evidence-informed decision-making on the M. paratuberculosis issue.
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Verraes C, Vlaemynck G, Van Weyenberg S, De Zutter L, Daube G, Sindic M, Uyttendaele M, Herman L. A review of the microbiological hazards of dairy products made from raw milk. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Lücke FK, Zangerl P. Food safety challenges associated with traditional foods in German-speaking regions. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Atreya R, Bülte M, Gerlach GF, Goethe R, Hornef MW, Köhler H, Meens J, Möbius P, Roeb E, Weiss S. Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:858-67. [PMID: 25128370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease [JD]), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. JD is one of the most widespread bacterial diseases of domestic animals with significant economic impact. The histopathological picture of JD resembles that of Crohn's disease (CD), a human chronic inflammatory bowel disease of still unresolved aetiology. An aetiological relevance of MAP for CD has been proposed. This and the ambiguity of other published epidemiological findings raise the question whether MAP represents a zoonotic agent. In this review, we will discuss evidence that MAP has zoonotic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Atreya
- Medical Clinic 1, University of Erlangen-Nuermberg, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Department of Microbiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikstr.33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Molecular Immunology, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Faria ACS, Schwarz DGG, Carvalho IA, Rocha BB, De Carvalho Castro KN, Silva MR, Moreira MAS. Short communication: Viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail artisanal Coalho cheese from Northeastern Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4111-4. [PMID: 24797534 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis and it potentially plays a role in Crohn's disease. In humans, the main route of transmission of MAP might be the intake of contaminated milk and dairy products. Considering that MAP has already been detected in many types of cheese in different counties, and that Coalho cheese is an important dairy product in northeastern Brazil, the aim of this study was to report the first detection of MAP in retail Coalho cheese in Brazil by PCR and culture. Of 30 retail Coalho cheese samples, 3 (10%) amplified fragments of a similar size to that expected (626 bp) were obtained and viable MAP was recovered by culture from 1 (3.3%) sample. The DNA from the positive culture sample was sequenced and showed 99% identity with the insertion sequence IS900 deposited in GenBank. It was possible to identify the presence of MAP-specific DNA in the analyzed samples for the first time in Brazil, and to recover viable cells from retail Coalho cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C S Faria
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (FACISA/UNIVIÇOSA), Av. Maria de Paula Santana, 3815, Silvestre, CEP 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D G G Schwarz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I A Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B B Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - K N De Carvalho Castro
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Meio Norte/Uep Parnaíba (EMBRAPA), Br 343, km 35, Cep 64200-970, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - M R Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Gado de Leite (EMBRAPA), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, CEP 36038-330, Juíz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Liandris E, Gazouli M, Taka S, Andreadou M, Vaiopoulou A, Tzimotoudis N, Kasampalidis I, Mpaseas D, Fyliousis G, Poltrionieri P, Cook N, Ikonomopoulos J. Evaluation of the Microbial Safety of Child Food of Animal Origin in Greece. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M362-8. [PMID: 24506312 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Liandris
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology; School of Medicine; Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences; Univ. of Athens; 11527 Athens Greece
| | - Styliani Taka
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Margarita Andreadou
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Anna Vaiopoulou
- Laboratory of Biology; School of Medicine; Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences; Univ. of Athens; 11527 Athens Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzimotoudis
- Hellenic Army Biological Research Center; 6-8 Tax Velliou 15236 P. Penteli Greece
| | - Ioannis Kasampalidis
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Dionysis Mpaseas
- Hellenic Army Biological Research Center; 6-8 Tax Velliou 15236 P. Penteli Greece
| | - George Fyliousis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki; 541 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Palmiro Poltrionieri
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Productions; Natl. Research Council of Italy; CNR-ISPA; Lecce Italy
| | - Nigel Cook
- Food and Environment Research Agency; Sand Hutton; York YO41 1LZ UK
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
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Okura H, Nielsen SS, Toft N. Modeling the Effect of Direct and Indirect Contamination of On-Farm Bulk Tank Milk with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:270-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Okura
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren S. Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Salem M, Heydel C, El-Sayed A, Ahmed SA, Zschöck M, Baljer G. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an insidious problem for the ruminant industry. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:351-66. [PMID: 23054804 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is considered as one of the most serious problems affecting the world's ruminant industry due to its significant impact on the global economy and the controversial issue that it may be pathogenic for humans. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in animals and might be implicated in cases of human Crohn's disease. We provide an insight into M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis from some bacteriological, clinical, and molecular epidemiological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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Yoo HS, Shin SJ. Recent research on bovine paratuberculosis in South Korea. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:23-8. [PMID: 22749233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), a chronic and debilitating disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a major cause of chronic ruminant enteritis. A national eradication program has been in place in South Korea since the first report of the disease in 1967; however, only limited data on bovine paratuberculosis in South Korea are available. Some research, such as investigations of the reactivity of animal sera against MAP antigens, has been done in localized areas and in limited animal species. Compared with the worldwide situation, the development of diagnostic methods in South Korea has shown similar results even though some data were obtained from international collaborative studies. MAP is considered by some to be zoonotic, noting an association with Crohn's disease, although this issue is still controversial; however, research into this association is limited. Decisions based on disease priorities have hampered active progress in research on the disease. In this paper, we reviewed the available results generated from South Korea compared with global research. Finally, we propose a theme for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Chiodini RJ, Chamberlin WM, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a quarter century later. Causation or simple association? Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:52-93. [PMID: 22242906 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.638273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than 25 years since Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as an etiologic agent in Crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several patients. Since that time, a great deal of information has been accumulated that clearly establishes an association between M. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. However, data are conflicting and difficult to interpret and the field has become divided into committed advocates and confirmed skeptics. This review is an attempt to provide a thorough and objective summary of current knowledge from both basic and clinical research from the views and interpretations of both the antagonists and proponents. The reader is left to draw his or her own conclusions related to the validity of the issues and claims made by the opposing views and data interpretations. Whether M. paratuberculosis is a causative agent in some cases or simply represents an incidental association remains a controversial topic, but current evidence suggests that the notion should not be so readily dismissed. Remaining questions that need to be addressed in defining the role of M. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease and future implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrick J Chiodini
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA.
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Castellanos E, Juan LD, Domínguez L, Aranaz A. Progress in molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Kim JH, Griffiths MW. Emerging Pathogenic Bacteria: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Foods. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Van Brandt L, Coudijzer K, Herman L, Michiels C, Hendrickx M, Vlaemynck G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in yoghurt and in commercial fermented milk products containing probiotic cultures. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1252-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gill CO, Saucier L, Meadus WJ. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products, meat, and drinking water. J Food Prot 2011; 74:480-99. [PMID: 21375889 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne's disease, a chronic infection of the gut, in ruminant animals that provide milk and/or meat for human consumption. Map also may be involved in Crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes in humans. Although the role of Map in human diseases has not been established, minimizing the exposure of humans to the organism is considered desirable as a precautionary measure. Infected animals can shed Map in feces and milk, and the organism can become disseminated in tissues remote from the gut and its associated lymph nodes. The presence of at least some Map in raw milk and meat and in natural waters is likely, but the numbers of Map in those foods and waters should be reduced through cooking or purification. The available information relating to Map in milk and dairy products, meats, and drinking water is reviewed here for assessment of the risks of exposure to Map from consumption of such foods and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
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Donaghy JA, Johnston J, Rowe MT. Detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in cheese, milk powder and milk using IS900 and f57-based qPCR assays. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:479-89. [PMID: 21155954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a quantitative PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) in a range of dairy products. METHODS AND RESULTS TaqMan(®) assays were designed to target the IS900 and f57 genetic elements of Map. Both real-time PCR assays were integrated with the Adiapure(®) Map DNA extraction kit and assessed separately for the detection/quantification of Map in spiked milk, Cheddar cheese and milk powder. Assays were validated against Cheddar cheese samples containing known concentrations of Map. The IS900 qPCR assay was significantly more sensitive than the assay based on the f57 primer/probe. At a threshold cycle value of 38, limits of detection (LOD) for the IS900 qPCR assay were 0·6 CFU ml(-1), 2·8 CFU g(-1) and 30 CFU g(-1) for artificially contaminated pasteurized milk, whole milk powder and Cheddar cheese, respectively. The respective LOD's for the f57 assay were 6·2 CFU ml(-1), 26·7 CFU g(-1) and 316 CFU g(-1). CONCLUSION The integrated Adiapure(®) extraction - IS900 real time assay described is a sensitive, quantitative method for the detection of Map in dairy products. This is the first study to consider qPCR as a quantitative estimation of Map-DNA in cheese and whole milk powder. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay developed allows sensitive detection and quantification of Map DNA in a range of dairy products which is valuable for the screening and surveillance of this potential zoonotic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Donaghy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFESD, Newforge Lane, Belfast, UK.
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Maximizing capture efficiency and specificity of magnetic separation for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7550-8. [PMID: 20851966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01432-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to introduce specificity for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis prior to a phage amplification assay, various magnetic-separation approaches, involving either antibodies or peptides, were evaluated in terms of the efficiency of capture (expressed as a percentage) of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells and the percentage of nonspecific binding by other Mycobacterium spp. A 50:50 mixture of MyOne Tosylactivated Dynabeads coated with the chemically synthesized M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific peptides biotinylated aMp3 and biotinylated aMptD (i.e., peptide-mediated magnetic separation [PMS]) proved to be the best magnetic-separation approach for achieving 85 to 100% capture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and minimal (<1%) nonspecific recovery of other Mycobacterium spp. (particularly if beads were blocked with 1% skim milk before use) from broth samples containing 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/ml. When PMS was coupled with a recently optimized phage amplification assay and used to detect M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in 50-ml volumes of spiked milk, the mean 50% limit of detection (LOD(50)) was 14.4 PFU/50 ml of milk (equivalent to 0.3 PFU/ml). This PMS-phage assay represents a novel, rapid method for the detection and enumeration of viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms in milk, and potentially other sample matrices, with results available within 48 h.
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28
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Assessment of food as a source of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). J Food Prot 2010; 73:1357-97. [PMID: 20615354 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods assessed the importance of food as a source of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects primarily the small intestine of all ruminants. The significance of MAP as a human pathogen is unknown and is being investigated by several research groups. This document also reviews the efficacy of current detection methods, processing interventions, and MAP inactivation. Research needs related to MAP are provided. The Committee reached the following conclusions: current methods for detection of MAP have significant limitations, and a standard method for the detection of viable MAP cells is needed. Aside from MAP-infected domestic ruminant animals, the organism is found infrequently. If MAP in cattle is controlled, the source of MAP in other animals, food, and water may largely be eliminated. Milk, particularly raw milk, may be a likely food source for human exposure to MAP. Given the prevalence of MAP in U.S. cattle herds, ground beef may be a potential source of MAP. Although humans may be exposed to MAP through a variety of routes, including food and the environment, the frequency and amount of exposure will require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
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- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, Washington, DC 20250-3700, USA
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Kousta M, Mataragas M, Skandamis P, Drosinos EH. Prevalence and sources of cheese contamination with pathogens at farm and processing levels. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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WILLIAMS ALANG, WITHERS SUSANE. Microbiological characterisation of artisanal farmhouse cheeses manufactured in Scotland. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2010.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparison of culture methods for isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria from surface waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3514-20. [PMID: 20363776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02659-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment is the likely source of most nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) involved in human infections, especially pulmonary, skin, and soft tissue infections. In order to measure the prevalence of NTM in different aquatic ecosystems, we tried to standardize the culture methods used for surface water testing since many procedures have been described previously. Cultivation of mycobacteria requires long-term incubation in rich media and inactivation of rapidly growing microorganisms whose growth impedes observation of mycobacterial colonies. Consequently, the two criteria used for evaluation of the methods examined were (i) the rate of inhibition of nontarget microorganisms and (ii) the efficiency of recovery of mycobacteria. We compared the competitive growth of Mycobacterium chelonae and M. avium with nontarget microorganisms on rich Middlebrook 7H11-mycobactin medium after treatment by several chemical decontamination methods that included acids, bases, detergent, or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) with and without an antibiotic cocktail, either PANTA (40 U/ml polymyxin, 4 microg/ml amphotericin B, 16 microg/ml nalidixic acid, 4 microg/ml trimethoprim, and 4 microg/ml azlocillin) or PANTAV (PANTA plus 10 microg/ml vancomycin). Our results showed that treatment for 30 min with CPC (final concentration, 0.05%) of water concentrated by centrifugation, followed by culture on a rich medium supplemented with PANTA, significantly decreased the growth of nontarget microorganisms (the concentrations were 6.2 +/- 0.4 log(10) CFU/liter on Middlebrook 7H11j medium and 4.2 +/- 0.2 log(10) CFU/liter on Middlebrook 7H11j medium containing PANTA [P < 0.001]), while the effect of this procedure on NTM was not as great (the concentrations of M. chelonae on the two media were 7.0 +/- 0.0 log(10) CFU/liter and 6.9 +/- 0.0 log(10) CFU/liter, respectively, and the concentrations of M. avium were 9.1 +/- 0.0 log(10) CFU/liter and 8.9 +/- 0.0 log(10) CFU/liter, respectively). We propose that this standardized culture procedure could be used for detection of NTM in aquatic samples.
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Favila-Humara LC, Chávez-Gris GG, Carrillo-Casas EM, Hernández-Castro R. Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisDetection in Individual and Bulk Tank Milk Samples from Bovine Herds and Caprine Flocks. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:351-5. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía C. Favila-Humara
- National Center of Disciplinary Investigations in Animal Microbiology, National Institute of Forest, Agricultural, and Cattle Investigations, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto G. Chávez-Gris
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Diagnostic and Verification Services Unity, Teaching Investigation and Extension Center for Animal Production in the Altiplane, Tequisquiapan, Mexico
| | - Erika M. Carrillo-Casas
- Direction of Education and Investigation, Department of Ecology and Pathogenic Agents, Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Direction of Education and Investigation, Department of Ecology and Pathogenic Agents, Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pierce ES. Possible transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through potable water: lessons from an urban cluster of Crohn's disease. Gut Pathog 2009; 1:17. [PMID: 19772668 PMCID: PMC2757027 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A "cluster" of patients refers to the geographic proximity of unrelated patients with the same disease and suggests a common environmental cause for that disease. Clusters of patients with Crohn's disease have been linked to the presence of an infectious microorganism in unpasteurized milk and cheese, untreated water supplied by wells or springs, animal manure used as fertilizer for family vegetable gardens, and bodies of water contaminated by agricultural runoff. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the suspected cause of Crohn's disease. MAP causes a disease in dairy cows and other animals that is similar to Crohn's disease, called Johne's ('Yo-knees') disease or paratuberculosis. Dairy cows with Johne's disease secrete MAP into their milk and excrete MAP into their feces. MAP is present in untreated water such as well water, in bodies of water contaminated by agricultural runoff, and in unpasteurized milk and cheese. The "treatment" of "tap" water to make it "drinkable" or "potable" by the processes of sedimentation, filtration and chlorination has little to no effect on MAP. MAP is so resistant to chlorine disinfection that such disinfection actually selects for its growth. Other subspecies of Mycobacterium avium grow in biofilms present on tap water pipes. Despite the documented presence of MAP in tap water and its probable growth on tap water pipes, clusters of Crohn's disease have not previously been described in relationship to tap water pipes supplying patients' homes. This report describes three unrelated individuals who lived on the same block along a street in a midwestern American city and developed Crohn's disease within four years of each other in the 1960's. A common tap water pipe supplied their homes. This is the first reported cluster of Crohn's disease possibly linked to fully treated drinking water, and is consistent with previously reported clusters of Crohn's disease linked to an infectious microorganism in water.
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Slana I, Liapi M, Moravkova M, Kralova A, Pavlik I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow bulk tank milk in Cyprus detected by culture and quantitative IS900 and F57 real-time PCR. Prev Vet Med 2009; 89:223-6. [PMID: 19349086 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) plays some role in the development of Crohn's disease in humans is attracting attention to milk and milk products originating from infected animals. In this study, we focused on the detection of MAP in 220 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from all dairy cattle herds in Cyprus. In total, 63 (28.6%) BTM milk samples were found to be positive for MAP using quantitative real-time PCR assays for IS900 and F57. The presence of MAP in BTM was low, and was assessed to be several tens of MAP cells per one ml of BTM. Milk samples examined by cultivation were found to be negative for MAP in all 220 BTM. In two BTM samples cultivation and subsequent sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed two isolates of M. fortuitum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Eltholth MM, Marsh VR, Van Winden S, Guitian FJ. Contamination of food products with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis: a systematic review. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1061-71. [PMID: 19486426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although a causal link between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn's disease has not been proved, previous studies suggest that the potential routes of human exposure to MAP should be investigated. We conducted a systematic review of literature concerning the likelihood of contamination of food products with MAP and the likely changes in the quantity of MAP in dairy and meat products along their respective production chains. Relevant data were extracted from 65 research papers and synthesized qualitatively. Although estimates of the prevalence of Johne's disease are scarce, particularly for non-dairy herds, the available data suggest that the likelihood of contamination of raw milk with MAP in most studied regions is substantial. The presence of MAP in raw and pasteurized milk has been the subject of several studies which show that pasteurized milk is not always MAP-free and that the effectiveness of pasteurization in inactivating MAP depends on the initial concentration of the agent in raw milk. The most recent studies indicated that beef can be contaminated with MAP via dissemination of the pathogen in the tissues of infected animals. Currently available data suggests that the likelihood of dairy and meat products being contaminated with MAP on retail sale should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Eltholth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Planzer Jr. S, da Cruz A, Sant´ana A, Silva R, Moura M, de Carvalho L. Food Safety Knowledge of Cheese Consumers. J Food Sci 2009; 74:M28-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A robust method for bacterial lysis and DNA purification to be used with real-time PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:335-40. [PMID: 18694788 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A possible mode of transmission for the ruminant pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from cattle to humans is via milk and dairy products. Although controversially, MAP has been suggested as the causative agent of Crohn's disease and its presence in consumers' milk might be of concern. A method to detect MAP in milk with real-time PCR was developed for screening of bulk tank milk. Pellet and cream fractions of milk were pooled and subjected to enzymatic digestion and mechanical disruption and the DNA was extracted by automated magnetic bead separation. The analytical sensitivity was assessed to 100 organisms per ml milk (corresponding to 1-10 CFU per ml) for samples of 10 ml. The method was applied in a study of 56 dairy herds to compare PCR of farm bulk tank milk to culture of environmental faecal samples for detection of MAP in the herds. In this study, 68% of the herds were positive by environmental culture, while 30% were positive by milk PCR. Results indicate that although MAP may be shed into milk or transferred to milk by faecal contamination, it will probably occur in low numbers in the bulk tank milk due to dilution as well as general milking hygiene measures. The concentration of MAP can therefore be assumed to often fall below the detection limit. Thus, PCR detection of MAP in milk would be more useful for control of MAP presence in milk, in order to avoid transfer to humans, than for herd prevalence testing. It could also be of value in assessing human exposure to MAP via milk consumption. Quantification results also suggest that the level of MAP in the bulk tank milk of the studied Danish dairy herds was low, despite environmental isolation of MAP from the herds.
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