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Kokić B, Rakita S, Vujetić J. Impact of Using Oilseed Industry Byproducts Rich in Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acid in Ruminant Nutrition on Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:539. [PMID: 38396507 PMCID: PMC10886360 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk contains more than 400 different fatty acids, some of which play a positive role in promoting human health. The profile of fatty acids in milk can be enhanced by providing animals with plant-based resources that possess feeding characteristics adequate for favorable changes in the fatty acid composition and increasing healthy fatty acids in milk. This review summarizes the available 41 research studies on the utilization of oilseed industry byproducts rich in linoleic acid (hemp, pumpkin, sunflower) and alpha-linolenic acid (camelina and linseed) in dairy cow, sheep, and goat nutrition; their impact on milk production characteristics; and potential to improve fatty acid composition of milk through the diet. This review illustrates that incorporating byproducts into the diet for dairy ruminants generally does not have any adverse effects on both milk production and composition. A similar trend of improvement in milk fatty acid profile was observed when ruminants were fed diets supplemented with camelina, linseed, and sunflower byproducts, while no significant changes were noted with pumpkin byproducts. Hempseed byproducts showed potential for use as an alternative ingredient in dairy ruminant diets. Nevertheless, more in-depth research investigating the inclusion of selected byproducts is required before valid conclusions can be drawn regarding their value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Kokić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.R.); (J.V.)
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Varmira K, Kahrizi D, Sanjari A, Rashidi K, Hosseinzadeh L, Amin N, Jalilian F. Non-clinical Safety Evaluation of Camelina Oil: Acute and 12-Week Oral Toxicities. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2024; 23:e140666. [PMID: 39005736 PMCID: PMC11246644 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-140666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Camelina oil, a well-known oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids that enhance cellular immunity and human health, in Wistar rats. Wistar rats, 5 per sex per group, were randomly assigned to three groups for acute (14 days) toxicity studies and five groups for sub-chronic (90 days) toxicity studies. In the acute study, Camelina sativa oil was administered orally at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight (BW). The positive control group received a single dose of 5 000 mg/kg BW Canola oil by gavage. In the sub-chronic study, Groups III-V received 250, 500, and 1 000 mg/kg BW of Camelina oil, while Groups I and II received ultra-pure water and Canola oil at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW, respectively. Throughout the experiment, clinical signs, mortality, and body weight were monitored. At the end of the sub-chronic study, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological investigations were conducted. Administration of Camelina oil and Canola had no significant effect on daily weight gain (P > 0.05) of the test rats. Serum calcium levels decreased while phosphorous levels increased in male rats treated with Camelina oil. Other hematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant differences or dose-response effects between control and seed oil groups in both sexes (P < 0.05). Moreover, in animal necropsy, there were no apparent lesions in the liver, heart, and kidney organs in any of the doses administered. In conclusion, the results suggest that oral administration of Camelina oil is unlikely to be toxic. Therefore, the possibility for the development of future human nutrition should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Varmira
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Danial Kahrizi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Khodabakhsh Rashidi
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Hosseinzadeh
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Niloufar Amin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jalilian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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El-Metwally RI, El-Menawy RK, Ismail MM. Correlation between free fatty acids content and textural properties of Gouda cheese supplemented with denatured whey protein paste. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:590-599. [PMID: 36712195 PMCID: PMC9873840 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the denatured whey protein paste (DWPP) was used to improve the texture characterizations of Gouda cheese. Five treatments of cheese were manufactured by adding 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% of DWPP to cheese curd. Fortification of Gouda cheese with DWPP increased values of moisture, salt in moisture, water-soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen/total nitrogen whereas decreased values of density and free oil. The cheese contained DWPP was lighter and more yellowish compared to the control. The cheese samples contained 1 and 2% DWPP exhibited a significant increase in hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness values while, the cheese samples that contained 3 and 4% DWPP exhibited a significant decrease. Adding DWPP to cheese lowered saturated fatty acids and raised unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) values which partially caused a lowering in cheese hardness at high levels of DWPP because of the low melting points of USFA. Based on these results, supplementation of Gouda cheese with 1 or 2% DWPP improved the texture properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raid Ibrahem El-Metwally
- Dairy Technology Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham Kamal El-Menawy
- Dairy Technology Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy Mohamed Ismail
- Dairy Technology Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Christodoulou C, Mavrommatis A, Loukovitis D, Symeon G, Dotas V, Kotsampasi B, Tsiplakou E. Inclusion of Camelina sativa Seeds in Ewes' Diet Modifies Rumen Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030377. [PMID: 36766266 PMCID: PMC9913825 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementing ruminant diets with unconventional feedstuffs (Camelina sativa seeds; CS) rich in bioactive molecules such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, may prove a potential eco-efficient strategy to manipulate rumen microbiome towards efficiency. Forty-eight ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = 12) according to their fat-corrected milk yield (6%), body weight, and age, and were fed individually with concentrate, alfalfa hay, and wheat straw. The concentrate of the control group (CON) had no CS inclusion, whereas the treated groups were supplemented with CS at 60 (CS6), 110 (CS11), and 160 (CS16) g·kg-1 of concentrate, respectively. Rumen digesta was collected using an esophageal tube and then liquid and solid particles were separated using cheesecloth layers. An initial bacteriome screening using next-generation sequencing of 16S was followed by specific microbes targeting with a RT-qPCR platform, which unveiled the basic changes of the rumen microbiota under CS supplementation levels. The relative abundances of Archaea and methanogens were significantly reduced in the solid particles of CS11 and CS16. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Protozoa was significantly increased in both rumen fluid and solid particles of the CS6, whereas that of Fungi was significantly reduced in the rumen particle of the CS16. In rumen fluid, the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogens and Ruminobacter amylophilus were significantly increased in the CS6 and CS11, respectively. In the solid particles of the CS11, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was significantly reduced, whereas those of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Ruminobacter amylophilus were significantly increased. Additionally, the relative abundance of Selenomonas ruminantium was significantly increased in both CS11 and CS16. Consequently, the highest CS content in the concentrate reduced the relative abundance of methanogens without inducing radical changes in rumen microorganisms that could impair ruminal fermentation and ewes' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Mavrommatis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Loukovitis
- Department of Animal Production, Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - George Symeon
- Research Institute of Animal Science, ELGO ‘DIMITRA’, Paralimni Giannitsa, 58100 Pella, Greece
| | - Vassilios Dotas
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basiliki Kotsampasi
- Research Institute of Animal Science, ELGO ‘DIMITRA’, Paralimni Giannitsa, 58100 Pella, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Use of Camelina sativa and By-Products in Diets for Dairy Cows: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091082. [PMID: 35565509 PMCID: PMC9101957 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa, belonging to the Brassicaceae family, has been grown since 4000 B.C. as an oilseed crop that is more drought- and cold-resistant. Increased demand for its oil, meal, and other derivatives has increased researchers’ interest in this crop. Its anti-nutritional factors can be reduced by solvent, enzyme and heat treatments, and genetic engineering. Inclusion of camelina by-products increases branched-chain volatile fatty acids, decreases neutral detergent fiber digestibility, has no effect on acid detergent fiber digestibility, and lowers acetate levels in dairy cows. Feeding camelina meal reduces ruminal methane, an environmental benefit of using camelina by-products in ruminant diets. The addition of camelina to dairy cow diets decreases ruminal cellulolytic bacteria and bio-hydrogenation. This reduced bio-hydrogenation results in an increase in desirable fatty acids and a decrease in saturated fatty acids in milk obtained from cows fed diets with camelina seeds or its by-products. Studies suggest that by-products of C. sativa can be used safely in dairy cows at appropriate inclusion levels. However, suppression in fat milk percentage and an increase in trans fatty acid isomers should be considered when increasing the inclusion rate of camelina by-products, due to health concerns.
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Neupane D, Lohaus RH, Solomon JKQ, Cushman JC. Realizing the Potential of Camelina sativa as a Bioenergy Crop for a Changing Global Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060772. [PMID: 35336654 PMCID: PMC8951600 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. is an annual oilseed crop within the Brassicaceae family. C. sativa has been grown since as early as 4000 BCE. In recent years, C. sativa received increased attention as a climate-resilient oilseed, seed meal, and biofuel (biodiesel and renewable or green diesel) crop. This renewed interest is reflected in the rapid rise in the number of peer-reviewed publications (>2300) containing “camelina” from 1997 to 2021. An overview of the origins of this ancient crop and its genetic diversity and its yield potential under hot and dry growing conditions is provided. The major biotic barriers that limit C. sativa production are summarized, including weed control, insect pests, and fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Ecosystem services provided by C. sativa are also discussed. The profiles of seed oil and fatty acid composition and the many uses of seed meal and oil are discussed, including food, fodder, fuel, industrial, and medical benefits. Lastly, we outline strategies for improving this important and versatile crop to enhance its production globally in the face of a rapidly changing climate using molecular breeding, rhizosphere microbiota, genetic engineering, and genome editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhurba Neupane
- MS330/Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.N.); (R.H.L.)
| | - Richard H. Lohaus
- MS330/Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.N.); (R.H.L.)
| | - Juan K. Q. Solomon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - John C. Cushman
- MS330/Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.N.); (R.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-775-784-1918
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Ilić P, Rakita S, Spasevski N, Đuragić O, Marjanović-Jeromela A, Cvejić S, Zanetti F. Nutritive value of Serbian camelina genotypes as an alternative feed ingredient. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr49-41060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina has been used from ancient times, but recently has re-emerged as a valuable plant with the potential for successful replacement of conventional oilseed crops. The utilisation of camelina and its by-products in animal feed is a matter of scientific study due to their excellent nutritional potential. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritive value of two Serbian camelina seed genotypes (NS Zlatka and NS Slatka) as a potential alternative to commonly used oilseed crops in animal feeding. For that purpose proximate composition, fatty acid profile, amino acid profile and tocopherols were analysed. The study also included the investigation of the content of anti-nutritive compounds that can adversely affect the nutritional value of feed. The results showed that camelina seeds had a high amount of proteins (around 28%), amino acids and gtocopherols. Camelina genotypes were characterized by unique fatty acids composition, with its oil consisting of approximately 57% polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which the highest proportions were a-linolenic acid (~37%) and linoleic acid (~17%). An optimal ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (0.5) was also reported in this study. The concentration of anti-nutritional factors and heavy metals in camelina seeds was below the maximum set limit for feedstuff. To conclude, the investigated Serbian camelina genotypes can be used as a valuable source of proteins, essential fatty acids and tocopherols in animal nutrition and has a great potential to replace conventional oilseeds.
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Schwarz D, Rosenberg Bak M, Waaben Hansen P. Development of global fatty acid models and possible applications. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schwarz
- FOSS Analytical A/S Nils Foss Alle 1 Hilleroed 3400Denmark
| | | | - Per Waaben Hansen
- FOSS Analytical A/S Nils Foss Alle 1 Hilleroed 3400Denmark
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Science Copenhagen University Rolighedsvej 26 Frederiksberg 1958 Denmark
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Christodoulou C, Mavrommatis A, Mitsiopoulou C, Symeon G, Dotas V, Sotirakoglou K, Kotsampasi B, Tsiplakou E. Assessing the Optimum Level of Supplementation with Camelina Seeds in Ewes' Diets to Improve Milk Quality. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092076. [PMID: 34574185 PMCID: PMC8465129 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa seeds are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and antioxidants, thus, their supplementation in ewes’ diets, may be an effective way to develop high nutritional dairy products. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of the dietary inclusion of Camelina sativa seeds in ewes’ oxidative status and milk quality. Forty-eight dairy Chios ewes were divided into four homogenous groups and were fed individually. The concentrate of the control group (CON) had no inclusion of Camelina seeds, while the treatment groups (CSS6, CSS11, CSS16) were supplemented with 6%, 11%, and 16%, respectively. Including Camelina seeds in 6% and 11%, had no impact on milk performance, while in the CSS16, milk fat was significantly decreased compared to the CON. Supplementing Camelina seeds improved milk quality from a human health perspective by modifying the content of saturated fatty acid, the proportions of α-linolenic (C18:3 n-3), and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), and the ω6/ω3 ratio. Furthermore, the activity of catalase (CAT) was significantly increased in the CSS11 and CSS16, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity also significantly upsurged in the CSS16. Still, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in the CSS11 compared to the CON and CSS6, and in the CSS16 compared to the CSS6. In CSS16, protein carbonyls were significantly increased. Finally, in the CSS-fed ewes, milk oxidative stability was fortified, as suggested by the modifications in the activities of SOD, CAT, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in the antioxidant capacity, and the oxidative stress biomarkers. Consequently, the incorporation of 6% Camelina seeds in the concentrates of ewes improves milk’s fatty acid profile and oxidative status. However, more research is required regarding the possible negative effects of the constant consumption of Camelina seeds by ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Alexandros Mavrommatis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Christina Mitsiopoulou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
| | - George Symeon
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Demeter, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece; (G.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Vasilis Dotas
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Sotirakoglou
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, School of Environment and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Basiliki Kotsampasi
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Demeter, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece; (G.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (C.C.); (A.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-0529-4435; Fax: +30-21-0529-4413
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Pădureţ S. The Effect of Fat Content and Fatty Acids Composition on Color and Textural Properties of Butter. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154565. [PMID: 34361713 PMCID: PMC8347263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The textural properties of butter are influenced by its fat content and implicitly by the fatty acids composition. The impact of butter’s chemical composition variation was studied in accordance with texture and color properties. From 37 fatty acids examined, only 18 were quantified in the analyzed butter fat samples, and approximately 69.120% were saturated, 25.482% were monounsaturated, and 5.301% were polyunsaturated. The butter samples’ viscosity ranged between 0.24 and 2.12 N, while the adhesiveness ranged between 0.286 to 18.19 N·mm. The principal component analysis (PCA) separated the butter samples based on texture parameters, fatty acids concentration, and fat content, which were in contrast with water content. Of the measured color parameters, the yellowness b* color parameter is a relevant indicator that differentiated the analyzed sample into seven statistical groups; the ANOVA statistics highlighted this difference at a level of p < 0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Pădureţ
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 13 University Str., 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Alternative and Unconventional Feeds in Dairy Diets and Their Effect on Fatty Acid Profile and Health Properties of Milk Fat. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061817. [PMID: 34207160 PMCID: PMC8234496 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk fat is an important compound in human nutrition. From a nutritional point of view, the production of milk with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of those from the n3 group, is desirable because consumption of a diet with a lower n6/n3 ratio is considered to be beneficial for humans. The most effective way to achieve this goal is via dietary manipulations in ruminants. In addition to the feedstuffs commonly used in dairy animal nutrition, there are some alternative or unconventional feedstuffs that are often used for other purposes, e.g., for the reduction of methane production in the rumen. However, such feedstuffs can also alter the fatty acid profile of milk, and thus they can have an impact on the health properties of milk fat. Abstract Milk fat is an important nutritional compound in the human diet. From the health point of view, some fatty acids (FAs), particularly long-chain PUFAs such as EPA and DHA, have been at the forefront of interest due to their antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, which play a positive role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as linoleic and γ-linolenic acids, which play an important role in CVD treatment as essential components of phospholipids in the mitochondria of cell membranes. Thus, the modification of the FA profile—especially an increase in the concentration of polyunsaturated FAs and n-3 FAs in bovine milk fat—is desirable. The most effective way to achieve this goal is via dietary manipulations. The effects of various strategies in dairy nutrition have been thoroughly investigated; however, there are some alternative or unconventional feedstuffs that are often used for purposes other than basic feeding or modifying the fatty acid profiles of milk, such as tanniferous plants, herbs and spices, and algae. The use of these foods in dairy diets and their effects on milk fatty acid profile are reviewed in this article. The contents of selected individual FAs (atherogenic, rumenic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) and their combinations; the contents of n3 and n6 FAs; n6/n3 ratios; and atherogenic, health-promoting and S/P indices were used as criteria for assessing the effect of these feeds on the health properties of milk fat.
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Dietary Supplementation with Camelina sativa (L. Crantz) Forage in Autochthonous Ionica Goats: Effects on Milk and Caciotta Cheese Chemical, Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Properties. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061589. [PMID: 34071444 PMCID: PMC8229916 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The research studied the effects of dietary supplementation with Camelina sativa fresh forage on the chemical and fatty acid composition of milk and Caciotta cheese, and its sensory properties. Twenty Ionica goats were randomly assigned to the following two groups (n = 10): the control received a traditional forage mixture (Avena sativa, 70%; Vicia sativa, 20%; Trifolium spp., 10%), while the experimental group was given Camelina sativa fresh forage (CAM). All of the dams grazed on pasture and received a commercial feed (500 g/head/day) at housing. The milk from the CAM group showed a higher (p < 0.05) content of dry matter, fat, lactose and concentrations of C6:0, C11:0, C14:0, C18:2 n-6, CLA and PUFA, while lower (p < 0.05) amounts of C12:0, C18:0 and saturated long chain FA (SLCFA). The Caciotta cheese from the CAM group showed a greater (p < 0.05) content of n-6 FA and n-6/n-3 ratio, although close to four, thus resulting adequate under the nutritional point of view. The overall liking, odour, taste, hardness, solubility and "goaty" flavour were better (p < 0.05) in the CAM cheeses. Further investigation would be advisable in order to evaluate the effect of feeding Camelina forage obtained from different phenological stages, and the application of ensiling techniques.
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13
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Magan JB, O Callaghan TF, Kelly AL, McCarthy NA. Compositional and functional properties of milk and dairy products derived from cows fed pasture or concentrate-based diets. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2769-2800. [PMID: 33949109 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide milk production is predominantly founded on indoor, high-concentrate feeding systems, whereas pasture-based feeding systems are most common in New Zealand and Ireland but have received greater attention recently in countries utilizing conventional systems. Consumer interest in 'pasture-fed' dairy products has also increased, arising from environmental, ethical, and nutritional concerns. A substantial body of research exists describing the effect of different feeding strategies on the composition of milk, with several recent studies focusing on the comparison of pasture- and concentrate-based feeding regimes. Significant variation is typically observed in the gross composition of milk produced from different supplemental feeds, but various changes in the discrete composition of macromolecular components in milk have also been associated with dietary influence, particularly in relation to the fatty acid profile. Changes in milk composition have also been shown to have implications for milk and dairy product processability, functionality and sensory properties. Methods to determine the traceability of dairy products or verify marketing claims such as 'pasture-fed' have also been established, based on compositional variation due to diet. This review explores the effects of feed types on milk composition and quality, along with the ultimate effect of diet-induced changes on milk and dairy product functionality, with particular emphasis placed on pasture- and concentrate-based feeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Magan
- Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel A McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows fed Camelina sativa seeds or expeller. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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C. Garvey E, Sander T, O’Callaghan TF, Drake M, Fox S, G. O’Sullivan M, Kerry JP, Kilcawley KN. A Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Liking and Perception of Salted Butter Produced from Different Feed Systems. Foods 2020; 9:E1767. [PMID: 33260555 PMCID: PMC7761244 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception and liking among Irish, German and USA consumers of salted butter produced from different feed systems-outdoor grass (FS-GRSS), grass/clover (FS-CLVR), and indoor concentrate (FS-TMR)-was investigated. A consumer study was conducted in all three countries. Irish and German assessors participated in ranking descriptive analysis (RDA), whereas descriptive analysis (DA) was carried out by a trained panel in the USA. Volatile analysis was conducted to identify differences in aroma compounds related to cow diet. Overall, there was no significant difference in overall liking of the butters, among USA, German and Irish consumers, although cross-cultural preferences were evident. Sensory attribute differences based on cow diet were evident across the three countries, as identified by German and Irish assessors and trained USA panelists, which are likely influenced by familiarity. The abundance of specific volatile aromatic compounds, especially some aldehydes and ketones, were significantly impacted by the feed system and may also contribute to some of the perceived sensory attribute differences in these butters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer C. Garvey
- Food Quality & Sensory Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland;
- Sensory Group, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, T12 R220 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Thorsten Sander
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Facilities, FH Münster, Corrensstraße 25, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- Innovationsmanagement, Sensorische Produktevaluation und Consumer Trends, Marie-Jahn-Str.20, 30177 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tom F. O’Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland;
| | - MaryAnne Drake
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Shelley Fox
- St. Angela’s Food Technology Centre, Lough Gill, 999928 Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Maurice G. O’Sullivan
- Sensory Group, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, T12 R220 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Joseph P. Kerry
- Food Packaging Group, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, T12 R220 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Kieran N. Kilcawley
- Food Quality & Sensory Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland;
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16
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Matamoros C, Klopp RN, Moraes LE, Harvatine KJ. Meta-analysis of the relationship between milk trans-10 C18:1, milk fatty acids <16 C, and milk fat production. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10195-10206. [PMID: 32921467 PMCID: PMC7885267 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The economic value of milk fat and its responsiveness to management strategies provides strong interest in maximizing milk fat production by minimizing occurrence of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression (BH-MFD) and maximizing de novo synthesized fatty acids (FA). Tools that allow a timely diagnosis of BH-MFD would improve nutritional management. Specific milk FA or FA categories correlate to milk fat concentration and are of interest for diagnosing the cause of changes in milk fat concentration. The objective of the current study was to characterize the relationship between milk fat concentration and trans-10 C18:1, a proxy for BH-MFD, and FA <16 carbons that originate solely from de novo lipogenesis using a meta-analysis approach that used data from the literature and unpublished Penn State experiments. Prior to the meta-analysis, the effect of FA methylation method on milk FA profile was tested to determine potential bias between papers. There was no difference between sodium methoxide, acid, and acid-base methylation methods on trans-10 C18:1 concentration, but acid methods resulted in loss of short-chain FA. The relationship between trans-10 C18:1 and milk fat percentage was investigated using a 2-component model, where one component described the fraction unresponsive to BH-MFD and the other described a responsive fraction that is exponentially related to trans-10 C18:1. The 2 fractions where characterized utilizing a Bayesian hierarchical model accounting for between-study variability. The model was defined by the function f(x, θ1, θ2, θ3) = θ1 + θ2exp(θ3), where the unresponsive θ1 fraction was 2.15 ± 0.09%, the responsive θ2 fraction was 1.55 ± 0.08%, and the exponential term θ3 was -0.503 ± 0.07 (posterior mean ± posterior standard deviation from the Bayesian hierarchical model). A Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.67 suggested good agreement between observations and predictions from the Bayesian hierarchical model, computed only with the model's mean population parameters. There was a linear relationship between milk fat concentration and FA <16 C as a percentage of total FA (intercept = 2.68 ± 0.237 and slope = 0.043 ± 0.011; coefficient of determination = 0.31). The relationship between milk FA <16 C and milk fat concentration is weaker than what has been published, likely because multiple factors can reduce de novo FA without reducing milk fat and the broad range of diets present in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matamoros
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - R N Klopp
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - L E Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
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17
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Sert D, Mercan E. Characterisation of physicochemical, microbiological, thermal, oxidation properties and fatty acid composition of butter produced from thermosonicated cream. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Ebeid HM, Hassan FU, Li M, Peng L, Peng K, Liang X, Yang C. Camelina sativa L. Oil Mitigates Enteric in vitro Methane Production, Modulates Ruminal Fermentation, and Ruminal Bacterial Diversity in Buffaloes. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:550. [PMID: 33005640 PMCID: PMC7479821 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Camelina sativa oil (CO) on fermentation kinetics and methane (CH4) production in rations with different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios. Three total mixed rations (TMRs) were used as substrates (R70:C30, R50:C50, and R30:C70) supplemented with different levels of CO (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% on dry matter basis) in an in vitro batch culture system. The enteric CH4 production was determined at different times of incubation while fermentation parameters were measured at the end of incubation. Results revealed that CO significantly decreased (P < 0.05) CH4 production at 48 h in medium (R50:C50) and low- (R30:C70) roughage diets than control. Camelina oil at all levels significantly (P < 0.05) affected ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and microbial protein (MCP) in all rations. Propionate concentration was increased by supplementing 8% CO to R70:C30 TMR, but it decreased with increasing levels of CO for low- and medium-roughage diets. Acetate concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 4% CO supplementation, but it decreased with 8% CO level in R30:C70 TMR. For all rations, CO decreased (P < 0.001) total bacteria, protozoa, and methanogens. Total fungi counts were affected by CO in all rations, especially with a 6% level in two rations (R30:C70 and R50:C50) and 8% level with high-roughage ration (R70:C30). Supplementation of CO in medium-roughage ration (R50:C50) showed a linear (P < 0.05) decrease in bacterial richness and evenness indices along with Shannon diversity as compared to the control. Moreover, CO also increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in all TMRs more effectively at higher levels. Camelina oil also affected the relative abundance of Prevotella in both low- and medium-roughage diets while increasing the abundance of Ruminobacter and Pseudobutyrivibrio. The present study concluded that CO enhanced fermentation kinetics while decreasing enteric in vitro CH4 production from fibrous diets. Thus, it may be considered as a potentially effective and environmentally friendly way of mitigating CH4 emission from livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M Ebeid
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.,Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Kaiping Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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19
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Gómez-Mascaraque LG, Kilcawley K, Hennessy D, Tobin JT, O'Callaghan TF. Raman spectroscopy: A rapid method to assess the effects of pasture feeding on the nutritional quality of butter. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8721-8731. [PMID: 32773315 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The animal diet is a critical variable affecting the composition and functionality of dairy products. As "Grass-Fed" labeling becomes more prominent on the market, rapid and label-free methods for verification of feeding systems are required. This work proposes the use of Raman spectroscopy to study the effects of 3 different experimental cow feeding systems-perennial ryegrass pasture, perennial ryegrass with white clover pasture, and an indoor total mixed ration diet (TMR)-on the nutritional quality of sweet cream butter. The results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis is a promising approach to distinguish butter derived from pasture or conventional TMR feeding systems. A Pearson correlation analysis confirmed high positive correlations between the spectral bin at 1,657 cm-1, ascribed to the stretching vibrations of C=C bonds, and concentrations of α-linolenic acid and conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) in butter, and in general with the concentration of n-3 and n-3+CLA fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the samples. The yellow color indicative of the presence of carotenoids in butter, which has previously been suggested as a biomarker of pasture or "Grass-Fed" feeding, was also positively correlated with the data obtained from the Raman spectra. Raman spectroscopy could also be used to accurately predict indicators of the nutritional quality of butter, such as the thrombogenic index, which showed a strong negative correlation with the spectral bin at 3,023 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Gómez-Mascaraque
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland.
| | - K Kilcawley
- Food Quality and Sensory Science Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - D Hennessy
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland; Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - J T Tobin
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - T F O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
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20
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Staniewski B, Smoczyński M, Żulewska J, Wiśniewska K, Baranowska M. Effect of model heat treatment conditions on selected properties of milk fat. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Staniewski
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management The Faculty of Food Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
| | - Michał Smoczyński
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management The Faculty of Food Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
| | - Justyna Żulewska
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management The Faculty of Food Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
| | - Krystyna Wiśniewska
- Department of Food Biotechnology The Faculty of Food Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
| | - Maria Baranowska
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management The Faculty of Food Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
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21
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Bouallegue K, Allaf T, Ben Younes R, Téllez-Pérez C, Besombes C, Allaf K. Pressure, temperature and processing time in enhancing Camelina sativa oil extraction by Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop (DIC) texturing pre-treatment. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2020. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0337191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) was evaluated as a texturing pre-treatment for the extraction of Camelina sativa (L.) oil. DIC was coupled to Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE), Pressing and Dynamic Maceration (DM). DIC optimization was performed by studying the effects of pressure, temperature and processing time on oil yield. DIC + ASE obtained seed-oil yields of 615.9±0.5 against 555.5±0.5 g oil/kg-ddb for untextured seeds (RM). Via pressing, oil yields were 490.9±0.5 and 444.7±0.5 g oil/kg-ddb for textured and untextured seeds, respectively. Through coupling DIC (P: 0.63 MPa and t: 105 s) to the pressing extraction (60 s) of seeds along with 2h of DM of meals, it was possible to reach 605.8 g oil/kg ddb of oil yield. The same results were not obtained for RM seeds, where after 24 h of DM extraction, the oil yield was 554.7 g oil/kg ddb. DIC allowed for an increase in Camelina oil yields, reduced extraction time and valorized pressing meals.
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22
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Salas H, Castillejos L, Faturi C, Ferret A. Effects of replacing canola meal with camelina expeller on intake, total tract digestibility, and feeding behavior of beef heifers fed high-concentrate diets. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa050. [PMID: 32705046 PMCID: PMC7254486 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the effect of inclusion of camelina expeller in beef cattle diets, 24 Simmental heifers were used. Two experiments were carried out. In the first, two free-choice tests, one without and another with molasses, were conducted to know the preference of animals for a total mixed ration (TMR) made with a 90 to 10 concentrate to barley straw ratio, where canola meal (CM) or camelina expeller (CE) was used in the concentrate as a protein source. Heifers were allotted in four pens with two independent feedbunks, one for each diet. In the second, a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to assess the effects of the replacement of CM with CE on intake, digestibility, and sorting and animal behavior. The experiment was performed in four 28-d periods during which groups of three animals were allotted in each pen of 12.5 m2. Diets were formulated with a 90 to 10 concentrate to barley straw ratio and fed as TMR, and they were designed to contain 1) CM as main protein source and 0% of CE (0CE), 2) 3% of CE replacing CM (3CE), 3) 6% of CE replacing CM (6CE), and 4) 9% of CE replacing CM (9CE). In the free-choice test without molasses, heifers showed a greater preference for CM than for CE (38.6 vs. 8.7 kg/d; P < 0.001). When molasses were added to the diet, the preference for CM was maintained (39.1 vs. 9.8 kg/d; P < 0.001). Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was unaffected by the level of replacement of CM by CE (P > 0.10), and there was no effect of this replacement on DM, OM, CP, and NDF apparent digestibility (P > 0.10). Intake of long particle size increased lineally as CE proportion increased (P = 0.015). In addition, extension of sorting behavior for long particle size tended to increase lineally (P = 0.07), and sorting against this particle size was detected in 0CE and 3CE, but not in 6CE and 9CE (P < 0.05). However, the results recorded for long particle size intake and for sorting behavior against these particles did not translate into more time spent ruminating in heifers fed diets with higher proportion of CE. In conclusion, when canola meal was replaced with camelina expeller at more than 14% of inclusion, heifers preferred the canola meal diet. However, replacing canola meal with camelina expeller up to 9% of inclusion in diets for beef cattle did not affect intake and digestibility but promoted a greater intake of long particle size of barley straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hèctor Salas
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristian Faturi
- Instituto da Saúde e Produçao Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alfred Ferret
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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In vitro Digestibility, In situ Degradability, Rumen Fermentation and N Metabolism of Camelina Co-Products for Beef Cattle Studied with A Dual Flow Continuous Culture System of Camelina Co-Products for Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121079. [PMID: 31817020 PMCID: PMC6941086 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, vegetable protein sources such as soybean meal and rapeseed meal are expensive and with volatile prices. These economic circumstances are driving the research of potential new protein resources for beef cattle diets that can reduce the ration cost without compromising animal productive yields. As possible candidates, camelina meal and camelina expeller have been studied; they are co-products with a high protein percentage, obtained after oil extraction from the oil seeds of Camelina sativa. The objectives of this study were to characterize these camelina co-products and ascertain if they could be useful ingredients for beef cattle diets. The results indicate that the diets formulated with camelina meal and camelina expeller do not show differences in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis compared to the current reference proteins, camelina meal diet being the most similar to soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets, and camelina expeller the diet with the highest fermentation potential. The results of soybean meal as an individual ingredient reveal more differences with camelina co-products. In vivo studies are necessary to draw conclusions, but in vitro results obtained suggest that camelina meal and camelina expeller are potential substitutes for rapeseed meal in beef cattle diets. Abstract Camelina meal (CM) and camelina expeller (CE) were compared with soybean meal (SM) and rapeseed meal (RM). Trial 1 consisted of a modified Tilley and Terry in vitro technique. Trial 2 was an in situ technique performed by incubating nylon bags within cannulated cows. Trial 3 consisted in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. In Trial 1, CM, CE and RM showed similar DM digestibility and OM digestibility, and SM was the most digestible ingredient (p < 0.05). Trial 2 showed that CE had the numerically highest DM degradability, but CP degradability was similar to RM. Camelina meal had a DM degradability similar to SM and RM and had an intermediate coefficient of CP degradability. In Trial 3, CE diet tended to present a higher true OM digestibility than SM diet (p = 0.06). Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) was higher in CE and CM diets than in SM diet (p = 0.009). Crude protein degradation tended to be higher (p = 0.07), and dietary nitrogen flow tended to be lower (p = 0.06) in CE diet than in CM diet. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not affected by treatment (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CE and CM as protein sources differ in CP coefficient of degradability but their results were similar to RM. More differences were detected with regard to SM.
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24
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Paula EM, da Silva LG, Brandao VLN, Dai X, Faciola AP. Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E704. [PMID: 31546983 PMCID: PMC6826546 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as "ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion". Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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25
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Brandao V, Silva L, Paula E, Monteiro H, Dai X, Lelis A, Faccenda A, Poulson S, Faciola A. Effects of replacing canola meal with solvent-extracted camelina meal on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9028-9040. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Truong T, Palmer M, Bansal N, Bhandari B. Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide in fat phase of cream on manufacturing and physical properties of butter. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Bernard L, Bonnet M, Delavaud C, Delosière M, Ferlay A, Fougère H, Graulet B. Milk Fat Globule in Ruminant: Major and Minor Compounds, Nutritional Regulation and Differences Among Species. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Carole Delavaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Mylène Delosière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Anne Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Hélène Fougère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
| | - Benoît Graulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores; F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle France
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Brandao VLN, Dai X, Paula EM, Silva LG, Marcondes MI, Shenkoru T, Poulson SR, Faciola AP. Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil with camelina seed at 2 dietary ether extract levels on digestion, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient flow in a dual-flow continuous culture system. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Camelina is a drought- and salt-tolerant oil seed, which in total ether extract (EE) contains up to 74% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of replacing calcium salts of palm oil (Megalac, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ) with camelina seed (CS) on ruminal fermentation, digestion, and flows of fatty acids (FA) and AA in a dual-flow continuous culture system when supplemented at 5 or 8% dietary EE. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 fermentors in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four 10-d experimental periods consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Treatments were (1) calcium salts of palm oil supplementation at 5% EE (MEG5); (2) calcium salts of palm oil supplementation at 8% EE (MEG8); (3) 7.7% CS supplementation at 5% EE (CS5); and (4) 17.7% CS supplementation at 8% EE (CS8). Diets contained 55% orchardgrass hay, and fermentors were fed 72 g of dry matter/d. On d 8, 9, and 10 of each period, digesta effluent samples were taken for ruminal NH3, volatile fatty acids, nitrogen metabolism analysis, and long-chain FA and AA flows. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). We detected an interaction between FA source and dietary EE level for acetate, where MEG8 had the greatest molar proportion of acetate. Molar proportions of propionate were greater and total volatile fatty acids were lower on CS diets. Supplementation of CS decreased overall ruminal nutrient true digestibility, but dietary EE level did not affect it. Diets containing CS had greater biohydrogenation of 18:2 and 18:3; however, biohydrogenation of 18:1 was greater in MEG diets. Additionally, CS diets had greater ruminal concentrations of trans-10/11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Dietary EE level at 8% negatively affected flows of NH3-N (g/d), nonammonia N, and bacterial N as well as the overall AA outflow. However, treatments had minor effects on individual ruminal AA digestibility. The shift from acetate to propionate observed on diets containing CS may be advantageous from an energetic standpoint. Moreover, CS diets had greater ruminal outflow of trans-10/11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid than MEG diets, suggesting a better FA profile available for postruminal absorption. However, dietary EE at 8% was deleterious to overall N metabolism and AA outflow, indicating that CS can be fed at 5% EE without compromising N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L N Brandao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - X Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E M Paula
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
| | - L G Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - T Shenkoru
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
| | - S R Poulson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Dai X, Weimer PJ, Dill-McFarland KA, Brandao VLN, Suen G, Faciola AP. Camelina Seed Supplementation at Two Dietary Fat Levels Change Ruminal Bacterial Community Composition in a Dual-Flow Continuous Culture System. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2147. [PMID: 29163431 PMCID: PMC5675879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to determine the effects of camelina seed (CS) supplementation at different dietary fat levels on ruminal bacterial community composition and how it relates to changes in ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters (1,200–1,250 mL) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with four 10-day experimental periods that consisted of 7 days for diet adaptation and 3 days for sample collection. Treatments were: (1) no CS at 5% ether extract (EE, NCS5); (2) no CS at 8% EE (NCS8); (3) 7.7% CS at 5% EE (CS5); and (4) 17.7% CS at 8% EE (CS8). Megalac was used as a control to adjust EE levels. Diets contained 55% orchardgrass hay and 45% concentrate, and fermenters were equally fed a total of 72 g/day (DM basis) twice daily. The bacterial community was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequencing data were analyzed using mothur and statistical analyses were performed in R and SAS. The most abundant phyla across treatments were the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, accounting for 49 and 39% of the total sequences, respectively. The bacterial community composition in both liquid and solid fractions of the effluent digesta changed with CS supplementation but not by dietary EE. Including CS in the diets decreased the relative abundances of Ruminococcus spp., Fibrobacter spp., and Butyrivibrio spp. The most abundant genus across treatments, Prevotella, was reduced by high dietary EE levels, while Megasphaera and Succinivibrio were increased by CS supplementation in the liquid fraction. Correlatively, the concentration of acetate was decreased while propionate increased; C18:0 was decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, were increased by CS supplementation. Based on the correlation analysis between genera and fermentation end products, this study revealed that CS supplementation could be energetically beneficial to dairy cows by increasing propionate-producing bacteria and suppressing ruminal bacteria associated with biohydrogenation. However, attention should be given to avoid the effects of CS supplementation on suppressing cellulolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Paul J Weimer
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Virginia L N Brandao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Wang S, Kreuzer M, Braun U, Schwarm A. Effect of unconventional oilseeds (safflower, poppy, hemp, camelina) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3864-3870. [PMID: 28188639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation with oilseeds can reduce methane emission in ruminants, but only a few common seeds have been tested so far. This study tested safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), poppy (Papaver somniferum), hemp (Cannabis sativa), and camelina (Camelina sativa) seeds in vitro using coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) as positive controls. RESULTS All the tested oilseeds suppressed methane yield (mL g-1 dry matter, up to 21%) compared to the non-supplemented control when provided at 70 g oil kg-1 dry matter, and they were as effective as coconut oil. Safflower and hemp were more effective than linseed (21% and 18% vs. 10%), whereas the effects of poppy and camelina were similar to linseed. When methane was related to digestible organic matter, only hemp and safflower seeds and coconut oil were effective compared to the non-supplemented control (up to 11%). The level of methanogenesis and the ratios of either the n-6:n-3 fatty acids or C18:2 :C18:3 in the seed lipids were not related. CONCLUSION Unconventional oilseeds widen the spectrum of oilseeds that can be used in dietary methane mitigation. In vivo confirmation of their methane mitigating effect is still needed, and their effects on animal performance still must be determined. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopu Wang
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Braun
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Clinic for Ruminants, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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Effects of α-linolenic acid-enriched diets on gene expression of key inflammatory mediators in immune and milk cells obtained from Holstein dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:20-7. [PMID: 26869108 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune system and inflammatory responses are affected by α-linolenic acid (αLA: 18:3 ω-3). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of αLA-enriched rations on gene expression of systemic (blood) and local (mammary gland) inflammatory markers in Holstein dairy cattle. Further, the effect of dietary treatments was evaluated on the concentration of αLA in serum phospholipids. Camelina (Camelina sativa) meal (containing 24.2% αLA) was fed at 0, 3, 6, and 9% (dry matter basis) replacing canola meal (rich in 18:1 ω-9) to provide rations with incremental concentrations of αLA. Lactating primiparous Holstein cows (n = 18) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 16 d and milk and blood samples were collected during the final 2 d of each period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and milk cells (MC) were harvested, and RNA extracted and converted to complementary DNA for quantitative real time PCR analysis. The effect of dietary treatments (αLA) on the relative abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in the PBMC and MC was tested by the MIXED procedure of SAS. Expression of pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in MC was linearly reduced (up to 40%) as dietary αLA increased. Expression of pro-inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α was reduced (29, 20, and 27%, respectively) in PBMC isolated from cows fed 6% camelina meal ration as compared with cows fed 0% (control). Expression of IL-6 was, however, increased with inclusion of camelina meal. Greater dietary αLA linearly increased serum phospholipids αLA contents, and when fed up to 6% DM down-regulated expression of some of the local (milk) and systemic (blood) pro-inflammatory markers in vivo.
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Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Shingfield KJ, Simpura I, Kokkonen T, Jaakkola S, Toivonen V, Vanhatalo A. Effect of incremental amounts of camelina oil on milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets based on a mixture of grass and red clover silage and concentrates containing camelina expeller. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:305-324. [PMID: 27865509 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Camelina is an ancient oilseed crop that produces an oil rich in cis-9,cis-12 18:2 (linoleic acid, LA) and cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA); however, reports on the use of camelina oil (CO) for ruminants are limited. The present study investigated the effects of incremental CO supplementation on animal performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, and milk sensory quality. Eight Finnish Ayrshire cows (91d in milk) were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised 4 concentrates (12kg/d on an air-dry basis) based on cereals and camelina expeller containing 0 (control), 2, 4, or 6% CO on an air-dry basis. Cows were offered a mixture of grass and red clover silage (RCS; 1:1 on a dry matter basis) ad libitum. Incremental CO supplementation linearly decreased silage and total dry matter intake, and linearly increased LA, ALA, and total FA intake. Treatments had no effect on whole-tract apparent organic matter or fiber digestibility and did not have a major influence on rumen fermentation. Supplements of CO quadratically decreased daily milk and lactose yields and linearly decreased milk protein yield and milk taste panel score from 4.2 to 3.6 [on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)], without altering milk fat yield. Inclusion of CO linearly decreased the proportions of saturated FA synthesized de novo (4:0 to 16:0), without altering milk fat 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, and ALA concentrations. Milk fat 18:0 was low (<5g/100g of FA) across all treatments. Increases in CO linearly decreased the proportions of total saturates from 58 to 45g/100g of FA and linearly enriched trans-11 18:1, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 18:2 from 5.2, 2.6, and 1.7 to 11, 4.3, and 5.8g/100g of FA, respectively. Furthermore, CO quadratically decreased milk fat trans-10 18:1 and linearly decreased trans-10,cis-12 18:2 concentration. Overall, milk FA composition on all treatments suggested that one or more components in camelina seeds may inhibit the complete reduction of 18-carbon unsaturates in the rumen. In conclusion, CO decreased the secretion of saturated FA in milk and increased those of the trans-11 biohydrogenation pathway or their desaturation products. Despite increasing the intake of 18-carbon unsaturated FA, CO had no effect on the secretions of 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, or ALA in milk. Concentrates containing camelina expeller and 2% CO could be used for the commercial production of low-saturated milk from grass- and RCS-based diets without major adverse effects on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K J Shingfield
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - I Simpura
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Toivonen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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O'Callaghan TF, Faulkner H, McAuliffe S, O'Sullivan MG, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, Stanton C, Ross RP. Quality characteristics, chemical composition, and sensory properties of butter from cows on pasture versus indoor feeding systems. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9441-9460. [PMID: 27771086 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of 3 widely practiced cow feeding systems in the United States, Europe, and Southern Hemisphere regions on the characteristics, quality, and consumer perception of sweet cream butter. Fifty-four multiparous and primiparous Friesian cows were divided into 3 groups (n=18) for an entire lactation. Group 1 was housed indoors and fed a total mixed ration diet (TMR) of grass silage, maize silage, and concentrates; group 2 was maintained outdoors on perennial ryegrass-only pasture (GRS); and group 3 was maintained outdoors on a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (CLV). Mid-lactation butter was manufactured in triplicate with milk from each group in June 2015 (137±7d in milk) and was analyzed over a 6-mo storage period at 5°C for textural and thermal properties, fatty acid composition, sensory properties, and volatile compounds. The nutritional value of butters was improved by pasture feeding, and butter from pasture-fed cows had significantly lower thrombogenicity index scores compared with butters from TMR-fed cows. In line with these results, pasture-derived milks (GRS and CLV) produced butter with significantly higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9,trans-11) and trans-β-carotene than TMR butter. Alterations in the fatty acid composition of butter contributed to significant differences in textural and thermal properties of the butters. Total mixed ration-derived butters had significantly higher hardness scores at room temperature than those of GRS and CLV. Onset of crystallization for TMR butters also occurred at significantly higher temperatures compared with pasture butters. Volatile analysis of butter by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 25 compounds present in each of the butters, 5 of which differed significantly based on feeding system, including acetone, 2-butanone, 1-pentenol, toluene, and β-pinene. Toluene was very significantly correlated with pasture-derived butter. Sensory analysis revealed significantly higher scores for GRS-derived butter in several attributes including "liking" of appearance, flavor, and color over those of TMR butter. Partial least square regression plots of fatty acid profiles showed clear separation of butter derived from grazed pasture-based perennial ryegrass or perennial rye/white clover diets from that of a TMR system, offering further insight into the ability of fatty acid profiling to verify such pasture-derived dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom F O'Callaghan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hope Faulkner
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen McAuliffe
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deirdre Hennessy
- College of Science Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- College of Science Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran N Kilcawley
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; College of Science Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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O'Callaghan TF, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Kilcawley KN, O'Donovan M, Dillon P, Ross RP, Stanton C. Effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on raw milk composition and quality over an entire lactation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9424-9440. [PMID: 27720161 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different feeding systems on milk quality and composition. Fifty-four multiparous and primiparous Friesian lactating cows were divided into 3 groups (n=18) to study the effects of 3 feeding systems over a full lactation. Group 1 was housed indoors and offered a total mixed ration diet (TMR), group 2 was maintained outdoors on a perennial ryegrass pasture (referred to as grass), and group 3 was also grazed outdoors on a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (referred to as clover). Bulk milk samples were collected from each group at morning and afternoon milkings once weekly from March 11 to October 28 in 2015. Milk from pasture-fed cows (grass and clover) had significantly higher concentrations of fat, protein, true protein, and casein. The pasture feeding systems induced significantly higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids C11:0, C13:0, C15:0, C17:0, C23:0, and unsaturated fatty acids C18:2n-6 trans, C18:3n-3, C20:1, and C20:4n-6 and a greater than 2-fold increase in the conjugated linoleic acid C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 content of milk compared with that of the TMR feeding system. The TMR feeding system resulted in milks with increased concentrations of C16:0, C18:2n-6 cis, C18:3n-6 cis, C22:0 C22:1n-9, and C18:2 cis-10,trans-12. Principal component analysis of average fatty acid profiles showed clear separation of milks from the grazed pasture-based diets to that of a TMR system throughout lactation, offering further insight into the ability to verify pasture-derived milk by fatty acid profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom F O'Callaghan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen McAuliffe
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran N Kilcawley
- Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
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Lawrence R, Anderson J, Clapper J. Evaluation of camelina meal as a feedstuff for growing dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6215-6228. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Adhikari P, Heo J, Nyachoti C. Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in camelina (Camelina sativa) meal fed to growing pigs without or phytase supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Girard M, Dohme-Meier F, Wechsler D, Goy D, Kreuzer M, Bee G. Ability of 3 tanniferous forage legumes to modify quality of milk and Gruyère-type cheese. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:205-20. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pekel A, Kim J, Chapple C, Adeola O. Nutritional characteristics of camelina meal for 3-week-old broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:371-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Bayat AR, Kairenius P, Stefański T, Leskinen H, Comtet-Marre S, Forano E, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Shingfield KJ. Effect of camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3166-81. [PMID: 25726099 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dietary supplements of 2 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or camelina oil to lower ruminal methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production and the associated effects on animal performance, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial populations, nutrient metabolism, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of cows fed grass silage-based diets were examined. Four Finnish Ayrshire cows (53±7 d in milk) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4×4 Latin square with four 42-d periods. Cows received a basal total mixed ration (control treatment) with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio [on a dry matter (DM) basis] containing grass silage, the same basal total mixed ration supplemented with 1 of 2 live yeasts, A or B, administered directly in the rumen at 10(10) cfu/d (treatments A and B), or supplements of 60g of camelina oil/kg of diet DM that replaced concentrate ingredients in the basal total mixed ration (treatment CO). Relative to the control, treatments A and B had no effects on DM intake, rumen fermentation, ruminal gas production, or apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. In contrast, treatment CO lowered DM intake and ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, responses associated with numerical nonsignificant decreases in total-tract organic matter digestibility, but no alterations in rumen fermentation characteristics or changes in the total numbers of rumen bacteria, methanogens, protozoa, and fungi. Compared with the control, treatment CO decreased the yields of milk, milk fat, lactose, and protein. Relative to treatment B, treatment CO improved nitrogen utilization due to a lower crude protein intake. Treatment A had no influence on milk FA composition, whereas treatment B increased cis-9 10:1 and decreased 11-cyclohexyl 11:0 and 24:0 concentrations. Treatment CO decreased milk fat 8:0 to 16:0 and total saturated FA, and increased 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, conjugated linoleic acid, 18:3n-3, and trans FA concentrations. Decreases in ruminal CH4 production to treatment CO were related, at least in part to lowered DM intake, whereas treatments had no effect on ruminal CH4 emission intensity (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake or milk yield). Results indicated that live yeasts A and B had no influence on animal performance, ruminal gas production, rumen fermentation, or nutrient utilization in cows fed grass silage-based diets. Dietary supplements of camelina oil decreased ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, but also lowered the yields of milk and milk constituents due to an adverse effect on intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bayat
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - P Kairenius
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - T Stefański
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - H Leskinen
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - S Comtet-Marre
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - E Forano
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - F Chaucheyras-Durand
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France; Lallemand Animal Nutrition, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - K J Shingfield
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
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The effect of false flax (Camelina sativa) cake dietary supplementation in dairy goats on fatty acid profile of kefir. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Taranu I, Gras M, Pistol GC, Motiu M, Marin DE, Lefter N, Ropota M, Habeanu M. ω-3 PUFA rich camelina oil by-products improve the systemic metabolism and spleen cell functions in fattening pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110186. [PMID: 25303320 PMCID: PMC4193896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina oil-cakes results after the extraction of oil from Camelina sativa plant. In this study, camelina oil-cakes were fed to fattening pigs for 33 days and its effect on performance, plasma biochemical analytes, pro-/anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant detoxifying defence in spleen was investigated in comparison with sunflower meal. 24 crossbred TOPIG pigs were randomly assigned to one of two experimental dietary treatments containing either 12% sunflower meal (treatment 1-T1), or 12.0% camelina oil-cakes, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 (ω-3 PUFA) (treatment 2-T2). The results showed no effect of T2 diet (camelina cakes) on feed intake, average weight gain or feed efficiency. Consumption of camelina diet resulted in a significant decrease in plasma glucose concentration (18.47%) with a trend towards also a decrease of plasma cholesterol. In spleen, T2 diet modulated cellular immune response by decreasing the protein and gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin (IL-8) and cyclooxigenase 2 (COX-2) in comparison with T1 diet. By contrast, T2 diet increased (P<0.05) in spleen the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) by 3.43, 2.47 and 1.83 fold change respectively, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (4.60 fold), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (3.23 fold) and the total antioxidant level (9.02%) in plasma. Camelina diet increased also peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) mRNA and decreased that of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38α MAPK) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB). At this level of inclusion (12%) camelina oil-cakes appears to be a potentially alternative feed source for pig which preserves a high content of ω-3 PUFA indicating antioxidant properties by the stimulation of detoxifying enzymes expression and the suppression of spleen pro-inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionelia Taranu
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Mihail Gras
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Gina Cecilia Pistol
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Monica Motiu
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Daniela E. Marin
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Lefter
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Mariana Ropota
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Mihaela Habeanu
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
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Colombini S, Broderick GA, Galasso I, Martinelli T, Rapetti L, Russo R, Reggiani R. Evaluation of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz meal as an alternative protein source in ruminant rations. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:736-43. [PMID: 24105894 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camelina sativa (CS) is an oilseed crop used for biofuel production. By-products from oil extraction are high in protein and can be used in ruminant rations; more information about their nutritive value is required also considering the antinutrional factor content of the by-products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of CS meal genotypes in comparison with canola. RESULTS Ten CS genotypes and one canola cultivar were evaluated. Meals were obtained from seeds after solvent oil extraction. CS average crude protein (CP) content (g kg⁻¹ dry matter) was 457. Numerical differences in lysine and sulfur amino acid content were observed among CS genotypes. Glucosinolate (mmol kg⁻¹) content was higher for CS (23.1) than canola (7.2). Sinapine content (g kg⁻¹) was lower for CS (2.79) than for canola (4.32). Differences were observed among CS genotypes for rumen undegraded protein (RUP). Average RUP (g kg⁻¹ CP) was 316 for CS and 275 for canola. CONCLUSIONS CS meal has potential for use in ruminant rations as a high-quality protein source. In vivo studies are needed to compare CS with other protein sources used in cattle rations. Implementation of breeding programs for improved meal quality is recommend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Colombini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Ferrand-Calmels M, Palhière I, Brochard M, Leray O, Astruc JM, Aurel MR, Barbey S, Bouvier F, Brunschwig P, Caillat H, Douguet M, Faucon-Lahalle F, Gelé M, Thomas G, Trommenschlager JM, Larroque H. Prediction of fatty acid profiles in cow, ewe, and goat milk by mid-infrared spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:17-35. [PMID: 24268398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometry was used to estimate the fatty acid (FA) composition in cow, ewe, and goat milk. The objectives were to compare different statistical approaches with wavelength selection to predict the milk FA composition from MIR spectra, and to develop equations for FA in cow, goat, and ewe milk. In total, a set of 349 cow milk samples, 200 ewe milk samples, and 332 goat milk samples were both analyzed by MIR and by gas chromatography, the reference method. A broad FA variability was ensured by using milk from different breeds and feeding systems. The methods studied were partial least squares regression (PLS), first-derivative pretreatment + PLS, genetic algorithm + PLS, wavelets + PLS, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method (LASSO), and elastic net. The best results were obtained with PLS, genetic algorithm + PLS and first derivative + PLS. The residual standard deviation and the coefficient of determination in external validation were used to characterize the equations and to retain the best for each FA in each species. In all cases, the predictions were of better quality for FA found at medium to high concentrations (i.e., for saturated FA and some monounsaturated FA with a coefficient of determination in external validation >0.90). The conversion of the FA expressed in grams per 100mL of milk to grams per 100g of FA was possible with a small loss of accuracy for some FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrand-Calmels
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France.
| | - I Palhière
- INRA, UR0631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
| | - M Brochard
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - O Leray
- Actilait, Rue de Versailles, F-39800 Poligny, France
| | - J M Astruc
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - M R Aurel
- INRA, UE 0321, Domaine expérimental de La Fage, F-12250 Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, France
| | - S Barbey
- INRA, UE 0326, Domaine expérimental du Pin-au Haras, F-61310 Exmes, France
| | - F Bouvier
- INRA, UE 0332, Domaine expérimental de Bourges-La Sapinière, 18390 Osmoy, France
| | - P Brunschwig
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - H Caillat
- INRA, UR0631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
| | - M Douguet
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - F Faucon-Lahalle
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France; CNIEL, 42 rue de Châteaudun, 75314 Paris cedex 09, France
| | - M Gelé
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - G Thomas
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - J M Trommenschlager
- INRA, UR 0055, Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources, 662 avenue Louis Buffet, F-88500 Mirecourt, France
| | - H Larroque
- INRA, UR0631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
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Almeida FN, Htoo JK, Thomson J, Stein HH. Amino acid digestibility in camelina products fed to growing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Almeida, F. N., Htoo, J. K., Thomson, J. and Stein, H. H. 2013. Amino acid digestibility in camelina products fed to growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 335–343. Camelina seed production has increased in North America because of demand for camelina oil for biofuel production. Camelina expellers (CE) is the co-product that remains after oil has been expelled, and CE usually contains approximately 35% crude protein (CP), 14% ether extract, 10% crude fiber, and 5% ash making it an attractive feedstuff for livestock. An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA) in two sources of camelina seeds [CS-1 and CS-2; average: 39% acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), 28% CP, 27% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 12% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 4% ash] and in three sources of CE (CE-1, CE-2, and CE-3; average: 35% CP, 24% NDF, 15% AEE, 14% ADF, 6% ash) and to compare the SID of CP and AA in camelina products with the SID of CP and AA in solvent-extracted canola meal fed to pigs. Seven growing pigs (initial BW 43.5 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7×7 Latin square design with seven diets fed to individually housed pigs over seven periods. Six of the diets contained CS, CE, or canola meal as the sole source of CP and AA and a N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The SID of CP in CS-1 and CE-2 was less (P<0.01) than the SID of CP in canola meal, but the SID of CP in CS-2, CE-1, and CE-3 was not different from the SID of CP in canola meal. The SID of Lys in CS-1 and CS-2 was less (P<0.01) than in canola meal, but the SID of Lys was not different among CE-1, CE-2, CE-3, and canola meal. Results from this experiment indicate that the SID of AA in CE is mostly comparable with that of canola meal, but the digestibility of CP and AA in the two camelina seeds was somewhat less than in CE and canola meal. Camelina expellers may, therefore, be included in diets fed to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. N. Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 60801, USA
| | - J. K. Htoo
- Evonik Industries AG, Hanau 63457, Germany
| | - J. Thomson
- Evonik Degussa Corporation, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - H. H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 60801, USA
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De novo assembly and characterization of Camelina sativa transcriptome by paired-end sequencing. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:146. [PMID: 23496985 PMCID: PMC3635884 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofuels extracted from the seeds of Camelina sativa have recently been used successfully as environmentally friendly jet-fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Camelina sativa is genetically very close to Arabidopsis thaliana, and both are members of the Brassicaceae. Although public databases are currently available for some members of the Brassicaceae, such as A. thaliana, A. lyrata, Brassica napus, B. juncea and B. rapa, there are no public Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) or genomic data for Camelina sativa. In this study, a high-throughput, large-scale RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the Camelina sativa transcriptome was carried out to generate a database that will be useful for further functional analyses. Results Approximately 27 million clean “reads” filtered from raw reads by removal of adaptors, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads (2.42 gigabase pairs) were generated by Illumina paired-end RNA-seq technology. All of these clean reads were assembled de novo into 83,493 unigenes and 103,196 transcripts using SOAPdenovo and Trinity, respectively. The average length of the transcripts generated by Trinity was 697 bp (N50 = 976), which was longer than the average length of unigenes (319 bp, N50 = 346 bp). Nonetheless, the assembly generated by SOAPdenovo produced similar number of non-redundant hits (22,435) with that of Trinity (22,433) in BLASTN searches of the Arabidopsis thaliana CDS sequence database (TAIR). Four public databases, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Swiss-prot, NCBI non-redundant protein (NR), and the Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), were used for unigene annotation; 67,791 of 83,493 unigenes (81.2%) were finally annotated with gene descriptions or conserved protein domains that were mapped to 25,329 non-redundant protein sequences. We mapped 27,042 of 83,493 unigenes (32.4%) to 119 KEGG metabolic pathways. Conclusions This is the first report of a transcriptome database for Camelina sativa, an environmentally important member of the Brassicaceae. We showed that C. savita is closely related to Arabidopsis spp. and more distantly related to Brassica spp. Although the majority of annotated genes had high sequence identity to those of A. thaliana, a substantial proportion of disease-resistance genes (NBS-encoding LRR genes) were instead more closely similar to the genes of other Brassicaceae; these genes included BrCN, BrCNL, BrNL, BrTN, BrTNL in B. rapa. As plant genomes are under long-term selection pressure from environmental stressors, conservation of these disease-resistance genes in C. sativa and B. rapa genomes implies that they are exposed to the threats from closely-related pathogens in their natural habitats.
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Thacker P, Widyaratne G. Effects of expeller pressed camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility, performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:402-15. [PMID: 22881197 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.710082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of graded levels of camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility, performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. A total of 180-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of the six treatments. The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 15% canola meal. The experimental diets contained 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% or 15% camelina meal added at the expense of canola meal. Chromic oxide (0.35%) was added to all diets as a digestibility marker. On the morning of day 22, birds were killed by cervical dislocation and their abdominal fat pad was obtained. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and energy as well as nitrogen retention all declined linearly (p < 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary camelina meal. Weight gain (p < 0.01) and feed intake (p = 0.08) were linearly reduced as the level of camelina meal in the diet increased. Feed conversion ratio was also negatively affected by camelina meal (p < 0.01). Birds fed diets containing 15% camelina meal had significantly higher (p < 0.01) levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, total n-3 fatty acids, total n-6 fatty acids and a significantly lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (p < 0.01) than birds fed canola meal. In conclusion, the inclusion of camelina meal in their diet significantly reduced the growth and feed conversion ratio of broilers compared with canola meal. However, the potential to incorporate n-3 fatty acids into carcass tissues may provide some justification for including camelina meal in poultry rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Bohnert DW, Cherian G, Carroll JA. Effects of camelina meal supplementation on ruminal forage degradability, performance, and physiological responses of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4042-54. [PMID: 22585784 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments compared ruminal, physiological, and performance responses of beef steers consuming hay ad libitum and receiving grain-based supplements without (control) or with (CAM) the inclusion of camelina meal. In Exp. 1, 9 steers fitted with ruminal cannulas received CAM (2.04 kg of DM/d; n = 5) or control (2.20 kg of DM/d; n = 4). Steers receiving CAM had reduced (P = 0.01) total DMI and tended to have reduced (P = 0.10) forage DMI compared with control. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.35) for ruminal hay degradability parameters. In Exp. 2, 14 steers fed CAM (1.52 kg of DM/d; n = 7) or control (1.65 kg of DM/d; n = 7) were assigned to a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 0.1 μg/kg of BW) and a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 0.33 μg/kg of BW) challenge. Steers fed CAM had greater (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of PUFA compared with control before challenges. Upon CRH infusion, plasma haptoglobin concentrations tended (P = 0.10) to be reduced and ceruloplasmin concentrations increased at a lesser rate in CAM steers compared with control (treatment × time; P < 0.01). Upon TRH infusion, no treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.55) for serum thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. In Exp. 3, 60 steers were allocated to 20 pens. Pens were assigned randomly to receive CAM (2.04 kg of DM/steer daily; n = 10) or control (2.20 kg of DM/steer daily; n = 10) during preconditioning (PC; d -28 to 0). On d 0, steers were transported for 24 h. Upon arrival, pens were assigned randomly to receive CAM or control during feedlot receiving (FR; d 1 to 29). During PC, CAM steers had reduced (P < 0.01) forage and total DMI, and tended to have reduced (P = 0.10) ADG compared with control. Plasma linolenic acid concentrations increased during PC for CAM steers, but not for control (treatment × day; P = 0.02). During FR, steers fed CAM during PC had reduced (P < 0.01) forage and total DMI, but tended (P = 0.10) to have greater G:F compared with control. Steers fed CAM during FR had greater (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of PUFA, and reduced rectal temperature and concentrations of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin during FR compared with control. In summary, CAM supplementation to steers impaired forage and total DMI, did not alter thyroid gland function, increased circulating concentrations of PUFA, and lessened the acute-phase protein reaction elicited by neuroendocrine stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cappellozza
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA
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Russo R, Reggiani R. Antinutritive Compounds in Twelve <i>Camelina sativa </i>Genotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.310170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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