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Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-Ard R, Faas J, Steininger F, Papst F, Egger-Danner C, Zebeli Q. A 2-year study reveals implications of feeding management and exposure to mycotoxins on udder health, performance, and fertility in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1124-1142. [PMID: 37709039 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported the ubiquitous occurrence of mycotoxins and their secondary metabolites in dairy rations and a substantial variation in the feeding management among Austrian dairy farms. The present study aimed to characterize to which extent these factors contribute to the fertility, udder health traits, and performance of dairy herds. During 2019 and 2020, we surveyed 100 dairy farms, visiting each farm 2 times and collecting data and feed samples. Data collection involved information on the main feed ingredients, nutrient composition, and the levels of mycotoxin and other metabolites in the diet. The annual fertility and milk data of the herds were obtained from the national reporting agency. Calving interval was the target criterion for fertility performance, whereas the percentage of primiparous and multiparous cows in the herd with somatic cell counts above 200,000 cells/mL was the criterion for impaired udder health. For each criterion, herds were classified into 3 groups: high/long, mid, and low/short, with the cut-off corresponding to the <25th and >75th percentiles and the rest of the data, respectively. Accordingly, for the calving interval, the cut-offs for the long and short groups were ≥400 and ≤380 d, for the udder health in primiparous cows were ≥20% and ≤8% of the herd, and for the udder health in multiparous cows were ≥35% and ≤20% of the herd, respectively. Quantitative approaches were further performed to define potential risk factors in the herds. The high somatic cell count group had higher dietary exposure to enniatins (2.8 vs. 1.62 mg/cow per d), deoxynivalenol (4.91 vs. 2.3 mg/cow per d), culmorin (9.48 vs. 5.72 mg/cow per d), beauvericin (0.32 vs. 0.18 mg/cow per d), and siccanol (13.3 vs. 5.15 mg/cow per d), and total Fusarium metabolites (42.8 vs. 23.2 mg/cow per d) and used more corn silage in the ration (26.9% vs. 17.3% diet DM) compared with the low counterparts. Beauvericin was the most substantial contributing variable among the Fusarium metabolites, as indicated by logistic regression and modeling analyses. Logistic analysis indicated that herds with high proportions of cows with milk fat-to-protein ratio >1.5 had an increased odds for a longer calving interval, which was found to be significant for primiparous cows (odds ratio = 5.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.65-21.7). As well, herds with high proportions of multiparous cows showing levels of milk urea nitrogen >30 mg/dL had an increased odds for longer calving intervals (odds ratio = 2.96, 95% confidence interval = 1.22-7.87). In conclusion, the present findings suggest that dietary contamination of Fusarium mycotoxins (especially emerging ones), likely due to increased use of corn silage in the diet, seems to be a risk factor for impairing the udder health of primiparous cows. Mismatching dietary energy and protein supply of multiparous cows contributed to reduced herd fertility performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Penagos-Tabares
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - R Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Faas
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln a.d., 3430 Donau, Austria
| | - F Steininger
- ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Papst
- Institute of Technical Informatics, TU Graz/CSH Vienna, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Egger-Danner
- ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Urakawa M, Zhuang T, Sato H, Takanashi S, Yoshimura K, Endo Y, Katsura T, Umino T, Tanaka K, Watanabe H, Kobayashi H, Takada N, Kozutsumi T, Kumagai H, Asano T, Sazawa K, Ashida N, Zhao G, Rose MT, Kitazawa H, Shirakawa H, Watanabe K, Nochi T, Nakamura T, Aso H. Prevention of mastitis in multiparous dairy cows with a previous history of mastitis by oral feeding with probiotic Bacillus subtilis. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13764. [PMID: 36085592 PMCID: PMC9541589 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a very common inflammatory disease of the mammary gland of dairy cows, resulting in a reduction of milk production and quality. Probiotics may serve as an alternative to antibiotics to prevent mastitis, and the use of probiotics in this way may lessen the risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria developing. We investigated the effect of oral feeding of probiotic Bacillus subtilis (BS) C‐3102 strain on the onset of mastitis in dairy cows with a previous history of mastitis. BS feeding significantly decreased the incidence of mastitis, the average number of medication days and the average number of days when milk was discarded, and maintained the mean SCC in milk at a level substantially lower than the control group. BS feeding was associated with lower levels of cortisol and TBARS and increased the proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD11c+ CD172ahigh dendritic cells in the blood by flow cytometry analysis. Parturition increased the migrating frequency of granulocytes toward a milk chemoattractant cyclophilin A in the control cows, however, this was reduced by BS feeding, possibly indicating a decreased sensitivity of peripheral granulocytes to cyclophilin A. These results reveal that B. subtilis C‐3102 has potential as a probiotic and has preventative capacity against mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Urakawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tao Zhuang
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sato
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kozue Yoshimura
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuma Endo
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teppei Katsura
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Umino
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koutaro Tanaka
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Naokazu Takada
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Kumagai
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Asano
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Kohko Sazawa
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ashida
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Michael T Rose
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nakamura
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,The Cattle Museum, Maesawa, Oshu, Japan
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3
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Bruinjé TC, Rosadiuk JP, Moslemipur F, Sauerwein H, Steele MA, Ambrose DJ. Differing planes of pre- and postweaning phase nutrition in Holstein heifers: II. Effects on circulating leptin, luteinizing hormone, and age at puberty. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1153-1163. [PMID: 33131818 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to investigate the effects of differing planes of pre- and postweaning nutrition on prepubertal serum leptin concentrations, LH profiles, and age at puberty in Holstein heifers. Thirty-six Holstein calves were randomly assigned to either a low (5 L) or high (10 L of whole milk/d) preweaning plane of nutrition from 1 to 7 wk of age, a transition diet (a dry total mixed ration with 85% of concentrate) from wk 8 to 10, and to either a low (70%) or high (85% of concentrate dry total mixed ration) postweaning plane from 11 to 25 wk of age. Serum leptin concentrations were measured every 2 wk from 1 to 25 wk of age, and LH profiles were determined both at wk 15 and 25 based on sequential blood samples taken every 12 min over 10 h. Starting at 26 wk of age, ovaries were examined weekly by transrectal ultrasonography until first ovulation (puberty) was confirmed. Heifers that received the high preweaning plane diet had greater mean (± standard error; SE) leptin concentrations during the preweaning phase than those fed the low plane (2.9 ± 0.1 vs. 2.6 ± 0.1 ng/mL). During the postweaning phase, mean circulating leptin was greater in heifers fed the high compared with the low postweaning diet [3.2 ng/mL (95% confidence interval; CI = 2.7 to 3.4) vs. 2.5 ng/mL (95% CI = 2.3 to 2.8)]. Mean (± SE) amplitude (2.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.1 ng/mL), peak (2.2 ± 0.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 ng/mL), and duration (35.6 ± 2.1 vs. 28.7 ± 2.0 min) of LH pulses assessed at wk 15 were greater in heifers offered the high than those offered the low preweaning plane, but no nutritional effects were observed on LH pulses at wk 25. Mean (± SE) age at puberty was 250 ± 9 d and was not influenced by planes of nutrition. However, the likelihood of attaining puberty by 30 wk of age was greater (hazard ratio = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.0 to 14.4) in heifers fed the high postweaning plane compared with the low plane. Heifers achieving puberty by 30 wk also had greater leptin concentrations from wk 1 to 25, whereas for every 1 ng/mL increase in circulating leptin at wk 15 and 25, days to puberty were estimated to decrease by 22 d (95% CI = 1 to 44) and 13 d (95% CI = 1 to 24), respectively. Increasing the preweaning plane from 5 to 10 L/d of whole milk increased serum leptin concentrations at wk 1, 3, and 5 and LH pulse amplitude, peak, and duration at wk 15. Increasing the postweaning plane from 70 to 85% of concentrate resulted in greater circulating leptin concentrations, which may be linked to an earlier onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Bruinjé
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - J P Rosadiuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - F Moslemipur
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Animal Science, Gonbad Kavoos University, PO Box 163, Golestan, Iran, 49717-99151
| | - H Sauerwein
- Physiology and Hygiene Unit, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - D J Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Livestock Research Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6H 5T6.
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4
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Sirjani MA, Amanlou H, Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Shahir MH, Mahjoubi E, Hasanlou J, Vazirigohar M, Opsomer G. The potential interaction between body condition score at calving and dietary starch content on productive and reproductive performance of early-lactating dairy cows. Animal 2020; 14:1676-1683. [PMID: 32100665 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving reproductive performance is one of the most important factors affecting the profitability of dairy herds. This study investigated the effect of feeding a high starch (HS) diet and body condition score (BCS) at calving on blood metabolites, fertility and ovarian function and milk production in Holstein dairy cows. One hundred seventy-four multiparous cows were fed common close-up and early lactation diets during the first 15 days in milk (DIM). Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental diets from 16 until 50 DIM (n = 87 per group); normal starch (228 g/kg diet DM; NS) or HS (270 g/kg diet DM; HS) diets. Each treatment group was further subdivided based on BCS at calving as normal BCS (BCS ⩽ 3.5; normal BCS (NBCS); n = 45) or high BCS (HBCS) (BCS ⩾ 3.75; HBCS; n = 42). A significant difference was detected for increased milk production (47.24 v. 44.55 kg/day) and decreased milk fat (33.93 v. 36.33 g/kg) in cows fed HS or NS, respectively. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in cows fed the HS compared to the NS diet. Diets significantly affected DIM at first artificial insemination (AI, 79.51 ± 3.83 v. 90.40 ± 3.83 days for cows fed HS and NS diets, respectively). High BCS groups had greater milk fat content and elevated plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and bilirubin concentrations. In general, feeding higher starch diets to normal BCS cows during the first 50 DIM improved productive and reproductive performance of early-lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sirjani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan45371-38791, Iran
| | - H Amanlou
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan45371-38791, Iran
| | - H Mirzaei-Alamouti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan45371-38791, Iran
| | - M H Shahir
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan45371-38791, Iran
| | - E Mahjoubi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan45371-38791, Iran
| | - J Hasanlou
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM), Qazvin Province43867-34166, Iran
| | - M Vazirigohar
- Zist Dam Group, University Incubator Center, University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan45371-38791, Iran
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Shi W, Knoblock C, Murphy K, Bruinjé T, Yoon I, Ambrose D, Oba M. Effects of supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product during the periparturient period on performance of dairy cows fed fresh diets differing in starch content. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3082-3096. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Macmillan K, Hayirli A, Doepel L, Dyck B, Subramaniam E, Ambrose D, Colazo M. Interrelationships among plasma metabolites, production, and ovarian follicular function in dairy cows. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Associations of blood metabolites and production variables with ovarian function and parity, specifically, interval to first ovulation (IFO) and the incidence of ovarian cysts (OC) and multiple ovulation (MOV) at the first ovulation postpartum, were determined in lactating dairy cows. This retrospective study involved data on 169 Holstein cows from three studies on the same herd. Blood samples were taken weekly from week −1 to week 4, relative to calving, and transrectal ultrasonography was performed twice weekly from day 7 to day 60 postpartum. The overall IFO was 32.6 ± 1.9 d (mean ± SEM) and did not differ among lactations. Primiparous cows were at a greater risk of failing to ovulate before day 60 postpartum and cows in the third or greater lactation were at a higher risk for OC and MOV. Blood metabolites and production variables indicating a negative energy balance were associated with cows failing to ovulate before day 35 postpartum, but were not related with OC. Increased dry matter intake and milk yield, particularly in second lactation cows, were associated with a higher incidence of OC. While beta-hydroxybutyrate acid and insulin-like growth factor 1 were associated with MOV, the relationship was weak. Reducing negative energy balance is necessary to reduce IFO but may increase the incidence of MOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Macmillan
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - A. Hayirli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - L. Doepel
- Landmark Feeds, Strathmore, AB T1P 1K1, Canada
| | - B.L. Dyck
- Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3B 0T6, Canada
| | - E. Subramaniam
- Mid Valley Dairy and Agro Private Limited, Valasaravakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 087, India
| | - D.J. Ambrose
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - M.G. Colazo
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 5T6, Canada
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7
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Macmillan K, Kastelic JP, Colazo MG. Update on Multiple Ovulations in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8050062. [PMID: 29695075 PMCID: PMC5981273 DOI: 10.3390/ani8050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review updates the causal mechanisms and risk factors for multiple ovulations (MOV) in cattle. Clearly, MOV can lead to twin pregnancies, which negatively affects the health, production, and reproduction of cows. Therefore, a better understanding of the factors causing MOV may help to reduce twinning. Multiple ovulations occur after two or more follicles deviate and achieve codominance. The MOV rate is influenced by a complex network of hormones. For example, MOV is more common during periods of low progesterone (P4), that is, in anovulatory cattle or when luteolysis coincides with the selection of the future ovulatory follicle. There is also strong evidence for the luteinizing hormone (LH) being the primary factor leading to codominance, as high P4 concentrations suppress the transient LH surges and can reduce the ovulation rate in cattle or even inhibit deviation. Rates of MOV are increased in older and higher-producing dairy cows. Increased milk production and dry matter intake (DMI) increases hormone clearance, including P4; however, the association between milk yield and MOV has not been consistent. Additional risk factors for MOV include ovarian cysts, diet, season, and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Macmillan
- Livestock Research Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 5T6, Canada.
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Marcos G Colazo
- Livestock Research Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 5T6, Canada.
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8
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Subramaniam E, Colazo M, Gobikrushanth M, Sun Y, Ruiz-Sanchez A, Ponce-Barajas P, Oba M, Ambrose D. Effects of reducing dietary starch content by replacing barley grain with wheat dried distillers grains plus solubles in dairy cow rations on ovarian function. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2762-2774. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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López-Helguera I, Colazo MG, Garcia-Ispierto I, López-Gatius F. Factors associated with ovarian structures and intrauterine fluid in the postpartum period in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3925-3933. [PMID: 26947303 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine risk factors for the interval to resumption of ovarian cyclicity (ROC), multiple ovulations (MCL), ovarian follicular cysts (OC), and presence of intrauterine fluid (IUF) at 22 to 28 [visit (V) 1] and 36 to 42 (V2) days in milk (DIM) in dairy cows. The study was conducted retrospectively by evaluating records from 1,155 Holstein cows from 3 herds. Ovaries and uteri were examined at V1 and V2 by transrectal ultrasonography to determine ovarian structures and IUF. Based on the odds ratio, multiparous cows were more likely to have ROC at V1 by a factor of 1.79 compared with primiparous cows. The likelihood of ROC at V1 was lower in cows with higher milk production, in cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) or cows with IUF at V1 by factors of 0.98 (for each kg of milk increased), 0.52, and 0.61, respectively. Based on the odds ratio, cows diagnosed with IUF at V2 were 2.85 times more likely to have attained ROC at V2. Multiparous cows and cows that delivered twins were 2.73 and 2.16 times, respectively, more likely to have MCL at V1, whereas cows with RFM were 0.38 times less likely to have MCL at V1. The likelihood of MCL at V2 was higher in cows with MCL and OC at V1 by factors of 2.67 and 1.91, respectively. Multiparous cows were 8.51 times more likely to have OC at V1 than primiparous cows. Higher producing cows were more likely to have OC at V2 by a factor of 1.04 compared with lower producing cows. Parity, stillbirth, RFM, and ROC at V1 were all identified as risk factors for IUF at V1. Cows with RFM and delivering twins were more likely to be diagnosed with IUF at V2 by a factor of 3.43 and 4.07, respectively. In summary, parity, twinning, RFM, metritis, IUF, and milk production were all associated with altered ovarian structures, and the presence of IUF was related to parity, twinning, RFM, and ROC in postpartum dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- I López-Helguera
- Department of Animal Production, Agotecnio Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain 25198; Livestock Research Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - M G Colazo
- Livestock Research Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 5T6.
| | - I Garcia-Ispierto
- Department of Animal Production, Agotecnio Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain 25198
| | - F López-Gatius
- Department of Animal Production, Agotecnio Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain 25198
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10
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Prepartum and postpartum nutritional management to optimize fertility in high-yielding dairy cows in confined TMR systems. Animal 2015; 8 Suppl 1:5-14. [PMID: 24844126 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6 to 8-week period centered on parturition, known as the transition or periparturient period, is critical to welfare and profitability of individual cows. Fertility of high-producing cows is compromised by difficult transitions. Deficiencies in either nutritional or non-nutritional management increase risk for periparturient metabolic disorders and infectious diseases, which decrease subsequent fertility. A primary factor impeding fertility is the extent of negative energy balance (NEB) early postpartum, which may inhibit timing of first ovulation, return to cyclicity, and oocyte quality. In particular, pronounced NEB during the first 10 days to 2 weeks (the time of greatest occurrence of health problems) is critical for later reproductive efficiency. Avoiding over-conditioning and preventing cows from over-consuming energy relative to their requirements in late gestation result in higher dry matter intake (DMI) and less NEB after calving. A pooled statistical analysis of previous studies in our group showed that days to pregnancy are decreased (by 10 days) by controlling energy intake to near requirements of cows before calving compared with allowing cows to over-consume energy. To control energy intake, total mixed rations (TMR) must be well balanced for metabolizable protein, minerals and vitamins yet limit total DM consumed, and cows must uniformly consume the TMR without sorting. Dietary management to maintain blood calcium and rumen health around and after calving also are important. Opportunities may exist to further improve energy status in fresh cows. Recent research to manipulate the glucogenic to lipogenic balance and the essential fatty acid content of tissues are intriguing. High-producing cows that adapt successfully to lactation can have high reproductive efficiency, and nutritional management of the transition period both pre- and post-calving must facilitate that adaptation.
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Šamanc H, Kirovski D, Lakić N, Celeska I, Bojković-Kovačević S, Sladojević Ž, Ivanov I. A comparison of the concentrations of energy-balance-related variables in jugular and mammary vein blood of dairy cows with different milk yield. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:52-63. [PMID: 24334081 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of blood variables obtained simultaneously from the jugular and mammary veins of dairy cows. Eighty Holstein cows were divided into four equal groups: dry, low- (LY), medium- (MY) and high-yielding (HY). Blood insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and urea concentrations were measured. The jugular and mammary vein (J/M) ratio between concentrations of each variable was calculated. Differences between the groups of cows in concentrations of variables in the jugular vein were not in accordance with those obtained for the mammary vein. J/M values for insulin and glucose concentrations were above 1.0 in all groups of cows. The ratios for NEFA and BHBA concentrations were under or equal to 1.0 in dry and LY cows but above 1.0 in the MY and HY groups, indicating that in MY and HY cows those metabolites are apparently utilised by the mammary gland. J/M values for urea were above 1.0 in dry and LY cows but less than 1.0 in groups MY and HY, indicating that in the latter case urea is apparently released by the mammary gland. In conclusion, J/M for NEFA, BHBA and urea may be useful for estimation of the critical point when the mammary gland receives insufficient energy precursors for its current activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horea Šamanc
- 1 University of Belgrade Department of Farm Animal Diseases Bulevar Oslobođenja 18 Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - Danijela Kirovski
- 2 University of Belgrade Department of Physiology and Biochemistry Bulevar Oslobođenja 18 Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - Nada Lakić
- 3 University of Belgrade Department of Agroeconomy, Faculty of Agriculture Belgrade Serbia
| | - Irena Celeska
- 4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Skopje Macedonia
| | | | - Željko Sladojević
- 6 Veterinary Station ‘Veterina System Sladojević’ Gradiška Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- 1 University of Belgrade Department of Farm Animal Diseases Bulevar Oslobođenja 18 Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
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