1
|
Fouladi B, Hashemzadeh F, Ghorbani GR, Rafiee H, Drackley JK. Effects of milk replacer powder added to pasteurized whole milk over different durations on dairy calves fed ground starter diet with alfalfa hay. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00645-3. [PMID: 38580149 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Adding milk replacer powder (MRP) to whole milk during the entire preweaning period can increase growth but raises concern because of low starter feed intake and slumps in average daily gain (ADG) at weaning and postweaning. In the current study, effects of adding MRP to pasteurized whole milk (PWM) during d 10-41 or d 10-59 of age were investigated in comparison with PWM. Calves [24 females and 21 males; 39.8 ± 1.85 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) conventional protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-56, and 2.5 L/d from d 57-59 of age (CONV; TS intake = 31.9 kg), 2) short duration of adding MRP to PWM protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-9, 5 L/d PWM + MRP (18% TS) from d 10-41, 5 L/d PWM from d 42-56, and 2.5 L/d PWM from d 57-59 (SD; TS intake = 42.3 kg), 3) long duration of adding MRP to PWM protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-9, 5 L/d PWM + MRP from d 10-56, 2.5 L/d PWM + MRP form d 57-59 (LD; TS intake = 47.7 kg). The osmolality of PWM and PWM + MRP was 278 and 519 mOsm/L, respectively. Calves were weaned on d 60, and the study terminated on d 75. There was a treatment × time interaction for starter intake, where intake was greater for CONV than other treatments from d 14-41 and was greater in CONV than LD during d 42-48 and d 56-62 of age. Final BW was lower in CONV calves than LD calves. Weaning BW and overall hip height were lower in CONV calves than other treatments. The CONV calves had lower ADG at d 14-27 and 35-41 and SD calves had lower ADG at d 42-48 than other treatments. Calves fed CONV treatment had lower ruminal acetate and greater propionate than SD calves during preweaning. Calves fed LD treatment had lower total volatile fatty acids and tended to have greater ruminal pH than other treatments. Calves fed CONV had greater neutrophils and neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio and lower lymphocytes than other treatments. Glucose concentration was greater for LD versus other treatments at d 56, and lower for SD versus other treatments at d 70 of study. Insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index were greater in LD compared with other treatments during preweaning but were not different postweaning. Serum BHB was greater in CONV than other treatments. Albumin was greater for CONV versus other treatments at d 56, however, it was greater in LD-fed calves at d 70 of study. Results indicate that feeding a PWM + MRP to the calves during the entire preweaning period resulted in lower starter feed intake around weaning, but overall starter intake was similar with a greater final BW and fewer health related issues throughout the study. Shifting a PWM + MRP to the conventional whole milk at d 40 of age decreased the ADG of calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Fouladi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 8174835117, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Azevedo RA, Lage CFA, Silper BF, Diniz Neto HC, Quigley JD, Coelho SG. Invited review: Total solids concentration in milk or milk replacer for dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7341-7351. [PMID: 37641291 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Restricting milk or milk replacer (MR) fed to dairy calves to 10% of body weight at 12.5% total solids (TS) concentration is a common feeding strategy that promotes early weaning and lowers total feed costs for raising young calves. However, this strategy has been associated with inferior performance and compromised welfare. Because a restricted liquid nutrition plan limits calf growth due to limited supply of nutrients, research on increased supply of nutrients from liquid has shown improved growth, health, and welfare of calves. Nutrient supply may be increased by feeding larger amounts of milk or MR averaging 12.5% TS, or by increasing TS above the usual 12.5% TS by increasing MR TS concentration alone (TS+), or by increasing TS concentration and volume simultaneously (TSV+). The objective of this review is to discuss liquid nutrition plans with greater TS concentration in MR or in milk diets, considering the effects of such strategies on performance and digestive tract development before weaning and the future performance of dairy calves. This review will focus on liquid nutrition plans that are based on increased TS concentration (i.e., TS+ or TSV+); therefore, enhanced liquid nutrition plans based only on increased volumes will not be the discussed. Improved growth rates have been observed in calves fed TSV+ programs. However, reduced starter intake preweaning can also have negative effects on dry matter intake, average daily gain, and digestibility postweaning. Feeding a TS+ program may reduce impairment of starter intake and therefore have positive effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, and health. When considering an accelerated nutrition plan with TS+ or TSV+, it is important to consider osmolality of the liquid diet. Further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and the cost-benefit of alternative liquid nutrition plans, as well as the optimal TS concentration of milk or MR fed to dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C F A Lage
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - B F Silper
- Brejo Alegre Farm, Itaúna 35684000, MG, Brazil
| | - H C Diniz Neto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270901, MG, Brazil
| | - J D Quigley
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Elk River, MN 55330
| | - S G Coelho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270901, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Papusha N, Smailova M, Bermagambetova N, Kubekova B, Muratov D. Assessment of the impact of feeding technology of black-and-white breed heifers on growth and development indicators during the dairy period. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274933. [PMID: 37820209 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper cultivation of heifers largely determines the optimal manifestation of the genetic productivity of animals. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal technology for growing black-and-white heifers in the dairy period to realize the genetic potential in the conditions of the northern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, namely the Kostanay region. To conduct experiments on the farm, two groups of heifers of 10 heads each were formed, immediately after their birth. The selected groups differed in feeding technologies: the control group received the diet adopted on the farm, the feeding technology was changed for the experimental group in order to increase the intensity of heifer growth. The live weight and linear body sizes of heifers were monitored monthly. The new technological scheme of cultivation for the experimental group of heifers included the rejection of dairy feed at the age of two months and the use of ViaCorn 4 starter compound feed, as well as the active use of juicy and coarse feeds, unlike the heifers of the control group who were fed dairy feed until the end of the dairy growing period (up to 6 months). The live weight, average daily gain and linear body sizes of heifers of the experimental group significantly exceeded similar indicators of peers of the control group. The superiority in average daily live weight gains over the heifers of the control group averaged 287.6 g over 6 months. The change in the technological scheme of feeding towards the rejection of dairy feeds at 2 months and the addition of a starter, as well as compliance with the technology of milking colostrum in newborn calves in the experimental group contributed to the better development of the axial and peripheral skeleton, chest organs of animals, which will create prerequisites for the formation of highly productive cows of a pronounced dairy type. The concentration of total protein in the blood of the heifers of the experimental groups at 2 months of age was higher than that of the control group peers by an average of 1.89 g/l and at the age of 6 months - by 3.37 g/l, which indicates a higher protein metabolism in the blood of the heifers of the experimental group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Papusha
- Kostanay Regional University named after A.Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - M Smailova
- Kostanay Regional University named after A.Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - N Bermagambetova
- Kostanay Regional University named after A.Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - B Kubekova
- Kostanay Regional University named after A.Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - D Muratov
- Kostanay Regional University named after A.Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Impacts of Reducing Protein Content in Milk Replacer on Growth Performance and Health of Young Calves. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141756. [PMID: 35883303 PMCID: PMC9312336 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a drinking amount of 10 L of milk replacer (MR) was allowed to dairy calves in order to approach the natural drinking behavior. The question is: how much protein is required by calves in order to achieve an intended growth rate? For this reason, sixty-eight pre-weaned Holstein calves were divided into two groups and fed with 10 L/d of MR containing either 22% protein (MR22) or 19% protein (MR19) at an almost comparable energy intake. Effects on performance, metabolic status, and health were compared. Feed intake, growth performance, and health status were monitored during the pre-transition, transition, and postweaning phase (until 157 d of age). Total feed intake, and intake of MR, body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) were not significantly different between MR22 and MR19 during the entire experimental period (p > 0.05). At d 42, calves in MR19 group showed greater serum levels of growth hormone (16.2 vs. 22.2 ng/mL; p = 0.02), insulin-like growth factor 1 (262 vs. 291 ng/mL; p = 0.03), and urea (2.86 vs. 3.04 mmol/L; p < 0.01). The results of the present study suggested that when high amounts of MR are provided, the protein content in MR can be reduced to 19% without any adverse effects on growth performance as well as on health status of dairy calves.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, Yu Y, Shen W, Tan Z, Tang S, Yao H, He J, Wan F. Metabolomics Analysis Across Multiple Biofluids Reveals the Metabolic Responses of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows to Fermented Soybean Meal Replacement. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:812373. [PMID: 35647087 PMCID: PMC9136663 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.812373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was performed to reveal the metabolic responses of dairy cows to the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Twenty-four lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle were assigned to either the SBM group [the basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet containing 5.77% SBM] or the FSBM group (the experimental TMR diet containing 5.55% FSBM), in a completely randomized design. The entire period of this trial consisted of 14 days for the adjustment and 40 days for data and sample collection, and sampling for rumen liquid, blood, milk, and urine was conducted on the 34th and 54th day, respectively. When SBM was completely replaced by FSBM, the levels of several medium-chain FA in milk (i.e., C13:0, C14:1, and C16:0) rose significantly (p < 0.05), while the concentrations of a few milk long-chain FA (i.e., C17:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, and C20:0) declined significantly (p < 0.05). Besides, the densities of urea nitrogen and lactic acid were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, while the glucose concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the blood of the FSBM-fed cows than in the SBM-fed cows. Based on the metabolomics analysis simultaneously targeting the rumen liquid, plasma, milk, and urine, it was noticed that substituting FSBM for SBM altered the metabolic profiles of all the four biofluids. According to the identified significantly different metabolites, 3 and 2 amino acid-relevant metabolic pathways were identified as the significantly different pathways between the two treatments in the rumen fluid and urine, respectively. Furthermore, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were the three key integrated different pathways identified in this study. Results mainly implied that the FSBM replacement could enhance nitrogen utilization and possibly influence the inflammatory reactions and antioxidative functions of dairy cattle. The differential metabolites and relevant pathways discovered in this experiment could serve as biomarkers for the alterations in protein feed and nitrogen utilization efficiency of dairy cows, and further investigations are needed to elucidate the definite roles and correlations of the differential metabolites and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuannian Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Rudong Agriculture Bureau, Nantong, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoxun Tang
| | - Hui Yao
- Nanshan Dairy Co., Ltd., Shaoyang, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Jianhua He
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Fachun Wan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rashad AMA, Amin AH, Mahdy AE, Aziz MA, El-Barbary ASA, El-Hedainy DKA. The impact of milk suckling protocol and schedule on body weight and some morphometric measurements of Holstein heifers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:187. [PMID: 35546214 PMCID: PMC9095540 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Having a successful heifer raising operation is not only relevant financially, but also influential for the future of the dairy herds. Milk feeding has a significant role on the health and growth of calves before weaning, in addition to the direct progressive effects on future performance post-weaning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of constants amount of milk (CMS) versus step-up/step-down (SUSD) on calf performance in two different suckling schedules of suckling milk gradually till 9th weeks of calf age, then decreasing it till weaning. For this study, forty Holstein heifers calves utilized between birth and 8 months of age were randomly divided into four groups of 10 calves each. Grouping was performed according to suckling protocol (constant versus variable) and suckling schedule (2 versus 3 times/day). Each calf suckled 600 kg of milk in a suckling period of 120 days. Body weight (BW), in addition to five body measurements: chest girth (CG), height at wither (HW), height at rump (HR), body length (BL), and diagonal length (DL), were recorded weekly. The heaviest BW was observed on SUSD calves suckling twice/day which had also the highest HW at weaning. Similarly, were BW, HW, and CG at 6 months of age. Also, the same group achieved the largest daily BW (0.902 kg/day), BL (0.246 cm), and CG (0.338 cm/day) gains during the pre-weaning phase. However, CMS suckled 3 times/day calves had the largest daily BW gain between birth and 6 or 8 months of age. CMS twice/day calves had the largest daily gain in CG from weaning to 6 months and from weaning to 8 months of age followed by SUSD suckling 3 times/day calves. Also, CMS twice/day calves had the largest daily gain in rump height from birth to 8 months of age compared to other groups. It can be concluded that when equal amounts of milk were fed during the suckling period, suckling protocol affected growth rate before weaning but that effect diminished as calf age increased after weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr M A Rashad
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria El-Shatby, 11865, Egypt.
| | - Amani H Amin
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria El-Shatby, 11865, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Mahdy
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria El-Shatby, 11865, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Aziz
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria El-Shatby, 11865, Egypt
| | - Adel S A El-Barbary
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria El-Shatby, 11865, Egypt
| | - Dalia K A El-Hedainy
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Alshatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria El-Shatby, 11865, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Khanaki H, Jafari A, Eghbali M, Poorhamdollah M, Ghaffari MH. Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1115-1130. [PMID: 34998554 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of milk allowances equal to 526 g/d as moderate (MOD) versus 790 g/d of milk dry matter as high (HI), and starter diets containing 18% or 23% crude protein (CP), on growth performance, blood metabolites, and purine derivative (PD) excretion in the urine of dairy calves. A total of 52 female Holstein dairy calves (40.8 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to the experimental diets. The treatments were (1) moderate milk and 18% CP starter diet (MOD-18CP); (2) MOD and 23% CP starter diet (MOD-23CP); (3) high milk and 18% CP starter diet (HI-18CP); and (4) HI and 23% CP starter diet (HI-23CP). Calves had free access to a starter feed and water and were weaned on d 53 but remained in the study until d 73. Urine samples were collected during the preweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 35 and 40) and postweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 65 and 70) to investigate urinary excretion of PD. Starter feed intake, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and blood urea concentrations were reduced; however, average daily gain (ADG) and blood glucose levels increased in calves fed HI before weaning compared with MOD. During the preweaning period, high milk feeding increased total urinary PD excretion but decreased it after weaning. The 23CP diet resulted in higher feed intake and ADG before weaning and higher excretion of allantoin and total excretion of PD compared with the 18CP diet. The HI-23CP treatment resulted in the greatest withers and hip heights at weaning and final measurement, as well as the highest preweaning blood insulin concentrations. In terms of rumen development, MOD-23CP showed the greatest benefits based on starter intake, blood BHB concentration, and urinary excretion of PD. Based on the higher urinary excretion of PD found in HI-fed calves before weaning, it is possible that milk feeding overestimates estimated microbial yield. The results suggest that feeding starters with a higher proportion of CP may help maintain a more balanced ratio of CP to ME during high milk feeding, to avoid protein deficiency due to low starter intake. When calves are fed a high milk allowance, urine excretion of PD may be misinterpreted as a measure of estimated microbial growth and rumen development; this should be considered during calculations of estimated microbial yield in milk-fed calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-88349, Arak, Iran.
| | - H Khanaki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647, Australia
| | - A Jafari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, 74394-75918, Yasouj, Iran
| | - M Eghbali
- Division of Livestock Science, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Poorhamdollah
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 31587-77871, Iran
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yohe T, Dennis T, Buss L, Croft E, Quigley J, Hill T, Suárez-Mena F, Aragona K, Laarman A, Costa J, Steele M. Performance and visceral tissue growth and development of Holstein calves fed differing milk replacer allowances and starch concentrations in pelleted starter. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4099-4115. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Mellado M, Carrillo-Moreno E, de Santiago Á, Macías-Cruz U, García JE, Avendaño-Reyes L, Carrillo-Castellanos E. Growth performance and mammary gland development of Holstein calves fed milk with 15% solids and treated with growth promoters. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:467. [PMID: 34546458 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance, and mammary gland parenchyma (PAR) development in Holstein female calves fed whole milk combined with milk replacer for 15% total solids (15TS) or only milk (11% TS; 11TS). The effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and an estrogenic implant (EI) on growth performance, serum metabolites, and PAR development in post-weaning calves (63-90 days of age) fed 15TS or 11TS were also investigated. In the first phase, 78 calves were randomly divided into two groups (n = 39/group), 15TS, or 11TS (5 to 8 L/day; starter ad libitum). After weaning, calves were randomly assigned to four treatments, no EI, EI, ZH, and ZH-EI. In phase 1, 15TS calves had greater (P < 0.01) average body weight at weaning than 11TS calves (82.0 ± 5.8 vs. 74.1 ± 5.7 kg). Pre-weaning average daily gain (718 ± 67 vs. 576 ± 64 g/day) was higher (P < 0.01) for 15TS calves than 11TS calves. Feed/gain (1.5 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.3 kg of DMI/kg of gain) was lower (P < 0.01) for 15TS calves than 11TS calves. PAR area (8.8 ± 3.3 vs. 5.0 ± 1.6 cm2) was greater (P < 0.01) for 15TS calves than 11TS calves. No differences (P > 0.10) in average daily gain (986 ± 79 g/day across treatments) were observed in calves receiving ZH, EI, or ZH-EI fed 15TS or 11TS diets previously. However, the PAR area of 15TS calves administered ZH-EI was 2.2 times greater (P < 0.01) than 11TS calves with no ZH and CI. This study demonstrated the benefits of supplying milk with 15% TS for enhancing overall animal growth and PAR development. Further use of ZH and EI during the post-weaning period did improve mammary PAR growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mellado
- Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Department of Animal Nutrition, Saltillo, Mexico
| | | | - Ángeles de Santiago
- Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Department of Veterinary Science, Torreon, Mexico
| | - Ulises Macías-Cruz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - José E García
- Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Department of Animal Nutrition, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Leonel Avendaño-Reyes
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shiasi Sardoabi R, Alikhani M, Hashemzadeh F, Khorvash M, Mirzaei M, Drackley JK. Effects of different planes of milk feeding and milk total solids concentration on growth, ruminal fermentation, health, and behavior of late weaned dairy calves during summer. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:96. [PMID: 34470664 PMCID: PMC8411520 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer (MR) in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance. However, observations have indicated a decline in growth performance in the weaning and post-weaning period, which might be optimized with increasing total solids (TS) in milk and weaning age. This study aims to optimize the effects of higher quantities of milk on late weaned calves' performance by increasing TS concentration or delivery route in summer conditions. Method Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the factors of pre-weaning total plane of milk (PM) intake (low vs. high) and milk TS content (12% vs. 17%). The treatments were (1) low PM (LPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 45.9 kg), (2) LPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 65.1 kg), (3) high PM (HPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 63.7 kg); and (4) HPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 90.3 kg). Calves were weaned at d 83, and the study was terminated at d 103 of age. Performance data (every 10 day), skeletal growth (d 80 and 100), ruminal fermentation parameters (d 48 and 91), and behavioral measurements (d 69, 70, 93 and 94) were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results Calves receiving HPM consumed less PMR from d 44 to 83 of age, but they had higher ADG from d 24 to 53 of age compared to those fed LPM (PM × age, P < 0.001). In addition, calves receiving milk with 17% TS had lower PMR intake from d 14 to 83 of age, but greater ADG from d 34 to 53 compared to those receiving milk with 12% TS (TS × age, P < 0.001). Calves that received HPM had greater skeletal growth parameters compared to LPM-fed calves, with a similar effect evident for calves fed milk with 17% TS compared with those fed milk with 12% TS. Calves receiving milk with 17% TS had greater fecal scores and diarrhea occurrence than those fed milk with 12% TS in HPM, but not LPM. Conclusions Increasing PM and milk TS concentration improved growth in summer-exposed calves as demonstrated by increased pre-weaning ADG, pre- and post-weaning BW, and structural growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Shiasi Sardoabi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Alikhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-88349, Arak, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parsons SD, Steele MA, Leslie KE, Renaud DL, DeVries TJ. Effects of delaying increase in milk allowance and type of gradual weaning program on performance and health of calves fed lower levels of milk. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11176-11192. [PMID: 34275632 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of delayed increase in milk allowance and type of gradual weaning program on the feed intake, health, and growth of male Holstein calves. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, each male Holstein calf was randomly assigned to 1 of 2 milk level treatments and 1 of 2 weaning treatments upon arrival to a rearing facility. Calves were either assigned to a moderate (MM) or lower (LM) milk level treatment. All calves received the same milk program from arrival until d 12, increasing from 4 to 5 L/d (115 to 125 g/L) over the 12 d. On d 13, MM calves began receiving additional milk compared with LM calves until they were weaned, with MM offered milk increasing to a peak of 9 L/d (140 g/L). Calves on the MM treatment received a total of 35 kg of milk replacer over 45 d, compared with LM calves, who received a total of 25 kg of milk replacer over 45 d. Calves were also assigned to be weaned by either a 2-step gradual program or a 4-step gradual program. Calves assigned to the 2-step program had their milk reduced in 2 steps from d 30 to 45, and 4-step calves had their milk reduced in 4 steps from d 30 to 45. After d 46, calves received no milk but continued to be monitored until d 59. Calves had ad libitum access to water from arrival, and solid feed was offered from d 5 onward. No interactions of effects of milk level and weaning treatment were detected. By design, calves on the MM treatment consumed greater amounts of milk than LM calves in the preweaning phase from d 13 to 29 (6.1 vs. 4.8 L/d) and weaning phases from d 30 to 45 (4.7 vs. 3.2 L/d). The LM calves consumed greater amounts of solid feed than MM calves from d 22 to 29 of the preweaning phase, and from d 30 to 40 and d 43 to 45 of the weaning phase, whereas postweaning feed consumption was similar for both milk treatments. Calves in both milk treatments had similar blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels, indicating similar rumen development. Body weight and size measurements were similar between milk treatments across the study, although LM calves had a greater average daily gain than MM calves between d 38 and 46 (0.96 vs. 0.71 kg/d). Both gradual weaning treatments resulted in similar feed consumption, growth, and health parameters. Overall, the results indicate that delaying a moderate increase in milk until 12 d after arrival at a rearing facility provided no overall beneficial effect on growth or rumen development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Parsons
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K E Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T J DeVries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Taguchi Y, Inabu Y, Hayasaki K, Maeda N, Kanmera Y, Yamasaki S, Ota N, Mukawa K, Tsuboi A, Miyamoto H, Etoh T, Shiotsuka Y, Fujino R, McMahon CD, Takahashi H. Effects of feeding high volumes of milk replacer on reproductive performance and on concentrations of metabolites and hormones in blood of Japanese black heifer calves. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13505. [PMID: 33438791 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of feeding high volumes of milk replacer on growth and reproductive performances in Japanese black heifers. Fifty-one heifers were fed milk replacer at 9 L/day for 60 days (9 L × 60 days; n = 18) or 41 days (9 L × 41 days; n = 15), or at 7 L/day for 40 days (7 L × 40 days; n = 18). Artificial insemination (AI) was performed on heifers with ≥270 kg body weight and ≥116 cm body height at 300 days of age. The age at the first AI was 0.35 month later for 7 L × 40 days than the other groups (p < .01). However, age at calving did not differ among treatments (22.1 months). The interval from the first AI to pregnancy tended to be ~2 months longer for the 9 L × 60 days than the other groups (p = .07). Our results showed that feeding high volumes of milk replacer may reduce the age at calving via an improved rate of growth. In addition, we propose that feeding a maximum of 7 L milk replacer for 40 days may be the most appropriate rearing regime because the success of pregnancy per AI may be reduced in calves fed a maximum of 9 L for 41 and 60 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Taguchi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yudai Inabu
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arisa Tsuboi
- RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Japan Eco-science (Nikkan Kagaku) Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Miyamoto
- Japan Eco-science (Nikkan Kagaku) Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Etoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiotsuka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujino
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Niekerk JK, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Wilms JN, Hare KS, Welboren AC, Lopez AJ, Yohe TT, Cangiano LR, Leal LN, Steele MA. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: New frontiers in calf and heifer nutrition-From conception to puberty. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8341-8362. [PMID: 34053756 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dairy calf nutrition is traditionally one of the most overlooked aspects of dairy management, despite its large effect on the efficiency and profitability of dairy operations. Unfortunately, among all animals on the dairy farm, calves suffer from the highest rates of morbidity and mortality. These challenges have catalyzed calf nutrition research over the past decade to mitigate high incidences of disease and death, and improve animal health, growth, welfare, and industry sustainability. However, major knowledge gaps remain in several crucial stages of development. The purpose of this review is to summarize the key concepts of nutritional physiology and programming from conception to puberty and their subsequent effects on development of the calf, and ultimately, future performance. During fetal development, developmental plasticity is highest. At this time, maternal energy and protein consumption can influence fetal development, likely playing a critical role in calf and heifer development and, importantly, future production. After birth, the calf's first meal of colostrum is crucial for the transfer of immunoglobulin to support calf health and survival. However, colostrum also contains numerous bioactive proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that may play key roles in calf growth and health. Extending the delivery of these bioactive compounds to the calf through a gradual transition from colostrum to milk (i.e., extended colostrum or transition milk feeding) may confer benefits in the first days and weeks of life to prepare the calf for the preweaning period. Similarly, optimal nutrition during the preweaning period is vital. Preweaning calves are highly susceptible to health challenges, and improved calf growth and health can positively influence future milk production. Throughout the world, the majority of dairy calves rely on milk replacer to supply adequate nutrition. Recent research has started to re-evaluate traditional formulations of milk replacers, which can differ significantly in composition compared with whole milk. Transitioning from a milk-based diet to solid feed is critical in the development of mature ruminants. Delaying weaning age and providing long and gradual step-down protocols have become common to avoid production and health challenges. Yet, determining how to appropriately balance the amount of energy and protein supplied in both liquid and solid feeds based on preweaning milk allowances, and further acknowledging their interactions, shows great promise in improving growth and health during weaning. After weaning and during the onset of puberty, heifers are traditionally offered high-forage diets. However, recent work suggests that an early switch to a high-forage diet will depress intake and development during the time when solid feed efficiency is greatest. It has become increasingly clear that there are great opportunities to advance our knowledge of calf nutrition; yet, a more concentrated and rigorous approach to research that encompasses the long-term consequences of nutritional regimens at each stage of life is required to ensure the sustainability and efficiency of the global dairy industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K van Niekerk
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2; Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - A C Welboren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - A J Lopez
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - T T Yohe
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - L R Cangiano
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jafari A, Azarfar A, Alugongo GM, Ghorbani GR, Mirzaei M, Fadayifar A, Omidi-Mirzaei H, Cao Z, Drackley JK, Hossieni Ghaffari M. Milk feeding quantity and feeding frequency: effects on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1884504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Jafari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arash Azarfar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gibson M. Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gholam R. Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Fadayifar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Omidi-Mirzaei
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Areeo, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - James K. Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Palczynski LJ, Bleach ECL, Brennan ML, Robinson PA. Appropriate Dairy Calf Feeding from Birth to Weaning: "It's an Investment for the Future". Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E116. [PMID: 31936781 PMCID: PMC7023151 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy calves must be fed appropriately to meet their nutritional needs, supporting optimal growth and development to achieve the recommended target age at first calving (AFC) of 24 months. Traditional restricted milk feeding practices suppress growth, contribute to negative welfare states and may result in malnutrition and immunosuppression. Despite more recent recommendations to increase milk allowances for pre-weaned calves, restricted feeding remains a common practice. This study explored the rationales behind the calf feeding protocols used by dairy farmers in England. Forty qualitative interviews (26 farmers, 14 advisors) were conducted between May 2016 and June 2017, transcribed in full, then coded into themes. Results indicate that a variety of calf feeding regimes are used on farms, largely determined by farmers' attitudes regarding ease of management and the wellbeing of calves. Advisors were concerned about widespread underfeeding of calves, which may be partially due to insufficiently clear recommendations for calf milk replacer (CMR) feeding rates. There was also evidence of uncertainty regarding best practices for weaning calves. Collaboration between academic research and industry is essential to establish a consensus on calf feeding standards which support physiological function, facilitate weaning, support growth targets and ensure calf health and welfare is protected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Palczynski
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK; (E.C.L.B.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Emma C. L. Bleach
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK; (E.C.L.B.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Marnie L. Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Philip A. Robinson
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK; (E.C.L.B.); (P.A.R.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Assis Lage CF, Gesteira Coelho S, Diniz Neto HDC, Rocha Malacco VM, Pacheco Rodrigues JP, Sacramento JP, Samarini Machado F, Ribeiro Pereira LG, Ribeiro Tomich T, Magalhães Campos M. Relationship between feed efficiency indexes and performance, body measurements, digestibility, energy partitioning, and nitrogen partitioning in pre-weaning dairy heifers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223368. [PMID: 31600254 PMCID: PMC6786645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: 1) to classify animals into groups of high and low feed efficiency using two feed efficiency indexes (Residual feed intake (RFI) and residual feed intake and body weight gain (RIG)), and 2) to evaluate if pre-weaning heifer calves divergent for feed efficiency indexes exhibit differences in performance, body measurements, digestibility, energy partitioning, and nitrogen partitioning. A total of 32 Gyr heifer calves were enrolled in a 63-d trial and classified into two feed efficiency (FE) groups based on RFI and RIG (mean ± 0.5 SD). The groups were classified as high efficiency (HE) RFI (HE RFI, n = 9; HE RIG, n = 10), and low efficiency (LE) RFI (LE RFI, n = 10; LE RIG, n = 11). The remaining animals were classified as intermediate (n = 13 (RFI) and n = 11 (RIG)). HE and LE calves had RFI values of-0.052 and 0.049 kg/d (P < 0.05), respectively. The HE RFI group consumed 8.9% less solid diet than the LE RFI group. HE RFI animals exhibited an increased digestibility of crude protein and ether extract and tended to have greater total dry and organic matter digestibility. LE RFI animals had greater gross energy and nitrogen intake, though greater fecal losses resulted in a tendency to reduce energy and nitrogen use efficiency. HE and LE calves had RIG values of 0.080 and -0.077kg/d (P ≤ 0.01), respectively. HE RIG animals exhibited greater average daily gain (9.4%), body weight (BW), and heart girth, though HE RIG group exhibited narrower hip width. HE RIG animals tended to have greater ether extract digestibility but greater methane losses (% of gross energy). HE RFI in pre-weaning heifers seems to be related to differences in digestibility. Divergent animals for RIG during the assessed phase appear to differ in body measurements, which may be related to differences in the composition of the gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Flávia de Assis Lage
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte—MG, Brazil
| | - Sandra Gesteira Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte—MG, Brazil
| | - Hilton do Carmo Diniz Neto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte—MG, Brazil
| | - Victor Marco Rocha Malacco
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte—MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Pacheco Rodrigues
- Institute of Studies of the Humid Tropic, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará, Xinguara, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Sacramento
- Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of São João Del Rey, Praça Frei Orlando, Centro, São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Samarini Machado
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA), Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora—MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA), Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora—MG, Brazil
| | - Thierry Ribeiro Tomich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA), Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora—MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Magalhães Campos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA), Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora—MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Purpose Published literature regarding calf nutrition was reviewed to create an information base for the implementation of proper nutritional management to maximize health and productivity. Sources The main source of data and information for this review was peer-reviewed literature. Synthesis Feeding a sufficient volume of colostrum during the first hours of life is crucial to calf health and survival; however, less is known about transition milk feeding and the potential benefits of the myriad of bioactive compounds it contains. After feeding colostrum and transition milk, calves are susceptible to diarrhea when moved onto high amounts of milk, and antibiotic use is often necessary to decrease disease. Feeding an elevated plane of milk nutrition results in increased ADG and, in some studies, increased future milk production. Thus, this nutritional strategy is recommended; however, weaning calves from high volumes of milk represents massive changes in the structure and microbiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusions and Applications Colostrum and transition milk contain an abundance of bioactive molecules that can positively affect gut development and microbiota. There is significant potential for the use of novel feeding strategies and microbial-based products as alternatives to antibiotics. Calves fed an elevated plane of nutrition in the first month of life have greater productivity and growth. However, weaning should take place later in life. Moreover, applying a proper step-down feeding protocol is recommended, as it allows calves to intake and digest sufficient solid feed for growth and minimize distress at weaning.
Collapse
|
18
|
Rezazadeh F, Kowsar R, Rafiee H, Riasi A. Fermentation of soybean meal improves growth performance and immune response of abruptly weaned Holstein calves during cold weather. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
19
|
Koch C, Gerbert C, Frieten D, Dusel G, Eder K, Zitnan R, Hammon HM. Effects of ad libitum milk replacer feeding and butyrate supplementation on the epithelial growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8513-8526. [PMID: 31255268 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intensive milk feeding and butyrate supplementation in calves stimulate body growth and affect gastrointestinal development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergistic effects of ad libitum milk replacer (MR) feeding and butyrate supplementation of MR on rumen and small intestinal growth and on gene expression in the small intestine related to growth and energy metabolism at weaning. Male Holstein calves (n = 32) received colostrum from birth to d 3 of age and MR either ad libitum (Adl) or restrictively (Res; 6 L of MR/d; 12.5% solids) with (AdlB+, ResB+) or without (AdlB-, ResB-) 0.24% butyrate from d 4 until wk 8 of age. From wk 9 to 10, all calves were weaned and were fed 2 L/d until the end of the trial. Concentrate, hay, and water were freely available. At d 80, calves were slaughtered, volatile fatty acids were measured in rumen fluid, and rumen and small intestine samples were taken for histomorphometric measurements. The expression of mRNA associated with the local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and glucose metabolism as well as lactase and maltase activities were measured in the intestinal mucosa. The small intestine was 3 m longer in Adl than in Res. In the atrium ruminis, papilla width was greater in Res than in Adl. Villus circumference, cut surface, and height in the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum were greater in Adl than in Res and in the proximal, mid, and distal jejunum and ileum were greater in calves treated with butyrate. Crypt depth in the duodenum and proximal jejunum was greater in Adl than in Res and in the ileum was smaller in calves treated with butyrate. The villus height:crypt depth ratio was greatest in AdlB+ calves. In the proximal and mid jejunum, IGF1 mRNA abundance was lower in calves treated with butyrate. In the proximal jejunum, INSR mRNA abundance was greater in Res than in Adl. The abundance of PCK2 mRNA was greater in Res than in Adl in the duodenum and was greatest in ResB- in the mid jejunum. Lactase activity tended to be greater in Res than in Adl and after butyrate treatment in the proximal jejunum. The results indicated an elevated growth of the small intestinal mucosa at weaning due to intensive milk feeding and butyrate supplementation, and the local IGF system was involved in intestinal growth regulation. Rumen development was not affected by butyrate supplementation of MR and was slightly delayed due to ad libitum MR feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - C Gerbert
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - D Frieten
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - G Dusel
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - R Zitnan
- Institute of Nutrition, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre, 95141 Luzianky, Slovakia
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Santos DSD, Boito JP, Klauck V, Reis JHD, Gebert RR, Glombowsky P, Biazus AH, Bottari NB, Sousa RS, Machado G, Leal MLR, Baldissera MD, Berwanger JC, Silva ASDA. Health benefits of subcutaneous zinc edetate and diphenyl diselenide in calves during the weaning period. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20171042. [PMID: 30994751 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920171042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate whether treatments with zinc edetate (Zn) and diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) enhance performance, immune responses, protein metabolism, and oxidant/antioxidant status in calf serum and muscle. Animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (without supplementation), and groups supplemented on days 50 and 70 of life with (PhSe)2, Zn, and a combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn. Animals treated with (PhSe)2 gained more weight by experimental day 220 than did the control group, but there was no difference by the end of the experiment (day 300). The absolute number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in groups Zn and (PhSe)2+Zn on day 20 of experiment, but decreased on day 40 in groups (PhSe)2, and (PhSe)2+Zn. The number of monocytes decreased in all groups compared with control. One of the principal findings was that (PhSe)2+Zn together had beneficial effects on protein metabolism, represented by increases total protein and globulin levels, compared with the control group. The combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn led to low levels of TBARS and ROS in serum and muscle, and stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, supplementation with (PhSe)2+Zn may be a compelling approach to augmenting the calf antioxidant system during weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane S Dos Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Jhonatan P Boito
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Klauck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - João H Dos Reis
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger R Gebert
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Glombowsky
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Angelisa H Biazus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rejane S Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Gortner Ave, 1365, St. Paul, 55108 MN, USA
| | - Marta L R Leal
- Departamento de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean C Berwanger
- Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Norte do Paraná/UNOPAR, Avenida Paris, Jardim Piza, 675, 86083-070 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S DA Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chagas JCC, Ferreira MA, Campos MM, Machado FS, Silva LC, Faciola A, Marcondes MI. Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein × Gyr calves fed commercial milk replacer and amino acid supplement. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to estimate the energy and protein requirements for Holstein × Gyr calves up to 60 days of age fed with milk replacer and amino acid supplement. Fifty male calves were used, of which seven were randomly allocated into the reference group and slaughtered at 8 days of age, seven were randomly allocated into the maintenance group slaughtered at 30 days of age, and the 36 remaining calves were included in the experiment at 8 days of age and randomly supplied with four dietary methionine+cysteine:lysine ratios (RMCL; 44%, 48%, 52%, and 56%) through amino acid supplement added as 1 kg/day of milk replacer reconstituted at 13.8% of dry matter. Different RMCL were tested for the models, and there were no significant effects on energy and protein requirements. The net energy requirement for maintenance was 75.2 kcal/empty bodyweight (EBW)0.75.day, with an energy use efficiency for maintenance of 67.38%. The prediction equation of net energy requirement for gain (Mcal/day) was energy retained = 0.0879 × EBW0.75 × empty bodyweight gain (EBWG)0.7580, with an energy use efficiency for gain of 47.57%. The estimated requirements for metabolisable protein for maintenance were 4.83 g/EBW0.75.day. The estimated equation for net protein requirements for gain (g/day) was NPg = EBWG × 246.73 × EBW–0.1204, with a protein use efficiency for gain of 71.55%. The estimated requirements for energy and proteins were greater than the values reported for calves fed with milk. Milk replacers are less efficiently used by calves up to 60 days of age when compared with whole milk.
Collapse
|
22
|
Filho JF, Azevedo J, Santos A, Souza L, Costa L, Pereira L, Cruz F, Santanta C, Cabala R, Oliveira G. Sistemas de aleitamento artificial para bezerros em condições tropicais. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho bioeconômico de bezerros, nos primeiros 60 dias de vida, submetidos a três sistemas de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 24 bezerros (Holandês x Guzerá), sendo 12 machos e 12 fêmeas, com peso inicial de 32,25±4,8kg para as fêmeas e 36,92±6,8kg para os machos. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (3 x 2). Os bezerros receberam água à vontade e seis litros de sucedâneo lácteo por dia, durante 60 dias, em três estratégias diferentes, denominadas sistema de aleitamento (SA30: 3 litros de sucedâneo lácteo, duas vezes ao dia, até 30 dias de idade; SA45: 3 litros de sucedâneo lácteo, duas vezes ao dia, até 45 dias de idade; SA49: 3 litros de sucedâneo lácteo, duas vezes ao dia, até 49 dias de idade). Os sistemas de aleitamento estudados não apresentaram diferença estatística (P>0,05) para o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes, com exceção para o consumo de matéria orgânica (MO) e extrato etéreo (EE). Verificou-se interação (P<0,05) entre o sistema de aleitamento e a classe sexual para os consumos de MO e EE, bem como para o ganho médio diário, em que os machos do SA 49 apresentaram maiores médias em relação ao SA 30. O desempenho bioeconômico de bezerros machos do sistema de aleitamento 49 foi superior e apresentou a melhor relação custo-benefício entre os sistemas estudados.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L.L. Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | - L.T. Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - R.W. Cabala
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Development of equations, based on milk intake, to predict starter feed intake of preweaned dairy calves. Animal 2018; 13:83-89. [PMID: 29656719 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of studies that provide models or equations capable of predicting starter feed intake (SFI) for milk-fed dairy calves. Therefore, a multi-study analysis was conducted to identify variables that influence SFI, and to develop equations to predict SFI in milk-fed dairy calves up to 64 days of age. The database was composed of individual data of 176 calves from eight experiments, totaling 6426 daily observations of intake. The information collected from the studies were: birth BW (kg), SFI (kg/day), fluid milk or milk replacer intake (MI; l/day), sex (male or female), breed (Holstein or Holstein×Gyr crossbred) and age (days). Correlations between SFI and the quantitative variables MI, birth BW, metabolic birth BW, fat intake, CP intake, metabolizable energy intake, and age were calculated. Subsequently, data were graphed, and based on a visual appraisal of the pattern of the data, an exponential function was chosen. Data were evaluated using a meta-analysis approach to estimate fixed and random effects of the experiments using nonlinear mixed coefficient statistical models. A negative correlation between SFI and MI was observed (r=-0.39), but age was positively correlated with SFI (r=0.66). No effect of liquid feed source (milk or milk replacer) was observed in developing the equation. Two equations, significantly different for all parameters, were fit to predict SFI for calves that consume less than 5 (SFI5) l/day of milk or milk replacer: ${\rm SFI}_{{\,\lt\,5}} {\equals}0.1839_{{\,\pm\,0.0581}} {\times}{\rm MI}{\times}{\rm exp}^{{\left( {\left( {0.0333_{{\,\pm\,0.0021 }} {\minus}0.0040_{{\,\pm\,0.0011}} {\times}{\rm MI}} \right){\times}\left( {{\rm A}{\minus}{\rm }\left( {0.8302_{{\,\pm\,0.5092}} {\plus}6.0332_{{\,\pm\,0.3583}} {\times}{\rm MI}} \right)} \right)} \right)}} {\minus}\left( {0.12{\times}{\rm MI}} \right)$ ; ${\rm SFI}_{{\,\gt\,5}} {\equals}0.1225_{{\,\pm\,0.0005 }} {\times}{\rm MI}{\times}{\rm exp}^{{\left( {\left( {0.0217_{{\,\pm\,0.0006 }} {\minus}0.0015_{{\,\pm\,0.0001}} {\times}{\rm MI}} \right){\times}\left( {{\rm A}{\minus}\left( {3.5382_{{\,\pm\,1.3140 }} {\plus}1.9508_{{\,\pm\,0.1710}} {\times}{\rm MI}} \right)} \right)} \right)}} {\minus}\left( {0.12{\times}{\rm MI}} \right)$ where MI is the milk or milk replacer intake (l/day) and A the age (days). Cross-validation and bootstrap analyses demonstrated that these equations had high accuracy and moderate precision. In conclusion, the use of milk or milk replacer as liquid feed did not affect SFI, or development of SFI over time, which increased exponentially with calf age. Because SFI of calves receiving more than 5 l/day of milk/milk replacer had a different pattern over time than those receiving <5 l/day, separate prediction equations are recommended.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bittar CMM, Silva JTD, Chester-Jones H. Macronutrient and amino acids composition of milk replacers for dairy calves. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (>6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.
Collapse
|
25
|
Al Masri S, Reincke R, Huenigen H, Gemeinhardt O, Richardson K, Plendl J. Computed tomography study of the fetal development of the dairy cow stomach complex. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1719-1729. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
26
|
Furini P, Azevedo R, Rufino S, Machado F, Campos M, Pereira L, Tomich T, Carvalho B, Santos G, Coelho S. The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on mammary gland measurements using ultrasound in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:767-773. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Cheema AT, Bhatti SA, Akbar G, Wynn PC, Muhammad G, Warriach HM, McGill D. Effect of weaning age and milk feeding level on pre- and post-weaning growth performance of Sahiwal calves. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Sahiwal cow is a tropical dairy breed native to Pakistan. The objective of the present study was to evaluate pre- and post-weaning growth of Sahiwal calves weaned either at 8 or 12 weeks and offered milk at either 10% or 15% of bodyweight (BW) from birth to weaning. Colostrum fed Sahiwal calves (n = 48) were randomly allocated to four treatments of 12 calves each. Calves were offered milk either at 10% (low-milk) or 15% (high-milk) of BW in two weaning programs (early or late). Early weaned calves were offered milk until Day 35, adjusted weekly for liveweight and then reduced by one-third in each subsequent week until weaned at Day 56 (early weaned). Late-weaned calves were offered milk until Day 63 and were weaned at Day 84 (late-weaned) by reducing milk offered by one-third in each subsequent week. Calves were offered a concentrate ration (21% crude protein and 2.93 metabolisable energy, Mcal/kg) from Day 28 to Day 112. Final BW at 16 weeks was highest (77.6 ± 1.8 kg; P < 0.01) in high milk-fed late-weaned calves and lowest in low milk-fed early weaned calves (60.2 ± 1.8 kg). High-milk early weaned and low milk late-weaned calves had comparable final BW (70.7 ± 1.8 vs 72.0 ± 1.8 kg), although lower than that of high-milk late-weaned calves, but still at an acceptable lower feeding cost to gain per kg liveweight (US$ 3.2 vs 2.5). Thus, offering milk to Sahiwal calves at 15% of BW and weaning at 8 weeks saves milk and labour required for additional days to feed these calves.
Collapse
|
28
|
Schäff C, Gruse J, Maciej J, Pfuhl R, Zitnan R, Rajsky M, Hammon H. Effects of feeding unlimited amounts of milk replacer for the first 5 weeks of age on rumen and small intestinal growth and development in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:783-793. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Lage C, Azevedo R, Machado F, Campos M, Pereira L, Tomich T, Carvalho B, Alves B, Santos G, Brandão F, Coelho S. Effect of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on postweaning performance, reproduction, glucose metabolism, and mammary fat pad in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8967-8976. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
de Paula MR, Oltramari CE, Silva JT, Gallo MPC, Mourão GB, Bittar CMM. Intensive liquid feeding of dairy calves with a medium crude protein milk replacer: Effects on performance, rumen, and blood parameters. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4448-4456. [PMID: 28365119 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different liquid-feeding systems using a medium crude protein milk replacer on performance, rumen, and blood parameters. Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked according to birth weight and date of birth, and randomly distributed to different liquid-feeding systems: conventional (4 L/d), intensive (8 L/d), or step-up/step-down (wk 1, 4 L/d; wk 2 to 6, 8 L/d; wk 7 and 8, 4 L/d). The commercial milk replacer (12.5% solids, 20.2% crude protein, 15.6% fat) was fed twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) until calves were weaned, at 8 wk of age. Calves were individually housed in wood hutches, with free access to water and starter concentrate, and to hay only after weaning. They were followed through 10 wk of age. Milk replacer and starter intake were inversely affected by feeding system. After weaning, starter intake and hay intake were similar among feeding systems. Total dry matter intake was higher during the liquid-feeding period for calves on the intensive system compared to calves on the conventional system, but conventional feeding resulted in the highest dry matter intake after weaning. Feed efficiency was similar among feeding systems before and after weaning. Average body weight and daily gain were not affected by feeding system before or after weaning. During liquid feeding, diarrhea occurrence was lower for calves on the conventional system; however, when calves on the step-up/step-down system were fed lower volumes of liquid feed, diarrhea occurrence was similar to that of calves on the conventional system. Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate were higher for calves on the conventional system, reflecting starter intake. Rumen pH, short-chain fatty acids, and N-NH3 were not affected by feeding system. Feeding higher volumes of milk replacer with a medium crude protein content had no beneficial effect on the performance of calves up to 10 wk of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R de Paula
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - C E Oltramari
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - J T Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - M P C Gallo
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - G B Mourão
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - C M M Bittar
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mao H, Xia Y, Tu Y, Wang C, Diao Q. Effects of various weaning times on growth performance, rumen fermentation and microbial population of yellow cattle calves. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1557-1562. [PMID: 28423879 PMCID: PMC5666190 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to investigate the effects of weaning times on the growth performance, rumen fermentation and microbial communities of yellow cattle calves. Methods Eighteen calves were assigned to a conventional management group that was normally weaned (NW, n = 3) or to early weaned (EW) group where calves were weaned when the feed intake of solid feed (starter) reached 500 g (EW500, n = 5), 750 g (EW750, n = 5), or 1,000 g (EW1,000, n = 5). Results Compared with NW, the EW treatments increased average daily gain (p<0.05). The calves in EW750 had a higher (p<0.05) starter intake than those in EW1,000 from wk 9 to the end of the trial. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in EW750 were greater than in NW and EW1,000 (p<0.05). The EW treatments decreased the percentage of acetate (p<0.05). The endogenous enzyme activities of the rumen were increased by EW (p<0.05). EW had no effect on the number of total bacteria (p>0.05), but changes in bacterial composition were found. Conclusion From the present study, it is inferred that EW is beneficial for rumen fermentation, and weaning when the feed intake of the starter reached 750 g showed much better results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yuefeng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture Feed Research Institute, Feed Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A and F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture Feed Research Institute, Feed Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Performance of Holstein calves receiving equal quantities of milk at fixed or variable amounts per day during milk-feeding period. Animal 2017; 11:1737-1744. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
33
|
Combination effects of milk feeding methods and starter crude protein concentration: Evaluation on performance and health of Holstein male calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Azevedo R, Machado F, Campos M, Lopes D, Costa S, Mantovani H, Lopes F, Marcondes M, Pereira L, Tomich T, Coelho S. The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal development, and body composition in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8746-8758. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
35
|
Leão JM, Lima JAM, Lana ÂMQ, Saturnino HM, Reis RB, Barbosa FA, de Azevedo RA, Sá Fortes RV, Coelho SG. Performance of crossbred heifers in different step-down waste milk-feeding strategies. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1607-1612. [PMID: 27557701 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption, performance, feed efficiency, glucose concentration, and the cost per kilogram of weight gain of crossbred Holstein-Gyr heifers (n = 33) subjected to one of the three waste milk step-down strategies: 6L-30d/4L-60d/2L-90d (T1), 6L-45d/4L-60d/2L-90d (T2), and 8L-30d/6L-60d/3L-90d (T3). Heifers were weaned at the age of 91 days. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. The average waste milk intake was higher in T3 than in T1 and T2 strategies until 30 days and between 60 and 90 days. The starter intake did not differ among the strategies until 45 days, but it was higher in strategy T1 than in strategy T3 between 60 and 90 days. The waste milk step-down strategy did not influence the total dry matter intake, average daily gain, body weight, and feed efficiency. Glucose concentrations in plasma varied within a range that could be considered normal and were similar among the treatments. The average cost per kilogram of weight gain was the lowest in strategy T1 (US$3.0) compared to that in the other strategies (T2, US$3.2, and T3, US$3.6). The 6L-30d/4L-60d/2L-90d waste milk step-down strategy was the most effective, since it increased the starter intake, led to normal glucose concentrations in plasma, and caused similar weight gain compared with the other strategies; however, it had a lower cost per kilogram.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Mergh Leão
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Mello Lima
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Quintão Lana
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Helton Mattana Saturnino
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Braga Reis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Alvim Barbosa
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Alves de Azevedo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Robson Vilela Sá Fortes
- ReHagro, Avenida Uruguai, no. 320, Bairro Sion, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30310-300, Brazil
| | - Sandra Gesteira Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Azevedo RA, Machado FS, Campos MM, Furini PM, Rufino SRA, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Coelho SG. The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on feed intake and performance in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8018-8027. [PMID: 27474984 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on feed intake, heifer performance, and health of increasing the total solids (TS) content of liquid feed (whole milk) by adding increasing amounts of milk replacer powder during the pre- and postweaning periods. Crossbred Holstein-Gyr heifers (n=60) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n=15 per group), which consisted of different TS concentrations: 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% of liquid feed. Heifers received 6 L of liquid feed per day, divided into 2 equal meals (0800 and 1600h) and provided in buckets, from 5 to 55d of age. From 56 to 59d of age, the total amount of liquid feed was reduced by half, maintaining only morning feedings. Heifers were weaned at 60d and monitored until 90d of age. Water and starter were provided ad libitum during the entire experiment. Corn silage was included in the diet during the postweaning period (70d of age). Feed intake and health scores were evaluated daily. Body weight and body frame development were recorded weekly. Starting at 14d, ruminal pH was measured every other week. Laboratory analysis determined that the actual TS contents of the liquid feed were 13.5, 16.1, 18.2, and 20.4%, for the proposed 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% TS treatments, respectively. The osmolality of liquid feed treatments was 265 to 533mOsm/L. Intake of liquid feed was similar among treatments from 4wk of age. During the preweaning period, starter intake, fecal score, and days with diarrhea were similar among treatments. Ruminal pH at weaning averaged 6.2 and was similar among treatments. Increasing concentrations of TS in the liquid feed were associated with linear increases in average daily gain, final body weight, and growth performance, but linear decreases in feed efficiency. During the postweaning period, intake of starter, corn silage, and water were similar among treatments, as well as average daily gain and feed efficiency. Final body weight and growth performance during the postweaning period also increased linearly with concentration of TS in liquid feed. Increasing the concentration of TS in liquid feed up to 20.4% increased performance and body frame development in dairy heifers during the pre- and postweaning periods and had no effects on solid feed intake or health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Azevedo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - F S Machado
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - M M Campos
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - P M Furini
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - S R A Rufino
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - L G R Pereira
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - T R Tomich
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - S G Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Abecia L, Newbold CJ. Manipulating rumen microbiome and fermentation through interventions during early life: a review. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1133. [PMID: 26528276 PMCID: PMC4604304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional manipulations of the rumen microbiome to enhance productivity and health are rather limited by the resilience of the ecosystem once established in the mature rumen. Based on recent studies, it has been suggested that the microbial colonization that occurs soon after birth opens a possibility of manipulation with potential to produce lasting effects into adult life. This paper presents the state-of-the-art in relation to early life nutritional interventions by addressing three areas: the development of the rumen as an organ in regards to the nutrition of the new-born, the main factors that determine the microbial population that first colonizes and establishes in the rumen, and the key immunity players that contribute to shaping the commensal microbiota in the early stage of life to understand host-microbiome specificity. The development of the rumen epithelium and muscularization are differently affected by the nature of the diet and special care should be taken with regards to transition from liquid (milk) to solid feed. The rumen is quickly colonized by all type of microorganisms straight after birth and the colonization pattern may be influenced by several factors such as presence/absence of adult animals, the first solid diet provided, and the inclusion of compounds that prevent/facilitate the establishment of some microorganisms or the direct inoculation of specific strains. The results presented show how early life events may be related to the microbial community structure and/or the rumen activity in the animals post-weaning. This would create differences in adaptive capacity due to different early life experiences and leads to the idea of microbial programming. However, many elements need to be further studied such as: the most sensitive window of time for interventions, the best means to test long term effectiveness, the role of key microbial groups and host-immune regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Leticia Abecia
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Charles J. Newbold
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Omidi-Mirzaei H, Khorvash M, Ghorbani GR, Moshiri B, Mirzaei M, Pezeshki A, Ghaffari MH. Effects of the step-up/step-down and step-down milk feeding procedures on the performance, structural growth, and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7975-81. [PMID: 26319763 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the step-up/step-down (SUSD) and step-down (STP) methods of milk feeding on the performance, growth parameters, blood metabolites, and health of dairy calves. For this purpose, 45 Holstein male calves (3d of age and 41 ± 3 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to one of the following milk feeding groups: (1) conventional (CONV; 4 L/d milk from d 1 to 52, and 2 L/d milk from d 53 to 56 of the study), (2) STP (6 L/d milk from d 1 to 29, and 4 L/d milk from d 30 to 45 of the study followed by feeding 2L/d milk from d 46 to 56 of the study), and (3) SUSD (6 L/d milk from d 1 to 5, 8 L/d milk from d 6 to 15, 10 L/d milk from d 16 to 35, 8L/d milk from d 36 to 42, 6 L/d milk from d 43 to 47, 4 L/d milk from d 48 to 52 of the study followed by feeding 2 L/d milk from d 53 to 56 of the study). Calves were weaned on d 56 and followed until d 70 of the study period. Animals had ad libitum access to the same starter ration during the entire study period (d 3 to 70). Starter intake, total dry matter intake, and average daily gain were greater in the SUSD calves than those in the CONV and STP treatments during the preweaning period. The SUSD procedure was found to increase body weight during the entire study and improved body length, wither height, heart girth, hip height, and hip width on d 56 and 70 of the study compared with the STP and CONV calves. The SUSD treatment increased blood glucose concentration on d 35 compared with CONV and STP procedures. The STP group had a higher starter intake than the CONV and SUSD animals. The STP animals exhibited a higher plasma concentration of total protein and BHBA than did the SUSD animals during the preweaning period. Neither the SUSD nor the STP procedure negatively affected the fecal score. In conclusion, the SUSD milk feeding procedure was found to improve the performance of dairy calves compared with the STP and CONV procedures. However, it appears that the STP procedure induces earlier reticulo-rumen developement in dairy calves than does the SUSD procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Omidi-Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - B Moshiri
- Ghiam Dairy Complex, Isfahan 833111-4761, Iran
| | - M Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran
| | - A Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Daneshvar D, Khorvash M, Ghasemi E, Mahdavi AH, Moshiri B, Mirzaei M, Pezeshki A, Ghaffari MH. The effect of restricted milk feeding through conventional or step-down methods with or without forage provision in starter feed on performance of Holstein bull calves1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3979-89. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
40
|
Silva A, Marcondes M, Detmann E, Machado F, Valadares Filho S, Trece A, Dijkstra J. Effects of raw milk and starter feed on intake and body composition of Holstein × Gyr male calves up to 64 days of age. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2641-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
Klein-Jöbstl D, Iwersen M, Drillich M. Farm characteristics and calf management practices on dairy farms with and without diarrhea: a case-control study to investigate risk factors for calf diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5110-9. [PMID: 24881793 PMCID: PMC7094405 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is one of the most important problems in calf rearing on dairy farms worldwide. Besides pathogens, several noninfectious management factors, especially management around birth, colostrum management, calf housing, feeding, and hygiene are important in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. To date, few data are available concerning calf rearing management on small and medium-sized dairy farms that are typical for Austria and the alpine region. Consequently, the objectives of this case-control study were to evaluate routine calf management practices on Austrian dairy farms and to examine differences in management between farms with and without the presence of calf diarrhea to identify risk factors. Overall, 100 dairy farms were visited. Of these farms, 50 were chosen based on the history and presence of calf diarrhea (case farms). Another 50 farms with no presence of calf diarrhea were chosen to serve as a standard of comparison (control farms). On farms, management was evaluated by face-to-face interview, and health status and hygiene were surveyed. Several calf rearing management procedures were similar on all of the visited farms, especially in areas regulated by national and European law. These factors include colostrum management and feeding. Consequently, no influence of these factors on the appearance of calf diarrhea could be detected. In contrast, other areas such as hygiene measures differed between farms and showed a partial association with the presence of calf diarrhea on farm. Variables related to diarrhea on farm were farm size; that is, the number of cows on farm. Farms with diarrhea cases were larger (median 40 cows, interquartile range 24.5 to 64.0) compared with farms with no presence of diarrhea (median 28 cows, interquartile range 18.8 to 44.0). Other risk factors that influenced the presence of diarrhea were the presence of other farm animal species on the farm [odds ratio (OR) 26.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.64 to 273.5], frequency of cleaning of the calving area (OR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.79), the placement of individual calf housings (barn vs. outdoors; OR 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.47), and the presence of respiratory tract disease (OR 52.49, 95% CI: 1.26 to 2,181.83). The possible influence of these factors on the appearance of calf diarrhea should be considered when farmers are advised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Klein-Jöbstl
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Azevedo RAD, Rufino SRDA, Duarte DVL, Soares ACM, Geraseev LC. Desempenho de bezerros leiteiros em aleitamento artificial convencional ou fracionado. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402014000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, o desempenho e a incidência de diarreia de bezerros da raça Holandesa, além de realizar análise técnica e econômica dos sistemas artificiais de aleitamento convencional e fracionado. Foram utilizados 22 animais, sendo 12 machos e 10 fêmeas, com peso corporal inicial médio de 37,26kg (±3,42), distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, de acordo com o sexo, alojados em baias individuais até os 59 dias de idade dos animais. O aleitamento convencional constituiu-se de quatro litros de leite diários durante 59 dias e o fracionado, de seis litros do 6º ao 25º; quatro litros do 26º ao 45º e dois litros do 46º ao 59º dia de idade, além de concentrado, de feno de Cynodon sp., de água e de suplemento mineral fornecidos ad libitum. O consumo dos alimentos e incidência de diarreia foram monitorados diariamente e os animais, pesados e medidos, semanalmente. Os dados de consumo, de ganho de peso diário, medidas de crescimento, conversão alimentar e a incidência de diarreia foram analisados em parcelas subdivididas. O ganho total corporal e o peso corporal final foram analisados em delineamento em blocos casualizados. O peso corporal inicial foi utilizado como covariável. O sistema de aleitamento não interferiu (p>0,05) nos consumos de concentrado, feno, água e o desempenho dos animais. O aleitamento fracionado proporcionou maior (p<0,05) consumo total de matéria seca no terceiro período de avaliação e menor custo por kg de ganho de peso total, indicando-o como melhor estratégia na bovinocultura leiteira.
Collapse
|