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Beckett LM, Malacco VMR, Gouveia KM, Mann A, Andolino CJ, Harlow K, Sunny NE, Neves RC, Burgess JR, Boerman JP, Casey TM, Donkin SS. Long Chain Fatty Acids Mediate Hepatic Metabolic Flux in Preruminating Dairy Calves Fed Flaxseed Oil, High Oleic Soybean Oil, or Milk Fat. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00914-7. [PMID: 38876219 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nutrition and physiological state affect hepatic metabolism. Our objective was to determine if feeding flaxseed oil (∼50% C18:3n-3 cis), high oleic soybean oil (∼70% C18:1 cis-9), or milk fat (∼50% C16:0) alters hepatic expression of PC, PCK1, and PCK2 and the flow of carbons from propionate and pyruvate into the TCA cycle in preruminating calves. Male Holstein calves (n = 40) were assigned to a diet of skim milk with either: 3% milk fat (MF; n = 8), 3% flaxseed oil (Flax; n = 8), 3% high oleic soybean oil (HOSO; n = 8), 1.5% MF + 1.5% high oleic soybean oil (MF-HOSO; n = 8), or 1.5% MF + 1.5% flaxseed oil (MF-Flax; n = 8) from d 14 to d 21 postnatal. At d 21 postnatal, a liver biopsy was taken for gene expression and metabolic flux analysis. Liver explants were incubated in [U-13C] propionate and [U-13C] pyruvate to trace carbon flux through TCA cycle intermediates or with [U-14C] lactate, [1-14C] palmitic acid, or [2-14C] propionate to quantify substrate oxidation to CO2 and acid soluble products. Compared with other treatments, plasma C18:3n-3 cis was 10 times higher and C18:1 cis-9 was 3 times lower in both flax (Flax and MF-Flax) treatments. PC, PCK1, and PCK2 expression and flux of [U-13C] pyruvate as well as [U-13C] propionate were not different between treatments. PC expression was negatively correlated with the enrichment of citrate M+5 and malate M+3, and PCK2 was negatively correlated with citrate M+5, suggesting that when expression of these enzymes is increased, carbon from pyruvate enters the TCA cycle via PC mediated carboxylation, and then OAA is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate via PCK2. Acid soluble product formation and PC expression were reduced in HOSO (MF-HOSO and HOSO) treatments compared with flax (MF-Flax and Flax), indicating that fatty acids regulate PC expression and carbon flux, but that fatty acid flux control points are not connected to PC, PCK1, or PCK2. In conclusion, fatty acids regulate hepatic expression of PC, PCK1, and PCK2, and carbon flux, but the point of control is distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Victor M R Malacco
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kyrstin M Gouveia
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Adrianna Mann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chaylen J Andolino
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - KaLynn Harlow
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nishanth E Sunny
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rafael C Neves
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John R Burgess
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jaquelyn P Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Theresa M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Wang GY, Qin SL, Zheng YN, Geng HJ, Chen L, Yao JH, Deng L. Propionate promotes gluconeogenesis by regulating mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in calf hepatocytes. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:88-98. [PMID: 37841648 PMCID: PMC10568569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis is one of the main modes of meeting the glucose requirement of dairy cows. This study attempted to determine whether the gluconeogenesis precursor propionate had an effect on the expression of the main genes involved in gluconeogenesis in calf hepatocytes and elucidate the associated mechanisms. Calf hepatocytes were obtained from 5 healthy calves (1 d old; 30 to 40 kg) and exposed to 0-, 1-, 2.5-, or 5-mM sodium propionate (NaP), which is known to promote the expression of genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway, including fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. With regard to the underlying mechanism, propionate promoted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, and forkhead box O1 (transcription factors that regulate the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes) by promoting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), but inhibiting mTORC2 activity (P < 0.01). We also established a model of palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatic injury in calf hepatocytes and found that PA could inhibit the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by suppressing the expression of gluconeogenic genes, inhibiting mTORC1, and promoting the activity of mTORC2 (P < 0.01). In contrast, NaP provided protection to calf hepatocytes by counteracting the inhibitory effect of PA on the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings indicate that NaP enhances the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by regulating the mTOR pathway activity. Thus, in addition to improving the glucose production potential, propionate may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of hepatic injury in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ning Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Jun Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Hu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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3
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Beckett LM, Malacco VMR, Hilger S, Casey TM, Donkin SS. Effects of an Hourly Bolus Postruminal Infusion of Flaxseed Oil or Palm Oil on Circulating Fatty Acid Concentrations and Hepatic Expression of Pyruvate Carboxylase and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3572. [PMID: 38003190 PMCID: PMC10668640 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic (C16:0), α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3 cis), and propionate regulate bovine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) expression in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of C16:0, C18:3n-3 cis, propionate, and acetate postruminal infusions on hepatic PC and PCK1 expression. We hypothesized that circulating fatty acids alter hepatic PC and PCK1 in lactating dairy cows. Acetate, propionate, palm oil, and flaxseed oil were supplied postruminally to lactating cows (n = 4) using two 4 × 4 Latin square studies. For Experiment 1, cows were infused on an hourly basis with either a bolus of propionate, acetate, or the combination of propionate and palm oil, or acetate and palm oil, and Experiment 2 was similar, but flaxseed oil replaced palm oil. Flaxseed infusions increased plasma concentration and the molar percent of C18:3n-3 cis and decreased C16:0 but did not affect PC or PCK1 expression. Palm infusions did not affect blood metabolites or the hepatic expression of PC or PCK1. The lack of responses to short-chain fatty acid infusions and changes in circulating long-chain fatty acids in mature cattle are not suitable models to study the effects of α-linolenic acid and propionate on bovine PC and PCK1 expression previously observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Susan Hilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Theresa M. Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shawn S. Donkin
- College of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Pang R, Xiao X, Mao T, Yu J, Huang L, Xu W, Li Y, Zhu W. The molecular mechanism of propionate-regulating gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1693-1699. [PMID: 37402451 PMCID: PMC10623044 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cows that are nursing get around 80% of their glucose from liver gluconeogenesis. Propionate, a significant precursor of liver gluconeogenesis, can regulate the key genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis expression, but its precise effects on the activity of enzymes have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propionate on the activity, gene expression, and protein abundance of the key enzymes involved in the gluconeogenesis of dairy cow hepatocytes. METHODS The hepatocytes were cultured and treated with various concentrations of sodium propionate (0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, and 5.00 mM) for 12 h. Glucose content in the culture media was determined by an enzymatic coloring method. The activities of gluconeogenesis related enzymes were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits, and the levels of gene expression and protein abundance of the enzymes were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Propionate supplementation considerably increased the amount of glucose in the culture medium compared to the control (p<0.05); while there was no discernible difference among the various treatment concentrations (p>0.05). The activities of cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK2), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) were increased with the addition of 2.50 and 3.75 mM propionate; the gene expressions and protein abundances of PEPCK1, PEPCK2, PC, and G6PC were increased by 3.75 mM propionate addition. CONCLUSION Propionate encouraged glucose synthesis in bovine hepatocytes, and 3.75 mM propionate directly increased the activities, gene expressions and protein abundances of PC, PEPCK1, PEPCK2, and G6PC in bovine hepatocytes, providing a theoretical basis of propionate-regulating gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Tiantian Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
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5
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Xue D, Cheng Y, Pang T, Kuai Y, An Y, Wu K, Li Y, Lai M, Wang B, Wang S. Sodium butyrate alleviates deoxynivalenol-induced porcine intestinal barrier disruption by promoting mitochondrial homeostasis via PCK2 signaling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132013. [PMID: 37467604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most plentiful trichothecenes occurring in food and feed, which brings severe health hazards to both animals and humans. This study aims to investigate whether sodium butyrate (NaB) can protect the porcine intestinal barrier from DON exposure through promoting mitochondrial homeostasis. In a 4-week feeding experiment, 28 male piglets were allocated according to a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the main factors including supplementation of DON (< 0.8 vs. 4.0 mg/kg) and NaB (0.0 vs. 2 g/kg) in a corn/soybean-based diet. Dietary NaB supplementation mitigated the damaged mitochondrial morphology within the jejunal mucosa and the disrupted gut epithelial tight junctions irritated by DON. In IPEC-J2 cells, we found efficient recovery of the intestinal epithelial barrier occurred following NaB administration. This intestinal barrier reparation was facilitated by NaB-induced PCK2-mediated glyceroneogenesis and restoration of mitochondrial structure and function. In conclusion, we elucidated a mechanism of PCK2-mediated improvement of mitochondrial function by NaB to repair porcine intestinal barrier disruption during chronic DON exposure. Our findings highlight the promise of NaB for use in protecting against DON-induced gut epithelial tight junction disruption in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Xue
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Tiantian Pang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yunyi Kuai
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mengyu Lai
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Bihan Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China.
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6
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Chandler TL, Kendall SJ, White HM. Fatty acid challenge shifts cellular energy metabolism in a substrate-specific manner in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15020. [PMID: 37700067 PMCID: PMC10497564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue mobilization increases circulating fatty acid (FA) concentrations, leads to increased hepatic FA uptake, and influences hepatic metabolism. Our objective was to trace carbon flux through metabolic pathways in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes challenged with FA, and to examine the effect of FA challenge on oxidative stress. Primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes were isolated from 4 Holstein bull calves and maintained for 24 h before treatment with either 0 or 1 mM FA cocktail. After 21 h, either [1-14C]C16:0 or [2-14C]sodium pyruvate was added to measure complete and incomplete oxidation and cellular glycogen. Cellular and media triglyceride (TG), and glucose and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) export were quantified, as well as reactive oxygen species and cellular glutathione (GSH/GSSH). Fatty acid treatment increased cellular, but not media TG, and although complete oxidation of [1-14C]C16:0 was not affected by FA, BHB export was increased. Reactive oxygen species were increased with FA treatment and GSSH was marginally increased such that the ratio of GSH:GSSG was marginally decreased. Glucose export increased, and cellular glycogen marginally increased with FA treatment while [2-14C]sodium pyruvate oxidation was decreased. These data suggest that FA treatment shifts cellular energy metabolism in a substrate-specific manner, spares pyruvate carbon from oxidation, and stimulates glucose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chandler
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - S J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - H M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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TAN K, NISHIMURA K, UMEDA K, YAMADA K, IKUTA K, SHINGU H, KUSHIBIKI S. Effect of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli antibody feeding for Holstein calves on ruminal lipopolysaccharide activity and plasma metabolites concentrations during pre- and post-weaning periods. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:813-819. [PMID: 37344442 PMCID: PMC10466060 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the effects of anti- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli chicken egg Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) provided to calves for 7 weeks during the pre- and post-weaning periods on rumen LPS activity, plasma acute phase protein (APP) concentrations, and metabolic parameters. A total of 30 Holstein calves were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 each: an IgY group fed Anti-E. coli LPS IgY, and a control group fed whole egg powder as a placebo. The study was conducted on calves aged 3-10 weeks, weaned at 7 weeks. The ruminal LPS activity of the IgY group was approximately 60% lower than the control group at 10 weeks of age. Plasma APP and cytokine concentrations in the IgY group did not differ from those in the control group. The daily weight gain in the IgY group was significantly higher than the control group for the whole experimental period. Plasma albumin/globulin was lower (P<0.05), and plasma aspartate transferase concentration was higher (P<0.05) in the IgY group than in the control group during the experimental period. In conclusion, feeding Anti-E. coli LPS IgY for 7 weeks pre- and post-weaning remarkably reduced the rumen LPS activity and improved the daily weight gain. The impact of Anti-E. coli LPS IgY on LPS activities in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and elucidation as to the mechanism responsible for the improvement in daily weight gain require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei TAN
- Yamagata Prefectural Syonai Livestock Hygiene Division,
Yamagata, Japan
| | - Keiko NISHIMURA
- )Miyazaki Prefectural Minaminaka Agricultural Extension
Center, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Kentarou IKUTA
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Shiro KUSHIBIKI
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki,
Japan
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8
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Chowdhury MAR, An J, Jeong S. The Pleiotropic Face of CREB Family Transcription Factors. Mol Cells 2023; 46:399-413. [PMID: 37013623 PMCID: PMC10336275 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the most intensively studied phosphorylation-dependent transcription factors that provide evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of differential gene expression in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many cellular protein kinases that function downstream of distinct cell surface receptors are responsible for the activation of CREB. Upon functional dimerization of the activated CREB to cis-acting cAMP responsive elements within the promoters of target genes, it facilitates signal-dependent gene expression. From the discovery of CREB, which is ubiquitously expressed, it has been proven to be involved in a variety of cellular processes that include cell proliferation, adaptation, survival, differentiation, and physiology, through the control of target gene expression. In this review, we highlight the essential roles of CREB proteins in the nervous system, the immune system, cancer development, hepatic physiology, and cardiovascular function and further discuss a wide range of CREB-associated diseases and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Arifur Rahman Chowdhury
- Division of Life Sciences (Molecular Biology Major), Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jungeun An
- Division of Life Sciences (Life Sciences Major), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sangyun Jeong
- Division of Life Sciences (Molecular Biology Major), Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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9
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Wang G, Zhang J, Wu S, Qin S, Zheng Y, Xia C, Geng H, Yao J, Deng L. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis through peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:121-131. [PMID: 36204284 PMCID: PMC9516411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cattle can efficiently perform de novo generation of glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis to meet post-weaning glucose demand. Substantial evidence points to cattle and non-ruminant animals being characterized by phylogenetic features in terms of their differing capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis, a process that is highly efficient in cattle yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we used a variety of transcriptome data, as well as tissue and cell-based methods to uncover the mechanisms of high-efficiency hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle. We showed that cattle can efficiently convert propionate into pyruvate, at least partly, via high expression of acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1 (ACSS1), propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain (PCCA), methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (MCEE), methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), and succinate-CoA ligase (SUCLG2) genes in the liver (P < 0.01). Moreover, higher expression of the rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), ensures the efficient operation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle (P < 0.01). Mechanistically, we found that cattle liver exhibits highly active mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and the expressions of PCCA, MMUT, SUCLG2, PCK, and FBP genes are regulated by the activation of mTORC1 (P < 0.001). Finally, our results showed that mTORC1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) dependent manner. Collectively, our results not only revealed an important mechanism responsible for the quantitative differences in the efficiency of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle versus non-ruminant animals, but also established that mTORC1 is indeed involved in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through PGC-1α. These results provide a novel potential insight into promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis through activated mTORC1 in both ruminants and mammals.
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10
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Lin M, Jiang M, Yang T, Zhao G, Zhan K. Overexpression of GPR41 attenuated glucose production in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981640. [PMID: 36118357 PMCID: PMC9478460 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine liver mainly utilizes the propionate as a gluconeogenic substrate to synthesize the glucose. However, the mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of propionate on the glucose production in bovine hepatocytes remains less known. Previous studies have demonstrated G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) as receptors for propionate. We hypothesized that propionate may regulate the glucose production by GPR41 in bovine hepatocytes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the regulatory effects of propionate and GPR41 on glucose production in bovine hepatocytes. Hepatocytes with GPR41 overexpression were incubated in the presence of either 0 or 3 mM propionate for 24 h. These results showed that the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) genes involved in gluconeogenesis was enhanced (P < 0.01) with propionate treatment. Remarkably, the addition of propionate promotes the glucose production in bovine hepatocytes. Expression of GPR41 was increased by the addition of propionate in bovine hepatocytes overexpressed GPR41 by overexpression plasmid AAV1 compared with the absence of propionate. Interestingly, expression of PCK2 was markedly attenuated in GPR41 overexpressed-hepatocytes with propionate. Importantly, overexpression of GPR41 attenuated glucose output in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes. These findings revealed that GPR41 negatively regulates glucose production by downregulating the expression of PCK2 in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lin
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Zhan
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11
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Zhang F, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Nan X, Guo Y, Xiong B. Dietary supplementation with calcium propionate could beneficially alter rectal microbial composition of early lactation dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:940216. [PMID: 35958310 PMCID: PMC9360568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.940216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with calcium propionate can effectively alleviate negative energy balance and hypocalcemia of dairy cows in early lactation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium propionate feeding levels on the immune function, liver function, and fecal microbial composition of dairy cows in early lactation. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four treatments after calving. Treatments were a basal diet plus 0, 200, 350, and 500 g calcium propionate per cow per day throughout a 5-week trial period. Cows were milked three times a day, and blood was sampled to measure immune function and liver function on d 7, 21, and 35. The rectal contents were sampled and collected on d 35 to analyze the microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results indicated that increasing amounts of calcium propionate did not affected the serum concentrations of total protein, IgG, IgM, and calcium, but the concentrations of albumin and IgA changed quadratically. With the increase of calcium propionate, the activity of serum alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase increased linearly, in contrast, the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased linearly. Moreover, dietary supplementation with increasing levels of calcium propionate tended to quadratically decrease the relative abundance of Firmicutes while quadratically increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, and consequently linearly decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the rectal microbiota. Additionally, the supplementation of calcium propionate increased the relative abundances of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004 linearly, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 quadratically, but decreased the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group and Family_XIII_AD3011_group quadratically. Compared with the CON group, the calcium propionate supplementation significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acetitomaculum but increased the abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Alistipes. In summary, these results suggested that the supplementation of calcium propionate to dairy cows in early lactation could beneficially alter the rectal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuming Guo
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Benhai Xiong
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12
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Wang X, Zhu M, Loor JJ, Jiang Q, Zhu Y, Li W, Du X, Song Y, Gao W, Lei L, Wang J, Liu G, Li X. Propionate alleviates fatty acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by upregulating PPARG coactivator 1 alpha in hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4581-4592. [PMID: 35181129 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduced feed intake during the transition period renders cows unable to meet their energy needs for maintenance and lactation, leading to a state of negative energy balance. Severe negative energy balance initiates fat mobilization and increases circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA), which could induce hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Enhancing the hepatic supply of propionate (major gluconeogenic substrate) is a feasible preventive and therapeutic strategy to alleviate hepatic metabolic disorders during the transition period. Whether propionate supply affects pathways beyond gluconeogenesis during high FFA loads is not well known. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate whether propionate supply could protect calf hepatocytes from FFA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from 5 healthy calves (1 d old, female, 30-40 kg, fasting) and treated with various concentrations of propionate (0, 1, 2, and 4 mM propionate for 12 h) or for different times (2 mM propionate for 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Furthermore, hepatocytes were treated with propionate (2 mM), fatty acids (1.2 mM), or both for 12 h with or without 50 nM PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha) small interfering RNA. Compared with the control group, protein abundance of PGC-1α was greater with 2 and 4 mM propionate treatment groups. Furthermore, protein abundance of TFAM (mitochondrial function marker mitochondrial transcription factor A) and VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) was greater with 1, 2, and 4 mM propionate, and COX4 (cyclooxygenase 4) was greater with 2 and 4 mM propionate groups. In addition, propionate supply led to an increase in protein abundance of PGC-1α, TFAM, VDAC1, and COX4 over time. Flow cytometry revealed that propionate treatment increased the number of mitochondria in hepatocytes compared with control group, but inhibition of PGC-1α abolished these beneficial effects. The lower protein abundance of PGC-1α, TFAM, COX4, and VDAC1 and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, along with greater production of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and apoptosis rate in response to treatment with high concentrations of FFA suggested an impairment of mitochondrial function and induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. In contrast, propionate treatment hastened these negative effects. Knockdown of PGC-1α by small interfering RNA impeded the beneficial role of propionate on FFA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Overall, results demonstrated that propionate supply alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in FFA-treated calf hepatocytes by upregulating PGC-1α. Together, the data suggest that PGC-1α may be a promising target for preventing or improving hepatic function during periods such as the transition into lactation where the FFA load on the liver increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Histidine Promotes the Glucose Synthesis through Activation of the Gluconeogenic Pathway in Bovine Hepatocytes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113295. [PMID: 34828026 PMCID: PMC8614563 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the effect of histidine (His) on hepatic glucose output and the expression of genes related to the gluconeogenic pathway in vitro. The results demonstrate that the supplementation of HIS can significantly improve the mRNA expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC). Moreover, the addition of His ameliorated bovine hepatocytes glucose output. This study demonstrated that bovine hepatocytes can efficiently convert His into glucose to provide the energy required. Abstract Histidine (His) is considered to be the first-limiting amino acid (AA) on grass silage-based diets in lactation cows, which correlate positively with lactose yield. The higher glucose requirements of lactating cows can be met through a combination of increased capacity for gluconeogenesis and increased supply of gluconeogenic precursors. However, the effect of His on the expression of gluconeogenic genes in the bovine hepatocytes is less known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of His on the key gluconeogenic genes and glucose output in bovine hepatocytes. The addition of 0.15, 0.6, and 1.2 mM His in a medium significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the viability of bovine hepatocytes. Remarkably, 1.2 mM His induced profound changes (p < 0.05) in the mRNA level of key genes involved in gluconeogenesis, including PCK1, PCK2, FBP1, and G6PC in vitro. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of PCK1 was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) by the addition of 1.2 mM His at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of incubation. The hepatic glucose output increased (p < 0.05) linearly with increasing His concentration. These findings indicate that the addition of His may be efficiently converted into glucose via the upregulation of genes related to the gluconeogenic pathway.
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Li J, Zhu S, Lv Z, Dai H, Wang Z, Wei Q, Hamdard E, Mustafa S, Shi F, Fu Y. Drinking Water with Saccharin Sodium Alters the Microbiota-Gut-Hypothalamus Axis in Guinea Pig. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1875. [PMID: 34201842 PMCID: PMC8300211 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of saccharin, as a type of sweetener additive, on the metabolism and development of mammals are still controversial. Our previous research revealed that saccharin sodium (SS) promoted the feed intake and growth of guinea pigs. In this experiment, we used the guinea pig model to study the physiological effect of SS in the microbiota-gut-hypothalamus axis. Adding 1.5 mM SS to drinking water increased the serum level of glucose, followed by the improvement in the morphology and barrier function of the ileal villus, such as SS supplementation which increased the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio. Saccharin sodium (SS) treatment activated the sweet receptor signaling in the ileum and altered GHRP hormone secretion. In the hypothalamus of SS and control (CN) group, RNA-seq identified 1370 differently expressed genes (796 upregulated, 574 downregulated), enriching into the taste signaling transduction, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. LEfSe analysis suggested that Lactobacillaceae-Lactobacillus was the microbe with significantly increased abundance of ileum microorganisms in the SS-treated group, while Brevinema-Andersonii and Erysipelotrichaceae-Ilebacterium were the microbes with significantly increased abundance of the control. Furthermore, SS treatment significantly enhanced the functions of chemoheterotrophy and fermentation of ileal microflora compared to the CN group. Accordingly, SS treatment increased levels of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and N-valeric acid) in the ileal digesta. In summary, drinking water with 1.5 mM SS activated sweet receptor signaling in the gut and altered GHRP hormone secretion, followed by the taste signaling transduction in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Li
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Shanli Zhu
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China;
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Hongjian Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Enayatullah Hamdard
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Sheeraz Mustafa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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15
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Gao W, Fang Z, Lei L, Ju L, Jin B, Loor JJ, Liang Y, Shi Z, Shen T, Yu H, Chen M, Ouyang H, Song Y, Wang Z, Liu G, Li X, Du X. Propionate alleviates palmitic acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by enhancing autophagy in calf hepatic cells. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9316-9326. [PMID: 34001357 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Negative energy balance-induced high blood concentrations of free fatty acids during the early postpartum period in dairy cows is a major cause of liver injury. Cows in severe negative energy balance often have suboptimal intakes of feed, which contributes to shortfalls in production of ruminal propionate and circulating glucose. Although increasing propionate production by the rumen through feed additives such as propylene glycol is effective in helping cows alleviate the shortfall in dietary energy supply, mechanisms whereby propionate affects liver function beyond gluconeogenesis are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether propionate could protect calf hepatic cells from palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. Calf hepatic cells were isolated from 5 healthy calves (1 d old, female, 30-40 kg, fasting) and treated with various concentrations of PA (0, 100, 200, or 400 μM) and propionate (0, 1, 2, or 4 mM) after being administered with or without autophagic inhibitor. Propionate enhanced autophagic activity in calf hepatic cells, as indicated by elevated expression of autophagy markers LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II, encoded by MAP1LC3) and decreased expression of SQSTM1 (sequestosome-1, also called p62). Conversely, PA suppressed autophagic activity and decreased cell viability, which was improved by propionate in calf hepatic cells. In addition, propionate decreased the phosphorylation of proteins EIF2AK3 (kinase R/PKR like ER kinase) and ERN1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) and cleaved ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) in PA-treated calf hepatic cells, indicating the suppression effect of propionate on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, inhibition of autophagic activity by chloroquine or bafilomycin A1 impede the beneficial effects of propionate on ER stress and cell viability. These results demonstrated that propionate alleviates ER stress and elevates cell viability in PA-treated calf hepatic cells by enhancing autophagy, which implies that autophagy may be a promising target in improving liver injury of dairy cows during transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Lingxue Ju
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
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16
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Kiesel VA, Sheeley MP, Coleman MF, Cotul EK, Donkin SS, Hursting SD, Wendt MK, Teegarden D. Pyruvate carboxylase and cancer progression. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 33931119 PMCID: PMC8088034 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA), serving to replenish the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In nonmalignant tissue, PC plays an essential role in controlling whole-body energetics through regulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver, synthesis of fatty acids in adipocytes, and insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. In breast cancer, PC activity is linked to pulmonary metastasis, potentially by providing the ability to utilize glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine metabolism as needed under varying conditions as cells metastasize. PC enzymatic activity appears to be of particular importance in cancer cells that are unable to utilize glutamine for anaplerosis. Moreover, PC activity also plays a role in lipid metabolism and protection from oxidative stress in cancer cells. Thus, PC activity may be essential to link energy substrate utilization with cancer progression and to enable the metabolic flexibility necessary for cell resilience to changing and adverse conditions during the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet A Kiesel
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Madeline P Sheeley
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eylem Kulkoyluoglu Cotul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Michael K Wendt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Dorothy Teegarden
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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17
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Weld KA, Caputo Oliveira R, Bertics SJ, Erb SJ, White HM. Hepatic pyruvate carboxylase expression differed prior to hyperketonemia onset in transition dairy cows. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241929. [PMID: 33166331 PMCID: PMC7652276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) provide an energy source to the liver during negative energy balance; however, when FA influx is excessive, FA can be stored as liver lipids or incompletely oxidized to β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). The objectives of this study were to quantify plasma and liver FA profiles and hepatic gene expression in cows diagnosed with hyperketonemia (HYK; BHB ≥ 1.2 mM) or not (nonHYK; BHB < 1.2 mM) to determine a relationship between FA profile and expression of hepatic genes related to oxidation and gluconeogenesis. Production parameters, blood samples (-28, -3, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 d relative to parturition; n = 28 cows), and liver biopsies (1, 14, and 28 d postpartum; n = 22 cows) were collected from Holstein cows. Cows were retrospectively grouped as HYK or nonHYK based on BHB concentrations in postpartum blood samples. Average first positive test (BHB ≥ 1.2 mM) was 9 ± 5 d (± SD). Cows diagnosed with HYK had greater C18:1 and lower C18:2 plasma proportions. Liver FA proportions of C16:0 and C18:1 were related to proportions in plasma, but C18:0 and C18:2 were not. Some interactions between plasma FA and HYK on liver FA proportion suggests that there may be preferential use depending upon metabolic state. Cows diagnosed with HYK had decreased pyruvate carboxylase (PC) expression, but no difference at 1 d postpartum in either cytosolic or mitochondrial isoforms of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK). The increased PC to PCK ratios in nonHYK cows suggests the potential for greater hepatic oxidative capacity, coinciding with decreased circulating BHB. Interestingly, FA, known regulators of PC expression, were not correlated with PC expression at 1 d postpartum. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HYK cows experience a decrease in the ratio of hepatic PC to PCK at 1 day postpartum prior to HYK diagnosis which, on average, manifested a week later. The differential regulation of PC involved in HYK diagnosis may not be completely due to shifts in FA profiles and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Weld
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rafael Caputo Oliveira
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Bertics
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sophia J. Erb
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heather M. White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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18
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Caprarulo V, Erb SJ, Chandler TL, Zenobi MG, Barton BA, Staples CR, White HM. The effects of prepartum energy intake and peripartum rumen-protected choline supplementation on hepatic genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11439-11448. [PMID: 33222856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional interventions, either by controlling dietary energy (DE) or supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) or both, may mitigate negative postpartum metabolic health outcomes. A companion paper previously reported the effects of DE density and RPC supplementation on production and health outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of DE and RPC supplementation on the expression of hepatic oxidative, gluconeogenic, and lipid transport genes during the periparturient period. At 47 ± 6 d relative to calving (DRTC), 93 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned in groups to dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial of (1) excess energy (EXE) without RPC supplementation (1.63 Mcal of NEL/kg of dry matter; EXE-RPC); (2) maintenance energy (MNE) without RPC supplementation (1.40 Mcal of NEL/kg dry matter; MNE-RPC); (3) EXE with RPC supplementation (EXE+RPC); and (4) MNE with RPC supplementation (MNE+RPC). To achieve the objective of this research, liver biopsy samples were collected at -14, +7, +14, and +21 DRTC and analyzed for mRNA expression (n = 16/treatment). The interaction of DE × RPC decreased glucose-6-phosphatase and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in MNE+RPC cows. Expression of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was altered by the interaction of dietary treatments with reduced expression in EXE+RPC cows. A dietary treatment interaction was detected for expression of pyruvate carboxylase although means were not separated. Dietary treatment interactions did not alter expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. The 3-way interaction of DE × RPC × DRTC affected expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, glucose-6-phosphatase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and tended to affect cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Despite previously reported independent effects of DE and RPC on production variables, treatments interacted to influence hepatic metabolism through altered gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Caprarulo
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan 20134, Italy
| | - S J Erb
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - T L Chandler
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - M G Zenobi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | | | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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19
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Boesche K, Donkin S. Pretreatment with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids regulates fatty acid oxidation in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8841-8852. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Takemura K, Shingu H, Ikuta K, Sato S, Kushibiki S. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on growth performance, plasma metabolites and hormones, and rumen fermentation in Holstein calves during pre- and post-weaning periods. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13402. [PMID: 32512645 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) during the pre- and post-weaning periods on growth, metabolic and hormonal responses, and rumen fermentation in calves. Three-week-old Holstein calves were assigned to either control (n = 12) or SC group (n = 12), the latter of which received 2 × 109 cfu/day of SC. The experiment was conducted over a period of 7 weeks around weaning. Daily gain (DG) in the SC group was higher (p < .05) than that in the control group. In the SC group, plasma glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were higher (p < .05) and concentrations of glucagon and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) tended to be higher (p < .1) than in the control group. Proportion of rumen propionate and concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen at 10 weeks of age were greater (p < .05) in the SC group than that in the control group. Supplementation of SC around weaning may improve dietary nutrient and energy availability and increase plasma GH and IGF-1 concentrations. These changes observed in SC-supplemented calves could be closely related to the improvement of DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takemura
- Yamagata Prefectural Syonai Livestock Hygiene Division, Yamagata, Mikawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shingu
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikuta
- Awaji Agricultural Technology Center, Minamiawaji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shiro Kushibiki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Zhang F, Nan X, Wang H, Guo Y, Xiong B. Research on the Applications of Calcium Propionate in Dairy Cows: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1336. [PMID: 32756296 PMCID: PMC7460323 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium propionate is a safe and reliable food and feed additive. It can be metabolized and absorbed by humans and animals as a precursor for glucose synthesis. In addition, calcium propionate provides essential calcium to mammals. In the perinatal period of dairy cows, many cows cannot adjust to the tremendous metabolic, endocrine, and physiological changes, resulting in ketosis and fatty liver due to a negative energy balance (NEB) or milk fever induced by hypocalcemia. On hot weather days, cow feed (TMR or silage) is susceptible to mildew, which produces mycotoxins. These two issues are closely related to dairy health and performance. Perinatal period metabolic disease significantly reduces cow production and increases the elimination rate because it causes major glucose and calcium deficiencies. Feeding a diet contaminated with mycotoxin leads to rumen metabolic disorders, a reduced reproductive rate (increased abortion rate), an increased number of milk somatic cells, and decreased milk production, as well as an increased occurrence of mastitis and hoof disease. Propionic acid is the primary gluconeogenic precursor in dairy cows and one of the safest mold inhibitors. Therefore, calcium propionate, which can be hydrolyzed into propionic acid and Ca2+ in the rumen, may be a good feed additive for alleviating NEB and milk fever in the perinatal period of dairy cows. It can also be used to inhibit TMR or silage deterioration in hot weather and regulate rumen development in calves. This paper reviews the application of calcium propionate in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.)
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22
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Caputo Oliveira R, Erb SJ, Pralle RS, Holdorf HT, Seely CR, White HM. Postpartum supplementation with fermented ammoniated condensed whey altered nutrient partitioning to support hepatic metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7055-7067. [PMID: 32534927 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previously published paper demonstrated that fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) supplementation improved feed efficiency and metabolic profile in postpartum dairy cows. The objective of this study was to further explore the effects of FACW supplementation on liver triglyceride content, hepatic gene expression and protein abundance, and plasma biomarkers related to liver function, inflammation, and damage. Individually fed multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by calving date and randomly assigned to postpartum (1 to 45 d in milk, DIM) isonitrogenous treatments: control diet (n = 20) or diet supplemented with FACW (2.9% dry matter of diet as GlucoBoost; Fermented Nutrition, Luxemburg, WI, replacing soybean meal; n = 19). Liver biopsies were performed at 14 and 28 DIM for analysis of mRNA expression, protein abundance, and liver triglyceride content. There was marginal evidence for a reduction in liver triglyceride content at 14 DIM in FACW-supplemented cows compared with the control group. Cows supplemented with FACW had greater mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphatase at 14 DIM relative to control. Supplementation with FACW increased mRNA expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), but did not alter cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), resulting in a 2.4-fold greater PC:PCK1 ratio for FACW-supplemented cows compared with control. There was no evidence for a FACW effect on mRNA expression of propionyl-CoA carboxylase nor on mRNA expression or protein abundance of lactate dehydrogenase A or B. Cows supplemented with FACW had lower plasma urea nitrogen compared with control. Plasma l-lactate was greater for FACW-supplemented cows compared with control at 2 h before feeding time at 21 DIM. There was no evidence for altered expression of IL1B or IL10, or blood biomarkers related to liver function and damage. Greater glucose-6-phosphatase and PC gene expression, together with greater blood glucose and similar milk lactose output, suggests that FACW increased the supply of glucose precursors, resulting in greater gluconeogenesis between 3 and 14 DIM. Greater hepatic PC:PCK1 ratio, together with previously reported decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and the marginal evidence for lower liver triglyceride content at 14 DIM, suggests greater hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of fatty acids in FACW-supplemented cows compared with control. Overall, improvements in metabolite profile and feed efficiency observed with postpartum supplementation of FACW may be attributed to increased gluconeogenic and anaplerotic precursors, most likely propionate, due to modulated rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S J Erb
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - R S Pralle
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - H T Holdorf
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - C R Seely
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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23
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Zhan K, Yang TY, Chen Y, Jiang MC, Zhao GQ. Propionate enhances the expression of key genes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5514-5524. [PMID: 32278554 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15 to 50% of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) reach the ruminant small intestine. Previous research suggests that activation of small intestinal gluconeogenesis induced by propionate has beneficial effects on energy homeostasis. However, the regulatory effect of propionate on key gluconeogenic genes in enterocytes of the bovine small intestine remains less known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the long-term cultures of bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIEC) from bovine jejunum tissue using SV40T (1:200; Santa Cruz, Shanghai, China) and investigate the regulatory effect of propionate on the key gluconeogenic genes in BIEC. Our study showed that long-term BIEC cultures were established by SV40T-induced immortalization. Immortal BIEC were distinguished by the expression of cytokeratin 18, villin, fatty acid binding protein 2, and small intestine peptidase. The mRNA expression of genes involved in the SCFA transporters, monocarboxylate transporter 4, and Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms 1 were significantly elevated with 20 mM SCFA compared with untreated controls. In addition, BIEC exhibited significant uptake of propionate and butyrate from the culture medium. Remarkably, 3 mM propionate induced profound changes in mRNA level of key genes involved in gluconeogenesis, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, pyruvate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α. Additionally, 3 mM propionate enhanced the expression of PGC1A mRNA at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of incubation. These findings suggest that propionate controls the mRNA expression of genes involved in key enzymes for gluconeogenesis in the enterocytes of bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tian Yu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yinyin Chen
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mao Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guo Qi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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24
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Cao N, Wu H, Zhang XZ, Meng QX, Zhou ZM. Calcium propionate supplementation alters the ruminal bacterial and archaeal communities in pre- and postweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3204-3218. [PMID: 32113756 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium propionate (CaP) on rumen microbiota, fermentation indicators, and weight gain in calves both pre- and postweaning. Twenty-four newborn calves were randomly divided into 4 groups (2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement): either pre- (90 d) or postweaning (160 d), and either without or with dietary CaP supplementation (5% dry matter). The CaP supplementation increased the body weight and rumen weight of the calves and lowered NH3-N concentration in the rumen. Microbiota composition was characterized by sequencing the amplicons of the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The CaP supplementation decreased the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes but tended to increase that of Proteobacteria. In addition, CaP supplementation decreased the diversity of bacteria and archaea in the rumen compared with the calves fed the control diet. Linear discriminant analysis of the rumen microbiota revealed that Succinivibrionaceae and Methanobrevibacter were enriched in the CaP group postweaning. A correlation was also present between the acetate to propionate ratio and the species that acted as co-occurrence network hubs, including Succiniclasticum, Treponema, and Megasphaera. In conclusion, CaP supplementation can improve body weight gain and rumen growth and alter the ruminal microbiota in calves both pre- and postweaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q X Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Z M Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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25
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Weld KA, Erb SJ, White HM. Short communication: Effect of manipulating fatty acid profile on gluconeogenic gene expression in bovine primary hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7576-7582. [PMID: 31202663 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the peripartum period, dairy cows experience both an increase in circulating fatty acid (FA) profile and a change in circulating FA profile, which have been shown to alter regulation of gluconeogenic genes. The objective was to quantify gene expression of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and FA transport into the mitochondria in primary hepatocytes in response to exposure to an FA mixture mimicking what is circulating in a transition dairy cow with or without enrichment of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from 4 Holstein bull calves 3 d of age (± standard deviation 2 d) and cultured. Twenty-four hours after plating, treatments were applied to the cells for 24-h incubation. Treatments consisted of (1) control (1% BSA), (2) 0.75 mM FA cocktail (3% C14:0, 27% C16:0, 23% C18:0, 31% C18:1, 8% C18:2, and 8% C18:3 to mimic the FA profile of dairy cattle at calving), (3) 0.90 mM FA cocktail, (4) 0.75 mM FA cocktail + 0.15 mM C16:0, (5) 0.75 mM FA cocktail + 0.15 mM C18:0, and (6) 0.75 mM FA cocktail + 0.15 mM C18:1. After harvest in Trizol (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), samples were stored at -80°C until RNA extraction, purification, and reverse transcription. Abundance of mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of genes of interest [carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase] was calculated relative to the average abundance of 2 reference genes (ribosomal protein L32 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which were the most stable out of 3 tested. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with the fixed effect of treatment and calf in the random statement. The addition of FA compared with the 1% BSA treatment increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and cytosolic PCK1. Enrichment with individual FA did not further regulate pyruvate carboxylase or PCK1 beyond that achieved by the basal profile. These results suggest that shifts in circulating FA profile within a biological range, without a difference in the total FA concentration, have minimal effects on transcriptional regulation of hepatic gluconeogenic genes in primary bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Weld
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - S J Erb
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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26
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Chandler TL, White HM. Glucose metabolism is differentially altered by choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217160. [PMID: 31141525 PMCID: PMC6541273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline and methionine serve essential roles in the liver that may interact with glucose metabolism. Our objectives were to quantify glucose export, cellular glycogen, and expression of genes controlling oxidation and gluconeogenesis in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of choline chloride (CC) and D,L-methionine (DLM) with or without fatty acids (FA). Primary hepatocytes isolated from 3 Holstein calves were maintained as monolayer cultures for 24 h before treatment with CC (61, 128, 2028, 4528 μmol/L) and DLM (16, 30, 100, 300 μmol/L) with or without a 1 mmol/L FA cocktail in a factorial design. After 24 h, media was harvested to quantify glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and cells harvested to quantify glycogen, DNA, and gene expression. No interactions between CC and DLM were detected. The potential two-way interaction between CC or DLM and FA was partitioned into three contrasts when P ≤ 0.20: linear without FA, linear with FA, difference of slope. Fatty acids did not affect glucose or cellular glycogen but increased pyruvate carboxylase (PC), cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCKc, PEPCKm), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) expression. Increasing CC decreased glucose but increased cellular glycogen. Expression of PC and PEPCKc was increased by CC during FA treatment. Increasing DLM did not affect metabolites or PC expression, although PEPCKc was marginally decreased. Methionine did not affect G6PC, while CC had a marginal quadratic effect on G6PC. Oxidative and gluconeogenic enzymes appear to respond to FA in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes. Increased PC and PEPCKc by CC during FA treatment suggest increased gluconeogenic capacity. Changes in G6PC may have shifted glucose-6-phosphate towards cellular glycogen; however, subsequent examination of G6PC protein is needed. Unaltered PC and marginally decreased PEPCKc suggest increased oxidative capacity with DLM, although BHB export was unaltered. The differential regulation supports unique effects of CC and DLM within bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawny L. Chandler
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Heather M. White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Liu B, Wang W, Zhu X, Sun X, Xiao J, Li D, Cui Y, Wang C, Shi Y. Response of Gut Microbiota to Dietary Fiber and Metabolic Interaction With SCFAs in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2344. [PMID: 30323803 PMCID: PMC6172335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is increasingly thought to regulate diversity of piglet gut microbiota to alleviate weaning stress in piglets. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of DF on growth performance of piglets and composition of their gut microbiota, as well as the interaction between gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in piglets. A total of 840 piglets were allocated to three dietary treatments consisting of a control group (CG), an alfalfa meal group (AG), and a commodity concentrated fiber group (OG) in a 30-day feeding trial. Gut mucosa and feces samples were used to determine bacterial community diversity by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Fiber treatment had a positive effect on growth performance and metabolism of SCFAs in piglets, in particular, compared with CG, the diarrhea rate was significantly decreased, and the content of propionic acid (PA) in the cecum was markedly increased in AG. The Shannon indices of the jejunum microbiota in AG were higher than CG. At the genus level, compared to CG, in the duodenum, the relative abundance of Paenibacillus in AG and OG was higher; in the jejunum, the relative abundances of Bacillus, Oceanobacillus, Paenibacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, and Exiguobacterium were higher, whereas the relative abundance of Mycoplasma was lower in AG; in the cecum, there was also lower relative abundance of Helicobacter in AG and OG, and furthermore, the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium in OG was higher than in CG and AG. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Pseudobutyrivibrio was positively correlated with acetic acid, PA, and butyric acid (BA), while Bacteroides and Anaerotruncus were negatively correlated with PA and BA. In addition, microbiota analyses among different intestine segments showed distinct differences in microbiota between the proximal and distal intestines. Bacteria in the proximal segments were mainly Firmicutes, while bacteria in the distal segments were mainly Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Overall, these findings suggested that DF treatment could reduce the diarrhea rate of piglets and had beneficial effects on gut health, which might be attributed to the alteration in gut microbiota induced by DF and the interaction of the gut microbiota with SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junnan Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
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28
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Frieten D, Gerbert C, Koch C, Dusel G, Eder K, Kanitz E, Weitzel JM, Hammon HM. Ad libitum milk replacer feeding, but not butyrate supplementation, affects growth performance as well as metabolic and endocrine traits in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6648-6661. [PMID: 28601458 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced growth performance of calves fed a higher plane of nutrition pre-weaning is well documented, and the effect of butyrate on the development of the gastrointestinal tract in calves has been evaluated. The aim of this study was to examine the synergistic effects of ad libitum milk replacer (MR) feeding and butyrate supplementation on growth performance and energy metabolism in calves. Sixty-four (32 male, 32 female) Holstein calves were examined from birth until wk 11 of life. Calves received MR either ad libitum (Adl) or restrictively (Res) with (AdlB+, ResB+) or without (AdlB-, ResB-) 0.24% butyrate supplementation. Colostrum and transition milk were fed in predefined amounts (Res or Adl) for the first 3 d postpartum. Ad libitum and restrictive MR feeding with or without butyrate was performed from d 4 until wk 8 of age. From wk 9 to 10, all calves were gradually weaned and were fed 2 L/d until the end of the trial. Concentrate (CON), hay, and water were freely available. Intakes of MR and CON were measured daily. Calves were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter. Blood was drawn on d 1 before the first colostrum intake; on d 2, 4, and 7; and weekly thereafter until the end of the study to measure plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Liver samples were taken at d 50 and at the end of the study to determine gene expression related to glucose metabolism. Milk, MR, and total nutrient intake were greater, but CON intake was lower in Adl than in Res calves, resulting in a greater body weight, but partially lower gain to feed ratio in Adl than in Res. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were higher during the ad libitum milk-feeding period, whereas plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was lower in Adl than in Res. Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, lactate, total bilirubin, and cortisol were lower, but triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were higher in Adl than in Res at specific time points. Feed intake, growth performance, and metabolic and endocrine changes were insignificantly affected by butyrate, and hepatic gene expression of enzymes related to endogenous glucose production was barely influenced by ad libitum MR feeding and butyrate supplementation. Intensive MR feeding indicated greater stimulation of growth and anabolic metabolism, but butyrate supplementation did not further improve postnatal growth or anabolic processes either in intensive or restrictive MR-fed calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Frieten
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - C Gerbert
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - G Dusel
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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29
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Luo Y, Zhang L, Li H, Smidt H, Wright ADG, Zhang K, Ding X, Zeng Q, Bai S, Wang J, Li J, Zheng P, Tian G, Cai J, Chen D. Different Types of Dietary Fibers Trigger Specific Alterations in Composition and Predicted Functions of Colonic Bacterial Communities in BALB/c Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:966. [PMID: 28611761 PMCID: PMC5447771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble dietary fibers (SDF) are fermented more than insoluble dietary fibers (IDF), but their effect on colonic bacterial community structure and function remains unclear. Thus, bacterial community composition and function in the colon of BALB/c mice (n = 7) fed with a high level (approximately 20%) of typical SDF, oat-derived β-glucan (G), microcrystalline cellulose (M) as IDF, or their mixture (GM), were compared. Mice in group G showed a lowest average feed intake (p < 0.05) but no change on the average body weight gain (p > 0.05) compared to other groups, which may be associated with the highest concentration of colonic propionate (p < 0.05) in these mice. The bacterial α-diversity of group G was significantly lower than other groups (p < 0.01). In group G, the relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly increased, whereas bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). The core bacteria for different treatments showed distinct differences. Bacteroides, Dehalobacterium, and Prevotella, including known acetogens and carbohydrate fermenting organisms, were significantly increased in relative abundance in group G. In contrast, Adlercreutzia, Odoribacter, and Coprococcus were significantly more abundant in group M, whereas Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, and Ruminoccaceae, typical hydrogenotrophs equipped with multiple carbohydrate active enzymes, were remarkably enriched in group GM (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of bacteria from the three classes of Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria (including Enterobacteriaceae) and Deltaproteobacteria, were significantly more abundant in group G, indicating a higher ratio of conditional pathogenic bacteria in mice fed dietary β-glucan in current study. The predicted colonic microbial function showed an enrichment of “Energy metabolism” and “Carbohydrate metabolism” pathways in mice from group G and M, suggesting that the altered bacterial community in the colon of mice with the two dietary fibers probably resulted in a more efficient degradation of dietary polysaccharides. Our result suggests that the influence of dietary β-glucan (SDF) on colonic bacterial community of mice was more extensively than MCC (IDF). Co-supplementation of the two fibers may help to increase the bacterial diversity and reduce the conditional pathogens in the colon of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - André-Denis G Wright
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, TucsonAZ, United States
| | - Keying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shiping Bai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
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Weber C, Schäff C, Kautzsch U, Börner S, Erdmann S, Bruckmaier R, Röntgen M, Kuhla B, Hammon H. Variable liver fat concentration as a proxy for body fat mobilization postpartum has minor effects on insulin-induced changes in hepatic gene expression related to energy metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1507-1520. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ehrhardt S, Schmicke M. Isolation and cultivation of adult primary bovine hepatocytes from abattoir derived liver. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:858-866. [PMID: 28275320 PMCID: PMC5341011 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to establish a cell culture of adult primary bovine hepatocytes obtained from liver following slaughter and to cultivate the cells in a sandwich culture. Cells and medium samples were taken after separation of cells (day 0), during monolayer (days 1, 2 and 3) and during sandwich culture (days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10 and 14). The mRNA expression of BAX, BCL2L, FAS, IGF-1 and GHR1A was measured as well as urea and LDH. Hepatocytes were obtained by using a two-step collagenase perfusion and were purified thereafter by density gradient centrifugation. The viability was 68.2 ± 9.5 %. In sandwich culture, cells have a typical polygonal hepatocyte-like shape, build cell-cell contacts, and show irregularity of cell borders suggesting bile canaliculi generation. The BAX mRNA expression increased on day 1 as well but decreased steadily until day 3 and remained constant for 14 days. Urea- and LDH-concentrations increased from day 4 to day 7. In conclusion, we found that it is possible to gather viable primary hepatocytes from adult bovine liver after slaughter, and that cells gathered this way show typical morphologies, urea-production and low LDH-leakage especially at day 4 in a sandwich system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ehrhardt
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Zhang Q, Bertics SJ, Luchini N, White HM. The effect of increasing concentrations of dl-methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid on hepatic genes controlling methionine regeneration and gluconeogenesis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8451-8460. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Effects of early feeding on the host rumen transcriptome and bacterial diversity in lambs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32479. [PMID: 27576848 PMCID: PMC5006043 DOI: 10.1038/srep32479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Early consumption of starter feed promotes rumen development in lambs. We examined rumen development in lambs fed starter feed for 5 weeks using histological and biochemical analyses and by performing high-throughput sequencing in rumen tissues. Additionally, rumen contents of starter feed-fed lambs were compared to those of breast milk-fed controls. Our physiological and biochemical findings revealed that early starter consumption facilitated rumen development, changed the pattern of ruminal fermentation, and increased the amylase and carboxymethylcellulase activities of rumen micro-organisms. RNA-seq analysis revealed 225 differentially expressed genes between the rumens of breast milk- and starter feed-fed lambs. These DEGs were involved in many metabolic pathways, particularly lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and included HMGCL and HMGCS2. Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed that ruminal bacterial communities were more diverse in breast milk-than in starter feed-fed lambs, and each group had a distinct microbiota. We conclude that early starter feeding is beneficial to rumen development and physiological function in lambs. The underlying mechanism may involve the stimulation of ruminal ketogenesis and butanoate metabolism via HMGCL and HMGCS2 combined with changes in the fermentation type induced by ruminal microbiota. Overall, this study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of rumen development in sheep.
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