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Wang K, Sun S, Zou Y, Gao Y, Gao Z, Wang B, Hua Y, Lu Y, Hu G, Qin L. Effect of Growth Stage on Nutrition, Fermentation Quality, and Microbial Community of Semidry Silage from Forage Soybean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:739. [PMID: 38475585 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) is highly suitable as animal feed. The silage quality and microbial characteristics of soybean silage are still unclear. Forage soybean (HN389), at six different growth stages (R2-R7), were used as experimental materials to investigate the changes in fermentation, nutritional quality, and microbial characteristics of semidry silage after 0, 7, 14, 30, and 45 d. As the growth period extended, the content of crude protein (CP) and crude fat (EE) gradually increased, while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF) content decreased. The pH value also decreased gradually with fermentation time, accompanied by increases in the proportion of ammonia-N and the content of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA). In addition, competitive inhibition was observed in the microbial fermentation. With the process of ensiling, Lactobacillus became the dominant bacterial species. The results indicate that the most active stage of fermentation during ensiling occurred within the first 7 days, the fermentation and nutritional quality of the soybean forage were improved, and the optimal mowing stage was the grain stage. Comparison of the microbial abundance showed that all microorganisms entered a stable stage at 30 days of silage. After storage, the dominant bacteria were Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Pantoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilin Zou
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yongqi Gao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zifeng Gao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yi Hua
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yalin Lu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guofu Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ligang Qin
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Hodge I, Quille P, O’Connell S. A Review of Potential Feed Additives Intended for Carbon Footprint Reduction through Methane Abatement in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:568. [PMID: 38396536 PMCID: PMC10885959 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Eight rumen additives were chosen for an enteric methane-mitigating comparison study including garlic oil (GO), nitrate, Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), Asparagopsis (ASP), Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB), chitosan (CHI), essential oils (EOs) and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). Dose-dependent analysis was carried out on selected feed additives using a meta-analysis approach to determine effectiveness in live subjects or potential efficacy in live animal trials with particular attention given to enteric gas, volatile fatty acid concentrations, and rumen microbial counts. All meta-analysis involving additives GO, nitrates, LAB, CHI, EOs, and 3-NOP revealed a reduction in methane production, while individual studies for AN and ASP displayed ruminal bacterial community improvement and a reduction in enteric CH4. Rumen protozoal depression was observed with GO and AN supplementation as well as an increase in propionate production with GO, LAB, ASP, CHI, and 3-NOP rumen fluid inoculation. GO, AN, ASP, and LAB demonstrated mechanisms in vitro as feed additives to improve rumen function and act as enteric methane mitigators. Enzyme inhibitor 3-NOP displays the greatest in vivo CH4 mitigating capabilities compared to essential oil commercial products. Furthermore, this meta-analysis study revealed that in vitro studies in general displayed a greater level of methane mitigation with these compounds than was seen in vivo, emphasising the importance of in vivo trials for final verification of use. While in vitro gas production systems predict in vivo methane production and fermentation trends with reasonable accuracy, it is necessary to confirm feed additive rumen influence in vivo before practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hodge
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Munster Technological University, V92 HD4V Tralee, Kerry, Ireland; (P.Q.); (S.O.)
- Research and Development Biotechnology Centre, Marigot Ltd., Shanbally, P43 E409 Ringaskiddy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick Quille
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Munster Technological University, V92 HD4V Tralee, Kerry, Ireland; (P.Q.); (S.O.)
| | - Shane O’Connell
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Munster Technological University, V92 HD4V Tralee, Kerry, Ireland; (P.Q.); (S.O.)
- Research and Development Biotechnology Centre, Marigot Ltd., Shanbally, P43 E409 Ringaskiddy, Cork, Ireland
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Bai B, Qiu R, Wang Z, Liu Y, Bao J, Sun L, Liu T, Ge G, Jia Y. Effects of Cellulase and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Ensiling Performance and Bacterial Community of Caragana korshinskii Silage. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020337. [PMID: 36838303 PMCID: PMC9959102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cellulase (CE) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on Caragana korshinskii silage by analyzing the fermentation parameters, chemical composition, and bacterial community. The Caragana korshinskii was harvested at the fruiting period and treated with cellulase and LAB alone as a control treatment with no additive (CK). The ensiling performance and bacterial community were determined after 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of fermentation process. Compared with the CK group, the pH, dry matter loss, and ammonia nitrogen content were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the LAB and CE treatments. Compared with the CK and LAB group, the contents of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin in the CE group decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the water-soluble carbohydrates, acetic acid, and lactic acid concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.05). At the genus level of microorganisms, the addition of cellulase and LAB significantly reduced the microbial diversity. Compared with the CK group (78.05%), the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus in the CE group (90.19%) and LAB group (88.40%) significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The relative abundance of Pediococcus in the CE group (3.66%) and LAB group (2.14%) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in the CK group (14.73%). Predicted functional profiling of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the addition of cellulase and LAB increased the pyruvate metabolic pathway during Caragana korshinskii silage, thereby increasing the accumulation of lactic acid concentration. The addition of cellulase expressed a better advantage in the biosynthetic capacity of lysine. In summary, the addition of cellulase and LAB could adjust the bacterial community to improve the silage quality of Caragana korshinskii, and the addition of cellulase exhibited better results than the LAB additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Rui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yichao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Tingyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Correspondence:
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Okoye CO, Wei Z, Jiang H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Gao L, Li X, Jiang J. Metagenomics analysis reveals the performance of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria in alfalfa silage fermentation, bacterial community, and functional profiles. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad163. [PMID: 37280111 PMCID: PMC10243974 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a kind of roughage frequently utilized as an animal feed but challenging to be ensiled due to its low water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), high water content, and elevated buffering capacity, thus requiring the application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to improve its fermentation. This study employed high-throughput metagenomic sequence technology to reveal the effects of homofermentative LAB, Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp), or Pediococcus pentosaceus (Pp), and heterofermentative LAB, L. buchneri (Lb), or their combinations (LbLp or LbPp) (applied at 1.0 × 109 colony forming units (cfu) per kilogram of alfalfa biomass fresh material) on the fermentation, microbial community, and functional profiles of alfalfa silage after 7, 14, 30, and 60 ensiling days. The results indicated a reduction (P < 0.05) in glucose and pH and higher (P < 0.05) beneficial organic acid contents, xylose, crude protein, ammonia nitrogen, and aerobic stability in Lb-, LbPp-, and LbLp-inoculated alfalfa silages after 30 and 60 d. Also, higher (P < 0.05) WSC contents were recorded in LbLp-inoculated alfalfa silages after 30 d (10.84 g/kg dry matter [DM]) and 60 d (10.92 g/kg DM). Besides, LbLp-inoculated alfalfa silages recorded higher (P < 0.05) LAB count (9.92 log10 cfu/g) after 60 d. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the combined LAB inoculants in LbLp-inoculated alfalfa silages and dominant LAB genera, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus, with fermentation properties after 30 and 60 d. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses further showed that the L. buchneri PC-C1 and L. plantarum YC1-1-4B combination improved carbohydrate metabolism and facilitated further degradation of polysaccharides in alfalfa after 60 d of ensiling. These findings reveal the significant performance of L. buchneri and L. plantarum in combination with dominant LAB species in suppressing the growth of Clostridia, molds, and yeasts and improving the fermentation characteristics and functional carbohydrate metabolism of alfalfa after 60 d ensiling, thus suggesting the need for further studies to uncover the diverse performance of the LAB combination and their consortium with other natural and artificial inoculants in various kinds of silages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Zhenwu Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xia Li
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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5
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The performance of lactic acid bacteria in silage production: a review of modern biotechnology for silage improvement. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effects of Adding Ethanol Extract of Propolis on the Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability, Fatty Acid Profile, and In Vitro Digestibility of Alfalfa Silages. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was planned to determine the effects of ethanol extract of propolis on the fermentation quality, fatty acid profile, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silages. The ethanol extract of propolis was added to alfalfa at levels of 1000 mg/kg (PROP1), 2000 mg/kg (PROP2), and 3000 mg/kg (PROP3); propolis was not added to the control (CON) group. After the propolis was added, the pH value of the alfalfa silage declined, and the crude protein content was effectively preserved (p < 0.05). Adding propolis to alfalfa silages caused crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber (p < 0.05) to decrease. The ethanol extract of propolis significantly improved the lactic acid content and reduced the NH3-N content (p < 0.05). Propolis significantly improved the unsaturated fatty acid content (p < 0.05) and reduced the saturated fatty acid content (p < 0.05). In addition, propolis significantly improved the relative feed value, the digestibility of the organic matter, and the in vitro metabolic energy content (p < 0.05). These results show that the ethanol extract of propolis improves the silage quality of last cutting alfalfa silages, and has potential as an antimicrobial silage additive.
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Li M, Fan X, Cheng Q, Chen Y, Long J, Lei Y, Li P, Chen C. Effect of Amomum villosum essential oil as an additive on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and bacterial community of paper mulberry silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951958. [PMID: 35935221 PMCID: PMC9355139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L., PM) is being used as a new type of animal protein feed to address the feed crisis. To investigate the effect of additives on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and bacterial community of PM silage (at room temperature, 25°), paper mulberry was fermented with formic acid (FA), Amomum villosum essential oil (AVEO) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant treatments. The results showed that fresh PM had a low water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content and large amounts of unclassified bacteria. Compared with the CK and LAB treatments, the FA and AVEO treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the pH and increased the lactic acid content of PM silage after 60 days of ensiling. In the AVEO-treated silages the abundance of Lactococcus in the early stage of ensiling increased by 14.09%, the abundances of Levilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus in the late stage of ensiling increased by 58.34 and 91.12%, respectively, and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas decreased by 94.71%, resulting in improved PM silage quality. These results confirmed that AVEO could potentially be developed as a new additive for improving the fermentation quality of silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoya Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiming Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiming Cheng,
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianhua Long
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yao Lei
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiming Cheng,
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Xian Z, Wu J, Deng M, Wang M, Tian H, Liu D, Li Y, Liu G, Sun B, Guo Y. Effects of Cellulase and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the Fermentation Parameters, Nutrients, and Bacterial Community in Cassia alata Silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:926065. [PMID: 35875586 PMCID: PMC9301268 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.926065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Silage Cassia alata (CA) can alleviate feed shortage in some areas to a certain extent and reduce feed costs. The present research evaluated the effect of cellulase (CE) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) on the fermentation parameters, nutrients, and bacterial community of CA silage. Chopped CA was ensiled with three different treatments, namely, no inoculant (CK), CE, and LP, and the indexes were determined on the 2nd, 6th, 14th, and 30th days of silage fermentation. The fermentation parameters indicate that the pH value of the three groups decreased and then increased with the ensilage process, and the lowest value was observed on the 14th day. The CK and LP groups attained the highest value on the 30th day, while the CE group attained the highest value on the 2nd day. Additionally, the pH value and NH3-N content were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the CE and LP groups than in the CK group. In terms of nutrients, crude protein (CP) contents significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the CE and LP groups on the 30th day. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the CE group were significantly and negatively associated with fermentation time, and the water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents of the three groups were significantly lower during ensiling. In comparison with the CK group, the NDF and ADF contents were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the WSC content increased (P < 0.05) in the CE group on day 30. Sequencing analysis of bacterial communities showed that Lactobacillus became the most dominant genus in the ensilage process. Moreover, both CE and LP groups increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased that of Klebsiella, Weissella, and Acetobacter in comparison to the CK group, in which LP had a better effect. CE and LP could further improve the silage quality of CA, and LP had a more significant effect in reconstructing the bacterial community in the silage environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Li J, Wang W, Chen S, Shao T, Tao X, Yuan X. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100699. [PMID: 34678992 PMCID: PMC8537395 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (106 cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum were sprayed (5 mL) on corn forage on 27 July and 10 August 2018. On 21 August 2018, sprayed (FI; 3 plots) and unsprayed (NFI; 3 plots) corn forage were harvested at the 1/2 kernel milk line stage, followed by chopping and ensiling without inoculants (CON), or with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), Lactobacillus plantarum (LT, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), or L. buchneri + L. plantarum (BT: both L. buchneri and L. plantarum applied at 0.5 × 106 cfu/g FW). After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages had a higher (p < 0.05) pH value and higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations, but lower (p < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage. The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages; ensiling decreased (p < 0.05) AFB1 concentration compared with fresh corn, and LB and BT decreased AFB1 concentration compared with CON. The zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) concentrations were similar (p < 0.05) for NFI silages, while ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (p < 0.05) among all FI silages; DON and FB1 concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages. The fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages. The FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, and Epicoccum than the corresponding NFI silages. The RA of Aspergillus and Fusarium markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation. The Penicillium in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling, while the inoculants decreased the RA of Penicillium. Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities.
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Li Y, da Silva EB, Novinski CO, Kung L. Effect of microbial and chemical additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage ensiled at 2 dry matters and subjected to air stress during storage. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab174. [PMID: 34051076 PMCID: PMC8315128 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of different types of additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) ensiled at 2 dry matters (DM). Alfalfa was untreated (CTRL) or treated with sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite (SFE), or microbial inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 [LP] or L. buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentocaseus 12455 [LBPP]) at a moderate (38%) and high (46%) DM using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. High DM silage was higher (P < 0.01) in pH, had less lactic and acetic acid (P < 0.01) and had more yeasts (P < 0.05) and molds (P < 0.01) than moderate DM silage. Recovery of DM declined (P < 0.01) for CTRL and LP treated silages with increasing DM but was not different between LBPP and SFE treatments. Compared to CTRL, LBPP had a lower (P < 0.01) DM recovery at the moderate DM, but SFE had the greatest (P < 0.01) recovery of all treatments at the high DM. Treatment with LBPP increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of acetic acid and 1,2 propanediol (PD) compared with other treatments (P < 0.01). Numerically, fewer yeasts were found in additive treated silages compared with CTRL, but they were statistically (P < 0.01) lower only when treated with SFE. Treatment with LP resulted in a small improvement in aerobic stability at the moderate but not high DM. In contrast, treatment with SFE and LBPP markedly improved (P < 0.01) the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage at both DM. Whereas SFE and LBPP were similar in their improvements in aerobic stability at the DM, LBPP was better (P < 0.01) than SFE at the high DM. A higher (P < 0.01) concentration of acetic acid in LBPP compared with other treatments was most likely responsible for better stability. This study showed that LBPP and SFE resulted in increases in the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage and it is the first study showing SFE, can markedly improve the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Li
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Erica B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
| | - Charles O Novinski
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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Changes in physico-chemical characteristics and viable bacterial communities during fermentation of alfalfa silages inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:127. [PMID: 34181131 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of inoculating Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum PS-8 in fermentation of alfalfa silages. We monitored the fermentation characteristics and bacterial population dynamics during the ensiling process. PacBio single molecule real time sequencing was combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment to monitor the viable microbiota dynamics. We found that inoculating L. plantarum PS-8 may improve the silage quality by accelerating acidification, reducing the amounts of clostridia, coliform bacteria, molds and yeasts, elevating the protein and organic acid contents (except butyrate), and enhancing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) while suppressing harmful microorganisms. Some significant differential abundant taxa were found between the PMA-treated and non-treated microbiota. For example, the relative abundances of L. brevis, L. plantarum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus were significantly higher in the PMA-treated group than the non-PMA-treated group, suggesting obvious differences between the viable and non-viable microbiota. It would thus be necessary to distinguish between the viable and non-viable microbial communities to further understand their physiological contribution in silage fermentation. By tracking the dynamics of viable microbiota in relation with changes in the physico-chemical parameters, our study provided novel insights into the beneficial effects of inoculating L. plantarum PS-8 in silage fermentation and the physiological function of the viable bacterial communities.
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Yang F, Zhao S, Wang Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Feng C. Assessment of Bacterial Community Composition and Dynamics in Alfalfa Silages With and Without Lactobacillus plantarum Inoculation Using Absolute Quantification 16S rRNA Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:629894. [PMID: 33584594 PMCID: PMC7874219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.629894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative quantification 16S-seq (RQS) has drawn deeper insights into bacterial community compositions in silage. However, it provides no information on dynamics of the total amount of bacterial DNA through the ensiling process and across different treatments. In this study, bacterial compositions in alfalfa silage with and without Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation after 10 and 60days of ensiling were investigated using absolute quantification 16S-seq (AQS), and bacterial composition and its interaction with fermentation properties of silage indicated by AQS and RQS were compared. Variation in total bacterial DNA amounts across different treatments and ensiling periods was illustrated by AQS. AQS indicated higher bacterial richness indices and closer correlations of these indices with fermentation properties than RQS via spearman's correlation analyses, as well as more taxa with significance on bacterial abundance via lefse analyses. In conclusion, AQS effectively illustrated the dynamics of bacterial communities during the ensiling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, College of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, College of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, College of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, College of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changsong Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Puntillo M, Gaggiotti M, Oteiza JM, Binetti A, Massera A, Vinderola G. Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Different Forages as Silage Inoculants for Improving Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586716. [PMID: 33363520 PMCID: PMC7752947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed at isolating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from different plant materials to study their crossed-fermentation capacity in silos and to find strains able to confer enhanced aerobic stability to silage. A total of 129 LAB isolates were obtained from lucerne (alfalfa), maize, sorghum, ryegrass, rice, barley, canola, Gatton panic, Melilotus albus, soy, white clover, wheat, sunflower, oat, and moha. Four Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum strains (isolated from oat, lucerne, sorghum, or maize) were selected for their growth capacity. Identity (16S sequencing) and diversity (RAPD-PCR) were confirmed. Fermentative capacity (inoculated at 104, 105, 106, 107 CFU/g) was studied in maize silage and their cross-fermentation capacity was assessed in oat, lucerne, sorghum, and maize. Heterofermentative strains with the highest acetic acid production capacity conferred higher aerobic stability to maize silages. Regardless the source of isolation, L. plantarum strains, inoculated at a rate of 106 CFU/g, were effective to produce silage from different plant materials. From more than 100 isolates obtained, the application of a succession of experiments allowed us to narrow down the number of potential candidates of silage inoculants to two strains. Based on the studies made, L. plantarum LpM15 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum LfM1 showed potential to be used as inoculants, however further studies are needed to determine their performance when inoculated together. The former because it positively influenced different quality parameters in oat, lucerne, sorghum, and maize silage, and the latter because of its capacity to confer enhanced aerobic stability to maize silage. The rest of the strains constitute a valuable collection of autochthonous strains that will be further studied in the future for new applications in animal or human foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Puntillo
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Gaggiotti
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Leche y Agroindustria, INTA EEA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Oteiza
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Ana Binetti
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ariel Massera
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Leche y Agroindustria, INTA EEA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Nazar M, Wang S, Zhao J, Dong Z, Li J, Ali Kaka N, Shao T. Effects of various epiphytic microbiota inoculation on the fermentation quality and microbial community dynamics during the ensiling of sterile Napier grass. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1466-1480. [PMID: 33063914 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate epiphytic microbiota transformation of forages, their adaptation and contributions to fermentation quality of silage. METHODS AND RESULTS Gamma-irradiated chopped Napier grass were ensiled with distilled water (STR), extracted epiphytic microbiota of Napier grass (NAP), sudan grass (SUD), whole crop corn (WCC) and forage sorghum (FS). Inoculating Napier grass with WCC significantly increased lactic acid (LA) concentrations during the initial ensiling period followed by a decline after 30 days. Relative to other silages (except STR) inoculation with NAP resulted in lower LA and greater pH, ammonia-N and dry matter (DM) losses. Silage inoculated with FS and SUD maintained lower pH as well as higher (P < 0·05) LA concentrations after 60 days of storage. During day 3 of ensilage, WCC, NAP and SUD inoculated silage were dominated by bacterial genera of Lactobacillus, while Lactococcus dominated the FS silage. Final silages were dominated by Lactobacillus in all treatment silages, however Enterobacter (16·3%) in NAP and Acetobacter (25·7%) in WCC silage were also prominent during the final ensiling. CONCLUSION The inoculation of epiphytic microbiota of forage sorghum and sudan grass positively influenced the microbial community and fermentability of sterile Napier grass silage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first time to investigate the effects of various epiphytic microbiota as silage inoculants which can be used as alternative source of environmental friendly and economically feasible silage additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazar
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - S Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - N Ali Kaka
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - T Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chen L, Qu H, Bai S, Yan L, You M, Gou W, Li P, Gao F. Effect of wet sea buckthorn pomace utilized as an additive on silage fermentation profile and bacterial community composition of alfalfa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123773. [PMID: 32645569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To effectively preserve nutrients, alfalfa silage was treated without (control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and their mixture (LP + SBP). Results showed that SBP decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value and ammonia-N of total N, increased (P < 0.05) lactic, acetic and propionic acid contents, resulting in more residual water soluble carbohydrate and crude protein contents and less fiber content in relative to control. Moreover, SBP decreased (P < 0.05) the number of observed species, richness index of ACE and diversity index of Shannon at early stage of ensiling, while Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, and/or Lactobacillus brevis dominated in silages. In particular, LP + SBP enhanced the growth of Lactococcus lactic at early stage and Lactobacillus plantarum at late stage of ensiling, resulting in higher lactic and acetic acid contents and lower propionic acid content as compared with LP. These confirmed that SBP could be used as an additive for improving silage quality of alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyin Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611431, China
| | - Hui Qu
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611431, China
| | - Lijun Yan
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611431, China
| | - Minghong You
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611431, China
| | - Wenlong Gou
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611431, China
| | - Ping Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611431, China.
| | - Fengqin Gao
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China.
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Dong L, Zhang H, Gao Y, Diao Q. Dynamic profiles of fermentation characteristics and bacterial community composition of Broussonetia papyrifera ensiled with perennial ryegrass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123396. [PMID: 32388351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Broussonetia papyrifera (B. papyrifera) has been proposed to improve silage fermentation due to its high content of protein and abundant active plant extracts. Thus, dynamic profiles of fermentation quality and bacterial community of B. papyrifera mixing with perennial ryegrass in different ratios: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 were examined during 60-d fermentation. Results showed that adding perennial ryegrass increased soluble carbohydrate content and lactic acid production in silage and decreased pH and population of epiphytic microorganisms. Adding ryegrass exerted a remarkable effect on the silage bacterial community with a dramatic decrease in the abundance of Enterobacter. Spearman's rank correlation showed that silage lactic acid concentration was positively correlated with Lactobacillus and Stenotrophomonas abundance, while ammonia nitrogen concentration was positively correlated with the abundance of Enterobacter. In conclusion, B. papyrifera ensiled with perennial ryegrass could improve B. papyrifera silage quality and provide high-quality forage resources for sustainable ruminant livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Dong
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Sino-US Joint, Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yanhua Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, South Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Sino-US Joint, Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing, China.
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Low-Carbohydrate Tolerant LAB Strains Identified from Rumen Fluid: Investigation of Probiotic Activity and Legume Silage Fermentation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071044. [PMID: 32674395 PMCID: PMC7409070 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with low carbohydrate tolerance from rumen fluid and to elucidate their probiotic properties and the quality of fermentation of Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium incarnatum L. silage in vitro. We isolated 39 LAB strains and screened for growth in MRS broth and a low-carbohydrate supplemented medium; among them, two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum) RJ1 and Pediococcus pentosaceus S22, were able to grow faster in the low-carbohydrate medium. Both strains have promising probiotic characteristics including antagonistic activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and E. faecalis; the ability to survive in simulated gastric-intestinal fluid; tolerance to bile salts; and proteolytic activity. Furthermore, an in vitro silage fermentation study revealed that alfalfa and crimson clover silage inoculated with RJ1 and S22 showed significantly decreased pH and an increased LAB population at the end of fermentation. Also, the highest lactic acid production was noted (p < 0.05) in LAB-inoculated silage vs. non-inoculated legume silage at high moisture. Overall, the data suggest that RJ1 and S22 could be effective strains for fermentation of legume silage.
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Novel lactic acid bacteria strains enhance the conservation of elephant grass silage cv. BRS Capiaçu. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Yan Y, Li X, Guan H, Huang L, Ma X, Peng Y, Li Z, Nie G, Zhou J, Yang W, Cai Y, Zhang X. Microbial community and fermentation characteristic of Italian ryegrass silage prepared with corn stover and lactic acid bacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:166-173. [PMID: 30721817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial community determined via PacBio single molecule, real-time sequencing technology (SMRT) and the fermentation characteristics of Italian ryegrass (IR, 82% moisture) silage prepared with corn stover (CS) were investigated. A selected strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (L694) and a commercial inoculant stain of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) were used as additives. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) effectively improved silage quality. After fermentation, Lactobacillus plantarum was the dominant species in IR + LP and IR + L694 treatments, which led to higher (P < 0.05) lactic acid and lower (P < 0.05) butyric acid production. Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus hammesii, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus coryniformis were abundantly present in IR + CS + LP and IR + CS + L694 treatments, and acetic acid contents of these were higher (P < 0.05) than those of other silages. This study demonstrated that addition of CS and LAB can change the microbial community and influence the silage fermentation of IR, and PacBio SMRT reveals more specific microbial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Gang Nie
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jiqiong Zhou
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronmy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan.
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Liu B, Huan H, Gu H, Xu N, Shen Q, Ding C. Dynamics of a microbial community during ensiling and upon aerobic exposure in lactic acid bacteria inoculation-treated and untreated barley silages. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:212-219. [PMID: 30447622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of lactic acid bacteria on bacterial and fungal community during the fermentation process and aerobic exposure phase of barley ensiled with preparation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The inoculated silages displayed higher contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid as well as a greater number of lactic acid bacteria during ensiling. LAB-treated silage decreased the bacterial diversity during both ensiling and aerobic exposure but increased the fungal diversity during ensiling of barley. LAB-treated silage during ensiling increased the abundance of Lactobacillus but decreased that of Weissella. After aerobic exposure, LAB-treated silage increased the abundance of Lactobacillus but decreased that of Acinetobacter. Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Providencia, and Empedobacter were the dominant bacteria after aerobic exposure. In conclusion, LAB-treated silage enhanced the number of desirable Lactobacillus and inhibited the growth of undesirable microorganisms, such as Acinetobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyi Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China
| | - Hailin Huan
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China
| | - Hongru Gu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China
| | - Nengxiang Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Zhongxin Agricultural Machinery Service Cooperative of Dafeng, Yancheng 224100, China
| | - Chenlong Ding
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nangjing 210014, China.
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Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4093-4110. [PMID: 29685279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage may contain several agents that are potentially hazardous to animal health, the safety of milk or other animal food products, or both. This paper reviews published literature about microbial hazards, plant toxins, and chemical hazards. Microbial hazards include Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium bovis, and various mold species. High concentrations of C. botulinum in silage have been associated with cattle botulism. A high initial concentration of C. botulinum spores in forage in combination with poor silage fermentation conditions can promote the growth of C. botulinum in silage. The elevated pH level that is generally associated with aerobic deterioration of silage is a major factor influencing concentrations of L. monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and molds in silage and may also encourage survival and growth of M. bovis, the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis. Soil is a major source of B. cereus spores in silage; growth of this bacterium in silage appears to be limited. Hazards from plant toxins include pyrrolizidine, tropane and tropolone alkaloids, phytoestrogens, prussic acid, and mimosine, compounds that exist naturally in certain plant species that may contaminate forages at harvesting. Another group of toxins belonging to this category are ergot alkaloids, which are produced by endophytic fungal species in forages such as tall fescue grass, sorghum, and ryegrass. Varying effects of ensiling on the degradation of these plant toxins have been reported. Chemical hazards include nitrate, nitrite, and toxic oxide gases of nitrogen produced from nitrate and high levels of butyric acid, biogenic amines, and ammonia. Chemical and microbiological hazards are associated with poorly fermented silages, which can be avoided by using proper silage-making practices and creating conditions that promote a rapid and sufficient reduction of the silage pH and prevent aerobic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Driehuis
- NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands.
| | - J M Wilkinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - I Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
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Queiroz O, Ogunade I, Weinberg Z, Adesogan A. Silage review: Foodborne pathogens in silage and their mitigation by silage additives. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4132-4142. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Ogunade I, Jiang Y, Pech Cervantes A, Kim D, Oliveira A, Vyas D, Weinberg Z, Jeong K, Adesogan A. Bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa silage as analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing: Effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and silage additives. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2048-2059. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang M, Wang X, Cui M, Wang Y, Jiao Z, Tan Z. Ensilage of oats and wheatgrass under natural alpine climatic conditions by indigenous lactic acid bacteria species isolated from high-cold areas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192368. [PMID: 29408855 PMCID: PMC5800594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different species of selected broad-spectrum antibiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from extremely high-cold areas were used as starters to ferment indigenous forage oats and wheatgrass under rigid alpine climatic conditions. The five isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum QZ227, Enterococcus mundtii QZ251, Pediococcus cellicola QZ311, Leuconostoc mesenteroides QZ1137 and Lactococcus lactis QZ613, and commercial Lactobacillus plantarum FG1 was used as the positive control and sterile water as the negative control. The minimum and maximum temperatures were -22°C and 23°C during the fermentation process, respectively. The pH of wheatgrass silage fermented by the QZ227 and FG1 inocula reached the expected values (≤4.15) although the pathogens detected in the silage should be further investigated. All of the inocula additives used in this study were effective in improving the fermentation quality of oat silage as indicated by the higher content of lactic acid, lower pH values (≤4.17) and significant inhibition of pathogens. QZ227 exhibited a fermentation ability that was comparable with the commercial inoculum FG1 for the whole process, and the deterioration rate was significantly lower than for FG1 after storage for 7 months. The pathogens Escherichia coli, mold and yeast were counted and isolated from the deteriorated silage. E. coli were the main NH3-N producer while F. fungi and yeast produced very little.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, College of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, College of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meiyan Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, College of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, College of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, College of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongfang Tan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, College of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yuan XJ, Wen AY, Wang J, Desta ST, Dong ZH, Shao T. Effects of four short-chain fatty acids or salts on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:328-335. [PMID: 28585343 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of four chemicals on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage. Wilted alfalfa was ensiled without additive (control), or with formic acid (FA), potassium diformate (KDF), sodium diacetate (SDA) or calcium propionate (CAP). RESULTS After 60 days of ensiling, the pH values in FA, KDF and SDA silages were lower (P < 0.05) compared to that of control and CAP silages, and chemicals (P < 0.05) decreased butyric acid and ammonia N concentrations and populations of aerobic bacteria and yeasts compared to the control. The SDA and CAP silages had a higher (P < 0.05) lactic acid bacteria content compared to the FA and KDF silages. The SDA and CAP silages had higher (P < 0.05) acetic and propionic acid contents compared to the other silages, respectively. The ammonia N concentrations in the FA and KDF silages were lower compared to the other silages during the first 5 days of aerobic exposure, and then increased sharply to 105 and 100 g kg-1 total N, respectively, which was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the SDA and CAP silages on day 9 of aerobic exposure. Yeasts and aerobic bacteria counts in SDA silage slowly increased and remained at lower levels compared to the other silages after 7 days of aerobic exposure. CONCLUSION Additives prolonged the aerobic stability duration compared to the control, and the SDA and CAP silages remained stable for more than 216 h, followed by the KDF and FA silages (202 and 196 h, respectively). © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian J Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Y Wen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Feng Yang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry collage, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Seare T Desta
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi H Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AA, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Kim D, Li X, Gonçalves MC, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4587-4603. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dong Z, Yuan X, Wen A, Desta ST, Shao T. Effects of calcium propionate on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1278-1284. [PMID: 28423881 PMCID: PMC5582284 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the potency of calcium propionate (CAP) used as silage additive, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of CAP on the nitrogen transformation, fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silages. Methods Alfalfa was ensiled with four levels of CAP (5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg of fresh weight [FW]) in laboratory silos for 30 days. After opening, the silages were analyzed for the chemical and microbiological characteristics, and subjected to an aerobic stability test. Results The increasing proportion of CAP did not affect pH, lactic acid (LA) concentrations and yeast counts, while linearly decreased counts of enterobacteria (p = 0.029), molds (p<0.001) and clostridia (p<0.001), and concentrations of acetic acid (p<0.001), propionic acid (p<0.001), butyric acid (p<0.001), and ethanol (p = 0.007), and quadratically (p = 0.001) increased lactic acid bacteria counts. With increasing the proportion of CAP, the dry matter (DM) loss (p<0.001), free amino acid N (p<0.001), ammonia N (p = 0.004), and non-protein N (p<0.001) contents were linearly reduced, whereas DM (p = 0.048), water soluble carbohydrate (p<0.001) and peptide N (p<0.001) contents were linearly increased. The highest Flieg’s point was found in CAP10 (75.9), represented the best fermentation quality. All silages treated with CAP improved aerobic stability as indicated by increased stable hours compared with control. Conclusion The addition of CAP can suppress the undesirable microorganisms during ensiling and exposure to air, thereby improving the fermentation quality and aerobic stability as well as retarding the proteolysis of alfalfa silage. It is suggested that CAP used as an additive is recommended at a level of 10 g/kg FW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aiyou Wen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Seare T Desta
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ogunade I, Jiang Y, Kim D, Cervantes AP, Arriola K, Vyas D, Weinberg Z, Jeong K, Adesogan A. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and bacterial diversity in corn silage contaminated with the pathogen and treated with chemical or microbial additives. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1780-1794. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yuan X, Wen A, Desta ST, Wang J, Shao T. Effects of sodium diacetate on the fermentation profile, chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:804-810. [PMID: 28111451 PMCID: PMC5411843 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium diacetate (SDA) on fermentation profile, chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage. Methods Fresh alfalfa was ensiled with various concentrations of SDA (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 g/kg of fresh forage). After 60 days of the ensiling, the samples were collected to examine the fermentative quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability. Results The application of SDA significantly (p<0.05) decreased silage pH with the lowest value in silage with 7 g/kg of SDA. The proliferations of enterobacteria, yeasts, molds and clostridia were inhibited by SDA, resulted in lower ethanol, propionic and butyric acid concentrations and dry matter loss in SDA treated silages than control. The increasing SDA linearly decreased free amino acid N (p<0.001), ammonia N (p = 0.018) and non-protein N (p<0.001), while linearly increased water soluble carbohydrate (p<0.001) and peptide N (p<0.001). It is speculated that SDA accelerated the shift from homofermentative to heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria during the silage fermentation, indicated by lower lactic acid production in SDA-9 than SDA-7 silages after 60 days of ensiling. Alfalfa silages treated with SDA at 7 g/kg had highest Flieg’s point and remained stable more than 9 d during aerobic exposure under humid and hot conditions in southern China. Conclusion SDA may be used as an additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 7 g/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianJun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - AiYou Wen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Seare T Desta
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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