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Tiraboschi G, Isaac P, Breser ML, Angiolini V, Rodriguez-Berdini L, Porporatto C, Bohl LP. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3-mediated effects on bovine innate immunity and on biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cattle with mastitis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106508. [PMID: 38521361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is one the most widespread and serious diseases in dairy cattle. Recurrent and chronic infections are often attributable to certain pathogenicity mechanisms in mastitis-causing pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp. These include growing in biofilm and invading cells, both of which make it possible to resist or evade antimicrobial therapies and the host's immune system. This study tested the effects of active vitamin D3 (i.e., calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) on the internalization and phagocytosis of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. isolated from animals with mastitis. Two established bovine cell lines were used: MAC-T (mammary epithelial cells) and BoMac (macrophages). Calcitriol (0-200 nM) did not affect the viability of MAC-T cells nor that of BoMac cells after 24 and 72 h. Concentrations of 0-100 mM for 24 h upregulated the expression of 24-hydroxylase in MAC-T cells, but did not alter that of VDR. Pre-treatment of the cells with calcitriol for 24 h decreased the internalization of S. aureus V329 into MAC-T cells (0-100 nM), and stimulated the phagocytosis of the same strain and of S. xylosus 4913 (0-10 nM). Calcitriol and two conditioned media, obtained by treating the cells with 25-200 nM of the metabolite for 24 h, were also assessed in terms of their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Neither calcitriol by itself nor the conditioned media affected staphylococcal growth or biofilm formation (0-200 nM for 12 and 24 h, respectively). In contrast, the conditioned media (0-100 nM for 24 h) decreased the biomass of preformed non-aureus staphylococcal biofilms and killed the bacteria within them, without affecting metabolic activity. These effects may be mediated by reactive oxygen species and proteins with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activity. In short, calcitriol could make pathogens more accessible to antimicrobial therapies and enhance bacterial clearance by professional phagocytes. Moreover, it may modulate the host's endogenous defenses in the bovine udder and help combat preformed non-aureus staphylococcal biofilms (S. chromogenes 40, S. xylosus 4913, and/or S. haemolyticus 6). The findings confirm calcitriol's potential as an adjuvant to prevent and/or treat intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus spp., which would in turn contribute to reducing antibiotic use on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Tiraboschi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Isaac
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional Villa María (UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Breser
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional Villa María (UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Angiolini
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucía Rodriguez-Berdini
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional Villa María (UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional Villa María (UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Luciana Paola Bohl
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB CONICET-UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional Villa María (UNVM), Campus Universitario, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555. Villa María (C.P. 5900), Córdoba, Argentina.
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Lee J, Mun H, Koo Y, Park S, Kim J, Yu S, Shin J, Lee J, Son J, Park C, Lee S, Song H, Kim S, Dang C, Park J. Enhancing Genomic Prediction Accuracy for Body Conformation Traits in Korean Holstein Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1052. [PMID: 38612291 PMCID: PMC11011013 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Holstein breed is the mainstay of dairy production in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the genomic prediction accuracy for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cattle, using a range of π levels (0.75, 0.90, 0.99, and 0.995) in Bayesian methods (BayesB and BayesC). Focusing on 24 traits, we analyzed the impact of different π levels on prediction accuracy. We observed a general increase in accuracy at higher levels for specific traits, with variations depending on the Bayesian method applied. Notably, the highest accuracy was achieved for rear teat angle when using deregressed estimated breeding values including parent average as a response variable. We further demonstrated that incorporating parent average into deregressed estimated breeding values enhances genomic prediction accuracy, showcasing the effectiveness of the model in integrating both offspring and parental genetic information. Additionally, we identified 18 significant window regions through genome-wide association studies, which are crucial for future fine mapping and discovery of causal mutations. These findings provide valuable insights into the efficiency of genomic selection for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cattle and highlight the potential for advancements in the prediction accuracy using larger datasets and more sophisticated genomic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjae Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyosik Mun
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Yangmo Koo
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sangchul Park
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Junsoo Kim
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Seongpil Yu
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Jiseob Shin
- Dairy Cattle Improvement Center of NH-Agree Business Group, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Goyang 10292, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Jaegu Lee
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jihyun Son
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Chanhyuk Park
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Seokhyun Lee
- Dairy Cattle Improvement Center of NH-Agree Business Group, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Goyang 10292, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Hyungjun Song
- Dairy Cattle Improvement Center of NH-Agree Business Group, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Goyang 10292, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Korea Animal Improvement Association, Seoul 06668, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.K.); (S.Y.); (J.S.); (C.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Changgwon Dang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Khan MZ, Huang B, Kou X, Chen Y, Liang H, Ullah Q, Khan IM, Khan A, Chai W, Wang C. Enhancing bovine immune, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses with vitamins, rumen-protected amino acids, and trace minerals to prevent periparturient mastitis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290044. [PMID: 38259482 PMCID: PMC10800369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, the inflammatory condition of mammary glands, has been closely associated with immune suppression and imbalances between antioxidants and free radicals in cattle. During the periparturient period, dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) due to metabolic stress, leading to elevated oxidative stress and compromised immunity. The resulting abnormal regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) are the key factors associated with suppressed immunity thereby increases susceptibility of dairy cattle to infections, including mastitis. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis and hypocalcemia indirectly contribute to mastitis vulnerability, exacerbated by compromised immune function and exposure to physical injuries. Oxidative stress, arising from disrupted balance between ROS generation and antioxidant availability during pregnancy and calving, further contributes to mastitis susceptibility. Metabolic stress, marked by excessive lipid mobilization, exacerbates immune depression and oxidative stress. These factors collectively compromise animal health, productive efficiency, and udder health during periparturient phases. Numerous studies have investigated nutrition-based strategies to counter these challenges. Specifically, amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins have emerged as crucial contributors to udder health. This review comprehensively examines their roles in promoting udder health during the periparturient phase. Trace minerals like copper, selenium, and calcium, as well as vitamins; have demonstrated significant impacts on immune regulation and antioxidant defense. Vitamin B12 and vitamin E have shown promise in improving metabolic function and reducing oxidative stress followed by enhanced immunity. Additionally, amino acids play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular oxidative balance through their involvement in vital biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, addressing periparturient mastitis requires a holistic understanding of the interplay between metabolic stress, immune regulation, and oxidative balance. The supplementation of essential amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins emerges as a promising avenue to enhance udder health and overall productivity during this critical phase. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nutritional interventions in mitigating periparturient bovine mastitis and lays the foundation for future research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiyan Kou
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huili Liang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiong Chai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Córdova-González D, Alfonseca-Silva E, Gutiérrez L, Tapia-Pérez G, Sumano H. Intramammary preparation of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate for bovine mastitis (biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus). J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e6. [PMID: 38311321 PMCID: PMC10839182 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic bovine mastitis is linked to biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (bp-Sa) or Staphylococcus coagulase-negative (bp-Scn). OBJECTIVES Bp-Sa and bp-Scn were treated with intramammary preparations of either enrofloxacin HCl·2H2O-dimethyl-sulfoxide-chitosan (enro-C/DMSO/chitosan) or enro-C alone. Their potential to inhibit and degrade biofilm formation in vitro was also assessed. METHODS Milk samples were obtained from the affected quarters in a herd. Phenotypical and genotypical identifications as biofilm-producing Staphylococcus species were carried out. Enro-C/DMSO/chitosan and enro-C alone were assessed to determine their in vitro efficacy in interfering with biofilm formation and their bactericidal effects. A prolonged eight-day treatment with a twice-daily intramammary insertion of 10 mL of enro-C/DMSO/chitosan or enro-C alone was set to evaluate the clinical and bacteriological cures on day 10 in 15 cows per group and the biofilm-inhibiting ability. RESULTS Fifty-seven percent of the isolates were identified as Staphylococcus spp., of which 50% were bp-Sa, 46% bp-Scn, and 4% Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. One hundred percent of the S. aureus isolated and 77% of Staphylococcus coagulase-negative were biofilm producers. In both groups, the icaA and icaD biofilm-producing genes were identified. The experimental preparation could inhibit biofilm formation, degrade mature biofilms, and have well-defined microbicidal effects on planktonic and biofilm bacteria. The respective clinical and bacteriological cure rates were 100% and 80% for enro-C/DMSO/chitosan and 41.7% and 25% for enro-C alone. CONCLUSIONS Enro-C/DMSO/chitosan eliminates bp-Sa and bp-Scn from cases of chronic bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Córdova-González
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, México
| | - Edgar Alfonseca-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, México
| | - Lilia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, México
| | - Graciela Tapia-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, México
| | - Héctor Sumano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, México.
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Bhat RR, Bhat NN, Shabir A, Mir MUR, Ahmad SB, Hussain I, Hussain SA, Ali A, Shamim K, Rehman MU. SNP Analysis of TLR4 Promoter and Its Transcriptional Factor Binding Profile in Relevance to Bovine Subclinical Mastitis. Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10578-4. [PMID: 38158465 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a complex infectious disease that develops in the mammary gland, predominantly caused by a bacterial infection of mammary tissue. Genetic variability of mastitis is well established and depends upon different quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to mastitis resistance or susceptibility. The susceptibility is often attributed to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the variable cow breed genomes. Several global investigative attempts have resulted in studies mapping mastitis to the variations in the relevant genes. Reports have been attributed to dramatic genetic expression changes in Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) genes in mastitis-positive cows. However, the mechanism behind this variable genetic expression of TLR4 genes has been studied poorly. The present study aims to investigate SCM through various screening tests like somatic cell count (SCC), electric conductivity (EC), pH, and California mastitis test (CMT) in milk samples. This study also aims to investigate possible mechanisms behind this variable expression of TLR4 by comparative SNP evaluation and transcriptional factor profile mining. So that the important genetic mutations and effects thereof can be exploited in selecting specific breeds with higher mastitis resistance and milk yield. Seventy Holstein Frisian (HF) crossbred dairy cows were selected in the present study. The animals were screened based on various diagnostic tests (SCC, pH, EC, and CMT). Blood samples (5 mL) were collected for extraction of DNA followed by amplification of PPR1 and PPR2 of the promoter region and 5'UTR of the bovine TLR4 gene using specific primers. Sanger's enzymatic DNA sequencing technique sequenced the amplified PCR products. Further, the identification of SNPs was done through various bioinformatic tools used in this study. The findings of the present study revealed that CMT, EC, pH, and SCC could be used for the early detection of subclinical mastitis. In the present study, a significant increase in the EC, pH, and SCC in milk samples of animals affected with SCM was found in comparison to the healthy animals. The present study also revealed 16 SNPs falling in TLR4 promoter and 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) sequences in mastitis-positive genotypes compared to reference genomes. The study also investigates the potential transcriptional factor program deployed in response to variable mastitis development resistance. In the present study, the allelic and genotype frequencies of all SNP variants in the three regions viz., PPR1, PPR2, and 5'UTR, were the same indicating the absence of heterozygous condition at the respective loci. The present study has wide applicability for researchers developing mastitis-resistant breeding programs and the data generated may aid in the selection of better genetic breeds. The transcription factor binding profiles can serve as concrete leads about the studies on bovine mastitis at the molecular level and may also aid global research groups working on transcription factor (TF)-based molecular pathology of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Razak Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Nadiem Nazir Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Ambreen Shabir
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, SKUAST-Kashmir, Rangil, Ganderbal, J&K, 191201, India
| | - Manzoor Ur Rahman Mir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India.
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Ishraq Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Syed Ashaq Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Aarif Ali
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India.
| | - Kashif Shamim
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wells TL, Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Gandy J, Nelson CD. Intramammary calcitriol treatment of mastitis alters profile of milk somatic cells and indicators of redox activity in milk. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 266:110679. [PMID: 38039842 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of intramammary calcitriol treatment on indicators of inflammation during an intramammary bacterial infection. Lactating Holstein cows were challenged with intramammary Streptococcus uberis. At the onset of mild or moderate mastitis, cows were randomly assigned to receive 10 µg of intramammary calcitriol (CAL, n = 7) or placebo control (CON; n = 6) after every milking for 5 days. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with mixed models using the MIXED procedure of SAS with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Milk somatic cells, mastitis severity scores, rectal temperatures, and milk bacterial counts did not differ between treatments. Calcitriol decreased the percentage of CD11b+CD14- cells in milk compared with CON (CON = 81 vs. CAL = 61 ± 5%). Antioxidant potential and concentrations of 15-F2t- isoprostanes in milk of infected quarters also were lower in CAL compared with CON. Transcripts for the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase were greater in milk somatic cells of CAL compared with CON, but those for β-defensin 7, metallothionein 1 A and 2 A, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase did not differ between treatments. Although clinical signs of severity did not differ, CAL influenced the composition of milk somatic cells and redox activity in milk of infected quarters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri L Wells
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael B Poindexter
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeff Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Daneshi M, Caton JS, Caixeta LS, Eftekhari Z, Ward AK. Expression, Regulation, and Function of β-Defensins in the Bovine Mammary Glands: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3372. [PMID: 37958127 PMCID: PMC10650070 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune defense of bovines. They are constitutively expressed in mammary glands and induced differently in response to pathogens. Their expression is influenced by various factors, including hormones, plant-derived compounds, and dietary energy imbalance. The toll-like receptors (TLRs)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway plays a crucial role in β-defensin induction, while alternative pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and epigenetic regulation also make substantial contributions. β-Defensins exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including two major mastitis pathogens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), primarily through membrane disruption. β-Defensins have low cytotoxicity to host cells and demonstrate immunomodulatory properties, and pathogens also display minimal resistance to these AMPs. Given the increasing concern in antimicrobial resistance, the potential of β-defensins as natural antimicrobials has garnered considerable attention. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of bovine β-defensins, their expression pathways, their mode of action, and factors influencing their expression in the mammary glands of cattle. Additionally, it identifies the current gaps in research within this field and suggests areas that require further investigation. Understanding the regulation and function of β-defensins offers valuable insights to develop effective strategies for strengthening the immune system of mammary glands, reducing the reliance on synthetic antimicrobials, and explore novel natural antimicrobial alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Daneshi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joel S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Luciano S. Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Zohre Eftekhari
- Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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Liu S, Li J, Zhang M. Determination of immune factor levels in serum and local hematoma samples of osteoporotic fracture patients and clinical study of the effect of active vitamin D3 treatment on immune factor levels. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:291. [PMID: 37038178 PMCID: PMC10088267 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate changes in systemic and local immune factors, namely, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in patients with and without osteoporotic fractures and to explore the effects of active vitamin D3 treatment on immune function and fracture prognosis in patients with osteoporotic fractures. METHOD The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured before the operation. After the operation, the patients in the control group were treated with conventional fracture treatment and calcium supplementation, and the patients in the treatment group were treated with calcium plus active vitamin D3 in addition to conventional fracture treatment. The serum of each patient was collected on the seventh day after the operation. RESULTS The expression levels of the three immune factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the fracture end hematoma samples were significantly positively correlated with those in the serum samples (P < 0.05). The mean values of the serums of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the osteoporosis group were significantly higher than those in the non-osteoporosis group (P < 0.05). The average number of hematomas in the osteoporosis group was significantly higher than that in the non-osteoporosis group (P < 0.05). The results for the active vitamin D3 treatment group were significantly lower than those for the control group (P < 0.05). The mean wrist function score of the active vitamin D3 treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The average fracture healing time of the treatment group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The relative expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the fracture end hematoma samples was positively correlated with the corresponding levels of these immune factors in the serum samples. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum and fracture end hematoma samples of the osteoporotic fracture patients were higher than those of the non-osteoporotic fracture patients. Active vitamin D3 treatment promoted fracture healing by affecting the levels of these immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing, China.
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing, China
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9
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Cutolo M, Smith V, Paolino S, Gotelli E. Involvement of the secosteroid vitamin D in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and COVID-19. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:265-287. [PMID: 36977791 PMCID: PMC10043872 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence supporting the extra-skeletal role of vitamin D in modulating immune responses is centred on the effects of its final metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3, also known as calcitriol), which is regarded as a true steroid hormone. 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D, can modulate the innate immune system in response to invading pathogens, downregulate inflammatory responses and support the adaptive arm of the immune system. Serum concentrations of its inactive precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3, also known as calcidiol) fluctuate seasonally (being lowest in winter) and correlate negatively with the activation of the immune system as well as with the incidence and severity of autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Thus, a low serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 is considered to be a risk factor for autoimmune rheumatic diseases and vitamin D3 supplementation seems to improve the prognosis; moreover, long-term vitamin D3 supplementation seems to reduce their incidence (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis). In the setting of COVID-19, 1,25(OH)2D3 seems to downregulate the early viral phase (SARS-CoV-2 infection), by enhancing innate antiviral effector mechanisms, as well as the later cytokine-mediated hyperinflammatory phase. This Review provides an update of the latest scientific and clinical evidence concerning vitamin D and immune response in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and COVID-19, which justify the need for monitoring of serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations and for appropriate supplementation following clinical trial-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cutolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova-IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Paolino
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova-IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gotelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova-IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Flores-Villalva S, Remot A, Carreras F, Winter N, Gordon SV, Meade KG. Vitamin D induced microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG is dependent on the synergistic activity of bovine peripheral blood cell populations. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 256:110536. [PMID: 36586390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing appreciation is emerging of the beneficial role of vitamin D for health and resistance against infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. However, research has predominantly focused on murine and human species and functional data in bovines is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the microbicidal activity and immunoregulatory effect of the vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) infection using a combination of functional assays and gene expression profiling. Blood from Holstein-Friesian bull calves with low circulating levels of 25(OH)D was stimulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 2 h, and then infected with M. bovis BCG. Results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation significantly increased BCG killing by on average 16 %, although responses varied between 1 % and 38 % killing. Serial cell subset depletion was then performed on PBL prior to 1,25(OH)2D3 incubation and BCG infected as before to analyse the contribution of major cell types to mycobacterial growth control. Specific antibodies and either magnetic cell separation or density gradient centrifugation of monocytes, granulocytes, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes were used to capture each cell subset. Results showed that depletion of granulocytes had the greatest impact on BCG growth, leading to a significant enhancement of bacterial colonies. In contrast, depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells individually, or in combination (CD3+), had no impact on mycobacterial growth control. In agreement with our previous data, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly increased bacterial killing in PBL, in monocyte depleted samples, and a similar trend was observed in the granulocyte depleted subset. In addition, specific analysis of sorted neutrophils treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 showed an enhanced microbicidal activity against both BCG and a virulent strain of M. bovis. Lastly, data showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of genes encoding host defence peptides (HDP) and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), factors that play an important role in the microbicidal activity against mycobacteria. In conclusion, the vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 improves antimycobacterial killing in bovine PBLs via the synergistic activity of monocytes and granulocytes and enhanced activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Flores-Villalva
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; CENID Fisiología, INIFAP, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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11
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Wells T, Poindexter M, Kweh M, Blakely L, Nelson C. Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatments differentially increase serum calcium and milk cell gene expression. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:91-96. [PMID: 36974222 PMCID: PMC10039239 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) treatments stimulate immune defenses of the mammary gland. We hypothesized 25D treatment, in contrast to 1,25D, would exert activity in the mammary gland without affecting serum calcium. The objective was to determine the effect of dose and source of intramammary vitamin D treatments on milk somatic cell gene expression and serum calcium. Twenty lactating Holstein cows with somatic cell count <200,000 cells/mL of milk were used for the experiment. Cows were blocked by somatic cell count and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 intramammary treatments (n = 4 cows/treatment): placebo control (CNTRL; 0.4% Tween 20 in phosphate-buffered saline), 100 μg of 25D, 500 μg of 25D, 10 μg of 1,25D, or 50 μg of 1,25D. Treatments were administered in 2 ipsilateral quarters after milking. Blood samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h for measurement of Ca and 1,25D. Milk samples were collected from each quarter at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h relative to the start of treatments for measurement of gene expression in milk somatic cells. The 1,25D treatments increased serum concentrations of 1,25D and Ca in a dose-dependent manner with maximum 1,25D and Ca concentrations of 199 ± 6 pg/mL and 2.73 ± 0.04 mM, respectively, observed for 50 μg of 1,25D cows compared with 59 ± 6 pg/mL and 2.54 mM, respectively, for CNTRL cows. The 25D treatments did not affect serum 1,25D and Ca compared with CNTRL. The 25D and 1,25D treatments increased mRNA transcripts for vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2A), and chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) in a dose-dependent manner. The 50 μg of 1,25D treatment resulted in the greatest CYP24A1 expression (303-fold relative to CNTRL) at 6 h but was not different from CNTRL at 24 h. In contrast, CYP24A1 was 57-fold greater for cows that received 500 μg of 25D compared with CNTRL at 24 h. In conclusion, intramammary 25D treatment is effective at regulating gene expression in the mammary gland without systemic effects on serum 1,25D and Ca that occur with intramammary 1,25D treatment.
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12
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Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Eder K, Grundmann SM. Vitamin D in dairy cows: metabolism, status and functions in the immune system. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:1-33. [PMID: 35249422 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2017747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of vitamin D in calcium homoeostasis in dairy cows, such as in other vertebrates, is known for many years. In recent years, new and interesting, non-classical functions of vitamin D have been elucidated, including effects on the immune system. The major aim of this review is to provide an overview of effects of vitamin D or its metabolites on the immune system in dairy cows. The first part of the review provides an overview of vitamin D metabolism, with particular reference to the role of various proteins (25- and 1-hydroxylases, vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D receptor) in vitamin D signalling. The second part deals with the role of the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in plasma as an indicator of the vitamin D status in dairy cows, and its dependence on sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D supplementation. In this part also the "free hormone hypothesis" is discussed, indicating that the concentration of free 25(OH)D might be a more valid indicator of the vitamin D status than the concentration of total 25(OH)D. The third part deals with classical and the non-classical functions of vitamin D. Among the non-classical functions which are based on an autocrine vitamin D signalling, particular reference is given to the effects of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites on the immune system in bovine immune cells and in dairy cows. Recent findings provide some indication that vitamin D or its metabolite 25(OH)D could enhance the immune function in dairy cows and be useful for the prevention and therapy of mastitis. However, the number of studies reported so far in this respect is very limited. Thus, much more research is required to yield clear concepts for an optimised usage of vitamin D to improve the immune system and prevent infectious diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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14
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Wherry TLT, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 on PBMCs From Dairy Cattle Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:830144. [PMID: 35211544 PMCID: PMC8861496 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.830144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of vitamin D3 in modulating immune responses has been well-established for over two decades; however, its specific functions have not been extensively detailed in cattle, particularly cattle in different stages of infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Consistent with previous work in our lab, the present study showed that infected cattle in the clinical stage of disease have reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. Additionally, effects of vitamin D3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naturally infected dairy cattle in subclinical (n = 8) or clinical (n = 8) stages of infection were compared to non-infected control cows (n = 8). Briefly, PBMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro with 4 ng/ml 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] or 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in decreased secretion for some pro-inflammatory cytokines in clinical animals, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Similar responses for IL-1β and IL-6 were noted with the addition of 25(OH)D3. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression tended to be upregulated in PBMCs from clinical animals after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, PBMCs from clinical animals treated with 25(OH)D3 showed downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, although only significant for IL1B. Following 25(OH)D3 treatment, clinical animals showed significant reduction in CD4+CD25+ T cells. CYP27B1 gene expression was notably decreased in clinical and control animals following 25(OH)D3 treatment but increased in subclinical cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment reduced CYP24A1 gene expression in all groups, while 25(OH)D3 treatment only significantly reduced expression for control cows. Lastly, serum 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly lower in clinical animals. Taken together, these data show vitamin D3 modulates cytokine signaling in cattle at different stages of MAP infection and, therefore, may have implications on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel
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15
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López-Constantino S, Barragan EA, Alfonseca-Silva E. Reduced levels of serum 25(OH)D 3 are associated with tuberculosis positive cattle under conditions of high natural exposure to Mycobacterium bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 81:101746. [PMID: 35030535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations of < 30 ng/mL in cattle are insufficient to induce an adequate immune response against intracellular pathogens, which suggests that the efficacy of the immune response may be highly dependent on the bioavailability of 25(OH)D3. This study shows an overview of both in vitro and in vivo 25(OH)D3-mediated immune modulation amongst dairy cattle naturally exposed to M. bovis. Tuberculin status was confirmed by interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), and natural exposure was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tuberculin (-) cattle have a higher serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 (X¯= 87.12 ng/mL) when compared to tuberculin (+) cattle (X¯ = 45.86 ng/mL). Reduced serum 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with the presence of bovine TB, and serum 25(OH)D3 levels of > 80 ng/mL are necessary to counteract infection by M. bovis. Kill assays were performed to evaluate in vitro 25(OH)D3 modulation of intracellular M. bovis growth in bovine macrophages, which showed that reduced serum 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with diminished mycobactericidal capacity in this experimental model. On the other hand, increased 25(OH)D3 in culture media enhances phagocytosis and nitric oxide production, which in turn improves capacity to combat M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía López-Constantino
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Evaristo A Barragan
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Alfonseca-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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16
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Venjakob PL, Bauerfeind L, Staufenbiel R, Wilkens MR, Weber C, Heuwieser W, Borchardt S. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of a prepartum cholecalciferol injection on postpartum serum calcium dynamics and health and performance in early-lactation multiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1573-1588. [PMID: 34802735 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were (1) to evaluate the effect of prepartum cholecalciferol treatment on serum Ca concentration during the first 10 d after calving and (2) to evaluate the effect of treatment on subsequent health and performance. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 377) from one dairy farm were fed a negative dietary cation-anion difference diet (-31 mEq/kg of DM) for the last 21 d of gestation. On d 275, the animals were randomly assigned to a control or a treatment group. Cows in the control group were left untreated, and cows in the treatment group received an injection of 12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol intramuscularly on the day of enrollment. If treated cows did not deliver the calf within 6 d, they were reinjected with 10 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol. Blood samples were drawn on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days in milk (DIM) and analyzed for serum Ca, P, and Mg concentrations. In a subsample of cows (50 control cows, 35 cows treated once with cholecalciferol, and 15 cows treated twice) serum haptoglobin, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations were analyzed on 1, 5, and 10 DIM. Binary data [retained placenta (RP), metritis] were analyzed using logistic regression models. Repeated measures ANOVA with first-order autoregressive covariance was performed to evaluate the treatment effect on milk yield over the first 10 test days after parturition, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, serum Ca, P, Mg, β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, and haptoglobin concentrations. Cox proportional hazards were used to model the time to event outcomes (time to pregnancy within 200 d, culling until 300 DIM). After enrollment of 31.4% of cows and a preliminary analysis, adverse reactions became apparent, and the study was stopped. Cows treated with cholecalciferol had a greater risk of incurring RP and metritis. The adjusted mean incidences were 2.0%, 7.7%, and 4.0% for RP, and 21.6%, 39.3%, and 33.3% for metritis for control cows, cows treated once, and cows treated twice with cholecalciferol, respectively. Compared with control cows, cows injected once with 12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol produced less energy-corrected milk on the first (-3.76 kg) and second (-2.75 kg) test days, respectively. Cows injected twice with cholecalciferol (12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol and 10 × 106 IU 1 wk later) had a reduced milk yield only at first test day (-3.80 kg). Treatment with cholecalciferol led to a significant increase in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on d 1, 5, and 10 after calving. Serum Ca and P concentrations were significantly increased in cows treated with cholecalciferol, but serum Mg concentrations were significantly reduced. Haptoglobin concentrations were significantly increased on 5 DIM in cows injected once with 12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol. Although we observed no effect of treatment on culling until 300 DIM, time to pregnancy was delayed by 34 d in cows injected once with 12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol. In the present study, injection with 12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol had detrimental effects on health and milk production despite the beneficial effects on Ca homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Venjakob
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Bauerfeind
- Ruminant Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Staufenbiel
- Ruminant Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - M R Wilkens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Weber
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics, Steubenstraße 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Flores-Villalva S, O'Brien MB, Reid C, Lacey S, Gordon SV, Nelson C, Meade KG. Low serum vitamin D concentrations in Spring-born dairy calves are associated with elevated peripheral leukocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18969. [PMID: 34556723 PMCID: PMC8460825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for vitamin D in the immune system is emerging from human research but data in the bovine is limited. In the current study, 48 Holstein-Friesian calves were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups designed to expose calves to divergent vitamin D levels for a 7 month period and to determine its effects on circulating immunity in young calves. Concentrations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was measured in serum using a commercial ELISA with validated bovine standards. Results showed that mean circulating concentrations of 25OHD at birth was 7.64 ± 3.21 ng/ml indicating vitamin D deficiency. Neither the injection of Vit D3 at birth nor the elevated levels in milk replacer yield discernible changes to pre-weaning circulating concentration of 25OHD. No calf reached the recommended level of vitamin D immune sufficiencyof 30 ng/ml of 25OHD until at least 3 months of age (T4). Increasing dietary Vit D3 via ration in the post-weaning period significantly elevated 25OHD concentrations in serum in VitD-In calves. Maximal levels of circulating 25OHD were achieved in VitD-Out calves, reaching 60.86 ± 7.32 ng/ml at 5 months of age (T7). Greatest divergence in haematology profile was observed between Ctl-In vs VitD-In groups with Ctl-In calves showing an elevated count of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils associated with reduced 25OHD concentrations. Neither IL-8 expression nor ROS production in serum were significantly different between calves with high and low 25OHD, indicating that other vitamin D-dependent mechanisms may contribute to the divergent circulating cellular profiles observed. This novel data on the vitamin D status of neonatal calves identifies a significant window of vitamin D insufficiency which is associated with significant differences in circulating immune cell profiles. Vitamin D insufficiency may therefore exacerbate pre-weaning disease susceptibility, and further work in now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Flores-Villalva
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- CENID Fisiología, INIFAP, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Megan B O'Brien
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Cian Reid
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Seán Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Corwin Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Vieira-Neto A, Poindexter MB, Marinho MN, Zimpel R, Husnain A, Silva ACM, Prim JG, Nelson CD, Santos JEP. Effect of source and amount of vitamin D on function and mRNA expression in immune cells in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10796-10811. [PMID: 34334204 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effect of supplementing 2 sources of vitamin D, cholecalciferol (CH) or calcidiol (CA), at 1 (1mg) or 3 mg/d (3mg) prepartum on concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in plasma, measures of innate immune function, and leukocyte mRNA expression. Parous Holstein cows (n = 99) were assigned to a daily treatment administered as top-dress containing either 1 or 3 mg of CH (CH1 or CH3) or of CA (CA1 or CA3) from 250 d of gestation until calving. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D, immune cell population in blood, cell adhesion markers, and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst were evaluated pre- and postpartum. The mRNA expression in leukocytes was determined at 270 d of gestation and 3 d postpartum for genes involved in cell migration, pathogen recognition receptors, cell signaling, cytokines, antimicrobial mechanisms, oxidative burst, and Ca and vitamin D metabolism. Concentrations of vitamin D3 increased in cows fed CH, whereas those of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 increased in cows fed CA. Percentage of granulocytes from total leukocytes differed with amount of vitamin D pre- (1mg = 24.5 vs. 3mg = 37.9%) and postpartum (1mg = 22.0 vs. 3mg = 31.0%), thus shifting mononuclear cells in the opposite direction pre- (1mg = 75.5 vs. 3mg = 62.1%) and postpartum (1mg = 78.0 vs. 3mg = 69.0%). Granulocytes displaying phagocytosis (1mg = 69.0 vs. 3mg = 62.9%) and intensity of phagocytosis prepartum (1mg = 7.46 vs. 3mg = 7.28) tended to be less in cows fed 3mg compared with 1mg. During prepartum, CA increased mRNA expression of genes related to cell adhesion and migration (CD44, ICAM1, ITGAL, ITGB1, LGALS8, SELL), pathogen recognition receptor (NOD2, TLR2, TLR6), cell signaling (FOS, JUN, NFKB2), cytokine signaling (IL1B, IL1R1, IL1RN), antimicrobial mechanisms (CTSB, LYZ), and Ca metabolism (ATP2B1, STIM1, TRPV5) compared with CH. Similarly, postpartum, CA increased mRNA expression of genes related to cell adhesion and migration (CXCR2, SELL, TLN1), cell signaling (AKT2), cytokines (CCL2, IL1R1, ILRN), antimicrobial mechanisms (DEFB3), oxidative burst (RAC2), and calcium metabolism (CALM3) compared with CH. Feeding additional vitamin D in the last 3 wk of gestation changed the profile of blood leukocytes and attenuated granulocyte phagocytosis during the transition period, whereas supplementing CA prepartum increased mRNA expression of genes involved in immune cell function, including genes related to pathogen recognition and antimicrobial effects of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vieira-Neto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M B Poindexter
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M Nehme Marinho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R Zimpel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Husnain
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A C M Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J G Prim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Lee YL, Takeda H, Costa Monteiro Moreira G, Karim L, Mullaart E, Coppieters W, Appeltant R, Veerkamp RF, Groenen MAM, Georges M, Bosse M, Druet T, Bouwman AC, Charlier C. A 12 kb multi-allelic copy number variation encompassing a GC gene enhancer is associated with mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009331. [PMID: 34288907 PMCID: PMC8328317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical mastitis (CM) is an inflammatory disease occurring in the mammary glands of lactating cows. CM is under genetic control, and a prominent CM resistance QTL located on chromosome 6 was reported in various dairy cattle breeds. Nevertheless, the biological mechanism underpinning this QTL has been lacking. Herein, we mapped, fine-mapped, and discovered the putative causal variant underlying this CM resistance QTL in the Dutch dairy cattle population. We identified a ~12 kb multi-allelic copy number variant (CNV), that is in perfect linkage disequilibrium with a lead SNP, as a promising candidate variant. By implementing a fine-mapping and through expression QTL mapping, we showed that the group-specific component gene (GC), a gene encoding a vitamin D binding protein, is an excellent candidate causal gene for the QTL. The multiplicated alleles are associated with increased GC expression and low CM resistance. Ample evidence from functional genomics data supports the presence of an enhancer within this CNV, which would exert cis-regulatory effect on GC. We observed that strong positive selection swept the region near the CNV, and haplotypes associated with the multiplicated allele were strongly selected for. Moreover, the multiplicated allele showed pleiotropic effects for increased milk yield and reduced fertility, hinting that a shared underlying biology for these effects may revolve around the vitamin D pathway. These findings together suggest a putative causal variant of a CM resistance QTL, where a cis-regulatory element located within a CNV can alter gene expression and affect multiple economically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Lim Lee
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Latifa Karim
- GIGA Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Wouter Coppieters
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ruth Appeltant
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roel F. Veerkamp
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Georges
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mirte Bosse
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aniek C. Bouwman
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carole Charlier
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, Pathak M, Karthik K, Khurana SK, Singh R, Puvvala B, Amarpal, Singh R, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:107-136. [PMID: 33509059 PMCID: PMC7906113 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Couto Serrenho R, Bruinjé TC, Morrison EI, DeVries TJ, Duffield TF, LeBlanc SJ. Controlled trial of the effect of negative dietary cation-anion difference on postpartum health of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6929-6943. [PMID: 33714580 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) dry cow diets on postpartum health. Cows from 4 commercial dairy farms in Ontario, Canada, were enrolled in a pen-level controlled trial from November 2017 to April 2019. Close-up pens (1 per farm), with cows 3 wk before expected calving, were randomly assigned to a negative DCAD [TRT; -108 mEq/kg of dry matter (DM); target urine pH 6.0-6.5] or a control diet (CON; +105 mEq/kg of DM with a placebo supplement). Each pen was fed TRT or CON for 3 mo (1 period) then switched to the other treatment for the next period, with 4 periods per farm. Urine pH was measured weekly until calving, and body condition score (BCS) was measured at enrollment and at 5 wk postpartum. Data from 15 experimental units [8 TRT and 7 CON, with 1,086 (TRT: n = 681; CON: n = 405) observational units (cows)] that received the assigned diet for >1 wk were included. The incidence of milk fever (MF), retained placenta (RP), metritis, hyperketonemia (blood β-hydroxybutyrate >1.2 mmol/L, measured weekly in wk 1 and 2), clinical mastitis within 30 DIM (MAST), displaced abomasum (DA) within 30 d in milk (DIM), purulent vaginal discharge (PVD, assessed once at wk 5), and number of disease events (≥1 or ≥2) were analyzed with logistic regression models with treatment, parity, BCS, and their interactions, accounting for pen-level randomization and clustering of animals within farm with random effects, giving 10 degrees of freedom to test treatment effects. Multiparous cows fed TRT had greater blood calcium between 1 and 4 DIM than multiparous cows fed CON, and the prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia (total Ca ≤2.14 mmol/L) was lesser when fed TRT compared with CON (d 1: 73 ± 6% vs. 93 ± 4%; d 2: 65 ± 7% vs. 90 ± 5%), with no differences between treatments detected in primiparous cows. We detected interactions of treatment and BCS at enrollment for MF in multiparous cows and of treatment and parity for ≥2 disease events. Overconditioned (BCS ≥3.75) multiparous cows had reduced incidence of MF when fed TRT (TRT: 2 ± 1%, vs. CON: 13 ± 8%). We detected no treatment effects on RP, metritis, hyperketonemia, or PVD incidence. Cows fed TRT had lesser incidence of DA (1.7 ± 0.7% vs. 3.6 ± 1.6%) and tended to have lesser incidence of MAST compared with CON (1.8% ± 0.6% vs. 4.4 ± 1.4%). No treatment effect was detected on ≥1 disease events (TRT: 38 ± 7%, vs. CON: 42 ± 8%); however, multiparous cows on TRT were less likely to have ≥2 disease events than cows on CON (14 ± 4% vs. 23 ± 6%). Under commercial herd conditions, feeding prepartum diets with negative DCAD improved several measures of postpartum health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Couto Serrenho
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Tony C Bruinjé
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Emma I Morrison
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Trevor J DeVries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Todd F Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Stephen J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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22
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Golder HM, McGrath J, Lean IJ. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 during prepartum transition and lactation on production, reproduction, and health of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5345-5374. [PMID: 33663856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] during lactation and prepartum in conjunction with negative dietary cation-anion difference diets would improve milk production, increase the probability of pregnancy, and reduce the incidence of postcalving diseases. Cows from 4 dairies with prepartum transition diets negative in dietary cation-anion difference were used in 2 randomized cohort experiments. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), cows were assigned to control [CON; n = 645; no 25-(OH)D3] or treatment [TRT; n = 537; 2 mg/d of 25-(OH)D3 from ∼21 d prepartum to parturition and 1 mg/d in lactation] groups at ∼21 d prepartum. Cows were monitored for weekly milk yield, milk composition every 60 d, and health and reproductive measures. In Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), cows (n = 2,064; median 147 d in milk) were assigned to 4 groups and monitored for the same measures as in Exp. 1 to the end of that lactation (L1), the subsequent transition (∼21 d prepartum to parturition), and the next lactation (L2). Groups were as follows, with the amount of 25-(OH)D3 fed (mg/d) indicated in parentheses for L1, transition, and L2, respectively: (A) control-control (CON-CON; 0-0-0), (B) treatment-treatment (TRT-TRT; 1-2-1), (C) control-treatment (CON-TRT; 0-2-1), and (D) treatment-control (TRT-CON; 1-0-0). For L1, a total of 1,032 cows entered the control groups A or C and a total of 1,032 cows in groups B or D. The number of cows in groups A to D that entered L2 was 521, 523, 273, and 248, respectively. Blood calcium, phosphorus, and 25-(OH)D3 concentrations were measured from 17 cows/group at 5 times. In Exp. 1, TRT cows had 0.2 lower log somatic cell count than CON cows (4.21 ± 0.045 vs. 4.01 ± 0.050, respectively) and multiparous TRT cows had 41 ± 23% higher probability of pregnancy/day than multiparous CON cows, resulting in a 22-d median decrease in time to pregnancy. Primiparous TRT cows had 1.67 ± 0.40 times greater odds of mastitis/day than primiparous CON cows. In Exp. 2 TRT-TRT cows had between 16 and 29% lower probability to be bred/day than other groups. Multiparous CON-CON and TRT-CON cows had 20 ± 8% and 30 ± 17% greater probability of pregnancy, respectively, than multiparous TRT-TRT cows. Serum calcium concentrations were not affected by group, but phosphorus and 25-(OH)D3 concentrations were highest in the TRT-TRT cows. The study provides further insights into the use of 25(OH)D3 in transition and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J McGrath
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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23
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Kweh MF, Merriman KE, Wells TL, Nelson CD. Vitamin D signaling increases nitric oxide and antioxidant defenses of bovine monocytes. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:73-79. [PMID: 36338779 PMCID: PMC9623661 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) increased monocyte nitric oxide production IFN-γ decreased antioxidant potential of monocyte cultures Vitamin D signaling increased antioxidant potential of IFN-γ-stimulated monocytes Vitamin D increased abundance of metallothionein and thioredoxin transcripts
Vitamin D contributes to multiple aspects of bovine immunity and is reported to decrease the effects of mastitis and metritis in dairy cows. We hypothesized that vitamin D signaling in bovine monocytes increases antioxidant responses as part of its immunomodulatory actions. Our objectives were to assess the effects of vitamin D on oxidant and antioxidant responses of bovine monocytes. Monocytes from peripheral blood of nonpregnant, lactating Holstein cows between 90 and 300 d in milk were used for in vitro cell culture experiments. To test the effects of vitamin D on reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM) and antioxidant potential (AOP), monocytes from 14 cows were cultured in replicates for 16 h with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3, 0 or 75 ng/mL] in a factorial arrangement with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ, 10 ng/mL) or with no stimulation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for main effects of 25(OH)D3, stimulant, and interactions between 25(OH)D3 and stimulant. Significant interactions between 25(OH)D3 and stimulant were observed for dROM and AOP of culture supernatants. In unstimulated cultures, 25(OH)D3 tended to increase dROM, but the opposite was observed in stimulated cultures. In contrast, LPS and IFN-γ treatments alone decreased AOP of culture supernatants, but 25(OH)D3 counteracted the decrease in AOP caused by IFN-γ. Abundances of transcripts of genes encoding antioxidant-related proteins were measured by quantitative PCR using RNA from monocytes from 4 cows treated with 25(OH)D3 (0 or 75 ng/mL) in a factorial arrangement with increasing concentrations of LPS (0 to 1,000 ng/mL) or IFN-γ (0 to 10 ng/mL). Treatment with 25(OH)D3 increased transcripts of genes encoding metallothionein 1A and metallothionein 2A in the presence of IFN-γ but not LPS. Furthermore, 25(OH)D3 increased transcripts of genes encoding thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, but the effect of 25(OH)D3 did not depend on IFN-γ or LPS stimulation. In conclusion, 25(OH)D3 increased antioxidant capacity of IFN-γ–stimulated bovine monocytes, potentially by increasing metallothionein and thioredoxin activities in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F. Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Kathryn E. Merriman
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Teri L. Wells
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Corwin D. Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
- Corresponding author
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24
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Jiménez-Pelayo L, García-Sánchez M, Collantes-Fernández E, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Horcajo P, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Espinosa J, Benavides J, Osoro K, Pfarrer C, Ortega-Mora LM. Crosstalk between Neospora caninum and the bovine host at the maternal-foetal interface determines the outcome of infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:83. [PMID: 32552750 PMCID: PMC7302351 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan cyst-forming parasite that is considered one of the main causes of abortion. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with parasite virulence at the maternal-foetal interface that are responsible for the outcome of infection are largely unknown. Here, utilizing placentomes from cattle experimentally infected with high-virulence (Nc-Spain7) and low-virulence (Nc-Spain1H) isolates, we studied key elements of the innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), at 10 and 20 days post-infection (dpi). The low-virulence isolate elicited a robust immune response characterized by upregulation of genes involved in pathogen recognition, chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, crucial for its adequate control. In addition, Nc-Spain1H triggered the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and other mechanisms implicated in the maintenance of ECM integrity to ensure foetal survival. In contrast, local immune responses were initially (10 dpi) impaired by Nc-Spain7, allowing parasite multiplication. Subsequently (20 dpi), a predominantly pro-inflammatory Th1-based response and an increase in leucocyte infiltration were observed. Moreover, Nc-Spain7-infected placentomes from animals carrying non-viable foetuses exhibited higher expression of the IL-8, TNF-α, iNOS and SERP-1 genes and lower expression of the metalloproteases and their inhibitors than Nc-Spain7-infected placentomes from animals carrying viable foetuses. In addition, profound placental damage characterized by an alteration in the ECM organization in necrotic foci, which could contribute to foetal death, was found. Two different host-parasite interaction patterns were observed at the bovine placenta as representative examples of different evolutionary strategies used by this parasite for transmission to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jiménez-Pelayo
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta García-Sánchez
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET-innova, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Espinosa
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), 24346 León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), 24346 León, Spain
| | - Koldo Osoro
- Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Abeyta MA, Portner SL, McCarthy CS, Goetz BM, Kvidera SK, Baumgard LH. Effects of maintaining eucalcemia following immunoactivation in lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7472-7486. [PMID: 32448571 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periparturient hypocalcemia is a common metabolic disorder and it is ostensibly associated with negative health and production outcomes. Acute infection also markedly decreases circulating Ca, but the reasons for and consequences of it on physiological and immunological parameters are unknown. Objectives were to evaluate the effects of maintaining eucalcemia on production, metabolic, and immune variables following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Twelve multiparous lactating Holstein cows (717 ± 20 kg of body weight; 176 ± 34 d in milk; parity 3 ± 0.2) were enrolled in a study containing 2 experimental periods (P); during P1 (3 d), cows consumed feed ad libitum and baseline values were obtained. At the initiation of P2 (4 d), cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) LPS administered (LPS-Con; 0.5 μg/kg of body weight LPS; n = 6) or (2) LPS administered + eucalcemic clamp (LPS-Ca; 0.5 μg/kg of body weight LPS; Ca infusion; n = 6). Cows were fasted for the first 12 h during P2. After LPS administration, ionized Ca was determined every 15 min for 6 h and every 30 min for an additional 6 h and intravenous Ca infusion was adjusted in LPS-Ca cows to maintain eucalcemia. Blood ionized Ca was decreased 23% for the first 12 h postbolus in LPS-Con cows, and by design, Ca infusion prevented hypocalcemia. To maintain eucalcemia for the 12 h, 13.7 g of Ca was infused. The total Ca deficit (including Ca not secreted into milk) accumulated over the 12 h was 10.4 and 20.2 g for the LPS-Con and LPS-Ca treatments, respectively. Mild hyperthermia (0.8°C) occurred for ∼6 h post-LPS administration relative to P1. From 6 to 7 h postbolus rectal temperature from LPS-Ca cows was increased (0.6°C) relative to LPS-Con cows. On d 1 of P2, milk yield decreased (61%) in both treatments relative to P1. Relative to LPS-Con cows, milk yield decreased (15%) in LPS-Ca cows during P2. Overall, circulating LPS-binding protein continuously increased postbolus, and at 24 h LPS-binding protein levels in LPS-Ca cows were increased (80%) relative to LPS-Con cows. During P2, serum amyloid A increased (4-fold) in both treatments relative to P1. Administering LPS initially decreased circulating neutrophils, then cell counts progressively increased with time. Calcium infusion decreased neutrophil counts (40%) from 9 to 12 h postbolus relative to LPS-Con cows. Neutrophil function, as assessed by oxidative burst and myeloperoxidase production, did not differ due to treatment. In summary, maintaining eucalcemia (via intravenous Ca infusion) during an immune challenge appeared to intensify inflammation and adversely affect lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S L Portner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - C S McCarthy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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26
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Wen G, Eder K, Ringseis R. 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 decreases endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammatory response in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228945. [PMID: 32040528 PMCID: PMC7010291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that intramammary administration of active vitamin D3 hormone (1,25D3) inhibits the inflammatory process associated with mastitis. We hypothesized that attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by 1,25D3 in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) is an important cellular mechanism contributing to this beneficial effect of intramammary treatment with 1,25D3. To test this hypothesis, the effect of 1,25D3 was studied on induction of ER stress in a transformed human MEC line, MCF-7 cells. Treatment with two different ER stress inducers, thapsigargin (TG) and tunicamycin (TM), caused a dose-dependent induction of ER stress as evident from up-regulation of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 (HSPA5), activating transcription factor (ATF4), ATF6, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1) and impaired cell viability and decreased expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05). Treatment with 1,25D3 (100 nM) inhibited TG (10 nM)- and TM (1 μg/mL)-induced mRNA and/or protein levels of ATF4, ATF6, DDIT3 and HSPA5 in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, 1,25D3 (100 nM) antagonized the effect of TG (10 nM) and TM (1 μg/mL) on mRNA and protein levels of VDR and mRNA levels of genes involved in production and degradation of 1,25D3 in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, 1,25D3 (100 nM) inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in response to TM (10 nM) and TG (1 μg/mL) in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, the present findings show that 1,25D3 is effective in attenuating ER stress and the NF-κB-driven inflammatory response in MCF-7 cells. This indicates that attenuation of ER stress by 1,25D3 in MECs may contribute to the recently observed inhibitory effect of intramammary treatment of dairy cows with 1,25D3 on the inflammatory process associated with mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Kuhn MJ, Putman AK, Sordillo LM. Widespread basal cytochrome P450 expression in extrahepatic bovine tissues and isolated cells. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:625-637. [PMID: 31677841 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Periparturient cattle face increased risk of both metabolic and infectious diseases. Factors contributing to this predisposition include oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, also known as oxylipids, whose production is altered during the periparturient period and in diseased cattle. Alterations in the production of oxylipids derived from cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are over-represented during times of increased disease risk and clinical disease, such as mastitis. Many of these same CYP450 enzymes additionally regulate metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins, such as A, D, and E. These vitamins are essential to maintaining immune health, yet circulating concentrations are diminished near calving. Despite this, a relatively small amount of research has focused on the roles of CYP450 enzymes outside of the liver. The aim of this paper is to describe the relative gene expression of 11 CYP450 in bovine tissues and common in vitro bovine cell models. Eight tissue samples were collected from 3 healthy dairy cows after euthanasia. In vitro samples included primary bovine aortic and mammary endothelial cells and immortalized bovine kidney and mammary epithelial cells. Quantitative real-time-PCR was carried out to assess basal transcript expression of CYP450 enzymes. Surprisingly, CYP450 mRNA was widely expressed in all tissue samples, with predominance in the liver. In vitro CYP450 expression was less robust, with several cell types lacking expression of specific CYP450 enzymes altogether. Overall, cell culture models did not reflect expression of tissue CYP450. However, when CYP450 were organized by activity, certain cell types consistently expressed specific functional groups. These data reveal the widespread expression of CYP450 in individual organs of healthy dairy cows. Widespread expression helps to explain previous evidence of significant changes in CYP450-mediated oxylipid production and fat-soluble vitamin metabolism in organ microenvironments during periods of oxidative stress or disease. As such, these data provide a foundation for targeted functional experiments aimed at understanding the activities of specific CYP450 and associated therapeutic potential during times of increased disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kuhn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A K Putman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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28
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Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Zimpel R, Zuniga J, Lopera C, Zenobi MG, Jiang Y, Engstrom M, Celi P, Santos JEP, Nelson CD. Feeding supplemental 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 increases serum mineral concentrations and alters mammary immunity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:805-822. [PMID: 31668442 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding supplemental 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] on concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and minerals in serum, mammary immune status, and responses to intramammary bacterial infection in dairy cows. Sixty multiparous, pregnant lactating Holstein cows with somatic cell count <200,000/mL were blocked by days in milk and milk yield and randomly assigned to receive a daily top-dressed dietary supplement containing 1 or 3 mg of vitamin D3 (1mgD or 3mgD), or 1 or 3 mg 25(OH)D3 (1mg25D or 3mg25D) for 28 d (n = 15/treatment). Cows were kept in a freestall barn and fed a total mixed ration in individual feeding gates. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded daily, and milk and blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d relative to the start of treatment. At 21 d, cows fed 1mgD and 3mg25D received an intramammary challenge with Streptococcus uberis. Cows were observed for severity of mastitis, and blood and milk samples were collected every 12 h to measure inflammation. The 1mg25D and 3mg25D cows had greater serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations at 21 d compared with 1mgD and 3mgD cows (62 ± 7, 66 ± 8, 135 ± 15, and 232 ± 26 ng/mL for 1mgD, 3mgD, 1mg25D, and 3mg25D, respectively). The 3mg25D cows had greater concentrations of Ca and P in serum at 21 d compared with other treatments (Ca = 2.38, 2.4, 2.37, and 2.48 ± 0.02 mM, 1.87, 1.88, and 2.10 ± 0.08 mM for 1mgD, 3mgD, 1mg25D, and 3mg25D, respectively). Yields of milk and milk components, DMI, body weight, and concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and Mg in serum did not differ among treatments. Abundance of mRNA transcripts for interleukin-1β (IL1B) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in milk somatic cells before S. uberis challenge were increased in cows fed 25(OH)D3 compared with cows fed vitamin D3. Furthermore, IL1B, iNOS, β-defensin 7, and β-defensin 10 in milk somatic cells increased as concentrations of 25(OH)D3 increased in serum. Cows fed 3mg25D had less severe mastitis at 60 and 72 h after challenge with S. uberis compared with cows fed 1mgD. Concentrations of bacteria, somatic cells, and serum albumin in milk after challenge did not differ between treatments; however, an interaction between treatment and day was detected for lactate dehydrogenase in milk. Expression of adhesion protein CD11b on milk neutrophils after the S. uberis challenge was greater among 3mg25D cows compared with 1mgD cows. Transcripts of CYP24A1 and iNOS in milk somatic cells during mastitis also were greater in 3mg25D cows compared with 1mgD cows. Feeding 25(OH)D3 increased serum 25(OH)D3 more effectively than supplemental vitamin D3, resulting in increased serum mineral concentrations, increased expression of vitamin D-responsive genes, and altered immune responses to intramammary bacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Poindexter
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Roney Zimpel
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Jorge Zuniga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Camilo Lopera
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Marcos G Zenobi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | | | - Pietro Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsipanny, NJ 07054
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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29
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Merriman KE, Martinez N, Rodney Harris RM, Block E, Santos JEP, Nelson CD. Neutrophil β-defensin gene expression of postpartum dairy cows is altered by prepartum dietary cation-anion difference. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11636-11651. [PMID: 31548051 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate expression of a cluster of genes encoding β-defensin antimicrobial peptides in neutrophils of postpartum cows in relation to prepartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), vitamin D, and postpartum disease. Pregnant dry Holstein cows (28 nulliparous and 51 parous) at 255 d gestation were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 4 prepartum diets of positive (+130 mEq/kg) or negative (-130 mEq/kg) DCAD and either 3 mg vitamin D3 or 3 mg of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 per 11 kg of dry matter/d. Treatment diets were fed from 255 d of gestation until calving. Peripheral blood neutrophils of 35 parous cows were collected at 0 and 3 d after calving and stimulated with 0 or 100 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, serum Ca and incidences of postpartum diseases were recorded for all cows. The mRNA transcripts of β-defensin genes were quantified by real-time PCR, and data were analyzed with a general linear mixed model to test for fixed effects and interactions of day, level of DCAD, source of vitamin D, and incidence of disease. Effects of DCAD and vitamin D on neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis were previously reported but were analyzed for effects of disease in the present study. Transcripts for DEFB1, DEFB3, DEFB4, DEFB5, DEFB7, DEFB10, and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) in neutrophils were upregulated by LPS at 0 d but not at 3 d. Transcripts for DEFB4 and DEFB7 in LPS-stimulated neutrophils were greater in cows fed negative DCAD diets compared with positive DCAD. Source of vitamin D (vitamin D3 vs. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3) did not affect expression of β-defensins in neutrophils. Cows with postpartum subclinical hypocalcemia (serum Ca <2.0 mM) had decreased DEFB3, DEFB4, DEFB6, DEFB7, DEFB10, and LAP expression in LPS-stimulated neutrophils compared with cows that did not experience subclinical hypocalcemia. Likewise, DEFB4, DEFB6, DEFB7, DEFB10, and LAP in LPS-stimulated neutrophils at 3 d postpartum were positively associated with serum Ca at 0 d postpartum. Transcripts for DEFB7, DEFB10 and LAP also were less abundant in neutrophils from cows with metritis compared with healthy cows. In conclusion, feeding a prepartum negative DCAD to improve postpartum serum Ca resulted in greater neutrophil β-defensin expression, and greater neutrophil β-defensin expression was positively associated with postpartum health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Merriman
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Natalia Martinez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Rachael M Rodney Harris
- Scibus, Camden NSW 2570, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Elliot Block
- Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Jose E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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30
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Kweh MF, Merriman KE, Nelson CD. Short communication: Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase increases β-defensin expression but not the effects of lipopolysaccharide or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5706-5712. [PMID: 30954263 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a common defense against bacterial infections in many species and a significant part of the innate immune response of the bovine mammary gland. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of epigenetic factors on vitamin D and toll-like receptor-mediated induction of β-defensins in mammary epithelial cells. Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0 or 100 ng/mL), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3, 0 or 10 nM], and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza, inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, 0 or 5 μM) or trichostatin A (TSA, inhibitor of histone deacetylase, 0 or 80 nM) in a factorial arrangement. Effects of treatments on β-defensin gene expression along with genes for cytokines and enzymes known to be induced by LPS or 1,25(OH)2D3 were evaluated by quantitative PCR. The LPS treatment induced expression of β-defensin (DEFB)3, DEFB5, DEFB7, DEFB10, enteric β-defensin (EBD), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP); whereas, the 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment increased DEFB5 and DEFB7 expression and decreased LAP. The 5-Aza treatment increased expression of DEFB3, DEFB5, DEFB10, EBD, LAP, and TAP in the presence and absence of LPS. The TSA treatment increased expression of DEFB3, DEFB4, DEFB5, DEFB7, and DEFB10 in the absence of LPS but decreased LPS-induced expression of and LAP and TAP. Together these results indicate that β-defensin expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells is likely influenced by DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Investigation of environmental and nutritional factors that influence epigenetic control of β-defensins in the mammary gland may be beneficial for improving resistance to intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Kathryn E Merriman
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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