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Suarez-Trujillo A, Vorland CJ, Nicholls GT, Chusyd DE, Parker C, Golzarri-Arroyo L, Swann S, Funnell BJ, Stewart KR, Allison DB. Fetal sex effects on maternal health can now be tested via randomization: A first-in-class illustration in cows on glucoregulatory outcomes. Theriogenology 2024; 229:41-46. [PMID: 39151322 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal-offspring relationship, such as whether fetal sex influences maternal health, is essential to explore to advance prenatal and maternal health. While associations exist between fetal sex and maternal health outcomes, it is unclear whether these reflect a causal relationship. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that fetal sex can be randomly assigned to test the causal effect of fetal sex on maternal outcomes. METHODS Holstein dairy cows were stratified and randomized using sealed opaque envelopes to be artificially inseminated with either X- or Y-sorted bull semen until 40 cows became pregnant. Monthly body weight measurements were recorded, and an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed 30 days before the expected calving day. The primary outcome was insulin area under the curve (AUC), and secondary outcomes were clearance rate, half-life, and AUC for glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. An intention-to-treat (ITT) approach using multiple imputation was employed for primary analysis, and an as-treated (AT) approach was used for secondary analysis. RESULTS We demonstrated that we could successfully randomize the assignment of fetal sex to dams and test for causal effects of fetal sex on glucoregulatory outcomes using dairy cows as a model. Insulin AUC was not statistically different between groups (ITT p = 0.857, AT p = 0.874), and other outcomes were also not statistically different (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that causal effects of fetal sex on maternal outcomes can be causally tested in dairy cows. Our study did not provide statistical evidence to support an effect of fetal sex on maternal glucose-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colby J Vorland
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Griffin T Nicholls
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniella E Chusyd
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Chelsie Parker
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Sophia Swann
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, 30149, USA
| | - Bethany J Funnell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kara R Stewart
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Yu W, Guo J, Mao L, Wang Q, Liu Y, Xu D, Ma J, Luo C. Glucose promotes cell growth and casein synthesis via ATF4/Nrf2-Sestrin2- AMPK-mTORC1 pathway in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3808-3818. [PMID: 37435839 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2228847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In the dairy industry, glucose (Glu) is used as bioactive substance to increase milk yield. However, the molecular regulation underneath needs further clarification. Here, the regulation and its molecular mechanism of Glu on cell growth and casein synthesis of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs) were investigated. When Glu was added from DCMECs, both cell growth, β-casein expression and the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway were increased. Overexpression and silencing of mTOR revealed that Glu promoted cell growth and β-casein expression through the mTORC1 pathway. When Glu was added from DCMECs, both Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and Sestrin2 (SESN2) expression were decreased. Overexpression and silencing of AMPKα or SESN2 uncovered that AMPKα suppressed cell growth and β-casein synthesis through inhibiting mTORC1 pathway, and SESN2 suppressed cell growth and β-casein synthesis through activating AMPK pathway. When Glu was depleted from DCMECs, both activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression were increased. Overexpression or silencing of ATF4 or Nrf2 demonstrated that Glu depletion promoted SESN2 expression through ATF4 and Nrf2. Together, these results indicate that in DCMECs, Glu promoted cell growth and casein synthesis via ATF4/Nrf2-SESN2-AMPK-mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jinqi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Lei Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Dong Xu
- Harbin Weike Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jiage Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Harbin Weike Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chaochao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy & Artificial Intelligence, Taizhou Branch of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (Taizhou Cancer Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Lunesu MF, Atzori AS, Manca C, Bomboi GC, Decandia M, Ledda A, Cannas A. Effect of glucose infusion on glucose and insulin metabolism in early- and mid-lactation ewes and goats fed diets differing in starch and highly digestible fiber concentration. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9691-9703. [PMID: 37641297 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test possible metabolic differences between ewes and goats in response to an intravenous glucose infusion. Thirty-six animals, 18 mature Sarda dairy ewes and 18 mature Saanen goats (from 15 to 150 ± 11 d in milk [DIM], mean ± SD; body weight: 49.8 ± 6.8 kg for ewes, 60.6 ± 7.3 kg for goats) were compared simultaneously. In early lactation, both species received the same high-starch diet (HS: 20.4% starch, 35.4% neutral detergent fiber [NDF], on dry matter [DM] basis), whereas from 92 ± 11 DIM both species were randomly allocated to 2 dietary treatments: HS (20.0% starch, 36.7% NDF, on DM basis) and low-starch (LS: 7.8% starch, 48.8% NDF, on DM basis) diets. At 50 and 150 ± 11 DIM, ewes and goats were challenged with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and peripheral concentrations of glucose and insulin were determined 15 min before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 90, and 180 min after glucose infusion. In early lactation, baseline plasma glucose and insulin concentrations tended to be higher in ewes than in goats (glucose: 55.8 vs. 42.9 ± 7.3 mg/dL; insulin: 0.13 vs. 0.05 ± 0.04 µg/L). After glucose infusion, glucose and insulin concentrations were higher in ewes than in goats (278.6 vs. 247.6 ± 13.1 mg/dL; 0.82 vs. 0.46 ± 0.12 µg/L). In mid-lactation, the dietary treatment (HS vs. LS) did not affect glucose and insulin metabolism. Baseline plasma glucose was numerically highest in ewes, while baseline insulin was higher in ewes than in goats (0.39 vs. 0.12 ± 0.099 µg/L). After glucose infusion, glucose concentration did not differ between ewes and goats, while insulin concentration was highest in ewes. Compared with goats, ewes showed in both periods a higher peak insulin, insulin increment, linear insulin area under the curve, insulin resistance index, and lower insulin sensitivity indices. In conclusion, despite the limitations associated with the use of intravenous glucose tolerance test to assess glucose regulation mechanisms, this study indicated large species differences in both early and mid-lactation and a more evident anabolic status in the ewes compared with the goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondina F Lunesu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto S Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Carla Manca
- Agris Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni C Bomboi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Ledda
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonello Cannas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Gross JJ. Limiting factors for milk production in dairy cows: perspectives from physiology and nutrition. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6528443. [PMID: 35157044 PMCID: PMC8919814 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk production in dairy cows increases worldwide since many decades. With rising milk yields, however, potential limiting factors are increasingly discussed. Particularly, the availability of glucose and amino acids is crucial to maintain milk production as well as animal health. Limitations arise from feed sources, the rumen and digestive tract, tissue mobilization, intermediary metabolism and transport, and the uptake of circulating nutrients by the lactating mammary gland. The limiting character can change depending on the stage of lactation. Although physiological boundaries are prevalent throughout the gestation-lactation cycle, limitations are aggravated during the early lactation period when high milk production is accompanied by low feed intake and high mobilization of body reserves. The knowledge about physiological constraints may help to improve animal health and make milk production more sustainably. The scope of this review is to address contemporary factors related to production limits in dairy cows from a physiological perspective. Besides acknowledged physiological constraints, selected environmental and management-related factors affecting animal performance and physiology will be discussed. Potential solutions and strategies to overcome or to alleviate these constraints can only be presented briefly. Instead, they are thought to address existing shortcomings and to identify possibilities for optimization. Despite a scientific-based view on physiological limits, we should keep in mind that only healthy animals could use their genetic capacity and produce high amounts of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland,Corresponding author:
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5
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Chalmeh A, Pourjafar M, Badiei K, Mirzaei A, Jalali M, Mazrouei Sebdani M. Effects of dietary antioxidants on glucose and insulin responses to glucose tolerance test in transition dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 75:106602. [PMID: 33385859 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs during the transition period and causes insulin resistance, which may be reduced by the use of antioxidants in this period. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows, at 8 wk before parturition, were divided into 4 equal groups, namely control (Ctrl), vitamin E (VE), selenium (Se), and vitamin E plus selenium (VE + Se) groups. On a daily basis, VE and Se cows received dietary 1.5 IU vitamin E/kg BW and 0.3 mg/kg DM selenium, respectively, from 8 wk before to 3 wk after parturition. Vitamin E plus selenium group received doses similar to VE and Se groups. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated through intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) at weekly intervals from 3 wk before to 3 wk after parturition. Serum concentrations of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) were assayed weekly before the commencement of ivGTT. Based on the results of ivGTT, the lowest and the highest degrees of insulin sensitivity were detected in Ctrl and VE + Se groups, respectively. The highest and the lowest concentrations of NEFA and BHBA were observed in Ctrl and VE + Se groups, respectively. Total antioxidant status, SOD, and GPx values were significantly lower in Ctrl cows and significantly higher in VE + Se-received cows compared with other groups. However, MDA values in Ctrl and VE + Se cows were significantly higher and lower than the other groups, respectively. Collectively, our results show that dietary administration of vitamin E and selenium ameliorates oxidative stress and lipid mobilization and increases insulin sensitivity in transition cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chalmeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - M Pourjafar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - K Badiei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Jalali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Mazrouei Sebdani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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McCabe CJ, Suarez-Trujillo A, Teeple KA, Casey TM, Boerman JP. Chronic prepartum light-dark phase shifts in cattle disrupt circadian clocks, decrease insulin sensitivity and mammary development, and are associated with lower milk yield through 60 days postpartum. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2422-2437. [PMID: 33309361 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Circadian and metabolic systems are interlocked and reciprocally regulated. To determine if the circadian system regulates glucose homeostasis and mammary development, the function of the circadian system was disrupted by exposing cattle to chronic light-dark cycle phase shifts from 5 wk before expected calving (BEC) to parturition. Multiparous Holstein cows were exposed to 16 h of light and 8 h of dark (CON, n = 8) or phase shifting (PS, n = 8) the light cycle 6 h every 3 d beginning 35 d BEC. After calving, both treatments were exposed to CON lighting. Mammary biopsies were taken at 21 d BEC and 21 d in milk (DIM), and histological analysis indicated PS treatment decreased the ratio of lumen to alveolar area and percentage of proliferating epithelial cells in the prepartum period. Intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed at 14 d BEC and 7 DIM by administering 50% dextrose. Blood glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids were consequently measured over 3 h. At 14 d BEC no treatment differences were observed in baseline glucose or insulin. Treatment had no effect on blood glucose or glucose area under the curve at 14 d BEC and 7 DIM. Insulin area under the curve was higher in PS versus CON at 14 d BEC and 7 DIM. The PS cows produced less milk than CON cows through 60 DIM (40.3 vs. 42.6 kg/d). Exposure to chronic light-dark PS in late gestation decreased mammary development and increased insulin resistance in periparturient cows, which may have caused subsequent lower milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McCabe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - A Suarez-Trujillo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - K A Teeple
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - T M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
| | - J P Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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