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NOJO H, ISHIJIMA SA, MORIKAWA M, ITO T, KANO R. In vitro susceptibility testing of phytochemicals from essential oils against Prototheca species. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:847-849. [PMID: 38925982 PMCID: PMC11300124 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals isolated from essential oils are effective alternatives for inhibiting microbial pathogens. Bovine protothecal mastitis is the cause of a reduction in milk production and the secretion of thin, watery milk with white flakes. In the present study, we performed in vitro susceptibility testing of the phytochemicals carvacrol, citral, and thymol in Prototheca strains isolated from cases of protothecosis in small animals and cow feces. The susceptibility of the algae to carvacrol, citral, and thymol was assessed using the modified CLSI M27-A3 broth microdilution method. The ranges of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC%) of the phytochemicals in all isolates were 0.03% to 0.125% for carvacrol, 0.03% to 0.25% for citral, and 0.06% to 0.25% for thymol. Based on these results, carvacrol, citral, and thymol appear effective against Prototheca species at the tested concentrations, and may thus be useful for environmental disinfection in barns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka NOJO
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology (TIMM),
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanae A ISHIJIMA
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology (TIMM),
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mako MORIKAWA
- Veterinary Hospital Aichi P.F.A.M.A.A., Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaaki ITO
- Veterinary Hospital Aichi P.F.A.M.A.A., Aichi, Japan
| | - Rui KANO
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology (TIMM),
Tokyo, Japan
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Hristov AN. Invited review: Advances in nutrition and feed additives to mitigate enteric methane emissions. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4129-4146. [PMID: 38942560 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Methane, both enteric and from manure management, is the most important greenhouse gas from ruminant livestock, and its mitigation can deliver substantial decreases in the carbon footprint of animal products and potentially contribute to climate change mitigation. Although choices may be limited, certain feeding-related practices can substantially decrease livestock enteric CH4 emission. These practices can be generally classified into 2 categories: diet manipulation and feed additives. Within the first category, selection of forages and increasing forage digestibility are likely to decrease enteric CH4 emission, but the size of the effect, relative to current forage practices in the United States dairy industry, is likely to be minimal to moderate. An opportunity also exists to decrease enteric CH4 emissions by increasing dietary starch concentration, but interventions have to be weighed against potential decreases in milk fat yield and farm profitability. A similar conclusion can be made about dietary lipids and oilseeds, which are proven to decrease CH4 emission but can also have a negative effect on rumen fermentation, feed intake, and milk production and composition. Sufficient and robust scientific evidence indicates that some feed additives, specifically the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol, can substantially reduce CH4 emissions from dairy and beef cattle. However, the long-term effects and external factors affecting the efficacy of the inhibitor need to be further studied. The practicality of mass-application of other mitigation practices with proven short-term efficacy (i.e., macroalgae) is currently unknown. One area that needs more research is how nutritional mitigation practices (both diet manipulation and feed additives) interact with each other and whether there is synergism among feed additives with different mode of action. Further, effects of diet on manure composition and greenhouse gas emissions during storage (e.g., emission trade-offs) have not been adequately studied. Overall, if currently available mitigation practices prove to deliver consistent results and novel, potent, and safe strategies are discovered and are practical, nutrition alone can deliver up to 60% reduction in enteric CH4 emissions from dairy farms in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Tabiś A, Szumny A, Bania J, Pacyga K, Lewandowska K, Kupczyński R. Comparison of the Effects of Essential Oils from Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica on Selected Bacteria, Rumen Fermentation, and Methane Production-In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5861. [PMID: 38892045 PMCID: PMC11172183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and Cannabis indica Lam. on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, selected rumen microbial populations, and methane production. GC-MS analyses allowed us to identify 89 compounds in both EOs. It was found that E-β-caryophyllene predominated in C. sativa (18.4%) and C. indica (24.1%). An in vitro (Ankom) test was performed to analyse the control and monensin groups, as well as the 50 µL or 100 µL EOs. The samples for volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactate, and microbiological analysis were taken before incubation and after 6 and 24 h. The application of EOs of C. indica resulted in an increase in the total VFAs of acetate and propionate after 6 h of incubation. The applied EOs had a greater impact on the reduction in methane production after 6 h, but no apparent effect was noted after 24 h. Lower concentrations of C. sativa and C. indica had a more pronounced effect on Lactobacillus spp. and Buryrivibrio spp. than monensin. The presented findings suggest that C. sativa and C. indica supplementation can modify ruminal fermentation, the concentrations of specific volatile fatty acids, and methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tabiś
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (A.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (A.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Pacyga
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Kamila Lewandowska
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (K.L.)
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Huang J, Xu J, Wu R, Wang J, Yang J, Li Y, Wang B, Xiong W, Guo Y. Influence of Cuticular Waxes from Triticale on Rumen Fermentation: A Metabolomic and Microbiome Profiling Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1592-1606. [PMID: 38198510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cuticular wax, a critical defense layer for plants, remains a relatively unexplored factor in rumen fermentation. We investigated the impact of cuticular wax on rumen fermentation using triticale as a model. In total, six wax classes were identified, including fatty acids, aldehydes, alkane, primary alcohol, alkyresorcinol, and β-diketone, with low-bloom lines predominated by 46.05% of primary alcohols and high-bloom lines by 35.64% of β-diketone. Low-wax addition (2.5 g/kg DM) increased the gas production by 19.25% (P < 0.05) and total volatile fatty acids by 6.34% (P > 0.05), and enriched key carbohydrate-fermenting rumen microbes like Saccharofermentans, Ruminococcus, and Prevotellaceae, when compared to non-wax groups. Metabolites linked to nucleotide metabolism, purine metabolism, and protein/fat digestion in the rumen showed a positive correlation with low-wax, benefiting rumen microbes. This study highlights the intricate interplay among cuticular wax, rumen microbiota, fermentation, and metabolomics in forage digestion, providing insights into livestock nutrition and forage utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Ruixin Wu
- Dry-Land Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, P. R. China
| | - Jinjing Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Dry-Land Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Wangdan Xiong
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257091, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257091, P. R. China
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