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Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Lapierre H, Feng X, Daley VL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between milk protein production and absorbed amino acids and digested energy in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00564-2. [PMID: 38490550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and utilized a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error (RMSE) > 21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total essential AA (EAA), absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14-15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (non-productive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of NASEM. The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of -0.34g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in g/d and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the non-essential AA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, neutral detergent fiber, residual organic matter, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlations (CCC) of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in non-biological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g of total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several non-biological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as g/d with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for body weight, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, while estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - R Martineau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Feng
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - V L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Wang L, Wang Y, Meng M, Ma N, Wei G, Huo R, Chang G, Shen X. High-concentrate diet elevates histone lactylation mediated by p300/CBP through the upregulation of lactic acid and induces an inflammatory response in mammary gland of dairy cows. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106135. [PMID: 37172660 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High-concentrate diet can cause metabolic diseases, such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), and secondary mastitis. To investigate the effect of SARA induced by high-concentrate diet on the lysine lactylation (Kla) and inflammatory responses in the mammary gland of dairy cows and the mechanism between them, we selected twelve mid-lactation Holstein cows with similar body conditions for modelling. They were randomly divided into two groups, fed a low-concentrate diet (LC) and a high-concentrate diet (HC) for 21 days. Our results showed that high-concentrate diet feeding significantly reduced ruminal pH, and the pH was below 5.6 for more than 3 h per day, indicating successful induction of the SARA model. Lactic acid concentrations in mammary gland and plasma were higher in the HC group than that in the LC group. HC diet feeding significantly up-regulated the expression levels of the Pan Kla, H3K18la, p300/CBP and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the mammary gland. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors were significantly regulated, including IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, SAA3, and TNF-α, while the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was down-regulated. The mammary gland of HC group was structurally disorganized with incomplete glandular vesicles, with a large number of detached mammary epithelial cells and inflammatory cells infiltration. The up-regulation of TLR4, TNF-α, p-p65, and p-IκBα indicated that the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated. In conclusion, this study found that HC diet feeding can induce SARA and increase the concentration of lactic acid in mammary gland and plasma. Then, lactic acid could be transported into cells by MCT1 and up-regulate the expression level of histone lactylation mediated by p300/CBP, and subsequently promote the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately causing inflammatory responses in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lairong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meijuan Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Nana Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guozhen Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ran Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guangjun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Hilscher FH, Bittner CJ, Gramkow JL, Jolly-Breithaupt ML, Norman MM, Wilson HC, Watson AK, MacDonald JC, Anderson JN, Erickson GE. The effect of corn silage hybrid and inclusion on performance of finishing steers and silage hybrid effects on digestibility and performance of growing steers. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac147. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Three experiments evaluated the effects of three corn silage hybrids, inclusion, and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing diets. The three hybrids tested included a control (CON), a hybrid containing a brown midrib (bm3) trait (BM3), and an experimental bm3 hybrid with the soft endosperm trait (BM3-SOFT). Experiment 1 utilized 360 crossbred steers (body weight [BW] = 334; SD = 25 kg) to evaluate inclusion of silage in a finishing diet at (15% or 45% of diet dry matter [DM]) and silage hybrid (CON, BM3, or BM3-SOFT). Experiment 2 and 3 utilized 216 crossbred steers (BW = 324; SD = 10 kg) and six ruminally fistulated steers (BW = 274; SD = 27 kg), respectively, to evaluate effects of either CON, BM3, or BM3-SOFT silage hybrids on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing diets. In Exp. 1, there was a silage inclusion × hybrid interaction for average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). All treatments with 15% silage had greater (P ≤ 0.04) ADG and G:F compared with 45% silage. Cattle fed BM3-SOFT had greater ADG and G:F than cattle fed CON or BM3 when silage was included at 15% of the diet. When silage was fed at 45% of the diet DM, ADG did not differ between cattle fed either bm3 hybrid. Cattle fed BM3 had the greatest G:F (P < 0.01), with no difference between BM3-SOFT and CON. At 15% silage inclusion, hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed BM3-SOFT compared with cattle fed CON and BM3 but did not differ between cattle fed BM3 and CON. At 45% silage inclusion, steers fed either bm3 hybrid did not differ in HCW but were both heavier (P < 0.01) compared with cattle fed CON. In Exp. 2, ending BW, dry matter intake (DMI), and ADG were greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed either bm3 hybrid compared to steers fed the CON, but not different between steers fed the bm3 hybrids. There were no differences (P = 0.26) in G:F between the silage hybrids. In Exp. 3, steers fed either bm3 had greater (P < 0.01) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility than steers fed the CON. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.01), and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed bm3 hybrids compared to steers fed CON. Feeding silage with the bm3 trait improved fiber digestibility, which increased DMI and subsequent ADG in high-forage growing diets. Feeding corn silage with the bm3 trait improved performance compared to non-bm3 corn silage when included above typical roughage concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Henry Hilscher
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | - Curt J Bittner
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | - Jana L Gramkow
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | | | - Mitch M Norman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | - Hannah C Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | - Andrea K Watson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | - James C MacDonald
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
| | - John N Anderson
- Dow AgroSciences, Mycogen Seeds , Indianapolis, IN 46268 , USA
| | - Galen E Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA
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Ruminal Fiber Degradation Kinetics within and among Warm-Season Annual Grasses as Affected by the Brown Midrib Mutation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192536. [PMID: 36230280 PMCID: PMC9558941 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Warm-season annual grasses alternative to corn are an attractive option for feeding dairy cattle due to decreased seeding costs and tolerance to drought stress. Warm-season annual grasses include corn, sorghum, and pearl millet. Similar to corn, some varieties of sorghum and pearl millet can contain the brown midrib (BMR) mutation in their genome, which may result in a greater degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). In this study, we evaluated whether forages containing the BMR mutation exhibit the highest NDF digestibility regardless of forage type. For this evaluation, we determined the degradability of NDF by placing forage samples in porous bags within the rumen of lactating dairy cows and measuring how much NDF disappeared over time. Results from this study show that, although forages containing the BMR mutation may show greater NDF degradability than non-BMR forages of the same grass type, forages containing the BMR mutation do not always have the greatest fiber degradability when compared to conventional varieties of other grasses. Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional composition and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation kinetics of brown midrib (BMR) and non-BMR genotypes within and across warm-season annual grasses. Four commercial varieties (two non-BMR and two BMR) of corn, sorghum, and pearl millet were planted in plots. Forage samples were incubated in the rumen of three rumen-cannulated cows for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 240 h. On an NDF basis, all forage types showed lower acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations for BMR genotypes, but the magnitude of the difference differed among forage types. The concentration of undegraded NDF (uNDF; NDF basis) differed among forage types and between genotypes. Corn had the least, pearl millet had the intermediate, and sorghum had the greatest concentration of uNDF. Non-BMR genotypes had greater concentrations of uNDF than BMR genotypes. No interaction existed between forage type and genotype for the concentration of uNDF. In conclusion, although BMR forages may show lower ADL concentrations in the cell wall and greater NDF degradability than non-BMR forages of the same forage type, BMR forages do not always have the least ADL concentration or the greatest NDF degradability when comparing different forage types.
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Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar G, Zepeda-Batista JL, González-Reyes M, García-Casillas AC, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G. Improvement of Ruminal Neutral Detergent Fiber Degradability by Obtaining and Using Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070843. [PMID: 35405833 PMCID: PMC8997131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Carrillo-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Edo. México, Mexico;
| | - Griselda Chávez-Aguilar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria Agricultura Familiar (CENID AF), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ojuelos de Jalisco 47540, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Zepeda-Batista
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Mónica González-Reyes
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Arturo César García-Casillas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
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Gao Z, Li Y, Xu C, Luo D, Qiu Q, Pan K, Xiong X, Qu M, Ouyang K. Niacin mitigates rumen epithelial damage in vivo by inhibiting rumen epithelial cell apoptosis on a high concentrate diet. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:699-709. [PMID: 35076856 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of niacin on rumen fermentation, rumen epithelial antioxidant activity, and rumen epithelial cell apoptosis on high concentrate (HC) diets, nine male Hu sheep were randomly fed one of three diets: low concentrate diet (LC; concentrate: forage (C:F) = 20:80, high concentrate diet (HC; C:F = 80:20), and HCN diet (HC diet + niacin at 800 mg/kg diet air-dry matter). Compared with the LC group, the HC group had a lower rumen pH, higher volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in the rumen, reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity, and increased malondialdehyde content in the rumen epithelium (P < 0.05). Rumen epithelial papilla morphology was decreased, and apoptosis-related indicators and serum inflammatory cytokines were increased in the HC group over the LC group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HC diet, the HCN diet increased rumen pH, rumen epithelium antioxidant capacity, and rumen epithelial papilla morphology, decreased rumen lactate content, serum inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis-related indicators (P < 0.05). Therefore, adding 800 mg/kg niacin helped protect against rumen epithelial damage by avoiding drastic changes in the rumen environment and improved rumen epithelial antioxidant capacity to inhibit rumen epithelial cell apoptosis in sheep on a HC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaowen Xiong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
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Effects of Addition of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Digestibility and Milk and Meat Production – A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) added to the ruminant diet can increase fiber digestibility and production efficiency. A systematic review was conducted to understand the interactions between EFE and diet on digestibility and animal performance. The database included variables from 384 experiments with EFE and 264 controls from 85 papers published since 2000 (classification criteria: 1) type of study (in vitro, in situ, in vivo), 2) type of ruminants (sheep, buffaloes, goats, beef and dairy cattle), 3) primary EFE activity (cellulases (Cel) or xylanases (Xyl)), 4) forage proportion (FP), 5) type of plant (TP: legumes or grasses), 6) number of ingredients in diets, and 7) application time (AT)). In over 52.85% of cases, EFE improved the degradability of dry matter (DMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDFD and ADFD), in vitro gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the acetate: propionate ratio (A:P ratio), protein and fat milk, milk yield and average daily gain (ADG) (by 7.78–21.85%). Cel improved organic matter degradability (OMD), GP, VFA, milk yield, and milk protein and fat content. EFE in FP≥40% diets enhanced the ADG, and in grassbased diets increased the dry matter intake (DMI). The AT of EFE affected the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Significant correlations were found between the improvements of NDFD or ADFD with DMD (r>0.59), milk yield (r=0.64), and ADG (r=0.59). In conclusion, many factors interact with EFE supplementation effects, but EFE consistently enhanced the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD of ruminant diets, which are related to improvements in productive performance.
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Sutherland B, Johnson J, McKinnon J, McAllister T, Penner G. Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley grain (BG), corn grain (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n = 5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater dry matter, organic matter, starch, and gross energy digestibility values compared with CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage × grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J.A. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J.J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Tharangani R, Yakun C, Zhao L, Ma L, Liu H, Su S, Shan L, Yang Z, Kononoff P, Weiss WP, Bu D. Corn silage quality index: An index combining milk yield, silage nutritional and fermentation parameters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Miller MD, Kokko C, Ballard CS, Dann HM, Fustini M, Palmonari A, Formigoni A, Cotanch KW, Grant RJ. Influence of fiber degradability of corn silage in diets with lower and higher fiber content on lactational performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal characteristics in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1728-1743. [PMID: 33309368 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability of corn silage in diets containing lower and higher NDF concentrations on lactational performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal characteristics in lactating Holstein cows was measured. Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 91 ± 4 (standard error) days in milk were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods (7-d collection periods). Dietary treatments were formulated to contain either conventional (CON; 48.6% 24-h NDF degradability; NDFD) or brown midrib-3 (BM3; 61.1% 24-h NDFD) corn silage and either lower NDF (LNDF) or higher NDF (HNDF) concentration (32.0 and 35.8% of ration dry matter, DM) by adjusting the dietary forage content (52 and 67% forage, DM basis). The dietary treatments were (1) CON-LNDF, (2) CON-HNDF, (3) BM3-LNDF, and (4) BM3-HNDF. Data were analyzed as a factorial arrangement of diets within a replicated Latin square design with the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with fixed effects of NDFD, NDF, NDFD × NDF, period(square), and square. Cow within square was the random effect. Time and its interactions with NDFD and NDF were included in the model when appropriate. An interaction between NDFD and NDF content resulted in the HNDF diet decreasing dry matter intake (DMI) with CON corn silage but not with BM3 silage. Cows fed the BM3 corn silage had higher DMI than cows fed the CON corn silage, whereas cows fed the HNDF diet consumed less DM than cows fed the LNDF diet. Cows fed the BM3 diets had greater energy-corrected milk yield, higher milk true protein content, and lower milk urea nitrogen concentration than cows fed CON diets. Additionally, cows fed the BM3 diets had greater total-tract digestibility of organic matter and NDF than cows fed the CON diets. Compared with CON diets, the BMR diets accelerated ruminal NDF turnover. When incorporated into higher NDF diets, corn silage with greater in vitro 24-h NDFD and lower undegradable NDF at 240 h of in vitro fermentation (uNDF240) allowed for greater DMI intake than CON. In contrast, for lower NDF diets, NDFD of corn silage did not affect DMI, which suggests that a threshold level of inclusion of higher NDFD corn silage is necessary to observe enhanced lactational performance. Results suggest that there is a maximum gut fill of dietary uNDF240 and that higher NDFD corn silage can be fed at greater dietary concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Miller
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - C Kokko
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - C S Ballard
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - H M Dann
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - M Fustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Palmonari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - K W Cotanch
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921.
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11
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Miller MD, Lanier JS, Kvidera SK, Dann HM, Ballard CS, Grant RJ. Evaluation of source of corn silage and trace minerals on rumen characteristics and passage rate of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8864-8879. [PMID: 32747108 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of source of corn silage and trace mineral on rumen fermentation, turnover, and particle passage rates were evaluated with 8 ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 83 (standard error = 5) days in milk in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 28-d periods. The diets consisted (dry basis) of 55% conventional (CON) or brown midrib-3 (BM3) corn silage, 2% chopped wheat straw, and 43% grain mix with either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) source of Cu, Zn, and Mn trace minerals. The targeted supplemental amount of Cu, Zn, and Mn was 194, 1,657, and 687 mg/d, respectively. The dietary treatments were (1) CON-STM, (2) CON-HTM, (3) BM3-STM, and (4) BM3-HTM. Dietary nutrient composition of BM3 diets averaged 32.1% amylase neutral detergent fiber on an organic matter basis (aNDFom) and 6.9% undigested neutral detergent fiber at 240 h of in vitro fermentation (uNDF240om; % of dry matter), and CON diets averaged 36.2% aNDFom and 8.6% uNDF240om (% of dry matter). Data were summarized by period and analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with fixed model effects for corn silage, trace mineral, corn silage and trace mineral interaction, period within replicated square, and replicated square using the MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Cow within replicate was a random effect. Daily mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for rumen pH were unaffected by corn silage or trace mineral source. Cows fed the CON diets had greater rumen acetate percentage than cows fed the BM3 diets (65.7 vs. 64.7 molar %). In contrast, cows fed the BM3 diets had greater rumen propionate percentage than cows fed the CON diets (21.4 vs. 20.4 molar %). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was lower for cows fed STM versus HTM in BM3 diets, but not for the cows fed the CON diets. Cows fed the BM3 diets had faster turnover rate and shorter turnover time for uNDF240om than cows fed the CON diets (3.12 vs. 2.86%/h and 33.3 vs. 36.5 h, respectively). Cows fed the BM3 diets had a faster passage rate of small and medium corn silage neutral detergent fiber particles than cows fed the CON diets (5.73 vs. 5.37%/h and 4.74 vs. 4.31%/h, respectively). We observed a corn silage by source of trace mineral interaction on organic matter and uNDF240om rumen pool size and organic matter turnover. Overall, source of corn silage had a pronounced influence on rumen dynamics presumably related to greater in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility and lower uNDF240om content of BM3 corn silage that allowed for faster turnover of indigestible neutral detergent fiber and greater passage rate of corn silage particles. In contrast, the source of trace mineral had much less significant effects on rumen fermentation, turnover, and particle passage rates. Corn silage-based diets intended to enhance rumen fiber fermentation, turnover, and passage are more affected by source and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber than source of dietary trace minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Miller
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - J S Lanier
- Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46241
| | - S K Kvidera
- Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46241
| | - H M Dann
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - C S Ballard
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921.
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12
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Miranda-Romero LA, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G, Améndola-Massiotti R, Sandoval-González L, Ramírez-Valverde R, Salem AZ. Quantifying non-fibrous carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber and cellulose of forage through an in vitro gas production technique. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3099-3110. [PMID: 32083322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro gas production (GP) technique has been useful for evaluating the potential degradability of feedstuffs in ruminal environments; GP is related to the components of feedstuff ingredients. RESULTS Linear models were generated and validated as alternatives of quantifying neutral detergent-soluble fiber, starch (St)/hemicellulose (Hem) and cellulose (Cel) through GP. Residuals of models obtained from the peaks of GP [0-8 h (GP-8), > 8-24 h (GP-24), > 24-48 h (GP-48) and > 24-81 h (GP-81)] of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 g of glucose (Glu), St and Cel respectively. The incubations were analyzed in mixtures of Glu, St and Cel. The best fitting models (r2 from 0.709 to 0.935) were tested on corn stover (CS) to quantify rapid fermentation fractions (RF; equivalent to Glu), medium fermentation fractions (MF; equivalent to St) and low fermentation fractions (LF48; equivalent to Cel); in CS, RF, MF and LF models had standardized residuals < 0.09. The analysis with Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de Wit) and star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) consider high-protein ingredients. CONCLUSION The in vitro GP of RF, MF and LF48 fractions equivalent to Glu, St and Cel are affected by maturity and harvest time even when the chemical composition remains similar, and so RF, MF and LF48 should be considered during the design of ruminant diets. In vitro GP could be used to quantify the components of some forages, although further studies are necessary. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)/Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Agricultura Familiar (CENID-AF), Ojuelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Ricardo Améndola-Massiotti
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Laura Sandoval-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Abdelfattah Zm Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Edo. de México, México
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Miller MD, Lanier JS, Kvidera SK, Dann HM, Ballard CS, Grant RJ. Evaluation of source of corn silage and trace minerals on lactational performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3147-3160. [PMID: 32037164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of source of corn silage and trace minerals on lactational performance and total-tract digestibility (TTD) of nutrients in 16 Holstein cows averaging 82 (standard error = 3) days in milk in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 28-d periods. The diets consisted [dry matter (DM) basis] of 55% conventional (CON) or brown midrib-3 (BM3) corn silage, 2% chopped wheat straw, and 43% grain mix with either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) sources of copper, manganese, and zinc trace minerals. The targeted supplemental concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese were 194, 1,657, and 687 mg/d, respectively. The dietary treatments were CON-STM, CON-HTM, BM3-STM, and BM3-HTM. The dietary nutrient composition of the BM3 diets averaged 32.1% amylase neutral detergent fiber on an organic matter basis (aNDFom) and 6.9% undigested neutral detergent fiber at 240 h (uNDF240om; % of DM), and CON diets averaged 36.2% aNDFom and 8.6% uNDF240om (% of DM). The average supplemental concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the STM diets were 10, 41, and 64 mg/kg, respectively, and the average supplemental concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the HTM diets were 10, 40, and 62 mg/kg, respectively. The average total dietary concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the STM diets were 17, 104, and 60 mg/kg, respectively, and the average total dietary concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the HTM diets were 17, 91, and 66 mg/kg, respectively. Data were summarized by period and analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with fixed model effects for corn silage, trace minerals, corn silage × trace mineral interaction, period within replicated square, and replicated square using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Cow within replicated square was a random effect. Cows fed the BM3 diets had greater dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield (28.1 and 47.0 kg/d) than cows fed the CON diets (27.5 and 44.7 kg/d). We found no significant interaction between corn silage and trace minerals for DMI and milk yield. Cows fed the HTM diets (28.1 kg/d) had a greater DMI than cows fed the STM diets (27.5 kg/d). Cows fed the BM3 diets had greater TTD of DM and OM (72.8 and 74.1% of DM) than cows fed the CON diets (71.1 and 72.3% of DM). Cows fed the HTM diets had a tendency for greater TTD of aNDFom than cows fed the STM diets (56.8 vs. 54.9% of DM). Cows fed the CON diets ruminated longer during the day than cows fed the BM3 diets (524 vs. 496 min/d). Corn silage with greater NDF digestibility and lower uNDF240om enhanced DMI, milk yield, and TTD of DM and OM, and hydroxy trace minerals improved DMI and tended to improve TTD of aNDFom. The source of corn silage and trace minerals should be taken into consideration when formulating diets for high-producing dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Miller
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - J S Lanier
- Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46241
| | - S K Kvidera
- Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46241
| | - H M Dann
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - C S Ballard
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921.
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Adesogan AT, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Oyebade A, Paula EM, Pech-Cervantes AA, Romero JJ, Ferraretto LF, Vyas D. Symposium review: Technologies for improving fiber utilization. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5726-5755. [PMID: 30928262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The forage lignocellulosic complex is one of the greatest limitations to utilization of the nutrients and energy in fiber. Consequently, several technologies have been developed to increase forage fiber utilization by dairy cows. Physical or mechanical processing techniques reduce forage particle size and gut fill and thereby increase intake. Such techniques increase the surface area for microbial colonization and may increase fiber utilization. Genetic technologies such as brown midrib mutants (BMR) with less lignin have been among the most repeatable and practical strategies to increase fiber utilization. Newer BMR corn hybrids are better yielding than the early hybrids and recent brachytic dwarf BMR sorghum hybrids avoid lodging problems of early hybrids. Several alkalis have been effective at increasing fiber digestibility. Among these, ammoniation has the added benefit of increasing the nitrogen concentration of the forage. However, few of these have been widely adopted due to the cost and the caustic nature of the chemicals. Urea treatment is more benign but requires sufficient urease and moisture for efficacy. Ammonia-fiber expansion technology uses high temperature, moisture, and pressure to degrade lignocellulose to a greater extent than ammoniation alone, but it occurs in reactors and is therefore not currently usable on farms. Biological technologies for increasing fiber utilization such as application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, live yeasts, and yeast culture have had equivocal effects on forage fiber digestion in individual studies, but recent meta-analyses indicate that their overall effects are positive. Nonhydrolytic expansin-like proteins act in synergy with fibrolytic enzymes to increase fiber digestion beyond that achieved by the enzyme alone due to their ability to expand cellulose microfibrils allowing greater enzyme penetration of the cell wall matrix. White-rot fungi are perhaps the biological agents with the greatest potential for lignocellulose deconstruction, but they require aerobic conditions and several strains degrade easily digestible carbohydrates. Less ruminant nutrition research has been conducted on brown rot fungi that deconstruct lignocellulose by generating highly destructive hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. More research is needed to increase the repeatability, efficacy, cost effectiveness, and on-farm applicability of technologies for increasing fiber utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - K G Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Oyebade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E M Paula
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A A Pech-Cervantes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J J Romero
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Program, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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15
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Yang Y, Ferreira G, Corl BA, Campbell BT. Production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows fed corn silage- or sorghum silage-based diets with and without xylanase supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2266-2274. [PMID: 30639005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing xylanase on production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile in high-producing dairy cows consuming corn silage- or sorghum silage-based diets. Conventional corn (80,000 seeds/ha) and brown midrib forage sorghum (250,000 seeds/ha) were planted, harvested [34 and 32% of dry matter (DM), respectively], and ensiled for more than 10 mo. Four primiparous and 20 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 19-d periods. Treatment diets consisted of (1) corn silage-based diet without xylanase, (2) corn silage-based diet with xylanase, (3) sorghum silage-based diet without xylanase, and (4) sorghum silage-based diet with xylanase. The xylanase product was supplemented at a rate of 1.5 g of product/kg of total DM. Corn silage had higher concentrations of starch (31.2 vs. 29.2%), slightly higher concentrations of crude protein (7.1 vs. 6.8%) and fat (3.7 vs. 3.2%), and lower concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (36.4 vs. 49.0%) and lignin (2.1 vs. 5.7%) than sorghum silage. Xylanase supplementation did not affect DM intake, milk yield, milk fat percentage and yield, milk protein percentage and yield, lactose percentage and yield, and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield. Cows consuming corn silage-based diets consumed 13% more DM (28.8 vs. 25.5 kg/d) and produced 5% more milk (51.6 vs. 48.9 kg/d) than cows consuming sorghum silage-based diets. Milk from cows consuming sorghum silage-based diets had 16% greater fat concentrations (3.84 and 3.30%) than milk from cows consuming corn silage-based diets. This resulted in 8% greater fat yields (1.81 vs. 1.68 kg/d). Silage type did not affect milk protein and lactose concentrations. Xylanase supplementation did not affect nutrient digestibility. Cows consuming corn silage-based diets showed greater DM (77.3 vs. 73.5%), crude protein (78.0 vs. 72.4), and starch (99.2 vs. 96.5%) digestibilities than cows consuming sorghum silage-based diets. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation did not improve production performance when high-producing dairy cows were fed corn silage- or sorghum silage-based diets. In addition, production performance can be sustained by feeding sorghum silage in replacement of corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - G Ferreira
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060.
| | - B A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
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16
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Allen MS. Do more mechanistic models increase accuracy of prediction of metabolisable protein supply in ruminants? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal microbes partially degrade dietary protein and synthesise microbial protein, which, along with undegraded true protein, contributes to metabolisable protein for the animal. Rumen models have been developed over the past several decades in an effort to better predict metabolisable protein supply for ration formulation for ruminants. These models have both empirical and mechanistic components. Separation of dietary protein into fractions that include non-protein nitrogen, true protein and unavailable protein has been a fundamental element of these models. Ruminal degradation of one or more true protein fractions is then estimated on the basis of the kinetics of digestion and passage. Some models use the same method to predict substrate supply for microbial protein production. Although mechanistic models have been extensively used in diet-formulation programs worldwide, their ability to improve accuracy of prediction of metabolisable protein over simpler empirical models is questionable. This article will address the potential of mechanistic models to better predict metabolisable protein supply in ruminants as well as their limitations.
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17
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Spetter MJ, Ramiro FA, Della Rosa MM, Maglietti CS, Depetris JG, Santini FJ, Raimondi JP, Roig JM, Pavan E. Brown-midrib corn silage in finishing steer diet: effects on animal performance, in vivo digestibility and ruminal kinetics disappearance. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lower lignin content in brown-midrib corn silage (BMRCS) than in conventional corn silage results in greater digestibility and dry-matter intake. Despite this advantage, the use of BMRCS has not been widely evaluated in beef cattle. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of BMRCS chopped at 22-mm as the main component (79% DM basis) for finishing steer diet on digestion, animal performance and ruminal kinetics disappearance. In a first trial, 56 Angus and crossbred steers (339 ± 18 kg initial bodyweight) were divided into 14 pens that were randomly assigned to one of the following two treatments: BMR total mixed ration (BMRT) or conventional total mixed ration. Data were analysed under a completely randomised design using pen as the experimental unit (n = 7). In a second trial, BMRCS and conventional corn silage were incubated (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72 and 120 h) in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows. Data were analysed under a completely randomised block (cow) design. The inclusion of BMRCS in 79% corn silage diet for finishing steers improved total diet neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility, but did not improve DM digestibility. While there was no significant improvement in animal performance, carcass yield was improved in BMRT. Future studies are needed to evaluate the improvement of carcass weight in steers fed BMRT.
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18
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Ribeiro GO, Badhan A, Huang J, Beauchemin KA, Yang W, Wang Y, Tsang A, McAllister TA. New recombinant fibrolytic enzymes for improved in vitro ruminal fiber degradability of barley straw1. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3928-3942. [PMID: 30053012 PMCID: PMC6127823 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a high-throughput in vitro microassay, in vitro batch culture, and the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC) to screen recombinant fibrolytic enzymes for their ability to increase the ruminal fiber degradability of barley straw. Eleven different recombinant enzymes in combination with a crude mixture of rumen enzymes (50% recombinant enzyme:50% crude mixture of rumen enzymes) were compared with the crude mixture of rumen enzymes alone. In the microassay, all treatments were applied at 15 mg of protein load per gram barley straw glucan. Based on the microassay results, 1 recombinant endoglucanase [EGL7A, from the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 7], 2 recombinant xylanases (XYL10A and XYL10C, from GH10), and a recombinant enzyme mixture were selected and compared with a crude mixture of fibrolytic enzymes from Aspergillus aculeatus for their ability to hydrolyze barley straw. For batch culture, enzymes were applied to barley straw at 2 dosages (100 and 500 µg of protein/g of substrate DM). All enzymes increased (P < 0.05) DM disappearance and total VFA production, but the mixture of recombinant enzymes was not superior to the use of a single recombinant enzyme. Based on positive results (P < 0.05) for total DM disappearance and VFA production in batch culture, 3 enzymes (EGL7A, XYL10A, and XYL10C) were selected and applied to barley straw at 500 µg of protein per gram for further assessment in RUSITECs fed a concentrate:barley straw diet (300:700 g/kg DM). In RUSITECs, the recombinant enzyme XYL10A increased (P < 0.05) barley straw DM, NDF, and ADF disappearance, whereas EGL7A and XYL10C had no effect. The enzymes selected based on the high-throughput in vitro microassay consistently increased barley straw degradation in ruminal batch culture, but not in the semicontinuous culture RUSITEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Ajay Badhan
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jiangli Huang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-Year Review: Carbohydrates-Characterization, digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10078-10093. [PMID: 29153156 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the role of carbohydrates in dairy cattle nutrition has advanced substantially in the 100 years of the publication of the Journal of Dairy Science. In this review, we trace the history of scientific investigation and discovery from crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and "unidentified factors" to our present analytical schemes and understanding of ruminal and whole-animal utilization and effects of dietary carbohydrates. Historically, advances in research and new feeding standards occurred in parallel with and fostered by new methods of analysis. The 100 years of research reviewed here has bequeathed to us an impressive legacy of information, which we will continue to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Hall
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison WI 53706.
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20
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Yang Y, Ferreira G, Teets C, Corl B, Thomason W, Griffey C. Effects of feeding hulled and hull-less barley with low- and high-forage diets on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3036-3043. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Gallardo I, Bárcena R, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Cobos M, Carreón L, Ortega ME. Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes onin vitroandin saccodegradation of forages for ruminants. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Cobos
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México
| | - Lorenzo Carreón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tecamachalco, México
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Tirado-González DN, Miranda-Romero LA, Ruíz-Flores A, Medina-Cuéllar SE, Ramírez-Valverde R, Tirado-Estrada G. Meta-analysis: effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1399135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Agustín Ruíz-Flores
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), Aguascalientes, México, CP, Mexico
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23
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Refat B, Prates LL, Khan NA, Lei Y, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ, Yu P. Physiochemical Characteristics and Molecular Structures for Digestible Carbohydrates of Silages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8979-8991. [PMID: 28914059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were (1) to assess the magnitude of differences among new barley silage varieties (BS) selected for varying rates of in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (ivNDFD; Cowboy BS with higher ivNDFD, Copeland BS with intermediate ivNDFD, and Xena BS with lower ivNDFD) with regard to their carbohydrate (CHO) molecular makeup, CHO chemical fractions, and rumen degradability in dairy cows in comparison with a new corn silage hybrid (Pioneer 7213R) and (2) to quantify the strength and pattern of association between the molecular structures and digestibility of carbohydrates. The carbohydrate-related molecular structure spectral data was measured using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy (FT/IR). In comparison to BS, corn silage showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher level of starch and energy content and higher degradation of dry matter (DM). Cowboy BS had lower feeding value (higher indigestible fiber content and lower starch content) and lower DM degradation in the rumen compared to other BS varieties (P < 0.05). The spectral intensities of carbohydrates were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with digestible carbohydrate content of the silages. In conclusion, the univariate approach with only one-factor consideration (ivNDFD) might not be a satisfactory method for evaluating and ranking BS quality. FT/IR molecular spectroscopy can be used to evaluate silage quality rapidly, particularly the digestible fiber content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basim Refat
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
| | - Luciana L Prates
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
| | - Nazir A Khan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar , Peshawar, 25130 KP, Pakistan
| | - Yaogeng Lei
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
| | - David A Christensen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
| | - John J McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, S7N 5A8 SK, Canada
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University , Guangdong, China
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24
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Hassanat F, Gervais R, Benchaar C. Methane production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, and milk production of dairy cows fed conventional or brown midrib corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2625-2636. [PMID: 28161179 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of replacing conventional corn silage (CCS) with brown midrib corn silage (BMCS) in dairy cow diets on enteric CH4 emission, nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk production, and N excretion. Sixteen rumen-cannulated lactating cows used in a crossover design (35-d periods) were fed (ad libitum) a total mixed ration (forage:concentrate ratio = 65:35, dry matter basis) based (59% dry matter) on either CCS or BMCS. Dry matter intake and milk yield increased when cows were fed BMCS instead of CCS. Of the milk components, only milk fat content slightly decreased when cows were fed the BMCS-based diet compared with when fed the CCS-based diet (3.81 vs. 3.92%). Compared with CCS, feeding BMCS to cows increased yields of milk protein and milk fat. Ruminal pH, protozoa numbers, total VFA concentration, and molar proportions of acetate and propionate were similar between cows fed BMCS and those fed CCS. Daily enteric CH4 emission (g/d) was unaffected by dietary treatments, but CH4 production expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake or on milk yield basis was lower for cows fed the BMCS-based diet than for cows fed the CCS-based diet. A decline in manure N excretion and a shift in N excretion from urine to feces were observed when BMCS replaced CCS in the diet, suggesting reduced potential of manure N volatilization. Results from this study show that improving fiber quality of corn silage in dairy cow diets through using brown midrib trait cultivar can reduce enteric CH4 emissions as well as potential emissions of NH3 and N2O from manure. However, CH4 emissions during manure storage may increase due to excretion of degradable OM when BMCS diet is fed, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hassanat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, 2425, rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - C Benchaar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Lipopolysaccharide derived from the digestive tract activates inflammatory gene expression and inhibits casein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9652-65. [PMID: 26893357 PMCID: PMC4891074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the nutrition requirements of lactation, dairy cows are usually fed a high concentrate diet (HC). However, high-grain feeding causes subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), a metabolic disorder that causes milk protein depression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released in the rumen on inflammatory gene expression and casein synthesis in mammary glands of lactating dairy cows fed a HC diet. We found that milk protein was significantly decreased in the HC group after 15 weeks of feeding. Overall, LPS concentrations in the rumen fluid, lacteal artery and vein were increased in the HC group. Transcriptome microarray was used to evaluate alterations in the signaling pathway in mammary glands. Signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses were activated, whereas those involved in protein synthesis were inhibited in the HC group. mRNA expression involved in inflammatory responses, including that of TLR4, NF-кB and pro-inflammatory genes, was increased in the HC group, while αs1-casein (CSN1S1), β-casein (CSN2), mTOR and S6K gene expression were decreased. Moreover, protein expression was consistent with the corresponding gene expression. After feeding with an HC diet, LPS derived from the rumen increased inflammatory gene expression and inhibited casein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows fed a HC diet.
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26
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Importance of NDF digestibility of whole crop maize silage for dry matter intake and milk production in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Salem AZ, Elghandour MM, Kholif AE, Barbabosa A, Camacho LM, Odongo NE. Influence of Feeding Horses a High Fiber Diet With or Without Live Yeast Cultures Supplementation on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestion, Blood Chemistry, Fecal Coliform Count, and In Vitro Fecal Fermentation. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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He LW, Meng QX, Li DY, Wang F, Ren LP. Effect of Steam Explosion onIn VitroGas Production Kinetics and Rumen Fermentation Profiles of Three Common Straws. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Masoero F, Rossi F, Pulimeno AM. Chemical composition andin vitrodigestibility of stalks, leaves and cobs of four corn hybrids at different phenological stages. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2006.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Genero GA, Cangiano CA, Raimondi JP, Roig JM, Gagliostro GA. Replacing conventional with brown midrib corn silage in a total mixed ration: the impact on early and late lactation dairy cow intake, milk yield and composition, and milk fatty acids profile. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brown midrib corn silage (BMRS) is used as an alternative to conventional corn silage (CS) to increase milk yield because of its higher neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) and DM intake (DMI). Forty Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Two groups of 13 cows in early lactation (EL) and 7 in late lactation (LL) were fed with a total mixed ration including brown midrib (BMR) or conventional corn silage (C), for a period of 42 days. The cows were milked twice a day, milk yield and DMI were recorded, and NDFD was estimated. Milk composition was measured twice a week and milk fatty acid profile was quantified on the final week of the experiment. In EL, BMR diet increased DMI, NDFD, milk and protein yield whereas milk fat content and yield were decreased. Concentrations of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 in milk were higher in BMR. In LL cows DMI was similar between BMR and C whereas milk and fat yields tended to be higher in C. Fat-corrected milk yield was greater in the C diet. The effect of the BMRS on DMI and milk yield depended on stage of lactation, justifying its use in early lactation. The lower milk fat concentration, observed when BMRS was included in the diets, could be explained in part by an increased concentration of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Allen
- Department of Animal Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - James G. Coors
- Department of Agronomy; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Gregory W. Roth
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
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32
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Salem AZ, Elghandour MM, Kholif AE, Odongo NE, Jiménez FJ, Montes-de-Oca R, Domínguez IA, Dibarrat JA. The Effect of Feeding Horses a High Fiber Diet With or Without Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes Supplementation on Nutrient Digestion, Blood Chemistry, Fecal Coliform Count, and In Vitro Fecal Fermentation. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Dann H, Fredin S, Cotanch K, Grant R, Kokko C, Ji P, Fujita K. Effects of corn-based reduced-starch diets using alternative carbohydrate sources on performance of lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4041-54. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Methane emission, digestive characteristics and faecal archaeol in heifers fed diets based on silage from brown midrib maize as compared to conventional maize. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:159-76. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1043211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Ferraretto L, Shaver R. Effects of whole-plant corn silage hybrid type on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and lactation performance by dairy cows through a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2662-75. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Lim J, Nestor K, Kung L. The effect of hybrid type and dietary proportions of corn silage on the lactation performance of high-producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1195-203. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Fredin S, Akins M, Ferraretto L, Shaver R. Effects of corn-based diet starch content and neutral detergent fiber source on lactation performance, digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:554-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Ferraretto L, Fonseca A, Sniffen C, Formigoni A, Shaver R. Effect of corn silage hybrids differing in starch and neutral detergent fiber digestibility on lactation performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:395-405. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Lopes F, Cook D, Combs D. Validation of an in vitro model for predicting rumen and total-tract fiber digestibility in dairy cows fed corn silages with different in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibilities at 2 levels of dry matter intake. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:574-85. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Sousa DO, Mesquita BS, Diniz-Magalhães J, Bueno ICS, Mesquita LG, Silva LFP. Effect of fiber digestibility and conservation method on feed intake and the ruminal ecosystem of growing steers1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5622-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. O. Sousa
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - J. Diniz-Magalhães
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I. C. S. Bueno
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. G. Mesquita
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. F. P. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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41
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Gorniak T, Hüther L, Meyer U, Lebzien P, Breves G, Südekum KH, Dänicke S. Digestibility, ruminal fermentation, ingesta kinetics and nitrogen utilisation in dairy cows fed diets based on silage of a brown midrib or a standard maize hybrid. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:143-58. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.897531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Adesogan AT, Ma ZX, Romero JJ, Arriola KG. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Improving cell wall digestion and animal performance with fibrolytic enzymes. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1317-30. [PMID: 24663173 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to summarize published responses to treatment of cattle diets with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE), to discuss reasons for variable EFE efficacy in animal trials, to recommend strategies for improving enzyme testing and EFE efficacy in ruminant diets, and to identify proteomic differences between effective and ineffective EFE. A meta-analysis of 20 dairy cow studies with 30 experiments revealed that only a few increased lactational performance and the response was inconsistent. This variability is attributable to several enzyme, feed, animal, and management factors that were discussed in this paper. The variability reflects our limited understanding of the synergistic and sequential interactions between exogenous glycosyl hydrolases, autochthonous ruminal microbes, and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes that are necessary to optimize ruminal fiber digestion. An added complication is that many of the standard methods of assaying EFE activities may over- or underestimate their potential effects because they are based on pure substrate saccharification and do not simulate ruminal conditions. Our recent evaluation of 18 commercial EFE showed that 78 and 83% of them exhibited optimal endoglucanase and xylanase activities, respectively, at 50 °C, and 77 and 61% had optimal activities at pH 4 to 5, respectively, indicating that most would likely act suboptimally in the rumen. Of the many fibrolytic activities that act synergistically to degrade forage fiber, the few usually assayed, typically endoglucanase and xylanase, cannot hydrolyze the recalcitrant phenolic acid-lignin linkages that are the main constraints to ruminal fiber degradation. These factors highlight the futility of random addition of EFE to diets. This paper discusses reasons for the variable animal responses to dietary addition of fibrolytic enzymes, advances explanations for the inconsistency, suggests a strategy to improve enzyme efficacy in ruminant diets, and describes differences among the proteomes of effective and ineffective EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
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43
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Oba M, Swift ML. Short Communication: Effects of feeding Falcon or Tyto whole plant barley silage on milk production and feed efficiency. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oba, M. and Swift, M. L. 2014. Short Communication: Effects of feeding Falcon or Tyto whole plant barley silage on milk production and feed efficiency. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 151–153. Eight lactating dairy cows were fed diets containing either Falcon or Tyto whole-plant barley silage (Hordeum vulgare; WPBS) in a crossover design to study effects on milk production and feed efficiency. The in vitro fibre digestibility (IVFD) of Falcon and Tyto WPBS was 61.6 and 57.2%, respectively. Cows consuming the Falcon WPBS utilized feed more efficiently compared with those consuming the Tyto WPBS (1.44 vs. 1.32 kg milk kg−1dry matter intake) although milk yield was not affected. This research demonstrates that IVFD may be an important quality indicator of WPBS when balancing diets for high producing lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Oba
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - M. L. Swift
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Field Crop Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W8
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44
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Benchaar C, Hassanat F, Gervais R, Chouinard P, Petit H, Massé D. Methane production, digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and milk production of cows fed corn silage- or barley silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:961-74. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Dong H, Wang S, Jia Y, Ni Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang S, Shen X, Zhao R. Long-term effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on milk quality and hepatic gene expression in lactating goats fed a high-concentrate diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82850. [PMID: 24376594 PMCID: PMC3871605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism underlying the decline in milk quality during periods of feeding high-concentrate diets to dairy ruminants is not well documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic changes in the liver that contribute to the input of substrate precursors to the mammary gland after feeding a high-concentrate diet to lactating goats for a long period. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight mid-lactating goats with rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to two groups. For 9 weeks, the treatment group was fed a high-concentrate diet (60% concentrate of dry matter, HC) and the control group was fed a low-concentrate diet (40% concentrate of dry matter, LC). Ruminal fluid, plasma, and liver tissues were sampled, microarray techniques and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate metabolic parameters and gene expression in liver. RESULTS Feeding a 60%-concentrate diet for 9 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in rumen pH. Changes in fat and protein content also occurred, which negatively affected milk quality. Plasma levels of leptin (p = 0.058), non-esterified fatty acid (p = 0.071), and glucose (p = 0.014) increased markedly in HC group. Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly elevated in the treatment group (p<0.05). Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor protein gene was significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in the liver. The expression of genes for interleukin 1β, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin mRNA was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the HC group. GeneRelNet analysis showed that gene expression involved in inflammatory responses and the metabolism of lipids, protein, and carbohydrate were significantly altered by feeding a high-concentrate diet for 9 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the acute phase response and the inflammatory response may contribute to nutrient partitioning and re-distribution of energy in the liver, and ultimately lead to a decline in milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su Zhuang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- Institute of Small Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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46
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Holt M, Neal K, Eun JS, Young A, Hall J, Nestor K. Corn silage hybrid type and quality of alfalfa hay affect dietary nitrogen utilization by early lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6564-76. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Gorniak T, Meyer U, Hackelsperger F, Dänicke S. Effects of a Brown-midrib corn hybrid on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on dry matter intake, performance, rumen and blood variables in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:300-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gorniak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - U. Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - F. Hackelsperger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - S. Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
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48
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Holt M, Eun JS, Thacker C, Young A, Dai X, Nestor K. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Elghandour M, Salem A, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Bórquez J, Gado H, Odongo N, Peñuelas C. Effects of exogenous enzymes on in vitro gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of four fibrous feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Ferraretto L, Crump P, Shaver R. Effect of cereal grain type and corn grain harvesting and processing methods on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows through a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:533-50. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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