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Li D, Guo R, Chen F, Wang J, Wang F, Wan Y. Genetically Engineered Goats as Efficient Mammary Gland Bioreactors for Production of Recombinant Human Neutrophil Peptide 1 Using CRISPR/Cas9. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:367. [PMID: 38927247 PMCID: PMC11200946 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mammary gland bioreactors are promising methods for recombinant protein production. Human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1) exhibits antibacterial and immune-modulating properties. This study aims to establish a method to generate goats secreting HNP1 using the mammary gland as bioreactors. HNP1 transgenic goats were generated by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock-in (KI) the HNP1 sequence into exon 7 of the goat β-casein (CSN2) gene under the control of the CSN2 promoter. One-cell stage embryos were cytoplasmically injected with a mixture of Cas9 mRNA, sgRNA, and a homologous plasmid including the T2A-HNP1 sequences, followed by transfer to recipient goats. A total of 22 live offspring goats were delivered, and 21 of these goats (95.45%) exhibited targeted edits at the CSN2 locus, and 2 female goats (9.09%) demonstrated successful HNP1 integration. Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the presence of HNP1 protein at high levels in the milk of these HNP1-positive goats, with mean concentrations of 22.10 µg/mL and 0.0092 µg/mL during the initial 60 days of lactation. Furthermore, milk from these transgenic goats exhibited notable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating the functionality of the expressed HNP1 protein. In conclusion, we established an efficient method for developing new transgenic goat lines as a mammary gland bioreactor, and the bioactive HNP1 protein secreted by the transgenic goat has the potential to combat microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Li
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (D.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Rihong Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China; (R.G.); (F.C.)
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China; (R.G.); (F.C.)
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jingang Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (D.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (D.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Yongjie Wan
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (D.L.); (J.W.)
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Alves MS, de Assis Dantas RA, de Oliveira Cruz R, Pereira VC, de Souza Filho MA, da Silva ING, Neto SG, Tavares KCS, Martins LT, de Araújo AA. Physiological impact of the environment on the welfare of transgenic goats raised in a tropical climate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:2147-2155. [PMID: 34402987 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the general welfare state of two strains of transgenic goats bred in a region with a hot and humid tropical climate. Nine females were used, being three transgenic for human lysozyme (hLZ group), three transgenic for human glucocerebrosidase (hGCase group), and three non-transgenic (control group). The temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded during the morning, afternoon, and evening. The physiological parameters measured were respiratory rate, heart rate, and rectal and vaginal temperatures. Venous blood samples were collected using Vacutainer® tubes containing 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Also, analysis of erythrogram, leukogram, and some biochemical parameters of serum was performed. It was observed that the afternoon shift presented the largest THI, being potentially more impactful on the physiology of animals. In general, respiratory and heart rates were higher in transgenic animals, especially in the hLZ group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding the hematological parameters, the quantification of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the hGCase group compared to that in the hLZ and control. The leukocyte count was considerably lower (P < 0.05) in the hLZ group compared to that in the hGCase and control. Correlation analysis showed that the increase in THI was associated with a change in physiological parameters normally used as indicators of thermal stress. Despite the differences found among the experimental groups, all the physiological parameters remained within the normal limits recommended for the goat species. Further studies involving a larger number of animals from different categories should be carried out to elucidate the impacts that transgenesis can have on animal welfare under different THI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Soares Alves
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil.
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321 - Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE, 60811-905, Brazil.
| | - Raul Andrei de Assis Dantas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321 - Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE, 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Rosane de Oliveira Cruz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Carvalho Pereira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Marcos Alves de Souza Filho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Isaac Neto Goes da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Saul Gaudêncio Neto
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321 - Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE, 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Simiano Tavares
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321 - Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE, 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tondello Martins
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321 - Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza, CE, 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Airton Alencar de Araújo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700. Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60714-903, Brazil
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3
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Gong GH, Han S, Huang XL, Xie LP, Zhang W, Xu L, Hu YJ. The Expression of Recombinant Human Serum Albumin in the Mammary Gland of Transgenic Mice. PHARMACEUTICAL FRONTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHuman serum albumin (HSA) is widely used in the clinic for the treatment of several diseases in large amount each year. With the increasing demands of HSA in clinic and limited blood resource, recombinant HSA (rHSA) is becoming an attractive and alternative source for HSA production. In this study, we aimed to express rHSA in the mammary glands of transgenic mice by using a tissue-specific promoter and other regulatory elements. An rHSA expression vector was constructed bearing the cDNA and first intron of HSA under the control of bovine αs1-casein promoter with a 2 × chicken β-globin insulator in the front. Transgenic mice were generated and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that rHSA was expressed only in the mammary gland, indicating the tissue specificity of the bovine αs1-casein promoter in directing transgene transcription in transgenic mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test showed that rHSA was successfully secreted into the milk of transgenic mice with the highest level at 1.98 ± 0.12 g/L. Our results indicate the ability of the bovine αs1-casein promoter to induce successful expression of rHSA in the mammary gland of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hua Gong
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Han
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Huang
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Jia Hu
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Singh B, Mal G, Verma V, Tiwari R, Khan MI, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Alyami SA, Emran TB, Dhama K, Moni MA. Stem cell therapies and benefaction of somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning in COVID-19 era. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:283. [PMID: 33980321 PMCID: PMC8114669 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global health emergency of COVID-19 has necessitated the development of multiple therapeutic modalities including vaccinations, antivirals, anti-inflammatory, and cytoimmunotherapies, etc. COVID-19 patients suffer from damage to various organs and vascular structures, so they present multiple health crises. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of interest to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAIN BODY Stem cell-based therapies have been verified for prospective benefits in copious preclinical and clinical studies. MSCs confer potential benefits to develop various cell types and organoids for studying virus-human interaction, drug testing, regenerative medicine, and immunomodulatory effects in COVID-19 patients. Apart from paving the ways to augment stem cell research and therapies, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) holds unique ability for a wide range of health applications such as patient-specific or isogenic cells for regenerative medicine and breeding transgenic animals for biomedical applications. Being a potent cell genome-reprogramming tool, the SCNT has increased prominence of recombinant therapeutics and cellular medicine in the current era of COVID-19. As SCNT is used to generate patient-specific stem cells, it avoids dependence on embryos to obtain stem cells. CONCLUSIONS The nuclear transfer cloning, being an ideal tool to generate cloned embryos, and the embryonic stem cells will boost drug testing and cellular medicine in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Regional Station, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Regional Station, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Salem A Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Zhang J, Khazalwa EM, Abkallo HM, Zhou Y, Nie X, Ruan J, Zhao C, Wang J, Xu J, Li X, Zhao S, Zuo E, Steinaa L, Xie S. The advancements, challenges, and future implications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in swine research. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:347-360. [PMID: 34144928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing technology has dramatically influenced swine research by enabling the production of high-quality disease-resistant pig breeds, thus improving yields. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used extensively in pigs as one of the tools in biomedical research. In this review, we present the advancements of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in swine research, such as animal breeding, vaccine development, xenotransplantation, and disease modeling. We also highlight the current challenges and some potential applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Emmanuel M Khazalwa
- Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Hussein M Abkallo
- Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiongwei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Changzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, PR China.
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Xu W, Cui J, Liu B, Yang L. An Event-Specific Real-Time PCR Method for Measuring Transgenic Lysozyme Goat Content in Trace Samples. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050925. [PMID: 33922422 PMCID: PMC8146569 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozymes are used in sterilisation, antisepsis, dairy additives, inflammation, and cancer. One transgenic goat line expressing high levels of human lysozyme (hLZ) in goat milk has been developed in China. Herein, we established an event-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method to detect the transgenic hLZ goat line. The developed method has high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy, and a wide quantitative dynamic range. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 5 and 10 copies per reaction, respectively. The practical sample analysis results showed that the method could identify and quantify transgenic lysozyme content in trace samples in routine lab analyses. Furthermore, the potential applicability in risk assessment, such as molecular characterisation and gene horizontal transfer, was confirmed. We believe that this method is suitable for the detection of transgenic hLZ goat line and its derivate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory, Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory, Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China;
| | - Biao Liu
- Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China;
| | - Litao Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory, Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Recombinant Technologies to Improve Ruminant Production Systems: The Past, Present and Future. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of recombinant technologies has been proposed as an alternative to improve livestock production systems for more than 25 years. However, its effects on animal health and performance have not been described. Thus, understanding the use of recombinant technology could help to improve public acceptance. The objective of this review is to describe the effects of recombinant technologies and proteins on the performance, health status, and rumen fermentation of meat and milk ruminants. The heterologous expression and purification of proteins mainly include eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems like Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Recombinant hormones have been commercially available since 1992, their effects remarkably improving both the reproductive and productive performance of animals. More recently the use of recombinant antigens and immune cells have proven to be effective in increasing meat and milk production in ruminant production systems. Likewise, the use of recombinant vaccines could help to reduce drug resistance developed by parasites and improve animal health. Recombinant enzymes and probiotics could help to enhance rumen fermentation and animal efficiency. Likewise, the use of recombinant technologies has been extended to the food industry as a strategy to enhance the organoleptic properties of animal-food sources, reduce food waste and mitigate the environmental impact. Despite these promising results, many of these recombinant technologies are still highly experimental. Thus, the feasibility of these technologies should be carefully addressed before implementation. Alternatively, the use of transgenic animals and the development of genome editing technology has expanded the frontiers in science and research. However, their use and implementation depend on complex policies and regulations that are still under development.
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8
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Gong G, Zhang W, Xie L, Xu L, Han S, Hu Y. Expression of a recombinant anti-programed cell death 1 antibody in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:183-190. [PMID: 32808868 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1805755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 anti-programed cell death 1(PD-1)antibody, is recently one of the most popular and successful therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in clinical use. With the increasing demands for Nivolumab and other therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, the mammary gland bioreactor has been regarded as another choice for the production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies besides mammalian cell culture. Here, we expressed a recombinant human anti-PD-1 antibody in the mammary glands of transgenic mice. Two expression vectors were constructed bearing the heavy and light chains of anti-PD-1 antibody respectively under the control of bovine αs1-casein promoter. Transgenic mice were then generated by co-microinjection of the two expression cassettes. Three F0 founders with both heavy chain and light chain positive were obtained. Transgenes of both chains were detected to be stably transmitted to the offspring. The recombinant antibody was detected in the milk of transgenic mice with the highest expression level up to 80.52 ± 0.82 mg/L and could specifically binds to the human PD-1 antigen. Therefore, our results suggest the feasibility of anti-PD-1 antibody production in the milk of transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Gong
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liping Xie
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shu Han
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
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9
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Suva LJ, Westhusin ME, Long CR, Gaddy D. Engineering bone phenotypes in domestic animals: Unique resources for enhancing musculoskeletal research. Bone 2020; 130:115119. [PMID: 31712131 PMCID: PMC8805042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - Mark E Westhusin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Charles R Long
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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10
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Li W, Li M, Cao X, Han H, Kong F, Yue X. Comparative analysis of whey proteins in donkey colostrum and mature milk using quantitative proteomics. Food Res Int 2019; 127:108741. [PMID: 31882075 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Donkey milk is attracting increasing attention as a nutritional milk source similar to human milk. In this study, we carried out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the donkey whey proteome using a label-free proteomic approach, combined with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) as a validation method. A total of 300 whey proteins were identified in donkey colostrum (DC) and donkey mature (DM) milk, of which 18 were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) between the two types of milk. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that differentially and uniquely expressed proteins were mainly involved in cellular processes, response to stimulus, metabolic processes, and biological regulation. Their molecular functions included binding, catalytic activity, and molecular functional regulation, and their main annotated areas of origin were the cell, cell-part, and the extracellular region. Most differentially and uniquely expressed proteins were linked with malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus, or antigen processing and presentation. Our results provide insight into the complexity of the donkey whey proteome and molecular evidence for nutritional differences between different lactation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongjiao Han
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fanhua Kong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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11
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Zhou J, Xiong X, Yin J, Zou L, Wang K, Shao Y, Yin Y. Dietary Lysozyme Alters Sow's Gut Microbiota, Serum Immunity and Milk Metabolite Profile. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:177. [PMID: 30787921 PMCID: PMC6373202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of current study was to determine variations in sow's gut microbiota, serum immunity, and milk metabolite profile mediated by lysozyme supplementation. Twenty-four pregnant sows were assigned to a control group without supplementation and two treatments with 0.5 kg/t and 1.0 kg/t lysozyme provided in formula feed for 21 days (n = 8 per treatment). Microbiota analysis and metagenomic predictions were based on 16s RNA high-throughput sequencing. Milk metabolome was assessed by untargeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Serum biochemical indicators and immunoglobulins were also determined. Gut microbial diversity of sows receiving 1.0 kg/t lysozyme treatment was significantly reduced after the trial. Spirochaetes, Euryarchaeota, and Actinobacteria significantly increased while Firmicutes showed a remarkable reduction in 1.0 kg/t group compared with control. Lysozyme addition rebuilt sow's gut microbiota to beneficial composition identified by reduced richness of Escherichia coli and increased abundance of Lactobacillus amylovorus. Accordingly, microbial metabolic functions including pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, and amino acid related enzymes were significantly up-regulated in 1.0 kg/t group. Microbial metabolic phenotypes like the richness of Gram-positive bacteria and oxidative stress tolerance were also significantly reduced by lysozyme treatment. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity and IgA levels were significantly down-regulated in the 1.0 kg/t group compared with control, but IgM levels showed a significantly increase in 1.0 kg/t group. Milk metabolites such as L-glutamine, creatine, and L-arginine showed significantly dose-dependent changes after treatment. Overall, lysozyme supplementation could effectively improve the composition, metabolic functions, and phenotypes of sow's gut microbiota and it also benefit sows with better serum immunity and milk composition. This research could provide theoretical support for further application of lysozyme in promoting animal gut health and prevent pathogenic infections in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences - National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production - Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production - Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences - National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production - Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production - Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences - National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production - Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production - Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Kexing Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yirui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences - National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production - Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production - Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences - National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production - Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production - Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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13
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Lysozyme-rich milk mitigates effects of malnutrition in a pig model of malnutrition and infection. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:1131-1148. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMalnutrition remains a leading contributor to the morbidity and mortality of children under the age of 5 years and can weaken the immune system and increase the severity of concurrent infections. Livestock milk with the protective properties of human milk is a potential therapeutic to modulate intestinal microbiota and improve outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop an infection model of childhood malnutrition in the pig to investigate the clinical, intestinal and microbiota changes associated with malnutrition and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection and to test the ability of goat milk and milk from genetically engineered goats expressing the antimicrobial human lysozyme (hLZ) milk to mitigate these effects. Pigs were weaned onto a protein–energy-restricted diet and after 3 weeks were supplemented daily with goat, hLZ or no milk for a further 2 weeks and then challenged with ETEC. The restricted diet enriched faecal microbiota in Proteobacteria as seen in stunted children. Before infection, hLZ milk supplementation improved barrier function and villous height to a greater extent than goat milk. Both goat and hLZ milk enriched for taxa (Ruminococcaceae) associated with weight gain. Post-ETEC infection, pigs supplemented with hLZ milk weighed more, had improved Z-scores, longer villi and showed more stable bacterial populations during ETEC challenge than both the goat and no milk groups. This model of childhood disease was developed to test the confounding effects of malnutrition and infection and demonstrated the potential use of hLZ goat milk to mitigate the impacts of malnutrition and infection.
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Clark S, Mora García MB. A 100-Year Review: Advances in goat milk research. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10026-10044. [PMID: 29153153 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the century of research chronicled between 1917 and 2017, dairy goats have gone from simply serving as surrogates to cows to serving as transgenic carriers of human enzymes. Goat milk has been an important part of human nutrition for millennia, in part because of the greater similarity of goat milk to human milk, softer curd formation, higher proportion of small milk fat globules, and different allergenic properties compared with cow milk; however, key nutritional deficiencies limit its suitability for infants. Great attention has been given not only to protein differences between goat and cow milk, but also to fat and enzyme differences, and their effect on the physical and sensory properties of goat milk and milk products. Physiological differences between the species necessitate different techniques for analysis of somatic cell counts, which are naturally higher in goat milk. The high value of goat milk throughout the world has generated a need for a variety of techniques to detect adulteration of goat milk products with cow milk. Advances in all of these areas have been largely documented in the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), and this review summarizes such advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Clark
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-0152.
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Dan L, Liu S, Shang S, Zhang H, Zhang R, Li N. Expression of recombinant human lysozyme in bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice promotes the growth of Bifidobacterium and inhibits the growth of Salmonella in the intestine. J Biotechnol 2018; 272-273:33-39. [PMID: 29549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted gene modification is a novel intervention strategy to increase disease resistance more quickly than traditional animal breeding. Human lysozyme, a natural, non-specific immune factor, participates in innate immunity, exerts a wide range of antimicrobial activities against pathogens, and has immuneregulatory effects. Therefore, it is a candidate gene for improved disease resistance in animals. In this study, we successfully generated a transgenic mouse model by microinjecting a modified bacterial artificial chromosome containing a recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) gene into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse embryos. rhLZ was expressed in serum, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine but not in milk. rhLZ protein concentrations in the serum of transgenic mice ranged from 2.09 to 2.60 mg/l. To examine the effect of rhLZ on intestinal microbiota, total aerobes, total anaerobes, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus were measured in the intestines of transgenic and wild type mice. Results showed that Bifidobacteria were significantly increased (p < 0.001), whereas Salmonella were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in transgenic mice compared to wild type mice. Our study suggests that rhLZ expression is a potential strategy to increase animal disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Shen Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Shengzhe Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Carneiro IDS, Menezes JNRD, Maia JA, Miranda AM, Oliveira VBSD, Murray JD, Maga EA, Bertolini M, Bertolini LR. Milk from transgenic goat expressing human lysozyme for recovery and treatment of gastrointestinal pathogens. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 112:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Garas LC, Cooper CA, Dawson MW, Wang JL, Murray JD, Maga EA. Young Pigs Consuming Lysozyme Transgenic Goat Milk Are Protected from Clinical Symptoms of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection. J Nutr 2017; 147:2050-2059. [PMID: 28954839 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.251322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diarrheal diseases in infancy and childhood are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in developing nations. Lysozyme, an antimicrobial component of human milk, is thought to play a role in establishing a healthy intestinal microbiota and immune system. Consumption of breast milk has been shown to prevent intestinal infections and is a recommended treatment for infants with diarrhea.Objective: This study aimed to examine the ability of lysozyme-rich goat milk to prevent intestinal infection.Methods: Six-week-old Hampshire-Yorkshire pigs were assigned to treatment groups balanced for weight, sex, and litter and were fed milk from nontransgenic control goats (GM group) or human lysozyme transgenic goats (hLZM group) for 2 wk before they were challenged with porcine-specific enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Fecal consistency, complete blood counts, intestinal histology, and microbial populations were evaluated.Results: Pigs in the hLZM group had less severe diarrhea than did GM pigs at 24 and 48 h after ETEC infection (P = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively), indicating a less severe clinical disease state. Relative to baseline, postmilk hLZM pigs had 19.9% and 137% enrichment in fecal Bacteroidetes (P = 0.028) and Paraprevotellaceae (P = 0.003), respectively, and a 93.8% reduction in Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.007), whereas GM pigs had a 60.9% decrease in Lactobacillales (P = 0.003) and an 83.3% enrichment in Burkholderiales (P = 0.010). After ETEC infection, hLZM pigs tended to have lower amounts (68.7% less) of fecal Enterobacteriaceae than did GM pigs (P = 0.058). There were 83.1% fewer bacteria translocated into the mesenteric lymph nodes of hLZM pigs than into those of GM pigs (P = 0.039), and hLZM pigs had 34% lower mucin 1 and 61% higher tumor necrosis factor-α expression in the ileum than did GM pigs (P = 0.046 and 0.034, respectively).Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that human lysozyme milk consumption before and during ETEC infection has a positive effect on clinical disease, intestinal mucosa, and gut microbiota in young pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James D Murray
- Departments of Animal Science.,Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Zhou W, Wan Y, Guo R, Deng M, Deng K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang F. Generation of beta-lactoglobulin knock-out goats using CRISPR/Cas9. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186056. [PMID: 29016691 PMCID: PMC5634636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat's milk, considered a substitute for cow's milk, has a high nutritional value. However, goat's milk contains various allergens, predominantly β-lactoglobulin (BLG). In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the BLG locus in goat fibroblasts for sgRNA optimization and generate BLG knock-out goats through co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) into goat embryos at the one-cell stage. We firstly tested sgRNA editing efficiencies in goat fibroblast cells, and approximately 8.00%-9.09% of the cells were modified in single sgRNA-guided targeting experiment. Among the kids, the genome-targeting efficiencies of single sgRNA were 12.5% (10 ng/μL sg1) and 0% (10 ng/μL sg2) and efficiencies of dual sgRNAs were 25.0% (25 ng/μL sg2+sg3 group) and 28.6% (50 ng/μL sg2+sg3 group). Relative expression of BLG in BLG knock-out goat mammary glands significantly (p < 0.01) decreased as well as other milk protein coding genes, such as CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, CSN3 and LALBA (p < 0.05). As expected, BLG protein had been abolished in the milk of the BLG knock-out goat. In addition, most of the targeted kids were chimeric (3/4), and their various body tissues were edited simultaneously. Our study thus provides a basis for optimizing the quality of goat milk, which can be applied to biomedical and agricultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Yongjie Wan
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Rihong Guo
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Mingtian Deng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
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Wang AP, Wang YJ, Wu S, Zuo WY, Guo CM, Hong WM, Zhu SY. Study on the expression of human lysozyme in oviduct bioreactor mediated by recombinant avian adeno-associated virus. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2447-2453. [PMID: 28339926 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its antimicrobial properties and low toxicity, human lysozyme (hLYZ) has broad application in the medical field and as a preservative used by the food industry. However, limited availability hinders its widespread use. Hence, we constructed a recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (rAAAV) that would specifically express hLYZ in the chicken oviduct and harvested hLYZ from the egg whites of laying hens. The oviduct-specific human lysozyme expression cassette flanked by avian adeno-associated virus (AAAV) inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) was subcloned into the modified baculovirus transfer vector pFBX, and then the recombinant baculovirus rBac-ITRLYZ was generated. The recombinant avian adeno-associated virus was produced by co-infecting Sf9 cells with rBac-ITRLYZ and the other 2 baculoviruses containing AAAV functional genes and structural genes, respectively. Electron microscopy and real-time PCR revealed that the recombinant viral particles were generated successfully with a typical AAAV morphology and a high titer. After one intravenous injection of each laying hen with 2 × 1011 viral particles, oviduct-specific expression of recombinant human lysozyme (rhLYZ) was detected by reverse transcription-PCR. The expression level of rhLYZ in the first wk increased to 258 ± 11.5 μg/mL, reached a maximum of 683 ± 16.4 μg/mL at the fifth wk, and then progressively declined during the succeeding 7 wk of the study. Western blotting indicated that the oviduct-expressed rhLYZ had the same molecular weight as the natural enzyme. These results indicate that an efficient and convenient oviduct bioreactor mediated by rAAAV has been established, and it is useful for production of other recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - S Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - W Y Zuo
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - C M Guo
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - W M Hong
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - S Y Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, 225300, China
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Cieslak J, Wodas L, Borowska A, Sadoch J, Pawlak P, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Mackowski M. Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2174-2181. [PMID: 27611486 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine milk is considered to be an interesting product for human nutrition, mainly owing to its low allergenicity and significant amounts of bioactive proteins, including lysozyme (LYZ) and lactoferrin (LTF). The present study assessed the effect of genetic factors on LYZ and LTF concentration variability in mare's milk. RESULTS Significant effects of horse breed and lactation stage on milk LYZ and LTF contents were observed. The highest level of LTF and the lowest concentration of LYZ were recorded for the Polish Warmblood Horse breed. The highest amounts of both proteins were found for the earliest investigated time point of lactation (5th week). Altogether 13 (nine novel) polymorphisms were found in the 5'-flanking regions of both genes, but they showed no significant relationship with milk LYZ and LTF contents. Several associations were found between selected SNPs and the LYZ gene relative transcript level. CONCLUSION While the present study indicated the existence of intra- and interbreed variability of LYZ and LTF contents in mare's milk, this variation is rather unrelated to the 5'-flanking variants of genes encoding both proteins. This study is a good introduction for broader investigations focused on the genetic background for variability of bioactive protein contents in mare's milk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cieslak
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Wodas
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Borowska
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sadoch
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczynska
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
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Bai DP, Yang MM, Qu L, Chen YL. Generation of a transgenic cashmere goat using the piggyBac transposition system. Theriogenology 2017; 93:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kaiser GG, Mucci NC, González V, Sánchez L, Parrón JA, Pérez MD, Calvo M, Aller JF, Hozbor FA, Mutto AA. Detection of recombinant human lactoferrin and lysozyme produced in a bitransgenic cow. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1605-1617. [PMID: 28109583 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin and lysozyme are 2 glycoproteins with great antimicrobial activity, being part of the nonspecific defensive system of human milk, though their use in commercial products is difficult because human milk is a limited source. Therefore, many investigations have been carried out to produce those proteins in biological systems, such as bacteria, yeasts, or plants. Mammals seem to be more suitable as expression systems for human proteins, however, especially for those that are glycosylated. In the present study, we developed a bicistronic commercial vector containing a goat β-casein promoter and an internal ribosome entry site fragment between the human lactoferrin and human lysozyme genes to allow the introduction of both genes into bovine adult fibroblasts in a single transfection. Embryos were obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and, after 6 transferences to recipients, 3 pregnancies and 1 viable bitransgenic calf were obtained. The presence of the vector was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization of skin cells. At 13 mo of life and after artificial induction of lactation, both recombinant proteins were found in the colostrum and milk of the bitransgenic calf. Human lactoferrin concentration in the colostrum was 0.0098 mg/mL and that in milk was 0.011 mg/mL; human lysozyme concentration in the colostrum was 0.0022 mg/mL and that in milk was 0.0024 mg/mL. The molar concentration of both human proteins revealed no differences in protein production of the internal ribosome entry site upstream and downstream protein. The enzymatic activity of lysozyme in the transgenic milk was comparable to that of human milk, being 6 and 10 times higher than that of bovine lysozyme present in milk. This work represents an important step to obtain multiple proteins or enhance single protein production by using animal pharming and fewer regulatory and antibiotic-resistant foreign sequences, allowing the design of humanized milk with added biological value for newborn nutrition and development. Transgenic animals can offer a unique opportunity to the dairy industry, providing starting materials suitable to develop specific products with high added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán G Kaiser
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás C Mucci
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Vega González
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A Parrón
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María D Pérez
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Calvo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan F Aller
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Federico A Hozbor
- Grupo de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Adrián A Mutto
- Laboratorio Biotecnologías Aplicadas a la Reproducción y Mejoramiento Genético Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotechnològicas-Instituto Tecnològico Chascomùs (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo de Investigaciones Cientìficas y Tècnicas (CONICET), 1650 San Martin, Argentina
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Expression of recombinant human lysozyme in transgenic chicken promotes the growth of Bifidobacterium in the intestine and improves postnatal growth of chicken. AMB Express 2016; 6:110. [PMID: 27830497 PMCID: PMC5102985 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is one kind of antimicrobial proteins and often used as feed additive which can defend against pathogenic bacteria and enhance immune function of animals. In this study, we have injected the lentiviral vector expressing recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) gene into the blastoderm of chicken embryo to investigate the effect of recombinant human lysozyme on postnatal intestinal microbiota distribution and growth performance of chicken. Successfully, we generated 194 transgenic chickens identified by Southern blot with a positive transgenic rate of 24%. The average concentration of rhLZ was 29.90 ± 6.50 μg/mL in the egg white. Lysozyme in egg white of transgenic chickens had a significantly higher antibacterial activity than those of non-transgenic chickens by lysoplate assay (P < 0.05). The feces of transgenic and non-transgenic chickens were collected and five types of bacteria (Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) were isolated and cultured to detect the impact of rhLZ on gut microbiota. Among the five bacteria, the number of Bifidobacterium in the intestine of those transgenic was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the growth traits of the transgenic and non-transgenic chickens were analyzed. It was found that the 6-week shank length, 6-week weight and 18-week weight of transgenic chickens were significantly increased than that of non-transgenic chickens. The results demonstrated that rhLZ-transgenic chicken could promote the growth of Bifidobacterium in the intestine and improve the postnatal growth of chicken.
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Opinion: A new paradigm for regulating genetically engineered animals that are used as food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3410-3. [PMID: 27035930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602474113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Strategies to enable the adoption of animal biotechnology to sustainably improve global food safety and security. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:575-95. [PMID: 27246007 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate transgenic animals has existed for over 30 years, and from those early days many predicted that the technology would have beneficial applications in agriculture. Numerous transgenic agricultural animals now exist, however to date only one product from a transgenic animal has been approved for the food chain, due in part to cumbersome regulations. Recently, new techniques such as precision breeding have emerged, which enables the introduction of desired traits without the use of transgenes. The rapidly growing human population, environmental degradation, and concerns related to zoonotic and pandemic diseases have increased pressure on the animal agriculture sector to provide a safe, secure and sustainable food supply. There is a clear need to adopt transgenic technologies as well as new methods such as gene editing and precision breeding to meet these challenges and the rising demand for animal products. To achieve this goal, cooperation, education, and communication between multiple stakeholders-including scientists, industry, farmers, governments, trade organizations, NGOs and the public-is necessary. This report is the culmination of concepts first discussed at an OECD sponsored conference and aims to identify the main barriers to the adoption of animal biotechnology, tactics for navigating those barriers, strategies to improve public perception and trust, as well as industry engagement, and actions for governments and trade organizations including the OECD to harmonize regulations and trade agreements. Specifically, the report focuses on animal biotechnologies that are intended to improve breeding and genetics and currently are not routinely used in commercial animal agriculture. We put forward recommendations on how scientists, regulators, and trade organizations can work together to ensure that the potential benefits of animal biotechnology can be realized to meet the future needs of agriculture to feed the world.
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Mukherjee A, Garrels W, Talluri TR, Tiedemann D, Bősze Z, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Expression of Active Fluorophore Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Pigs Bypassing the Secretory Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24464. [PMID: 27086548 PMCID: PMC4834472 DOI: 10.1038/srep24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the expression of recombinant fluorescent proteins in the milk of two lines of transgenic pigs generated by Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated genetic engineering. The Sleeping Beauty transposon consisted of an ubiquitously active CAGGS promoter driving a fluorophore cDNA, encoding either Venus or mCherry. Importantly, the fluorophore cDNAs did not encode for a signal peptide for the secretory pathway, and in previous studies of the transgenic animals a cytoplasmic localization of the fluorophore proteins was found. Unexpectedly, milk samples from lactating sows contained high levels of bioactive Venus or mCherry fluorophores. A detailed analysis suggested that exfoliated cells of the mammary epithelium carried the recombinant proteins passively into the milk. This is the first description of reporter fluorophore expression in the milk of livestock, and the findings may contribute to the development of an alternative concept for the production of bioactive recombinant proteins in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Tiedemann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- NARIC- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
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Large-scale production of functional human lysozyme from marker-free transgenic cloned cows. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22947. [PMID: 26961596 PMCID: PMC4785527 DOI: 10.1038/srep22947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lysozyme is an important natural non-specific immune protein that is highly expressed in breast milk and participates in the immune response of infants against bacterial and viral infections. Considering the medicinal value and market demand for human lysozyme, an animal model for large-scale production of recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) is needed. In this study, we generated transgenic cloned cows with the marker-free vector pBAC-hLF-hLZ, which was shown to efficiently express rhLZ in cow milk. Seven transgenic cloned cows, identified by polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot, and western blot analyses, produced rhLZ in milk at concentrations of up to 3149.19 ± 24.80 mg/L. The purified rhLZ had a similar molecular weight and enzymatic activity as wild-type human lysozyme possessed the same C-terminal and N-terminal amino acid sequences. The preliminary results from the milk yield and milk compositions from a naturally lactating transgenic cloned cow 0906 were also tested. These results provide a solid foundation for the large-scale production of rhLZ in the future.
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Murray JD, Maga EA. Genetically engineered livestock for agriculture: a generation after the first transgenic animal research conference. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:321-7. [PMID: 26820413 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
At the time of the first Transgenic Animal Research Conference, the lack of knowledge about promoter, enhancer and coding regions of genes of interest greatly hampered our efforts to create transgenes that would express appropriately in livestock. Additionally, we were limited to gene insertion by pronuclear microinjection. As predicted then, widespread genome sequencing efforts and technological advancements have profoundly altered what we can do. There have been many developments in technology to create transgenic animals since we first met at Granlibakken in 1997, including the advent of somatic cell nuclear transfer-based cloning and gene editing. We can now create new transgenes that will express when and where we want and can target precisely in the genome where we want to make a change or insert a transgene. With the large number of sequenced genomes, we have unprecedented access to sequence information including, control regions, coding regions, and known allelic variants. These technological developments have ushered in new and renewed enthusiasm for the production of transgenic animals among scientists and animal agriculturalists around the world, both for the production of more relevant biomedical research models as well as for agricultural applications. However, even though great advancements have been made in our ability to control gene expression and target genetic changes in our animals, there still are no genetically engineered animal products on the market for food. World-wide there has been a failure of the regulatory processes to effectively move forward. Estimates suggest the world will need to increase our current food production 70 % by 2050; that is we will have to produce the total amount of food each year that has been consumed by mankind over the past 500 years. The combination of transgenic animal technology and gene editing will become increasingly more important tools to help feed the world. However, to date the practical benefits of these technologies have not yet reached consumers in any country and in the absence of predictable, science-based regulatory programs it is unlikely that the benefits will be realized in the short to medium term.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Murray
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Maga
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Wu H, Cao D, Liu T, Zhao J, Hu X, Li N. Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Human Lysozyme from Eggs of Transgenic Chickens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146032. [PMID: 26713728 PMCID: PMC4694923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic chickens as bioreactors have several advantages, such as the simple establishment procedure, correct glycosylation profile of expressed proteins, etc. Lysozyme is widely used in food industry, livestock farming, and medical field as a replacement of antibiotics because of its antibacterial and complement system-modulating activity. In this study, we used RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence to detect the expression of recombinant human lysozyme (rhLY) in the transgenic chicken. We demonstrated that the transgene of rhLY was genetically stable across different generations. We next optimized the purification procedure of rhLY from the transgenic eggs by utilizing two steps of cation-exchange chromatography and one gel-filtration chromatography. About 6 mg rhLY with the purity exceeding 90% was obtained from ten eggs, and the purification efficiency was about 75%. The purified rhLY had similar physicochemical and biological properties in molecular mass and antibacterial activity compared to the commercial human lysozyme. Additionally, both of them exhibited thermal stability at 60°C and tolerated an extensive pH range of 2 to 11. In conclusion, our study proved that the transgenic chickens we have previously generated were genetically stable and suitable for the production of active rhLY. We also provided a pipeline for purifying the recombinant proteins from transgenic eggs, which could be useful for other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Dainan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Wuxi KGBIO Biotechnology Limited Liability Company, Jiangsu 214145, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Ercan D, Demirci A. Recent advances for the production and recovery methods of lysozyme. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1078-1088. [PMID: 26383819 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1084263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an antimicrobial peptide with a high enzymatic activity and positive charges. Therefore, it has applications in food and pharmaceutical industries as an antimicrobial agent. Lysozyme is ubiquitous in both animal and plant kingdoms. Currently, egg-white lysozyme is the most commercially available form of lysozyme. The main concerns of egg-white lysozyme are high recovery cost, low activity and most importantly the immunological problems to some people. Therefore, human lysozyme production has gained importance in recent years. Scientists have developed transgenic plants, animals and microorganisms that can produce human lysozyme. Out of these, microbial production has advantages for commercial productions, because high production levels are achievable in a relatively short time. It has been reported that fermentation parameters, such as pH, temperature, aeration, are key factors to increase the effectiveness of the human lysozyme production. Moreover, purification of the lysozyme from the fermentation broth needs to be optimized for the economical production. In conclusion, this review paper covers the mechanism of lysozyme, its sources, production methods and recovery of lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ercan
- a Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania , USA and
| | - Ali Demirci
- a Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania , USA and.,b The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania , USA
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Cooper CA, Maga EA, Murray JD. Production of human lactoferrin and lysozyme in the milk of transgenic dairy animals: past, present, and future. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:605-14. [PMID: 26059245 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering, which was first developed in the 1980s, allows for specific additions to animals' genomes that are not possible through conventional breeding. Using genetic engineering to improve agricultural animals was first suggested when the technology was in the early stages of development by Palmiter et al. (Nature 300:611-615, 1982). One of the first agricultural applications identified was generating transgenic dairy animals that could produce altered or novel proteins in their milk. Human milk contains high levels of antimicrobial proteins that are found in low concentrations in the milk of ruminants, including the antimicrobial proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme. Lactoferrin and lysozyme are both part of the innate immune system and are secreted in tears, mucus, and throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Due to their antimicrobial properties and abundance in human milk, multiple lines of transgenic dairy animals that produce either human lactoferrin or human lysozyme have been developed. The focus of this review is to catalogue the different lines of genetically engineered dairy animals that produce either recombinant lactoferrin or lysozyme that have been generated over the years as well as compare the wealth of research that has been done on the in vitro and in vivo effects of the milk they produce. While recent advances including the development of CRISPRs and TALENs have removed many of the technical barriers to predictable and efficient genetic engineering in agricultural species, there are still many political and regulatory hurdles before genetic engineering can be used in agriculture. It is important to consider the substantial amount of work that has been done thus far on well established lines of genetically engineered animals evaluating both the animals themselves and the products they yield to identify the most effective path forward for future research and acceptance of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Cooper
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA,
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Lu D, Liu S, Shang S, Wu F, Wen X, Li Z, Li Y, Hu X, Zhao Y, Li Q, Li N. Production of transgenic-cloned pigs expressing large quantities of recombinant human lysozyme in milk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123551. [PMID: 25955256 PMCID: PMC4425539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lysozyme is a natural non-specific immune factor in human milk that plays an important role in the defense of breastfed infants against pathogen infection. Although lysozyme is abundant in human milk, there is only trace quantities in pig milk. Here, we successfully generated transgenic cloned pigs with the expression vector pBAC-hLF-hLZ-Neo and their first generation hybrids (F1). The highest concentration of recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) with in vitro bioactivity was 2759.6 ± 265.0 mg/L in the milk of F0 sows. Compared with wild-type milk, rhLZ milk inhibited growth of Escherichia coli K88 during the exponential growth phase. Moreover, rhLZ in milk from transgenic sows was directly absorbed by the intestine of piglets with no observable anaphylactic reaction. Our strategy may provide a powerful tool for large-scale production of this important human protein in pigs to improve resistance to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Liu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengzhe Shang
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Cao D, Wu H, Li Q, Sun Y, Liu T, Fei J, Zhao Y, Wu S, Hu X, Li N. Expression of recombinant human lysozyme in egg whites of transgenic hens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118626. [PMID: 25706123 PMCID: PMC4338068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken egg lysozyme (cLY) is an enzyme with 129 amino acid (AA) residue enzyme. This enzyme is present not only in chicken egg white but also in mucosal secretions such as saliva and tears. The antibacterial properties of egg white can be attributed to the presence of lysozyme, which is used as an anti-cancer drug and for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, we constructed a lentiviral vector containing a synthetic cLY signal peptide and a 447 bp synthetic human lysozyme (hLY) cDNA sequence driven by an oviduct-specific ovalbumin promoter, and microinjected into the subgerminal cavity of stage X chick embryos to generate transgenic chicken. The transgene inserted in the chicken chromosomes directs the synthesis and secretion of hLY which has three times higher specific activity than cLY. Three G1 transgenic chickens were identified, the only female of which expressed recombinant human lysozyme (rhLY) at 57.66 ± 4.10 μg/ml in the egg white and the G2 transgenic hens of the G1 transgenic cock A011 expressed rhLY at 48.72 ± 1.54 μg/ml. This experiment demonstrated that transgenic hens with stable oviduct-specific expression of recombinant human lysozyme proteins can be created by microinjection of lentiviral vectors. The results of this research could be contribute to the technological development using transgenic hens as a cost-effective alternative to other mammalian systems, such as cow, sheep and goats, for the production of therapeutic proteins and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yingmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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Laible G, Wei J, Wagner S. Improving livestock for agriculture - technological progress from random transgenesis to precision genome editing heralds a new era. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:109-20. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li G, Shi W, Chen G, Chen H, Jiao H, Yan H, Ji M, Sun H. Construction and in vivo evaluation of a mammary gland-specific expression vector for human lysozyme. Plasmid 2014; 76:47-53. [PMID: 25280784 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A mammary gland-specific expression vector p205C3 was constructed with the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of β-lactoglobulin gene and the first intron of β-casein gene of Chinese dairy goat as regulatory sequences. Human lysozyme (hLYZ) cDNA from mammary gland was cloned into p205C3 and the recombinant vector was used to generate transgenic mice by microinjection. Based on the lysoplate assay, four female offspring of one male founder were detected expressing recombinant hLYZ in their milk at the levels of 5-200 mg/l, and the expressed protein had the same molecular weight as that of normal hLYZ. Besides mammary glands, ectopic expressions were also found in the spleens and the small intestines of the transgenic mice. Among the offspring, the female transgenic mice maintained and expressed the transgene stably with a highest expression level of 750 mg/l. Therefore, p205C3 could be used to develop animal mammary gland bioreactors expressing hLYZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocai Li
- Department of Pathogeniology and Immunology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Weiqing Shi
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongju Chen
- Department of Pathogeniology and Immunology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Hongmei Jiao
- Department of Pathogeniology and Immunology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Pathogeniology and Immunology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Mingchun Ji
- Department of Pathogeniology and Immunology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Garas LC, Murray JD, Maga EA. Genetically engineered livestock: ethical use for food and medical models. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 3:559-75. [PMID: 25387117 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the production of genetically engineered (GE) livestock have resulted in a variety of new transgenic animals with desirable production and composition changes. GE animals have been generated to improve growth efficiency, food composition, and disease resistance in domesticated livestock species. GE animals are also used to produce pharmaceuticals and as medical models for human diseases. The potential use of these food animals for human consumption has prompted an intense debate about food safety and animal welfare concerns with the GE approach. Additionally, public perception and ethical concerns about their use have caused delays in establishing a clear and efficient regulatory approval process. Ethically, there are far-reaching implications of not using genetically engineered livestock, at a detriment to both producers and consumers, as use of this technology can improve both human and animal health and welfare.
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McInnis EA, Kalanetra KM, Mills DA, Maga EA. Analysis of raw goat milk microbiota: impact of stage of lactation and lysozyme on microbial diversity. Food Microbiol 2014; 46:121-131. [PMID: 25475275 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To protect infants from infection, human milk contains high levels of the enzyme lysozyme, unlike the milk of dairy animals. We have genetically engineered goats to express human lysozyme (hLZ milk) in their milk at 68% the amount found in human milk to help extend this protection. This study looked at the effect of hLZ on bacteria in raw milk over time. As the microbial diversity of goats' milk has yet to be investigated in depth using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we applied NGS and clone library sequencing (CLS) to determine the microbiota of raw goat milk (WT milk) and hLZ milk at early, mid and late lactation. Overall, in WT milk, the bacterial populations in milk at early and mid lactation were similar to each other with a shift occurring at late lactation. Both methods found Proteobacteria as the dominant bacteria at early and mid lactation, while Actinobacteria surged at late lactation. These changes were related to decreases in Pseudomonas and increases in Micrococcus. The bacterial populations in hLZ milk were similar to WT milk at early and mid lactation with the only significant differences occurring at late lactation with the elevation of Bacillaceae, Alicyclobacillaceae, Clostridiaceae and Halomonadaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McInnis
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maga
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Batista RITP, Luciano MCS, Teixeira DIA, Freitas VJF, Melo LM, Andreeva LE, Serova IA, Serov OL. Methodological strategies for transgene copy number quantification in goats (Capra hircus) using real-time PCR. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1390-400. [PMID: 25044808 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Taking into account the importance of goats as transgenic models, as well as the rarity of copy number (CN) studies in farm animals, the present work aimed to evaluate methodological strategies for accurate and precise transgene CN quantification in goats using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Mouse and goat lines transgenic for human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor were used. After selecting the best genomic DNA extraction method to be applied in mouse and goat samples, intra-assay variations, accuracy and precision of CN quantifications were assessed. The optimized conditions were submitted to mathematical strategies and used to quantify CN in goat lines. The findings were as follows: validation of qPCR conditions is required, and amplification efficiency is the most important. Absolute and relative quantifications are able to produce similar results. For normalized absolute quantification, the same plasmid fragment used to generate goat lines must be mixed with wild-type goat genomic DNA, allowing the choice of an endogenous reference gene for data normalization. For relative quantifications, a resin-based genomic DNA extraction method is strongly recommended when using mouse tail tips as calibrators to avoid tissue-specific inhibitors. Efficient qPCR amplifications (≥95%) allow reliable CN measurements with SYBR technology. TaqMan must be used with caution in goats if the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous reference gene is not yet well understood. Adhering to these general guidelines can result in more exact CN determination in goats. Even when working under nonoptimal circumstances, if assays are performed that respect the minimum qPCR requirements, good estimations of transgene CN can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribrio I T P Batista
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Batlang U, Tsurupe G, Segwagwe A, Obopile M. Development and application of modern agricultural biotechnology in Botswana: the potentials, opportunities and challenges. GM CROPS & FOOD 2014; 5:183-94. [PMID: 25437237 PMCID: PMC5033224 DOI: 10.4161/21645698.2014.945887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Botswana, approximately 40% of the population live in rural areas and derive most of their livelihood from agriculture by keeping livestock and practising arable farming. Due to the nature of their farming practises livestock and crops are exposed to diseases and environmental stresses. These challenges offer opportunities for application of biotechnology to develop adaptable materials to the country's environment. On the other hand, the perceived risk of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has dimmed the promise of the technology for its application in agriculture. This calls for a holistic approach to the application of biotechnology to address issues of biosafety of GMOs. We have therefore assessed the potentials, challenges and opportunities to apply biotechnology with specific emphasis on agriculture, taking cognisance of requirement for its research, development and application in research and teaching institutions. In order to achieve this, resource availability, infrastructure, human and laboratory requirements were analyzed. The analysis revealed that the country has the capacity to carry out research in biotechnology in the development and production of genetically modified crops for food and fodder crops. These will include gene discovery, genetic transformation and development of systems to comply with the world regulatory framework on biosafety. In view of the challenges facing the country in agriculture, first generation biotech crops could be released for production. Novel GM products for development may include disease diagnosis kits, animal disease vaccines, and nutrient use efficiency, drought, and pest and disease resistant food and fodder crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utlwang Batlang
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gorata Tsurupe
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Amogelang Segwagwe
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Motshwari Obopile
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
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Feltrin C, Cooper CA, Mohamad-Fauzi N, Rodrigues VHV, Aguiar LH, Gaudencio-Neto S, Martins LT, Calderón CEM, Morais AS, Carneiro IS, Almeida TM, Silva ING, Rodrigues JL, Maga EA, Murray JD, Libório AB, Bertolini LR, Bertolini M. Systemic Immunosuppression by Methylprednisolone and Pregnancy Rates in Goats Undergoing the Transfer of Cloned Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:648-656. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Feltrin
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - CA Cooper
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - N Mohamad-Fauzi
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - VHV Rodrigues
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - LH Aguiar
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - S Gaudencio-Neto
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - LT Martins
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - CEM Calderón
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - AS Morais
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - IS Carneiro
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - TM Almeida
- Ceará State University; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - ING Silva
- Ceará State University; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - JL Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction and Embryology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - EA Maga
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - JD Murray
- Transgenics Lab; Department of Animal Science; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - AB Libório
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - LR Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - M Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza CE Brazil
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Hani H, Allaudin ZN, Mohd-Lila MA, Ibrahim TAT, Othman AM. Caprine pancreatic islet xenotransplantation into diabetic immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:174-82. [PMID: 24645790 PMCID: PMC4257077 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a devastating disease for which there is currently no cure, but only lifetime management. Islet xenotransplantation is a promising technique for the restoration of blood glucose control in patients with diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential use of caprine (goat) islet cells as xenogeneic grafts in the treatment for diabetes in a mouse model. METHODS Caprine pancreases were harvested and transported to the laboratory under conditions optimized to prevent ischemia. Islets were isolated, purified, and tested for functionality. Caprine islets (2000 islet equivalent) were transplanted beneath the kidney capsules of diabetic BALB/c mice under thalidomide-induced immunosuppression. Blood glucose and insulin levels of grafted mice were evaluated by glucometer and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, respectively. The functionality and quality of caprine pancreatic islet grafts were assessed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS The viability of purified islet cells exceeded 90%. Recipient mice exhibited normoglycemia (<11 mM glucose) for 30 days. In addition, weight gain negatively correlated with blood glucose level. The findings verified diabetes reversal in caprine islet recipient mice. A significant drop in non-fasting blood glucose level (from 23.3 ± 5.4 to 8.04 ± 0.44 mM) and simultaneous increase in serum insulin level (from 0.01 ± 0.001 to 0.56 ± 0.17 μg/l) and body weights (from 23.64 ± 0.31 to 25.85 ± 0.34 g) were observed (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis verified insulin production in the transplanted islets. CONCLUSIONS Purified caprine islets were demonstrated to successfully sustain viability and functionality for controlling blood glucose levels in an immunosuppressed mouse model of diabetes. These results suggest the use of caprine islets as an addition to the supply of xenogeneic islets for diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homayoun Hani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wu X, Lin Y, Xi Y, Shao Z, Zhou Y, Liu F, Chen H. The development of transgenic mice for the expression of large amounts of human lysozyme in milk. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1197-202. [PMID: 24563307 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human lysozyme (hLYZ) has important potential applications as antimicrobial medicine and food additive. To develop a robust expression vector that ensures expression of large amounts of hLYZ in milk, here a 26,267 bp chimeric mouse whey acidic protein (mWAP)::hLYZ cassette was constructed and used as a mammary gland-specific expression vector, in which a 3,010 bp genomic sequence in the 24,466 bp mWAP gene locus was substituted by a 4,811 bp genomic sequence of hLYZ, exactly from the start codon to the stop codon. Corresponding transgenic mice were generated, and enzymatically-active hLYZ was expressed at 18.4-35 g l(-1) in the milk of most transgenic mouse lines. Our transgenic mice carrying chimeric mWAP::hLYZ represent a model system for cost-effective production of hLYZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wu
- Cell Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
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Lu D, Li Q, Wu Z, Shang S, Liu S, Wen X, Li Z, Wu F, Li N. High-level recombinant human lysozyme expressed in milk of transgenic pigs can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli in the duodenum and influence intestinal morphology of sucking pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89130. [PMID: 24586544 PMCID: PMC3931683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is often used as a feed additive and acts as an antimicrobial protein that enhances immune function and defends against pathogenic bacteria in pigs. In this study, we genetically added recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) to sow milk by somatic cell nuclear transfer and investigated whether the presence of recombinant human lysozyme can influence intestinal microbiota and morphology in sucking pigs. We generated transgenic cloned pigs and the first-generation hybrids (F1) produced high levels of rhLZ in milk. The average concentration of rhLZ was 116.34 ± 24.46 mg/L in the milk of F1 sows, which was 1500-fold higher than that of the native pig lysozyme. In vitro, it was demonstrated that rhLZ in milk of transgenic pigs had enzyme levels at 92,272 ± 26,413 U/mL. In a feeding experiment, a total of 40 newborn piglets were nursed by four transgenic sows and four sibling non-transgenic sows (F1), with five piglets per gilt. The piglets were allowed to nurse for 21 days and the sow milk was the only source of nutrition for the piglets. All piglets were slaughtered on postnatal day 22. Six types of bacteria were cultured and analyzed to detect the impact of rhLZ on gut microbiota. The number of Escherichia coli in the duodenum of piglets reared by transgenic sows was significantly decreased (p<0.001) and their villus height to crypt depth ratio in the intestine were increased due to the significant decrease of crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p<0.001). Together, we successfully generated rhLZ transgenic cloned pigs and elevated lysozyme level in nuring piglets. The results of the feeding experiments demonstrated that rhLZ-enhanced milk can inhibit the growth of E. coli in the duodenum and positively influence intestinal morphology without adversely affecting weight gain or piglet growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengzhe Shang
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Liu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ning Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Wang Y, Tian Y, Yu Y, Gao M, Hu G, Su F, Pan S, Luo Y, Guo Z, Quan F, Zhang Y. Generation of mastitis resistance in cows by targeting human lysozyme gene to β-casein locus using zinc-finger nucleases. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133368. [PMID: 24552841 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis costs the dairy industry billions of dollars annually and is the most consequential disease of dairy cattle. Transgenic cows secreting an antimicrobial peptide demonstrated resistance to mastitis. The combination of somatic cell gene targeting and nuclear transfer provides a powerful method to produce transgenic animals. Recent studies found that a precisely placed double-strand break induced by engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) stimulated the integration of exogenous DNA stretches into a pre-determined genomic location, resulting in high-efficiency site-specific gene addition. Here, we used ZFNs to target human lysozyme (hLYZ) gene to bovine β-casein locus, resulting in hLYZ knock-in of approximately 1% of ZFN-treated bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFFs). Gene-targeted fibroblast cell clones were screened by junction PCR amplification and Southern blot analysis. Gene-targeted BFFs were used in somatic cell nuclear transfer. In vitro assays demonstrated that the milk secreted by transgenic cows had the ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus. We report the production of cloned cows carrying human lysozyme gene knock-in β-casein locus using ZFNs. Our findings open a unique avenue for the creation of transgenic cows from genetic engineering by providing a viable tool for enhancing resistance to disease and improving the health and welfare of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Consumption of transgenic milk containing the antimicrobials lactoferrin and lysozyme separately and in conjunction by 6-week-old pigs improves intestinal and systemic health. J DAIRY RES 2013; 81:30-7. [PMID: 24345426 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin and lysozyme are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory proteins produced in high quantities in human milk that aid in gastrointestinal (GI) health and have beneficial effects when supplemented separately and in conjunction in human and animal diets. Ruminants produce low levels of lactoferrin and lysozyme; however, there are genetically engineered cattle and goats that respectively secrete recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF-milk), and human lysozyme (hLZ-milk) in their milk. Effects of consumption of rhLF-milk, hLZ-milk and a combination of rhLF-and hLZ-milk were tested on young pigs as an animal model for the GI tract of children. Compared with control milk-fed pigs, pigs fed a combination of rhLF and hLZ (rhLF+hLZ) milk had a significantly deeper intestinal crypts and a thinner lamina propria layer. Pigs fed hLZ-milk, rhLF-milk and rhLF+hLZ had significantly reduced mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cells (RBCs) were significantly increased in pigs fed hLZ-milk and rhLF-milk and tended to be increased in rhLF+hLZ-fed pigs, indicating more mature RBCs. These results support previous research demonstrating that pigs fed milk containing rhLF or hLZ had decreased intestinal inflammation, and suggest that in some parameters the combination of lactoferrin and lysozyme have additive effects, in contrast to the synergistic effects reported when utilising in-vitro models.
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Gui T, Liu X, Tao J, Chen J, Li Y, Zhang M, Wu R, Zhang Y, Peng K, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Validation of a recombinant human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (hBPI) expression vector using murine mammary gland tumor cells and the early development of hBPI transgenic goat embryos. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 143:48-56. [PMID: 24289868 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (hBPI) is the only antibacterial peptide which acts against both gram-negative bacteria and neutralizes endotoxins in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils; therefore, hBPI is of great value in clinical applications. In the study, we constructed a hBPI expression vector (pBC1-Loxp-Neo-Loxp-hBPI) containing the full-length hBPI coding sequence which could be specifically expressed in the mammary gland. To validate the function of the vector, in vitro cultured C127 (mouse mammary Carcinoma Cells) were transfected with the vector, and the transgenic cell clones were selected to express hBPI by hormone induction. The mRNA and protein expression of hBPI showed that the constructed vector was effective and suitable for future application in producing mammary gland bioreactor. Then, female and male goat fibroblasts were transfected with the vector, and two male and two female transgenic clonal cell lines were obtained. Using the transgenic cell lines as nuclear donors for somatic cell nuclear transfer, the reconstructed goat embryos produced from all four clones could develop to blastocysts in vitro. In conclusion, we constructed and validated an efficient mammary gland-specific hBPI expression vector, pBC1-Loxp-Neo-Loxp-hBPI, and transgenic hBPI goat embryos were successfully produced, laying foundations for future production of recombinant hBPI in goat mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gui
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 of Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
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Clark M, Murray JD, Maga EA. Assessing unintended effects of a mammary-specific transgene at the whole animal level in host and non-target animals. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:245-56. [PMID: 24214495 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment in transgenic plants is intrinsically different than that for transgenic animals; however both require the verification of proper transgene function and in conjunction, an estimate of any unintended effects caused by expression of the transgene. This work was designed to gather data regarding methodologies to detect pleiotropic effects at the whole animal level using a line of transgenic goats that produce the antimicrobial protein human lysozyme (hLZ) in their milk with the goal of using the milk to treat childhood diarrhea. Metabolomics was used to determine the serum metabolite profile of both the host (lactating does) and non-target organism (kid goats raised on control or hLZ milk) prior to weaning (60 days), at weaning (90 days) and 1 month post-weaning (120 days). In addition, intestinal histology of the kid goats was also carried out. Histological analysis of intestinal segments of the pre-weaning group revealed significantly wider duodenal villi (p = 0.014) and significantly longer villi (p = 0.028) and deeper crypts (p = 0.030) in the ileum of kid goats consuming hLZ milk. Serum metabolomics was capable of detecting differences over time but revealed no significant differences in metabolites between control and hLZ fed kids after correction for false discovery rate. Serum metabolomics of control or hLZ lactating does showed only one significant difference in an unknown metabolite (q = 0.0422). The results as a whole indicate that consumption of hLZ milk results in positive or insignificant intestinal morphology and metabolic changes. This work contributes to the establishment of the safety and durability of the hLZ mammary-specific transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merritt Clark
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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