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The Correlation between Extracellular Heat Shock Protein 70 and Lipid Metabolism in a Ruminant Model. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010019. [PMID: 35050141 PMCID: PMC8779628 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stress in early lactation cows is characterized by lipolysis, ketogenesis, insulin resistance and inflammation because of negative energy balance and increased use of lipids for energy needs. In this study the relationship between lipid metabolite, lipid-based insulin resistance, and hepatocyte functionality indexes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) with extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHsp70) was investigated. The experiment included 50 cows and all parameters were measured in blood serum. In cows with a more pronounced negative energy balance, the following was determined: a higher concentration of eHsp70, TNF-α, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), NEFA to insulin and NEFA to cholesterol ratio and lower concentration of cholesterol, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and liver functionality index (LFI). The eHsp70 correlated negatively with the values of cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, and triglycerides, while correlated positively with the level of NEFA and BHB. A higher concentration of eHsp70 suggests the development of fatty liver (due to a higher NEFA to cholesterol ratio and lower LFI) and insulin resistance (due to a lower revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index RQUICKI-BHB and higher NEFA to insulin ratio). The eHsp70 correlated positively with TNF-α. Both TNF-α and eHsp70 correlated similarly to lipid metabolites. In cows with high eHsp70 and TNF-α values we found higher concentrations of NEFA, BHB, NEFA to insulin and NEFA to cholesterol ratio and a lower concentration of triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol compared to cows that had only high TNF-α values. Based on the positive correlation between eHsp70 and TNF-α, their similar relations, and the additional effect of eHsp70 (high TNF-α + eHsp70 values) on lipid metabolites we conclude that eHsp70 has pro-inflammatory effects implicating lipolysis, fatty liver, and fat tissue insulin resistance.
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Duran MJ, Kannampuzha-Francis J, Nydam D, Behling-Kelly E. Characterization of Particle Size Distribution of Plasma Lipoproteins in Dairy Cattle Using High-Resolution Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.678085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma lipoproteins play critical roles in energy metabolism and inflammation. Concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are linked to reproductive outcomes and milk yields in dairy cattle. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which are enzymatically formed in the blood from very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) following secretion by the liver, have been used as a surrogate marker of liver function due to the rapid influx of circulating VLDL into the lactating mammary gland. In humans, the composition of plasma lipoproteins is reflected in lipoprotein particle size distribution, and both of these parameters are highly predictive of disease development and related health outcomes. Bovine HDL are overall larger, less dense particles compared to human HDL. Lipoprotein particle size distribution in both health and disease is understudied in the bovine. We hypothesize that a more detailed analysis of lipoproteins could hold diagnostic and/or prognostic value in the study of dairy cattle health and production. In this study, we took the first steps in this characterization and used a high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic assay to better define LDL and HDL at the subfraction level in Holstein cows at different stages of lactation. We extensively characterized the lipoprotein particle size distribution in healthy lactating dairy cattle. We identified subfractions of LDL that were prominent only in the dry period and subfractions of HDL that were highest in cows during mid-lactation. Use of this method could be informative in the study of multiple herds and management strategies, including longitudinal evaluation of animals and production parameters.
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Schären M, Riefke B, Slopianka M, Keck M, Gruendemann S, Wichard J, Brunner N, Klein S, Snedec T, Theinert KB, Pietsch F, Rachidi F, Köller G, Bannert E, Spilke J, Starke A. Aspects of transition cow metabolomics-Part III: Alterations in the metabolome of liver and blood throughout the transition period in cows with different liver metabotypes. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9245-9262. [PMID: 34024605 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the postpartum (PP) energy metabolism of the transition dairy cow; however, studies describing the liver metabolome during this period were lacking. The aim of the presented study was therefore to compare the alterations in the liver and blood metabolome of transition dairy cows. For this purpose, an on-farm trial with 80 German Holstein cows (mean lactation number: 3.9; range: 2-9) was performed, with thorough documentation of clinical traits and clinical chemistry, as well as production data. Liver biopsies and blood samples were collected at d 14 (mean: 12 d, range: 1-26 d) antepartum (AP), d 7 (7, 4-13) and 28 (28, 23-34; mean, earliest-latest) PP for targeted mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences). Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate (partial least squares discriminant analysis) as well as univariate methods (linear mixed model). Multivariate data analysis of the liver metabolome revealed 3 different metabotypes (A = medium, B = minor, C = large alterations in the liver metabolome profile between AP and PP). In metabotype C, an increase of almost all acylcarnitines, lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC), sphingomyelins, and some phosphatidylcholines (PC, mainly at 7 d PP) was observed after calving. In contrast to metabotype C, the clinical data of the metabotype B animals indicated a higher PP lipomobilization and occurrence of transition cow diseases. The liver metabolome profile of these animals most likely mirrors a failure of adaptation to the PP state. This strong occurrence of metabotypes was much less pronounced in the blood metabolome. Additionally, differences in metabolic patterns were observed across the transition period when comparing liver and blood matrices (e.g., in different biogenic amines, acylcarnitines and sphingolipids). In summary, the blood samples at 7 d PP showed lower acylcarnitines and PC, with minor alterations and a heterogeneous pattern in AA, biogenic amines, and sphingomyelins compared with 14 d AP. In contrast to 7 d PP, the blood samples at 28 PP revealed an increase in several AA, lysoPC, PC, and sphingomyelins in comparison to the AP state, irrespective of the metabotype. In the liver biopsies metabotype B differed from metabotype C animals ante partum by following metabolites: higher α aminoadipic acid, lower AA, serotonin, taurine, and symmetric dimethylarginine levels, lower or higher concentrations of certain acylcarnitines (higher: C2, C3, C5, C4:1; lower: C12:1, C14:1-OH, C16:2), and lower lysoPC (a C16:0, C18:0, C20:3, C20:4) and hexose levels. In blood samples, fewer differences were observed, with lower serotonin, acylcarnitine C16:2, lysoPC (a C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 and C18:1), PC aa C38:0, and PC ae C42:2. The results show that the use of only the blood metabolome to assess liver metabolism may be hampered by the fact that blood profiles are influenced by the metabolism of many organs, and metabolomics analysis from liver biopsies is a more suitable method to identify distinct metabotypes. Future studies should investigate the stability and reproducibility of the metabotype and phenotypes observed, and the possible predictive value of the metabolites already differing AP between metabotype B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schären
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - B Riefke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Slopianka
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Keck
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gruendemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Wichard
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - N Brunner
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - S Klein
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Snedec
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K B Theinert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Pietsch
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Rachidi
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Köller
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Bannert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Spilke
- Biometrics and Informatics in Agriculture Group, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 4, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Haubold S, Kröger-Koch C, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E, Weitzel JM, Hoeflich A, Starke A, Tröscher A, Sauerwein H, Hammon HM. Effects of a combined essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid abomasal infusion on metabolic and endocrine traits, including the somatotropic axis, in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:12069-12082. [PMID: 32981718 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on metabolic and endocrine traits related to energy metabolism, including the somatotropic axis, in mid-lactation dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a dose-escalation study design and were abomasally infused with coconut oil (CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated fatty acids), linseed and safflower oils (EFA; 39.1 and 1.6 g/d; n-6:n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA; cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 4.6 g/d of each), or EFA and CLA (EFA+CLA) for 6 wk. The initial dosage was doubled twice after 2 wk, resulting in 3 dosages (dosages 1, 2, and 3). Each cow received each fat treatment at different times. Cows were fed with a corn silage-based total mixed ration providing a low-fat content and a high n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio. Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones (insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins only on wk 0 and 6) were analyzed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6 of each treatment period. Liver biopsies were taken before starting the trial and at wk 6 of each treatment period to measure hepatic mRNA abundance of genes linked to glucose, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and the somatotropic axis. The changes in the milk and blood fatty acid patterns and lactation performance of these cows have already been published in a companion paper. The plasma concentration of total cholesterol increased with dosage in all groups, except CLA, reaching the highest levels in EFA+CLA and CTRL compared with CLA. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma concentration increased in CTRL and was higher than that in EFA and CLA, whereas the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in a dose-dependent manner in EFA and EFA+CLA, and was higher than that in CLA. Hepatic mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase 1 was upregulated in all groups but was highest in EFA+CLA. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 tended to be lowest due to EFA treatment, whereas expression of long chain acyl-CoA-synthetase was lower in EFA than in CTRL. Hepatic mRNA expression of GHR1A tended to be higher in EFA+CLA than in CTRL. The plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I increased in CLA, and the plasma IGFBP-2 concentration was lower in EFA+CLA than in CTRL at wk 6. The plasma concentration of adiponectin decreased in EFA+CLA up to dosage 2. Plasma concentrations of albumin and urea were lower in CLA than in CTRL throughout the experimental period. Supplementation with EFA and CLA affected cholesterol and lipid metabolism and their regulation differently, indicating distinct stimulation after the combined EFA and CLA treatment. The decreased IGFBP-2 plasma concentration and upregulated hepatic mRNA abundance of GHR1A in EFA+CLA-supplemented cows indicated the beneficial effect of the combined EFA and CLA treatment on the somatotropic axis in mid-lactation dairy cows. Moreover, supplementation with CLA might affect protein metabolism in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haubold
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology of Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Delavaud C, Fougère H, Chilliard Y, Bernard L. The Dietary Addition of Fish Oil or Sunflower Oil Plus Starch Differently Modulates the Lipid Classes in Plasma of Lactating Cows and Goats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Delavaud
- Université Clermont AuvergneINRA, VetAgro SupUMR HerbivoresF‐63122Saint‐Genès‐ChampanelleFrance
| | - Hélène Fougère
- Université Clermont AuvergneINRA, VetAgro SupUMR HerbivoresF‐63122Saint‐Genès‐ChampanelleFrance
| | - Yves Chilliard
- Université Clermont AuvergneINRA, VetAgro SupUMR HerbivoresF‐63122Saint‐Genès‐ChampanelleFrance
| | - Laurence Bernard
- Université Clermont AuvergneINRA, VetAgro SupUMR HerbivoresF‐63122Saint‐Genès‐ChampanelleFrance
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Marei WFA, Alvarez MA, Van Hoeck V, Gutierrez-Adan A, Bols PEJ, Leroy JLMR. Effect of nutritionally induced hyperlipidaemia on in vitro bovine embryo quality depends on the type of major fatty acid in the diet. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1856-1867. [PMID: 27832581 DOI: 10.1071/rd16297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined whether the effects of dietary-induced hyperlipidaemia on preimplantation embryo development depend on the predominant fatty acid (FA) type in the diet. In a combined in vivo-in vitro bovine model, two groups of cows (n=3 in each group) were fed with three diets consecutively (4 weeks feeding for each): (1) a maintenance control diet (CONT); (2) a high-starch diet rich in saturated fat (SAT); and (3) a high-starch diet rich in omega-3 unsaturated fat (UNSAT). Two feeding sequences were used to test for carry-over effects: Group A was fed CONT, SAT1 and then UNSAT2, whereas Group B was fed CONT, UNSAT1 and then SAT2. Serum was collected after each dietary period, analysed and tested in bovine in vitro embryo culture. Introducing SAT and UNSAT diets induced hyperlipidaemia (specifically hypercholesterolaemia and elevated free FAs) and reduced insulin sensitivity. Carry-over effects in serum metabolites and FA profile were dependent on the diet and feeding sequence. SAT1 and SAT2 serum decreased blastocyst rates and altered blastocyst mRNA expression related to apoptosis and oxidative stress. UNSAT1 and UNSAT2 serum resulted in normal embryo development and quality. Other in vitro effects depended on the sequence of feeding. In conclusion, substitution of saturated fat with omega-3 fat in a high-caloric diet induced hyperlipidaemia with an FA profile yielding similar rates and quality of blastocysts compared with normolipidaemic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed F A Marei
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Arias Alvarez
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Veerle Van Hoeck
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan
- Departamento de Reproduccion Animal, Instituto nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. De la CorunaKm 5.9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter E J Bols
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jo L M R Leroy
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Abstract
The adipose tissue serves an essential role for survival and reproduction in mammals, especially females. It serves primarily as an energy storage organ and is directly linked to the reproductive success of mammals. In wild animals, adipose tissue function is linked to seasonality of the food supply to support fetal growth and milk production. Adipose tissue depots in ruminants and non-ruminants can secrete many signal molecules (adipokines) that act as hormones and as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The visceral adipose tissue especially appears to be more endocrinologically active than other adipose depots. The endocrine function is important for the overall long-term regulation of energy metabolism and plays an important role in the adaptation to lactation in many mammalian species, including humans. Furthermore, endocrine signals from adipose tissue depots contribute to fertility modulation, immune function, and inflammatory response. Energy homeostasis is modulated by changes in feed intake, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, processes that can be influenced by adipokines in the brain and in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McNamara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA; .,McNamara Research in Agriculture Firm, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA
| | - K Huber
- Functional Anatomy of Livestock, University of Hohenheim, 70559 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Hymøller L, Jensen SK. Plasma transport of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol and their 25-hydroxylated metabolites in dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 59:44-52. [PMID: 27940098 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, there are 2 significant forms of vitamin D: ergocalciferol (ERG) from fungi on roughage and cholecalciferol (CHO) from vitamin supplements or endogenous synthesis in the skin. The hypothesis of the present study is that vitamin D from the 3 sources is transported in different plasma fractions in the body. This is hypothesized to explain the lower efficiency of ERG compared to CHO in securing a sufficient plasma status of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and explain the inefficient excretion of dietary CHO into milk compared to endogenous CHO. Twenty vitamin D-depleted cows were assigned to 5 treatments: D2, housed indoor and fed 625-μg/d (25.000 IU) ERG; D3, housed indoor and fed 625-μg/d CHO; D2+D3, housed indoor and fed 625-μg/d ERG and 625-μg/d CHO; SUN, let out for daily pasture to facilitate CHO synthesis from sunlight; and D2+SUN, fed 625-μg/d ERG and let out for daily pasture. Blood samples were taken twice weekly and plasma fractionated by ultracentrifugation into 3 fractions: light lipoprotein (LLP), heavy lipoprotein (HLP), and protein and analyzed for content of ERG and CHO and their liver derived metabolites 25-hydroxyergocalciferol (25ERG) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25CHO), respectively. Liver biopsies were taken on the last day of the study to asses gene expression related to vitamin D metabolism. During 4 wk of study, the vitamin D status in plasma increased to 19.3 to 22.8 ng/mL 25ERG in ERG-treated cows with the highest concentration in D2 (P ≤ 0.05) and to 25.0 to 33.4 ng/mL 25CHO in pasture or CHO-treated cows with the highest concentration in SUN (P ≤ 0.01). In plasma fractions, CHO was mainly found in the HLP fraction, whereas 25CHO was almost exclusively found in the protein fraction, probably due to its reported high binding affinity to vitamin D-binding protein. About 70% to 90% of 25ERG was found in the protein fraction and the remaining 25ERG was found in HLP, whereas ERG was found in both HLP and LLP fractions. In liver tissue, the expression of vitamin D-25-hydroxylase was lower in D2+D3 (P ≤ 0.05) and SUN (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the remaining groups, and the vitamin D receptor was expressed in the liver to a larger extent in D2+SUN than that in D2+D3 (P ≤ 0.05) and SUN (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, different plasma transport mechanisms may explain the lower physiological efficiency of ERG compared to CHO in securing the vitamin D status in plasma but do not explain the lower efficiency of synthetic CHO compared to endogenous CHO from sunlight or UV light in securing a high CHO content in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hymøller
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - S K Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Effect of fish-oil supplementation on levels of (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids in the lipoprotein fractions of bovine plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEight mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used in an experiment to investigate whether poor transfer to milk of (n-3) long chain (≥C20) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), from diets containing fish oil, is related to their mode of transport in plasma lipoproteins. The cows were split into two groups of four, each of which was housed with 24 other cows which did not provide blood data in this experiment. All cows received a basal diet ad libitum consisting of (kg/t dry matter) silage (539), grain distillers’ grains (148), rolled barley (248) and soya (65). All cows also received a mid-day meal of 2·76 kg per cow per day of molassed sugar-beet shreds. The control group (C) received no oil supplement but those in the treatment group (F) received 300 g per cow per day of fish oil absorbed onto the sugar-beet shreds. Fish oil inclusion progressively depressed milk fat concentration of the four cows from each group over the 3 weeks of the experiment so that levels were approximately 20 g/kg lower for cows in treatment F than for those in C (P < 0·05). Mean concentrations over all cows of the long-chain (≥C20, n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat (g/100 g) were 0·12 and 0·54 for treatments C and F respectively, whilst corresponding output in milk (g/day) increased from 116 to 3·91, an average efficiency of transfer of 4·6%. The fatty acid compositions of the lipoproteins were measured in plasma samples from the four cows from each group after 3 weeks on the experimental diets The proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) of C20: 5 (n-3) in cholesteryl (CE) and phospholipid (PL) of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the plasma were respectively increased from 0·97 to 4·39 (P < 0·05) and from 1·15 to 4·74 (P < 0·01) by the fish-oil supplementation. For C22: 6 (n-3), the proportions in CE and PL of HDL respectively increased (P < 0·001) from 0·02 to 0·23 and from 0·16 to 2·18 as a result of the supplementation. The mean proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) of C20: 5 (n-3) and C22: 6 (n-3) in the triglyceride fraction of very low-density lipoprotein were 1·05 and 2·3 respectively and were not significantly altered by fish-oil supplementation (P > 0·05). It is suggested that the low transfer efficiency of (n-3) LCPUFA to the milk is partly due to their transport in the plasma largely as components of HDL lipids which are unavailable to the mammary gland.
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Íñiguez-González G, Garnsworthy PC, Loor JJ. Transport of fatty acids within plasma lipoproteins in lactating and non-lactating cows fed on fish oil and hydrogenated palm oil. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:369-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales; Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - G. Íñiguez-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales; Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - P. C. Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences; The University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough UK
| | - J. J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics; Division of Nutritional Sciences; Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Íñiguez-González G, Cancino-Padilla N, Loor JJ, Garnsworthy PC. Effect of dietary vegetable oils on the fatty acid profile of plasma lipoproteins in dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:322-32. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1182305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lanier JS, Corl BA. Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 26110055 PMCID: PMC4479322 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0315 USA
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13
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Newman A, Mann S, Nydam DV, Overton TR, Behling-Kelly E. Impact of dietary plane of energy during the dry period on lipoprotein parameters in the transition period in dairy cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:118-26. [PMID: 25958934 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The high energy demands of dairy cows during the transition period from late gestation into early lactation can place them at an increased risk for the development of metabolic and infectious diseases. Modification of the dry period diet has been investigated as a preventive means to minimize the detrimental aspects of metabolic shifts during the transition period. Studies investigating the impact of dry period diet on lipid parameters during the transition period have largely focused on markers of lipolysis and ketogenesis. Total cholesterol declines during the periparturient period and increases in early lactation. The impact total energy in the dry period diet has on the ability of the cow to maintain total serum cholesterol, as well as its natural high-density lipoprotein-rich status, during this metabolically challenging window is not clear. The impact of lipoproteins on inflammation and immune function may have a clinical impact on the cow's ability to ward off production-related diseases. In this study, we hypothesized that the provision of adequate, but not excessive, total metabolizable energy, would better allow the cow to maintain total cholesterol and a higher relative proportion of HDL throughout the transition period. Cows were allocated to one of three dry period dietary treatment groups following a randomized block design. Total serum triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions were measured on a weekly basis from approximately 7 weeks pre-calving to 6 weeks post-calving. The cows on the high energy diet maintained total serum cholesterol as compared to the cows provided a lower energy diet, but there was no significant increase in the LDL fraction of lipoproteins between diet treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Newman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Kairenius P, Ahvenjärvi S, Toivonen V, Huhtanen P, Vanhatalo A, Givens D, Shingfield K. Effect of forage conservation method on plasma lipids, mammary lipogenesis, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5267-89. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stamey Lanier J, Suagee JK, Becvar O, Corl BA. Mammary uptake of fatty acids supplied by intravenous triacylglycerol infusion to lactating dairy cows. Lipids 2013; 48:469-79. [PMID: 23504269 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplementing dairy cows with n-3 fatty acid-rich feeds does not easily increase quantities in milk fat. Previous results demonstrated very long-chain n-3 fatty acids are primarily transported in the PL fraction of blood, making them largely unavailable to the mammary gland for enrichment of milk fat. Our objective was to compare mammary uptake of fatty acids of increasing chain length and unsaturation delivered intravenously as TAG emulsions. Late lactation dairy cows were assigned to a completely randomized block design. Treatments were intravenous TAG emulsions enriched with oleic acid (OLA), linoleic acid (LNA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and were delivered continuously at 16 mL/h for 72 h. Each treatment supplied 30 g/day of the target fatty acid. Treatment did not affect feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition, but all treatments reduced intake and yield. The proportion of DHA increased in plasma FFA, TAG, and PL with infusion. Increases of n-3 fatty acids, ALA, EPA, and DHA, were evident in the plasma PL fraction, suggesting re-esterification in the liver. Transfer efficiencies were 37.8 ± 4.1, 27.6 ± 5.4, and 10.9 ± 4.1 %, and day 3 total milk fatty acyl yields were 37.0 ± 3.4, 10.8 ± 0.4, and 3.3 ± 0.3 g for LNA, ALA, and DHA. Variation in oleic acyl yield prevented calculation of OLA transfer efficiency. Mammary uptake of fatty acids was reduced with increased chain length and unsaturation. Both liver and mammary mechanisms may regulate transfer of long-chain polyunsaturates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stamey Lanier
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Stamey JA, Shepherd DM, de Veth MJ, Corl BA. Use of algae or algal oil rich in n-3 fatty acids as a feed supplement for dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 95:5269-5275. [PMID: 22916931 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil is used as a ration additive to provide n-3 fatty acids to dairy cows. Fish do not synthesize n-3 fatty acids; they must consume microscopic algae or other algae-consuming fish. New technology allows for the production of algal biomass for use as a ration supplement for dairy cattle. Lipid encapsulation of the algal biomass protects n-3 fatty acids from biohydrogenation in the rumen and allows them to be available for absorption and utilization in the small intestine. Our objective was to examine the use of algal products as a source for n-3 fatty acids in milk. Four mid-lactation Holsteins were assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design. Their rations were supplemented with 1× or 0.5× rumen-protected (RP) algal biomass supplement, 1× RP algal oil supplement, or no supplement for 7 d. Supplements were lipid encapsulated (Balchem Corp., New Hampton, NY). The 1× supplements provided 29 g/d of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 0.5× provided half of this amount. Treatments were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts. Supplementing dairy rations with rumen-protected algal products did not affect feed intake, milk yield, or milk component yield. Short- and medium-chain fatty acid yields in milk were not influenced by supplements. Both 0.5× and 1× RP algae supplements increased daily milk fat yield of DHA (0.5 and 0.6±0.10 g/d, respectively) compared with 1× RP oil (0.3±0.10 g/d), but all supplements resulted in milk fat yields greater than that of the control (0.1±0.10g/d). Yield of trans-18:1 fatty acids in milk fat was also increased by supplementation. Trans-11 18:1 yield (13, 20, 27, and 15±3.0 g/d for control, 0.5× RP algae, 1× RP algae, and 1× RP oil, respectively) was greater for supplements than for control. Concentration of DHA in the plasma lipid fraction on d 7 showed that the DHA concentration was greatest in plasma phospholipid. Rumen-protected algal biomass provided better DHA yield than algal oil. Feeding lipid-encapsulated algae supplements may increase n-3 content in milk fat without adversely affecting milk fat yield; however, preferential esterification of DHA into plasma phospholipid may limit its incorporation into milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Stamey
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - D M Shepherd
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | | | - B A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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Thyroid hormones, blood plasma metabolites and haematological parameters in relationship to milk yield in dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100039982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTTo study their relationship to milk yield, the concentrations, in jugular venous blood, of thyroxine iodine (T4I), thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, urea, haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) have been measured in 36 cows (Simmental, Swiss Brown, Holstein and Simmental × Holstein) of different ages during a full lactation, pregnancy, dry period, parturition and 150 days of the ensuing lactation. Thyroid hormones and triglycerides were negatively, and total protein, globulin, cholesterol and phospholipids were positively, correlated with uncorrected or corrected milk yield during several periods of lactation, whereas glucose, NEFA, albumin, urea, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were not correlated with milk yield. The 10 animals with the highest milk yield (18·9 to 23·5 kg/day) exhibited significantly lower values of T4I, T4, T3 and glucose, significantly higher levels of total protein and globulin and tended to have higher levels of NEFA than the 10 cows with the lowest milk yield (10·9 to 14·3 kg/day) throughout or during certain periods of lactation, whereas concentrations of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, albumin, haemoglobin and PCV did not differ. Changes in T4I, T4, T3, glucose and total protein during lactation were also influenced by age, presumably associated with an increase in milk production with age. T3 was consistently lowest and cholesterol and phospholipids, during later stages of lactation, were highest in Holsteins, which had the highest milk yields of all breeds. Changes of blood parameters were mainly caused by shifts in energy and protein metabolism in association with level of milk production
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The effects of hormones, other pharmacological agents and nutrition on plasma triglycerides and carcass composition in lambs and steers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100005973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe effects of recombinantly derived growth hormone (GH), oestradiol-17β plus trenbolone acetate, clofibrate, melatonin and fasting on basal plasma triglycerides (TG) and TG entry rate were determined in wether lambs given lucerene/barley pellets ad libitum. Clofibrate was administered at 2 × 0·5 g capsules orally, GH (0·25 mg/kg live weight) was injected subcutaneously daily whilst oestradiol-17β, oestradiol-17β plus trenbolone acetate and melatonin were slow release implants (either 4 or 4·8 mg, 4 nig and 20 nig and 18 mg respectively) placed subcutaneously in the ear. Both fasting and oestradiol treatments raised basal TG levels without influencing TG entry rates, defined as the maximum rate of change of plasma TG 3 to 6h following a dose of Triton WR1339 of at least 0·2 g/kg live weight. Entry rates were similar to those previously reported for goats but were higher than those reported for sheep. Triton WR1339 used to determine entry rates was found to reduce food intake at all levels in some sheep despite reports to the contrary. Among the various treatments, only oestradiol-17β and trenbolone acetate influenced body composition as determined by chemical analysis of minced carcasses, resulting in an increased gain of carcass protein and decreased gain of carcass fat. Clofibrate, melatonin and Triton, if allowance is made for Triton-induced loss in food intake, had no clear effects on body fatness. Overall the effects of hormones on plasma TG appeared to be small and it seems improbable that plasma TG are involved in effects of hormones on fatness.
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Beukelen P, Wensing T, Breukink HJ. Evaluation of Methods to Depress and Restore Milk Fat Levels in Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1981.tb01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Kurz E, Rambeck WA, Zucker H. Verteilung des β-Carotins auf die Serumlipoproteine bei Milchkühen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1984.tb01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Metabolism, Health, and Nutrition and for Modified Animal Product Foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Chapter 13 Interorgan lipid and fatty acid metabolism in growing ruminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Kushibiki S, Hodate K, Shingu H, Hayashi T, Touno E, Shinoda M, Yokomizo Y. Alterations in lipid metabolism induced by recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha administration to dairy heifers1,2. J Anim Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/ansci/80.8.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Katoh N. Relevance of apolipoproteins in the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related peripartum diseases in dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:293-307. [PMID: 12014573 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most metabolic diseases in dairy cows occur during the peripartum period and are suggested to be derived from fatty liver initially developed during the nonlactating stage. Fatty liver is induced by hepatic uptake of nonesterified fatty acids that are released in excess by adipose tissues attributable to negative energy balance. The fatty accumulation leads to impairment of lipoprotein metabolism in the liver, and the impairment in turn influences other metabolic pathways in extrahepatic tissues such as the steroid hormone production by the corpus luteum. Detailed understanding of the impaired lipoprotein metabolism is crucial for elucidation of the mechanistic bases of the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related peripartum diseases. This review summarizes results on evaluation of lipoprotein lipid and protein concentrations and enzyme activity in cows with fatty liver and those with ketosis, left displacement of the abomasum, milk fever, downer syndrome and retained placenta. Obtained data strongly suggest that decreases in serum concentrations of apolipoprotein B-100, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein C-III, a reduction in activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and induction of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A are intimately related to the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related diseases. Moreover, determination of the apolipoprotein concentrations and enzyme activity during the peripartum period is useful for early diagnoses of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Katoh
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Katoh N. In addition to the high-density lipoprotein fraction, apolipoprotein C-III is detected in chylomicrons and the very low-density lipoprotein fraction from serum of normolipidemic cows. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:95-7. [PMID: 11217073 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III is a low-molecular-mass protein that is involved in the regulation of the triglyceride metabolism. Except for the hyperlipidemic calf, cattle apoC-III is mainly detected in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction, and the distribution in chylomicrons (CM) and the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction has not yet been clarified. The purpose of the present study was to detect apoC-III in concentrated CM and VLDL fractions to examine whether apoC-III is distributed in the two fractions even in normolipidemic cattle. ApoC-III could be detected by immunoblot analysis in both concentrated cow CM and VLDL fractions, but not in the corresponding calf fractions. These results suggest that apoC-III is distributed in the CM and VLDL fractions, at least in cows, although the concentrations in these fractions are considerably lower than in the HDL fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Katoh
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Japan
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26
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Yamamot M, Oohashi T, Katoh N, Oikawa S. Increased serum concentration of apolipoprotein C-III and its greater distribution to chylomicrons than to the high-density lipoprotein fraction in a calf with hyperlipidemia. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:1033-9. [PMID: 11073072 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A calf having extremely high concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids, in particular in chylomicrons (CM) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction was found. The purpose of the present study was to determine serum concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein (apo) C-III, a low molecular mass protein mainly distributed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction in normolipidemic cattle, in the calf with hyperlipidemia. The serum apoC-III concentration in the calf increased to more than 10-fold that of normolipidemic control calves, and apoC-III was distributed more in the CM than in the HDL. The concentration of apoA-I (a predominant apoprotein in the HDL) was also increased to nearly 4-fold that of controls in the serum from the calf, and its major distribution site was the CM. Haptoglobin was detected in the serum from the hyperlipidemic calf, and was distributed in the CM as well as in the HDL. Serum amyloid A was also induced. In contrast to apoC-III, apoA-I and haptoglobin, the majority of apoSAA was found in the HDL fraction, as observed in normolipidemic calves. Increased concentrations in the CM of apoC-III and apoA-I suggest that the two apolipoproteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of calf hyperlipidemia. The presence of haptoglobin in the CM and HDL also implies the relevance of this acute-phase protein in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamot
- The Fukushima Kenchu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kooriyama, Japan
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Uchide T, Onda K, Bonkobara M, Thongsong B, Matsuki N, Inaba M, Ono K. Utilization of intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mammary gland of cows. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:1143-6. [PMID: 10563293 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elution profiles of total lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations in lipoproteins, and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were examined in early-, late-, and non-lactating cows. Additionally, arteriovenous (A-V) differences were also measured to elucidate the uptake of TG and apoB-containing lipoproteins in mammary gland. Non-lactating cows showed three major peaks corresponding to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction, whereas both early- and late-lactating cows revealed two peaks corresponding to TRL and HDL. The peak area of TRL in early- and late-lactating cows were significantly (p < 0.05) smaller than that in non-lactating cows. The plasma TG levels and apoB-48 concentrations of TRL in early- and late-lactating cows were also significantly (p < 0.01) lower. Furthermore, early lactating cows showed significantly (p < 0.05) larger A-V differences in both plasma TG and apoB-48 concentration of TRL than those in late- and non-lactating cows. These results suggested that TG in exogenous (intestinal) TRL was utilized for milk fat synthesis in lactating mammary gland of cows by the receptor-mediated uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uchide
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Uchide T, Tohya Y, Onda K, Matsuki N, Inaba M, Ono K. Apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations in lipoproteins in cows. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:711-4. [PMID: 9300370 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-48 and apoB-100 in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions separated by gel permeation chromatography were determined in Holstein and Japanese black cows by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was observed between apoB-48 in TRL and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in both Holstein and Japanese black cows. Additionally, apoB-48 in TRL and plasma TG levels in Holstein cows were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than those in Japanese black cows. These results suggested that TG derived from intestinal (exogenous) TRL rather than from liver (endogenous) TRL was the major source of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uchide
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Top AM, Wensing T, Beynen AC. The influence of calcium palmitate and oleate feeding on hepatic lipid metabolism in dry goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1994.tb00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hatzipanagiotou A, Liamadis D, Hatzikas A. [The effect of the main protein source in rations of ewes and the time of blood collection on the glucose and triacylglycerol levels in blood at the beginning of lactation]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1994; 45:363-70. [PMID: 7487483 DOI: 10.1080/17450399409386111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the protein source of the ration (soybean meal, cottonseed cake, corn gluten and fish meal) and the time (period) of blood sample taking was examined on the content of glucose and triacylglycerols in the blood during the initial lactation period. Thirty-six ewes of the Thessaloniki crossbred type were randomly allocated to 4 groups. The ewes of each group were fed ad libitum with one of the 4 different rations, respectively. From each ewe 4 blood samples were taken in different times. The experimental design was factorial 4x4 with 9 replicates with main factors the main protein source (ration), as well as the time of blood sample taking. The protein source effect on glucose and triacylglycerol concentration in blood was not significant, while that of time of blood sample taking was significant. The interaction "ration" X "time" of sampling for the glucose and TGC concentration was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hatzipanagiotou
- Aristole University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal Production, Greece
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Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review new insights on the biological mechanisms of absorption and transport of lipid in ruminants, especially the modern concepts and analytical methods used in studies on structural properties and intravascular and tissue metabolism of lipoproteins and their factors of variation. The intestinal absorption of lipids (including long-chain fatty acids) is detailed, and variations in the qualitative and the quantitative aspects of absorption with diet composition, especially for high fat diets, are presented. Also, structural properties and distribution characteristics of lipoprotein classes in different lymphatic and blood vessels are compared across several animal species. Physicochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the lipoprotein particles and their apolipoprotein moieties are given for the main classes of lipoproteins. Finally, lipoprotein metabolism is discussed in relation to development and physiological, nutritional, and hormonal status. Intravascular metabolism of lipoproteins, including the role of lipolytic enzymes and lipid transfer proteins, is presented. Characteristics of the intestinal and hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins and apolipoprotein fractions are compared, especially through experiments stimulating the hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Different methods of measurement of lipoprotein tissue uptake or secretion in ruminants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bauchart
- Equipe de Recherches Métabolismes Energétique et Lipidique, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Abstract
In the dairy cow, adipose tissue lipid accumulates during pregnancy, and catabolism begins prior to parturition and increases dramatically afterward. After peak lactation, body lipid is replenished. The duration and magnitudes of these adaptations depend on milk energy secretion, net energy intake, genotype, and endocrine environment. Recent research efforts have focused on endocrine, genetic, and biochemical mechanisms underlying metabolic adaptations in cows of high production potential. Adipose tissue lipid synthesis is decreased and lipolysis is increased in early lactation. The magnitude and duration of these adaptations are increased in animals either consuming relatively less energy or producing more milk. Adipose tissue is more responsive to catecholamines in early and midlactation and in animals with higher production. This is more of an increase in maximal response than in sensitivity. In vivo and in vitro rates of adipose tissue lipolysis correlate positively with milk energy secretion, whereas lipid synthesis rates correlate with energy intake. Thus, mammary metabolic activity, within and among lactations, correlates with that in adipose tissue. Likely mechanisms include adaptations in receptors for homeostatic signals and modulation of postreceptor responses. Research is needed into neural, genetic, and hormone regulation of nutrient utilization and body fat use and recovery during lactation. Research should describe mechanistic relationships among nutrients in animals of high production as well as investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms suitable to genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McNamara
- Washington State University, Department of Animal Science, Pullman 99164-6320
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Mazur A, Marcos E, Cardot P, Ayrault-Jarrier M, Rayssiguier Y. Quantification of apolipoprotein A-1 in cow serum by single radial immunodiffusion. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72:635-41. [PMID: 2497161 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A single radial immunodiffusion assay was developed to determine the concentration of the major apolipoprotein A-I in bovine serum. Assay was performed using agarose gel plates with monospecific rabbit antiserum. Standards made with bovine high density lipoproteins or serum 10 times diluted were applied in 3-microliters amounts to each well in the gel. The assay working range was 2 to 22 mg of apolipoprotein A-I. The intraassay and interassay CV were 3.7 and 4.9%, respectively. Using protein A-I. The intraassay and interassay CY were 3.7 and 4.9%, respectively. Using radial immunodiffusion assay, 23 serum samples from cows at various stages of lactation were analyzed. Apolipoprotein A-I was significantly increased in midlactation compared with concentrations in early lactation or dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazur
- Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques, INRA, Theix, Ceyrat
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Valdez F, Harrison J, Fransen S. Effect of Feeding Corn-Sunflower Silage on Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Rumen Fermentation of Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kleppe BB, Aiello RJ, Grummer RR, Armentano LE. Triglyceride accumulation and very low density lipoprotein secretion by rat and goat hepatocytes in vitro. J Dairy Sci 1988; 71:1813-22. [PMID: 3410990 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of [1-14C] oleate by freshly isolated rat and goat hepatocytes was compared. Intracellular [14C] triglyceride accumulation by hepatocytes did not differ between species. At 2 h of incubation, rat hepatocytes secreted approximately 25 times more [14C] triglyceride than goat hepatocytes. Very low density lipoprotein secretion was greatest by hepatocytes incubated in media containing 4:1 oleate:bovine serum albumin. Rat hepatocytes converted three to four times more [1-14C] oleate to 14CO2 and acid-soluble products than goat hepatocytes. Rate of 14CO2 formation by both rat and goat hepatocytes increased as incubation time increased and as rate of cellular triglyceride accumulation decreased. The ratio of 14CO2:[14C] acid-soluble products formed was greater for rat than goat hepatocytes, which indicated rat hepatocytes may oxidize fatty acid more completely. Differences in metabolic rate, based on oxygen consumption, between isolated goat and rat hepatocytes were minor and could not account for marked differences in very low density lipoprotein secretion. Goat hepatocytes did not incorporate detectable quantities of labeled fatty acid into low or high density lipoproteins. Ruminants may be susceptible to fatty liver when the liver takes up large amount of nonesterified fatty acid due to an inability to efficiently export fatty acid as very low density lipoprotein triglyceride.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Kleppe
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Mazur A, Gueux E, Chilliard Y, Rayssiguter Y. Changes in plasma lipoproteins and liver fat content in dairy cows during early lactation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1988.tb00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grummer RR, Hurley WL, Davis CL, Meacham CA. Effect of isolation temperature on the determination of bovine plasma very low density lipoprotein concentrations. J Dairy Sci 1986; 69:2083-90. [PMID: 3760299 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(86)80640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A split-plot design was used to determine effect of temperature on isolation of plasma very low density lipoproteins that were high in either saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Four steers received abomasal infusion of 400 ml of water (control) or of corn oil, which served as the whole plot treatment, and the isolation of lipoproteins by ultra-centrifugation at 4, 20 and 37 degrees C were the subplot treatments. Measured concentrations of plasma very low density lipoproteins (less than 1.007 g/ml) in control steers was 59 and 19% of that at 37 degrees C when isolation occurred at 20 and 4 degrees C, respectively. Measured concentrations of lipoproteins with densities less than 1.024 g/ml were not affected by lowering the isolation temperature from 37 to 20 degrees C but were decreased approximately 50% at 4 degrees C. Abomasal infusion of corn oil for 48 h reduced plasma very low density lipoprotein concentration from 18.3 to 5.2 mg/dl (37 degrees C isolation). Triglycerides of lipoproteins isolated from animals during the abomasal corn oil infusion had less C18:2 (average 36.3 vs. 4.0%) fatty acids than during the control treatment. Reducing the temperature of isolation did not affect measured lipoprotein concentration in plasma obtained from animals during oil infusion. Reduction in isolation temperature has a greater effect on the recovery of very low density lipoproteins, which are relatively high in saturated fatty acids compared with those high in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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van Beukelen P, Wensing T, Breukink HJ. Effects of feeding chopped-hay rations on lipid metabolism and milk fat production in high yielding dairy cows. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1985; 32:561-72. [PMID: 3936311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1985.tb01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
In ruminants, mammary supply of substrate varies with rate of mammary blood flow and concentrations of blood substrates. Blood concentrations of most mammary substrates, except acetate and tryptophan, do not vary greatly with feed intake, short term. Fasting reduces mammary blood flow, whereas milking and injection of growth hormone or thyroxine increase flow. It is proposed that the fraction of cardiac output that perfuses the udder of lactating ruminants plays a role in regulation of nutrient partitioning between milk and body tissues. In fed animals this fraction is 15 to 16% of cardiac output, which declines on fasting to 8 to 9% and increases slightly following growth hormone treatment to 17.6%. Following realimentation of fasted cows or goats, mammary blood flow takes several hours to return to normal. Investigation of the mechanism of this response, in terms of the ability of the animal to recognize its nutritional status and partition nutrients accordingly, should prove fruitful to understanding causes of variations of milk production in response to feed quantity and quality. Several substrates show increased mammary arteriovenous difference with increasing blood concentrations. This may reflect differing ratios of blood flow:milk yield. The steep gradient of concentration of substrates across the mammary epithelial cell membrane suggests that a major impediment to substrate supply for milk synthesis is the rate of substrate transport across the membrane.
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Ashes JR, Cook LJ, Sidhu GS. Effect of dietary cholesterol protected against ruminal hydrogenation on the plasma cholesterol and liver of sheep. Lipids 1984; 19:159-63. [PMID: 6717247 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements containing cholesterol or sunflower oil were prepared to protect them against degradation in the rumen. On feeding daily supplements containing 1-2 g protected cholesterol and/or 100 g protected sunflower oil to sheep, along with a basal ration of crushed oat grain and lucerne chaff, a rise in the plasma cholesterol was observed when compared with control animals. Livers from sheep fed protected cholesterol were enlarged, friable and cirrhotic in appearance and contained large deposits of esterified and free cholesterol, while livers from animals fed protected sunflower oil alone contained much less cholesterol. Octadecenoates constituted the major fatty acids in cholesteryl esters, which, in animals fed protected sunflower oil, were mainly polyunsaturated. The factors involved in the deposition of liver lipid at very low dietary cholesterol concentrations (0.11-.22%) in sheep compared with monogastric animals are discussed.
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Ferreri LF, Elbein RC. Fractionation of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of the dairy cow: evidence of chylomicron-size particles. J Dairy Sci 1982; 65:1912-20. [PMID: 7174960 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(82)82438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron micrographs of bovine triglyceride-rich lipoproteins demonstrated spherical particles with diameters up to 3000 A. Chylomicron-size particles (larger than 750 A) were isolated specifically by rate zonal centrifugation. Subfractionation by rate zonal centrifugation, isopycnic centrifugation, and gel filtration chromatography all indicated a wide range of bovine triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from chylomicrons to very low density lipoproteins. Chemical analysis of subfractions from gel filtration showed changes in the ratio of triglyceride/protein characteristic of chylomicrons versus very low density lipoproteins. Electrophoretic analysis on agarose gels of bovine chylomicrons obtained by centrifugation and gel filtration showed migrating bands similar to very low density lipoproteins, unlike human chylomicrons. Evidence of bovine chylomicrons provides support for the concept of a significant contribution to milk fat from intestinally absorbed lipid in the dairy cow.
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Abstract
Studies were conducted to investigate the origin of milk cholesterol in the ruminant. In the first experiment, [1(-14)C]sodium acetate was infused into one side of the udder of a lactating goat via the test canal whereas in the second, (1,2-3H]cholesterol was injected intravenously and concurrently with a [14C]acetate intramammary infusion. In both experiments, blood and milk samples were collected at intervals for 6 days postinjection. Maximum unesterified cholesterol specific activity (sp act) in whole milk appeared at 78 hr after intravenous injections of 3H cholesterol and within 3-7 hr after infusion of [14C]acetate. Virtually all the tritium in milk was associated with unesterified cholesterol. The sp act of 14C-labeled cholesterol was only 20% of gland-synthesized decanoic acid. Decanoic acid is known to be completely synthesized in the mammary gland, and, like cholesterol, acetate is its precursor. The results indicate that, although some milk cholesterol is synthesized in the mammary gland, it is derived principally from serum cholesterol. The data show also that serum cholesterol equilibrates with membrane cholesterol of the lactating cell prior to its secretion in milk.
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Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of added fat in diets to maintain milk production and fat percent. Much of the earlier work which indicated that fat affects digestion negatively may not be applicable because of great differences in the nature of diets and fats fed and especially in total feed intake. Nevertheless, much remains to be learned about interactions of fat, fiber, calcium, and rumen microorganisms if feeding of fat is to be maximized. The uniquely high acidity in the duodenum combined with detergent action of bile acids, lysolecithin, and fatty acids causes saturated fatty acids to be more digestible in ruminants than in nonruminants. Large quantities of added dietary fat increase concentrations in plasma of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride which increases their uptake by the mammary gland with inhibition of short chain fatty acid synthesis and consequent changes in milk fatty acid composition. In some cases, secretion of milk fat is increased. Current research and practice demonstrate that 3 to 5% fat may be added to diets for lactation to increase energy intake of high-producing cows and/or to reduce starch feeding, thereby increasing the ratio of forage to concentrate to prevent depression of milk fat.
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Ahuja SP, Srivastava G. Studies on the blood transport of 1-14C-palmitate and its conversion into other fatty acids by buffalo (Bos bubalis) mammary glands. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1978; 25:485-93. [PMID: 104493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1978.tb00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Palmquist D, Mattos W. Turnover of Lipoproteins and Transfer to Milk Fat of Dietary (1-Carbon-14) Linoleic Acid in Lactating Cows. J Dairy Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)94410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wrenn T, Bitman J, Waterman R, Weyant J, Wood D, Strozinski L, Hooven N. Feeding Protected and Unprotected Tallow to Lactating Cows. J Dairy Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Noble RC, Vernon RG, Christie WW, Moore JH, Evans AJ. The effect of dietary fats on the plasma lipid composition of sheep. Lipids 1977; 12:423-33. [PMID: 194131 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Super DM, Palmquist DL, Schanbacher FL. Relative activation of milk lipoprotein lipase by serum of cows fed varying amounts of fat. J Dairy Sci 1976; 59:1409-13. [PMID: 956479 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A routine laboratory assay to evaluate relative concentrations of lipoprotein lipase activator (apo C-II) in cow serum was developed. The assay was linear for at least 120 min after an initial, unexplained, lag ime of 13 to 15 min. Half-maximal activation was in the range of 1 to 2% serum in the assay. Inhibition of activation was indicated at high amounts (10%) of serum. Activation from plasma was half that from serum, presumably caused by an increase in substrate Km in the presence of heparin. Use of glyceryl tri[9,10-3H] oleate yielded excessively high blanks; [2-3H] glyceryl triolein is suggested for routine assay. Relative amounts of activator were not different between dry and lactating cows fed "conventional" diets. Activator concentration increased linearly with increasing dietary fat and was related to concentration of total lipid in plasma. The assay may provide a useful adjunct in studies on lipoprotein metabolism.
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