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Schneider F, Sievert M, Buettner K, Wehrend A. An Investigation of the Suitability of Viscosity Detection in Estimating IgG Content in Mare Colostrum. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104926. [PMID: 37717677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
An adequate supply of colostrum is important for the prevention of hypogammaglobulinaemia in foals. In addition to the quantity of colostrum consumed and the time of consumption, the quality of the colostrum, the immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration, is crucial. The aim of this study was to determine whether the viscosity of equine colostrum was a suitable estimate of IgG concentration. IgG content of colostrum was measured by ELISA and viscosity directly measured with a cone plate viscometer and indirectly assessed with a funnel. Analysis of 56 colostrum samples obtained from 40 mares at different postpartum time points was conducted to assess colostrum samples with varying levels of quality. The range of IgG concentrations determined by ELISA was 0.83 to 245.5 mg/mL (30.69 ± 41.92 mg/mL). The range of viscosity values determined by the cone plate method was 1.84 to 110.00 cP (7.86 ± 17.48 cP) at a shear rate of 3 rpm. Colostrum drainage from the funnel (drainage time), varied between 7.9 and 30.0 s, with an average of 9.96 ± 4.48 s. As the data were not normally distributed, Spearman's rank correlation analyses were calculated and significant correlation found between viscosity and IgG content (ρ = 0.71, P < .001), as well as between drainage time and IgG content (ρ = 0.75, P < .001). These correlations indicate that determining the viscosity of equine colostrum by cone plate or drainage time, may be an effective proxy measurement of IgG content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schneider
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Maren Sievert
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Buettner
- Unit of Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Breuer RM, Wiley C, Dohlman T, Smith JS, McKeen L, Kreuder AJ. Comparison of turbidometric immunoassay and brix refractometry to radial immunodiffusion for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin concentration in beef cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1934-1943. [PMID: 37596893 PMCID: PMC10472984 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is critical to the attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity in cattle, however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle are limited. OBJECTIVES To report the agreement between 3 commercially available tests for evaluating IgG concentration in beef colostrum. ANIMALS Two hundred six beef-breed cows hospitalized for calving management or dystocia. METHODS Retrospective study to assess IgG of whole colostrum measured stall-side via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI) and brix refractometry (BRIX), compared to fat separated (FS) analysis via single radial-immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard), TI-FS and BRIX-FS. Test performance was assessed using Passing Bablock regression, Bland-Altman analysis, and area under the curve to determine optimal thresholds. RESULTS Correlation between RID and TI-FS, BRIX-FS, or BRIX was similar (Spearman's ρ = 0.717, 0.715, 0.716, respectively) but correlation for TI was poor (ρ = 0.586). Regression analysis identified a substantial constant (-214.75 [CI: -272.03 to -178.07]) and proportional (13.24 [CI: 11.81-15.37]) bias between the RID and TI-FS which was similar for TI. TI-FS concentrations of 28.47, 38.75, and 50.62 g/L, BRIX-FS of ≤21.9%, ≤24.0%, and ≤27.4%, and BRIX of ≤21.3%, ≤23.8%, and ≤26.4% indicated IgG concentrations <50, <100, and <150 g/L, respectively; appropriate cutoffs for TI could not be generated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Both TI and TI-FS demonstrated a large constant and proportional bias compared to RID; BRIX and BRIX-FS were well correlated with RID and remain a reliable method for estimation of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Joseph S. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
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3
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Akköse M, Buczinski S, Özbeyaz C, Kurban M, Cengiz M, Polat Y, Aslan O. Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal beef calves. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:53-63. [PMID: 36285620 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) in beef calves is crucial because calves with ITPI are at high risk for morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of digital Brix (D-BRIX) and digital serum total protein (D-STP) refractometers to estimate different passive immunity status in beef calves and to determine the robustness of thresholds. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 202 (1-7 days old) beef calves. Serum total solid percentages, total protein concentrations, and IgG concentrations were measured with the D-BRIX refractometer, D-STP refractometer, and gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, respectively. Data were analyzed using diagnostic test accuracy, areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve, Cohen's kappa coefficient, and misclassification costs analysis to estimate IgG concentrations <10, <16, and <24 mg/mL. RESULTS For the prediction of serum IgG concentrations <10, <16 and <24 mg/mL, the optimal cut-off values were determined to be <8.5% (Se: 100.0% (95% CI: 87.9-100.0); Sp: 94.2% [95% CI: 89.6-97.2]), <8.5% (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6-98.2]; Sp: 97.6% [95% CI: 93.9-99.3]), and <10.1% (Se: 88.8% [95% CI: 79.7-94.7]; Sp: 67.2% [95% CI: 58.1-75.4]), respectively, for the D-BRIX refractometer; and <5.2 g/dL (Se: 100.0% [95% CI: 87.9-100.0]; Sp: 93.6% [95% CI: 88.9-96.8]), <5.2 g/dL (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6-98.2]; Sp: 97.0% [95% CI: 93.0-99.0]), and <6.4 g/dL (Se: 87.5% [95% CI: 78.2-93.8]; Sp: 69.7% [95% CI: 60.7-77.7]), respectively, for the D-STP refractometer. CONCLUSIONS The digital Brix and digital serum total protein refractometers can be used as monitoring tools for assessing passive immunity transfer in neonatal beef calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akköse
- Department of Livestock, Dalaman Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, Muğla, Dalaman, Turkey
| | - Sebastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Ceyhan Özbeyaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Dışkapı, Turkey
| | - Mert Kurban
- Department of Livestock, Dalaman Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, Muğla, Dalaman, Turkey
| | - Murat Cengiz
- Department of Livestock, Dalaman Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, Muğla, Dalaman, Turkey
| | - Yadigar Polat
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Onur Aslan
- Department of Livestock, Dalaman Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, Muğla, Dalaman, Turkey
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Wang L, Zhou L, Ma N, Su Q, Wan Y, Zhang Y, Wu F, Qian W. Real-time monitoring of immunoglobulin G levels in milk using an ordered porous layer interferometric optical sensor. Talanta 2022; 237:122958. [PMID: 34736683 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a significant ingredient of immunological activity in milk and colostrum, the activity and content of which is easily disturbed by potentially conditional variant during sterilization. Therefore, developing robust methods for the detection of IgG levels in milk is especially important. Herein, protein A from the Staphylococcus aureus functionalized silica colloidal crystalline film (SCC@SPA) sensing unit combined with ordered porous layer interferometry (OPLI) for IgG detection in untreated bovine milk was developed. Calibration curves in milk and buffer were set up by the variations of the optical thickness (OT) of the sensing unit after the IgG association and dissociation phases. The influence of temperature on the level of IgG was evaluated. Furthermore, the identification of IgG levels with pasteurized milk and ultrahigh temperature (UHT) sterilized milk from the market randomly was successfully carried out without any sample pretreatment. More importantly, compared with other methods, this novel method has the advantages of convenient operation, low cost, and suitability for point-of-care (POC) testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lele Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qianqian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yizhen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; OPLI (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, New District, Suzhou, 215163, China.
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Souza A, Bombassaro G, Fonseca F, Lopes L, Maciag S, Volpato F, Bastos A. A comparative evaluation of methods for estimating the colostrum quality in sows. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Colostrum is the main source of immunoglobulins (Ig) for neonate piglets and plays a crucial role within the health and growth of the piglet. Currently in pig farming, there are still no widespread practical methods for measuring the Ig concentration in colostrum at herd level. We evaluated sows’ colostrum IgG concentration using an optical and a digital Brix refractometer and their performance was correlated to an IgG ELISA test, and flow cytometry. Colostrum concentrations of IgG and IgA averaged 74.05 ± 21.37mg/mL and 20.2 ± 5.32mg/mL respectively. The mean value of the Brix percentages for optical refractometer was 26.32%, and for digital was 28.32%. The Brix refractometer measurements of colostrum samples presented high correlation for IgG content analyzed by ELISA (Optical = 0.74, Digital = 0.87; P <0.001). Considering the immunophenotyping, the values for IgG and IgA lymphoblasts indicated a highly significant relationship to ELISA (IgG=0.77, IgA=0.84; P<0.001). The Brix refractometer can be considered a useful tool to be included in a colostrum monitoring program to improve potentially neonatal health. In addition, we demonstrated that flow cytometry can be an important tool to analyze and characterize the immunological potential of sow colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F.N. Fonseca
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
| | - L.S. Lopes
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
| | - S.S. Maciag
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
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Giammarco M, Chincarini M, Fusaro I, Manetta AC, Contri A, Gloria A, Lanzoni L, Mammi LME, Ferri N, Vignola G. Evaluation of Brix Refractometry to Estimate Immunoglobulin G Content in Buffalo Colostrum and Neonatal Calf Serum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092616. [PMID: 34573582 PMCID: PMC8464908 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protective effects of colostrum in relation to the incidence and severity of newborn ruminant diseases are well established. Neonatal calf depends on the timely supply of high-quality colostrum to prevent the failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig), which has been linked to increased risk of different diseases and mortality in early stages of life. Despite the relevance of Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in world dairy production, the available knowledge regarding colostrum quality management remains scarce for this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a simple and rapid tool such as a digital Brix refractometer to estimate colostrum quality and for predicting the success of passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Buffalo calves. For this aim, correlation analysis was performed between Brix results and ELISA-IgG determination from colostrum and serum samples. A strong correlation was found between Brix measurements and IgG content in colostrum and serum samples. Moreover, cut point values for Brix measurements for colostrum and serum samples were determined. Brix refractometry was found to be an acceptable tool for on-farm estimations of colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer (PIT) in Buffalo calves. Abstract Brix refractometry has been widely demonstrated to be a useful tool for monitoring colostrum management program and passive immunity transfer (PIT) in Bovines, but its suitability has never been verified in Buffalo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a simple and rapid tool such as a digital Brix refractometer to estimate colostrum quality and for evaluating the success of passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Buffalo calves. The optimal cut points levels for Brix Refractometry for distinguishing good- and poor-quality colostrum and for assessing the adequacy of passive immunity transfer in calves were determined. For this aim, 26 first-milking maternal colostrum (MC) were collected from first-calf heifers. Blood samples were obtained from their calves at birth (T0) and 72 hours after (T3). Colostrum and Serum IgG content were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas total protein (TP, g/dL) and percentage Brix (%Brix) by means of a digital Brix refractometer. The mean colostrum IgG was 64.9 ± 29.3 mg/mL. The mean serum %Brix at T3 was 9.6 ± 0.9 %. The mean serum IgG content at T3 was 11.1 ± 2.0 mg/mL. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) was determined between Brix and ELISA measurements: colostrum %Brix showed a significant correlation with serum %Brix (rp = 0.82, p < 0.001); serum %Brix was highly correlated with serum TP (STP, g/dL) (rp = 0.98, p < 0.001) and serum IgG (mg/mL) (rp = 0.85, p < 0.001). A cut point of 18% Brix to estimate samples of MC ≥ 50 mg/mL from first-calf heifers was more appropriate for the buffalo. A cut point of 8.4% Brix resulted in the greatest percentage of calf serum samples being correctly classified. Based on our findings, a digital Brix refractometer could be a useful tool to monitor colostrum quality and to estimate PIT in Buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Giammarco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Matteo Chincarini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Chiara Manetta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Alberto Contri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Alessia Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Lydia Lanzoni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Ludovica Maria Eugenia Mammi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vignola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
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Soufleri A, Banos G, Panousis N, Fletouris D, Arsenos G, Kougioumtzis A, Valergakis GE. Evaluation of Factors Affecting Colostrum Quality and Quantity in Holstein Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072005. [PMID: 34359133 PMCID: PMC8300143 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a large-scale investigation of colostrum composition and yield and an evaluation of factors affecting them. In this study, 1017 clinically healthy Holstein cows from 10 farms were used. The colostrum TS were measured using a digital Brix refractometer. Fat, protein and lactose content were determined using an infrared Milk Analyzer. Statistical analysis was conducted using a series of univariate general linear models. The mean (±SD) percentage of colostrum fat, protein, lactose and TS content were 6.37 (3.33), 17.83 (3.97), 2.15 (0.73) and 25.80 (4.68), respectively. Parity had a significant positive effect on the protein and TS content and a negative one on fat content. The time interval between calving and colostrum collection had a significant negative effect on the fat, protein and TS contents and a positive one on lactose. Colostrum yield had a significant negative effect on the protein and TS content, and it was affected by all factors considered. In addition to TS, the evaluation of the colostrum fat content appears essential when neonates' energy needs are considered. The Brix refractometer, an inexpensive and easy to use devise, can be used effectively in colostrum quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Soufleri
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.B.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (G.E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310999850
| | - Georgios Banos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.B.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (G.E.V.)
- Scotland’s Rural College, Roslin Institute, Building, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nikolaos Panousis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Fletouris
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Dairy Foods, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.B.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (G.E.V.)
| | - Alexandros Kougioumtzis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.B.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (G.E.V.)
| | - Georgios E. Valergakis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.B.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (G.E.V.)
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Johnsen JF, Sørby J, Mejdell CM, Sogstad ÅM, Nødtvedt A, Holmøy IH. Indirect quantification of IgG using a digital refractometer, and factors associated with colostrum quality in Norwegian Red Cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:59. [PMID: 31805965 PMCID: PMC6896254 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased interest in using digital refractometers to indirectly assess colostrum quality of dairy cattle, but knowledge on diagnostic accuracy for Norwegian Red dairy cows is lacking. Recent research has indicated a profound variability in the colostrum quality among dairy cows and herds in Norway. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity of a digital refractometer (Brix refractometer) at different cut-offs in Brix% for detection of colostrum of high quality (> 50 g/L) defined by the gold standard single radial immunodiffusion (IgG g/L). Furthermore, we aimed to identify possible associations between selected herd and cow-level management factors and colostrum IgG-levels in Norwegian Red dairy cows. RESULTS Median colostrum IgG level across 167 cows from 19 herds was 35.0 g/L, ranging from 5 to 129 g/L. Mean Brix% (± SD) was 19.7 ± 4.12%, ranging from 10.1 to 30.5. Most samples (72.5%) had inferior quality as compared to the international standard of 50 g/L. Brix% and IgG in colostrum were strongly correlated (r = 0.71, P < 0.001). A Brix cut-off of 22%, which is currently recommended, yielded a sensitivity of (95% CI) 69.4% (54.6-81.7) and a specificity of 83.1% (75.0-89.3) for identifying colostrum with high quality (> 50 g/L). The only factor found to be associated with low colostrum quality was parity. Specifically, cows in the second parity were found to produce colostrum with low quality compared to cows in parities four and later. CONCLUSIONS The agreement between colostrum IgG and Brix% is good. However, the diagnostic test evaluation indicates suboptimal performance in identifying high vs. low colostrum quality in this population, possibly related to a high proportion of the samples with < 50 g/L IgG. The only factor found to be associated with low colostrum quality was parity. Specifically, cows in the second parity were found to produce colostrum with lower quality. Future research should investigate colostrum and serum IgG levels which best prevent calf illness under Norwegian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Føske Johnsen
- Section of Terrestrial Animal Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne Sørby
- Biri Dyreklinikk, Birivegen 75, PB 44, 2832 Biri, Norway
| | - Cecilie Marie Mejdell
- Section of Terrestrial Animal Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Margrethe Sogstad
- ANIMALIA, Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Lørenveien 38, PB 396, Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Sutter F, Borchardt S, Schuenemann GM, Rauch E, Erhard M, Heuwieser W. Evaluation of 2 different treatment procedures after calving to improve harvesting of high-quantity and high-quality colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9370-9381. [PMID: 31378489 PMCID: PMC7126935 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate 2 different treatment procedures at the first milking after calving to increase colostrum quantity and to improve colostrum quality in dairy cows. We hypothesized that either exogenous treatment with oxytocin or the presence of the calf at first milking would lead to higher colostrum quantity and higher IgG concentration. The study was conducted from October to December 2017 on a commercial dairy farm in Germany. A total of 567 cows at the time of calving were enrolled, but for the final analyses only 521 animals were considered. The cows were randomly assigned on a daily basis into 1 of 3 groups: (1) control group (n = 177), (2) application of 20 IU of oxytocin i.m. (OXY; n = 163), and (3) presence of the calf (CA; n = 181) before and during milking. Cows in the control and oxytocin group had no contact with their calves after calving and were milked in a separate milking parlor. Cows in the oxytocin group were injected with 20 IU of oxytocin i.m. 3 min before manual stimulation. For cows in the third group, the calf was placed into a calf cart and located in front of the cow 3 min before manipulation of the cow. Colostrum quantity was determined by a digital hanging scale. The colostrum quality was assessed with digital Brix refractometry and ELISA. To evaluate the effect of 2 different treatment procedures, a generalized linear mixed model was constructed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., IBM, Ehningen, Germany). The mean (±SE) colostrum quantity was 4.17 ± 0.30 kg. The treatment procedures and the harvesting time after calving had no effect on colostrum quantity. Parity, calf birth weight, and calving time affected colostrum quantity. Cows in second parity had the lowest quantity of colostrum (3.74 ± 0.37 kg) compared with cows in parity 1 (4.75 ± 0.34 kg) and cows in parity 3 or greater (4.75 ± 0.38 kg). Cows calving during the night (2200 until 0600 h; 4.93 ± 0.37 kg) had the highest quantity of colostrum compared with cows calving in the morning (0600 until 1400 h; 4.17 ± 0.38 kg) or afternoon (1400 until 2200 h; 4.14 ± 0.34 kg). Regarding colostrum quality, 48% of the colostrum samples contained ≥50 mg of IgG/mL. The mean IgG concentration was 54.6 ± 2.80 mg of IgG/mL. Colostrum quality was affected by the treatment procedures, colostrum quantity, parity, calving time, harvesting time after calving, and the calving day during the week. Both treatment procedures (i.e., OXY with mean IgG concentration results of 57.0 mg of IgG/mL and CA with 56.0 mg of IgG/mL) resulted in higher IgG concentrations in colostrum compared with the control group (50.7 mg of IgG/mL). With increasing colostrum quantity, the colostrum quality decreased in primiparous and multiparous cows. A longer time lag between calving and milking negatively affected the colostrum quality. Concentration of IgG was higher for cows in parity 3 or greater (64.6 ± 2.59 mg of IgG/mL) compared with cows in parity 1 (48.5 ± 2.86 mg of IgG/mL) and cows in parity 2 (50.7 ± 2.89 mg of IgG/mL). Cows calving during the night had greater IgG concentrations (60.4 ± 2.92 mg of IgG/mL) compared with cows calving in the morning (51.9 ± 2.98 mg of IgG/mL) or afternoon (51.3 ± 2.71 mg of IgG/mL). Harvesting colostrum on quieter days, such as Sundays, resulted in higher IgG concentrations (61.4 ± 3.70 mg of IgG/mL). The assessment by Brix refractometry resulted in a mean result of 26.0 ± 0.20% Brix. Treatment procedures and the harvesting time after calving had no effect on colostrum quality. A negative association was observed between colostrum quantity and quality in primiparous and multiparous cows determined by Brix refractometry. Brix readings were greater for cows in parity 3 or higher (27.7 ± 0.26% Brix) compared with cows in parity 1 (25.3 ± 0.30% Brix) and cows in parity 2 (25.0 ± 0.32% Brix). In conclusion, the treatment procedure for the first milking is irrelevant to improve the quantity of colostrum. Both treatment procedures, however, increased IgG concentrations as determined by ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G M Schuenemann
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - E Rauch
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - M Erhard
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Soufleri A, Banos G, Panousis N, Fletouris D, Arsenos G, Valergakis GE. Genetic parameters of colostrum traits in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11225-11232. [PMID: 31563306 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the genetic background of colostrum yield and quality traits after calving in Holstein dairy cows. The secondary objective was to investigate genetic and phenotypic correlations among laboratory-based and on-farm-measured colostrum traits. The study was conducted in 10 commercial dairy herds located in northern Greece. A total of 1,074 healthy Holstein cows with detailed pedigree information were examined from February 2015 to September 2016. All cows were clinically examined on the day of calving and scored for body condition. All 4 quarters were machine-milked, and a representative and composite colostrum sample was collected and examined. Colostrum total solids (TS) content was determined on-farm using a digital Brix refractometer. Colostrum fat, protein, and lactose contents were determined using an infrared milk analyzer, and energy content was calculated using National Research Council (2001) equations. Dry period length (for cows of parity ≥2), milk yield of previous 305-d lactation (for cows of parity ≥2), age at calving, parity number, season of calving, time interval between calving and first colostrum milking, and milk yield were recorded. Each trait (colostrum yield and quality traits) was analyzed with a univariate mixed model, including fixed effects of previously mentioned factors and the random animal additive genetic effect. All available pedigrees were included in the analysis, bringing the total animal number to 5,662. Estimates of (co)variance components were used to calculate heritability for each trait. Correlations among colostrum traits were estimated with bivariate analysis using the same model. Mean percentage (±SD) colostrum TS, fat, protein, and lactose contents were 25.8 ± 4.7, 6.4 ± 3.3, 17.8 ± 4.0, and 2.2 ± 0.7%, respectively; mean energy content was 1.35 ± 0.3 Mcal/kg and mean colostrum yield was 6.18 ± 3.77 kg. Heritability estimates for the above colostrum traits were 0.27, 0.21, 0.19, 0.15, 0.22, and 0.04, respectively. Several significant genetic and phenotypic correlations were derived. The genetic correlation of TS content measured on-farm with colostrum protein was practically unity, whereas the correlation with energy content was moderate (0.61). Fat content had no genetic correlation with TS content; their phenotypic correlation was positive and low. Colostrum yield was not correlated genetically with any of the other traits. In conclusion, colostrum quality traits are heritable and can be amended with genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soufleri
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Banos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Scotland's Rural College and Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG United Kingdom
| | - N Panousis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Fletouris
- Laboratory of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G E Valergakis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 393, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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11
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Hare KS, Wood KM, Fitzsimmons C, Penner GB. Oversupplying metabolizable protein in late gestation for beef cattle: effects on postpartum ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, skeletal muscle catabolism, colostrum composition, milk yield and composition, and calf growth performance. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:437-455. [PMID: 30371794 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine whether oversupplying MP prepartum affects postpartum cow BW, colostrum composition, milk production and composition, protein catabolism in the dam, and calf growth. Crossbred Hereford heifers were individually fed a control treatment designed to meet MP requirements (CON; n = 10) or 133% of the MP requirement (HMP; n = 11) from day -55 ± 4 until parturition. All cows were provided a common postpartum diet. Cow BW was measured on days 7 ± 1, 14 ± 2, 28 ± 3, 57 ± 4, 82 ± 5, and 111 ± 3 relative to parturition. DMI and ruminal pH were measured daily and summarized by week until day 33. Milk yield was estimated based on a 12-h two-quarter milk yield on days 7 ± 1, 12 ± 1, 28 ± 3, 33 ± 3, 70 ± 3, and 112 ± 3. Urine samples were collected from cows over a 6-d period starting on days 7 ± 1 and 28 ± 3 and the composited samples were analyzed for 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) and creatinine. Muscle samples were collected from cows on day 13 ± 1 while calf muscle samples were collected on days 2 and 111 ± 3 of age. Muscle samples from cows were analyzed for markers of protein catabolism, and calf muscle samples were analyzed for genes regulating cell growth and differentiation. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS accounting for repeated measures when necessary. Postpartum BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.30) by treatment, day, or the interaction of treatment and day (T × D), but rump fat decreased (P = 0.011) as lactation progressed. DMI decreased during weeks 2 and 3 compared to 1 and 4, whereas ruminal pH was less during weeks 2, 3, and 4 relative to week 1. Colostrum fat concentration was less (P = 0.003) for HMP than CON; but, milk production was not affected by treatment. Milk yield was greatest from days 7 to 33 and decreased thereafter (P < 0.01). Urinary 3-MH and the 3-MH:creatinine ratio did not differ by treatment, day, or the T × D (P ≥ 0.22) interaction, nor was there a difference (P ≥ 0.13) in the abundance of catabolic proteins. Calf growth was not affected by treatment, but HMP calves had greater expression (T × D, P = 0.05) of PPARG while PKM expression increased for CON calves (T × D, P = 0.04) at day 111 compared to their expression at day 2. Overfeeding MP during late gestation does not improve postpartum indicators of N balance or maternal muscle turnover but may alter colostrum composition and calf gene expression at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koryn S Hare
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Katie M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn Fitzsimmons
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,$Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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12
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Stojić M, Fratrić N, Kovačić M, Ilić V, Gvozdić D, Savić O, Đoković R. Brix Refractometry of Colostrum from Primiparous Dairy Cows and New-Born Calf Blood Serum in the Evaluation of Failure of Passive Transfer. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunoglobulins (IgG) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of calves. In this study we evaluated the digital Brix refractometer usefulness for the assessment of FPT. A number of 16 colostrum samples from the first milking (2-3h post-partum) of Holstein-Friesian dairy heifers and 29 blood sera of 3-6 days old calves were analyzed with a digital Brix refractometer. Total proteins were determined by the biuret reaction. Colostral IgG were determined by radial immunodiffusion (RID), and colostral whey and blood serum γ globulin (composed almost entirely of IgG) were determined by agarose protein gel electrophoresis (APE) and densitometry. Colostral % Brix score was 25.5±3.4%. Concentrations of colostrum IgG and colostral whey γ globulin were 130±33 g/L and 100±24 g/L respectively. The concentration of total proteins in colostral whey was 134±30 g/L. The correlations between Brix values and the concentrations of IgG determined with RID and the concentrations of γ globulin determined with APE were positive and highly significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01). The concentration of serum proteins of new-born calves was 57.75±11.8 g/L, the concentration of γ globulin was 14.4±7.8 g/L, and the Brix score was 8.6±1.0%. FPT (serum γ globulin<10 g/L) was detected in 34.5% (10/29) calves. Brix score correlated with the concentration of blood serum γ globulins in all examined calves. The results have confirmed that digital Brix refractometry allows the producers to use this technique in order to estimate colostral and calf serum IgG, thereby monitoring both colostrum quality and success of passive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Stojić
- 1 Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Natalija Fratrić
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marijana Kovačić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Vesna Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dragan Gvozdić
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Olivera Savić
- Institute for Blood Transfusion of Serbia, Svetog Save 39, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Radojica Đoković
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, Čačak , Serbia
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13
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Dunn A, Duffy C, Gordon A, Morrison S, Argűello A, Welsh M, Earley B. Comparison of single radial immunodiffusion and ELISA for the quantification of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum, milk and calf sera. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1394860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dunn
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Alan Gordon
- Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Steven Morrison
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland
| | - Anastasio Argűello
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Michael Welsh
- Unit 15A Innovation Centre, Sisaf, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Ireland
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14
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Buczinski S, Vandeweerd JM. Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry for assessing bovine colostrum quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7381-7394. [PMID: 27423958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Provision of good quality colostrum [i.e., immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration ≥50g/L] is the first step toward ensuring proper passive transfer of immunity for young calves. Precise quantification of colostrum IgG levels cannot be easily performed on the farm. Assessment of the refractive index using a Brix scale with a refractometer has been described as being highly correlated with IgG concentration in colostrum. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of Brix refractometry to diagnose good quality colostrum. From 101 references initially obtain ed, 11 were included in the systematic review meta-analysis representing 4,251 colostrum samples. The prevalence of good colostrum samples with IgG ≥50g/L varied from 67.3 to 92.3% (median 77.9%). Specific estimates of accuracy [sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp)] were obtained for different reported cut-points using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve model. For the cut-point of 22% (n=8 studies), Se=80.2% (95% CI: 71.1-87.0%) and Sp=82.6% (71.4-90.0%). Decreasing the cut-point to 18% increased Se [96.1% (91.8-98.2%)] and decreased Sp [54.5% (26.9-79.6%)]. Modeling the effect of these Brix accuracy estimates using a stochastic simulation and Bayes theorem showed that a positive result with the 22% Brix cut-point can be used to diagnose good quality colostrum (posttest probability of a good colostrum: 94.3% (90.7-96.9%). The posttest probability of good colostrum with a Brix value <18% was only 22.7% (12.3-39.2%). Based on this study, the 2 cut-points could be alternatively used to select good quality colostrum (sample with Brix ≥22%) or to discard poor quality colostrum (sample with Brix <18%). When sample results are between these 2 values, colostrum supplementation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, Québec, Canada.
| | - J M Vandeweerd
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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15
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Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) lacks a mucosa but is part of the mucosal immune system because of its role in passive mucosal immunity. The MG is not an inductive site for mucosal immunity. Rather, synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig)A by plasma cells stimulated at distal inductive sites dominate in the milk of rodents, humans, and swine whereas IgG1 derived from serum predominates in ruminants. Despite the considerable biodiversity in the role of the MG, IgG passively transfers the maternal systemic immunological experience whereas IgA transfers the mucosal immunological experience. Although passive antibodies are protective, they and other lacteal constituents can be immunoregulatory. Immune protection of the MG largely depends on the innate immune system; the monocytes–macrophages group together with intraepithelial lymphocytes is dominant in the healthy gland. An increase in somatic cells (neutrophils) and various interleukins signal infection (mastitis) and a local immune response in the MG. The major role of the MG to mucosal immunity is the passive immunity supplied to the suckling neonate.
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16
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Butler J. Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Specimens for Studies of Mucosal Immunity in Animals of Veterinary Importance. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.15003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Pithua P, Aly SS, Haines DM, Champagne JD, Middleton JR, Poock SE. Efficacy of feeding a lacteal-derived colostrum replacer or pooled maternal colostrum with a low IgG concentration for prevention of failure of passive transfer in dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:277-82. [PMID: 23822086 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of a lacteal-derived colostrum replacer (LDCR) for the prevention of failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) in calves with that of pooled maternal colostrum (MC). DESIGN Randomized field trial. ANIMALS 568 heifer calves from 1 California dairy. PROCEDURES Calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups and fed 2 doses (200 g of IgG) of an LDCR or 3.8 L of pooled MC. From each calf, blood samples were collected before and approximately 24 hours after treatment. Serum IgG and total protein (TP) concentrations were quantified with standard methods, and the apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated. RESULTS At 24 hours after treatment, mean serum TP and IgG concentrations were significantly lower for calves fed pooled MC (TP, 4.77 g/dL; IgG, 7.50 g/L), compared with those for calves fed the LDCR (TP, 5.50 g/dL; IgG, 15.15 g/L). Calves fed the LDCR were 95% less likely to develop FPT (OR, 0.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.08) than were calves fed pooled MC. However, the mean IgG concentration in the pooled MC fed during the study (21.1 g/L) was substantially lower than that (64.3 g/L) determined for representative samples of pooled MC from other southwestern US dairies during a national survey. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, on this particular dairy, calves fed an LDCR were at less risk of developing FPT than were calves fed pooled MC. The LDCR evaluated was a viable alternative for the prevention of FPT in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pithua
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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18
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Silper B, Lana A, Carvalho A, Ferreira C, Franzoni A, Lima J, Saturnino H, Reis R, Coelho S. Effects of milk replacer feeding strategies on performance, ruminal development, and metabolism of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1016-25. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Akins MS, Bertics SJ, Socha MT, Shaver RD. Effects of cobalt supplementation and vitamin B12 injections on lactation performance and metabolism of Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1755-68. [PMID: 23312998 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine lactation performance and metabolism of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows fed different levels and sources (inorganic and organic) of Co or given weekly vitamin B(12) injections. Forty-five primi- and multiparous cows at 60 d prepartum were blocked by expected calving date, and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with treatments starting at 60 d prepartum. The 5 treatments were (1) no supplemental dietary Co (control, CON), (2) 25mg/d of supplemental dietary Co from Co carbonate (CoCarb), (3) 25mg/d of supplemental dietary Co from Co glucoheptonate (LCoGH), (4) 75 mg/d of supplemental dietary Co from Co glucoheptonate (HCoGH), and (5) CON diet plus weekly 10mg i.m. of vitamin B(12) injections (IB12). Cows remained on their respective treatment until 150 d after calving. Cobalt concentrations (mg/kg of dry matter) in the lactating diets were 1.0, 1.9, 2.3, and 5.1 for CON/IB12, CoCarb, LCoGH, and HCoGH, respectively. Dry matter intake, body weight, and body condition score were not affected by treatment. The LCoGH treatment tended to have greater milk yield than CoCarb, and CON had similar milk yields to the mean of LCoGH and HCoGH. Cobalt supplementation or the use of vitamin B(12) injections did not influence plasma or liver measures of energy metabolism. Injections of vitamin B(12) increased plasma, liver, and milk vitamin B(12) contents. Dietary Co addition did not affect plasma vitamin B(12) concentrations; however, it did increase milk vitamin B(12) concentrations throughout lactation and liver vitamin B(12) at calving with no effect of source or level of Co. Folate status of cows in the study was low and possibly limited the effect of improved vitamin B(12) status on lactation performance. Overall, Co supplementation (inorganic and organic) or vitamin B(12) injections improved measures of vitamin B(12) status, but not lactation performance compared with CON possibly due to Co being above requirements in the CON diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706, USA
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20
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Neave HW, Vickers L, Veira DM. Preparation of a high-immunoglobulin product from bovine colostrum. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Factors associated with the concentration of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows. Animal 2013; 7:1824-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Quigley JD, Lago A, Chapman C, Erickson P, Polo J. Evaluation of the Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2012. [PMID: 23200468 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Refractometry using a Brix refractometer has been proposed as a means to estimate IgG concentration in bovine maternal colostrum (MC). The refractometer has advantages over other methods of estimating IgG concentration in that the Brix refractometer is inexpensive, readily available, less fragile, and less sensitive to variation in colostral temperature, season of the year and other factors. Samples of first-milking MC were collected from 7 dairy farms in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut (n=84) and 1 dairy farm in California (n=99). The MC was milked from the cow at 6.1 ± 5.6h postparturition and a sample was evaluated for Brix percentage by using an optical refractometer. Two additional samples (30 mL) were collected from the milk bucket, placed in vials, and frozen before analysis of total IgG by radial immunodiffusion (RID) using commercially available plates and by turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA). The second sample was analyzed for total bacterial counts and coliform counts at laboratories in New York (Northeast samples) and California (California samples). The Brix percentage (mean ± SD) was 23.8 ± 3.5, IgG concentration measured by RID was 73.4 ± 26.2g/L, and IgG concentration measured by TIA was 67.5 ± 25.0 g/L. The Brix percentage was highly correlated (r=0.75) with IgG analyzed by RID. The Brix percentage cut point to define high- or low-quality colostrum (50 g of IgG/L measured by RID) that classified more samples correctly given the proportion of high- (86%) and low-quality (14%) samples in this study was 21%, which is slightly lower than other recent estimates of Brix measurements. At this cut point, the test sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were 92.9, 65.5, 93.5, 63.3, and 88.5%, respectively. Measurement of IgG by TIA correlated with Brix (r=0.63) and RID (r=0.87); however, TIA and RID methods of IgG measurement were not consistent throughout the range of samples tested. We conclude that Brix measurement of total solids in fresh MC is an inexpensive, rapid, and satisfactorily accurate method of estimating IgG concentration. A cut point of 21% Brix to estimate samples of MC >50 g/L was most appropriate for our data. Measurement of IgG in MC by TIA differed from measurement by RID.
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Batista C, Coelho S, Lana A, Rabelo E, Araújo A, Lobato Z, Reis R, Saturnino H. Utilização de minerais iônicos ou complexos orgânicos de minerais no pré-parto de vacas Holandesas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os efeitos do uso de minerais complexados durante o pré-parto sobre a ocorrência de retenção de placenta foram avaliados em 135 vacas Holandesas de dois ou mais partos: grupo mineral iônico (69 animais) e grupo mineral complexado (66 animais). Em 55 desses animais foram também avaliadas as concentrações séricas da imunoglobulina G (IgG), Zn, Cu e a qualidade do colostro. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. As concentrações séricas de IgG e dos microminerais foram avaliadas por análise de variância, sendo utilizados, respectivamente, os testes de Duncan e Fisher. A taxa de erro α admitida foi de 7%. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos para ocorrência de retenção de placenta, qualidade do colostro, concentrações séricas de Zn e IgG (P>0,07), sendo observada diferença para a concentração de Cu (P<0,07). As concentrações de IgG foram diferentes nas semanas pré-parto avaliadas (P<0,07).
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Morrill K, Conrad E, Polo J, Lago A, Campbell J, Quigley J, Tyler H. Estimate of colostral immunoglobulin G concentration using refractometry without or with caprylic acid fractionation. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3987-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Campanella L, Martini E, Pintore M, Tomassetti M. Determination of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin g in animal milks by new immunosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:2202-21. [PMID: 22574009 PMCID: PMC3345850 DOI: 10.3390/s90302202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two different immunosensors, recently developed for the determination of antibacterial proteins (lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G) in buffalo milk and in other commercial animal milks samples, were used in the present study. The aim was to propose these immunosensor methods for routine control of important diet products, such as cow and goat milks, and in particular buffalo milk. To this end we employed two different kinds of immunosensors: one for the analysis of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the other was a new amperometric immunosensor for lactoferrin analysis. Lactoferrin and IgG immunosensors were also used for the determination of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G in buffalo milk on different days of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Campanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy E-Mails: (L.C.); (E.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Martini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy E-Mails: (L.C.); (E.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pintore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy E-Mails: (L.C.); (E.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Mauro Tomassetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy E-Mails: (L.C.); (E.M.); (M.P.)
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26
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Watters RD, Guenther JN, Brickner AE, Rastani RR, Crump PM, Clark PW, Grummer RR. Effects of dry period length on milk production and health of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2595-603. [PMID: 18565918 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Holstein cows (n = 781) in a commercial dairy herd were used in a randomized design to evaluate 2 dry period (DP) management strategies on milk production, milk components, milk quality, colostrum quality, and incidence of metabolic disorders. Cows were randomly assigned to a traditional 55 d (T) or shortened 34 d (S) DP. Cows assigned to T were fed a low-energy diet until 34 d before expected calving at which time all cows were fed a moderate-energy transition diet until calving. Postpartum, cows assigned to T produced more milk and tended to produce more solids-corrected milk than cows on S. Treatment differences in milk and solids-corrected milk yield were accounted for by cows in their second lactation. Milk fat percentage did not differ between treatments, but milk protein percentage was greater for cows assigned to S. Colostrum quality measured as IgG concentration did not differ between management strategies. Somatic cell score and cases of mastitis were not affected by management strategy. There was a tendency for prepartum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) to be lower for cows assigned to T compared with S. However, postpartum, cows assigned to S had significantly lower NEFA concentrations than those assigned to T. The incidences of ketosis, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, and metritis did not differ between treatments. Postpartum energy balance, as indicated by plasma NEFA, may have been improved for cows assigned to S; there was no detectable effect on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Watters
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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27
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Gapper LW, Copestake DEJ, Otter DE, Indyk HE. Analysis of bovine immunoglobulin G in milk, colostrum and dietary supplements: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:93-109. [PMID: 17579844 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunoprotective properties of bovine milk immunoglobulin G (IgG) have led to a recent proliferation of nutritional products incorporating this protein. It has therefore become critical that reliable analytical techniques for the measurement of the IgG content in such products are available. This literature review surveys current methods of analysis for IgG, including separation-based or immuno-based concentration analysis. The review also discusses nutraceutical applications, regulatory issues, stability of IgG and the significance of primary reference material in IgG analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyton W Gapper
- Fonterra Research Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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28
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Charlier J, Duchateau L, Claerebout E, Vercruysse J. Assessment of the repeatability of a milk Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA and effects of sample preparation. Prev Vet Med 2005; 68:277-88. [PMID: 15820120 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An indirect Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA on milk is a promising diagnostic tool in bovine parasitology. Interpretation of the test results requires a good knowledge of the test characteristics. In this study, border effects, the repeatability of the ELISA and the effect of different factors such as storage, skimming and freeze-thaw cycles of the milk samples were investigated. The border effects trial showed that significant border effects can occur. The repeatability trial was conducted over 3 days. An alternative graphical technique to assess the repeatability over a large number of ELISA plates measured over different days was developed. From these graphs, it was obvious that the ODR values obtained on the third day were deviating from the values on the first and second day. On the third day, also abnormal control values were observed. When the control values were normal, 94% of the variability was explained by the milk sample and 6% by assay variability. The expected 95% range of the difference of 2 ODR readings of the same sample on the same plate and the same sample on different plates was -0.14 to 0.14 and -0.16 to 0.16. No extra variability was observed when samples were tested on a different day, however these results are based on the measurement of 2 days. Storage for 2-4 days at 4 degrees C, using whole milk instead of skimmed milk and up to 2 extra freeze-thaw cycles of the milk samples did not significantly affect the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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29
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Rastani RR, Grummer RR, Bertics SJ, Gümen A, Wiltbank MC, Mashek DG, Schwab MC. Reducing Dry Period Length to Simplify Feeding Transition Cows: Milk Production, Energy Balance, and Metabolic Profiles. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1004-14. [PMID: 15738235 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-five Holstein cows were used to evaluate management schemes involving altered dry period (DP) lengths on subsequent milk production, energy balance (EB), and metabolic variables. Cows were assigned to one of 3 treatments: traditional 56-d DP (fed a low-energy diet from -56 to -29 d and a moderate energy diet from -28 d to parturition; T), 28-d DP (continuously fed a high energy diet; S), and no planned DP (continuously fed a high energy diet; N). Prepartum DM intake (DMI), measured from 56 d prepartum through parturition, was lower for cows on the T treatment than for cows on the S treatment and was higher for cows on the N treatment than for cows on the S treatment. There were no differences in prepartum plasma glucose, and beta-hydroxybutryric acid; there was a treatment by time interaction for prepartum plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA). There was no difference in prepartum liver triglyceride (TG); postpartum liver TG was decreased for cows on the N treatment compared with cows on the S treatment, but was similar for cows on the T and S treatments. Postpartum NEFA was similar between cows on the T and S treatments, but was greater for cows on the S treatment than for cows on the N treatment. Postpartum glucose was greater for cows on the N treatment compared with cows on the S treatment and tended to be greater for cows on the S treatment than for cows on the T treatment. There was no difference in postpartum solids-corrected milk (SCM) production or DMI by cows on the T vs. S treatment. However, there was a tendency toward lower postpartum SCM production by cows on the N vs. S treatment and a tendency for greater postpartum DMI by cows on the N vs. S treatment. Postpartum EB was greater for cows on the S vs. T treatment and the N vs. S treatment. In general, T and S management schemes had similar effects on DMI, SCM, and metabolic variables in the first 70 d of the subsequent lactation. Eliminating the DP improved energy and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Rastani
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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31
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Butler JE. Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Specimens for Studies of Mucosal Immunity in Large Animals. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Determination of IgG levels in bovine bulk milk samples from different regions of Spain. Eur Food Res Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-004-1016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Li-Chan EC, Kummer A. Influence of standards and antibodies in immunochemical assays for quantitation of immunoglobulin G in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 1997; 80:1038-46. [PMID: 9201572 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the influence of using various reference antigens or standards as well as the source of antibody in the immunochemical quantitation of bovine immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Standard curves from analyses by ELISA and radial immunodiffusion were compared for bovine IgG from serum, colostrum, and cheese whey and for the two subclasses IgG1 and IgG2. Also compared were different sources of polyclonal antibodies (antisera from rabbit and sheep or hen yolk) and monoclonal antibodies that had various antibody specificities. The results indicate that IgG1 was a reliable alternative to purified IgG from milk or cheese whey for quantitation of IgG in milk based on ELISA absorbance. Serum IgG, colostral IgG, and IgG2 greatly underestimated milk IgG, regardless of the source of antibody used. Determination of milk IgG by radial immunodiffusion using antisera that were specific for rabbit anti-bovine IgG (H + L) was less dependent on the source of IgG that was used as the standard antigen. However, radial immunodiffusion using subclass-specific antibodies led to inaccurate estimation of IgG in milk unless the quantitation was based on a standard curve for IgG from milk. The Ig from hen yolk were a feasible alternative source of specific antibodies for immunoassay of IgG in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Li-Chan
- Department of Food Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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34
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Rajala P, Castrén H. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations and health of dairy calves in two management systems from birth to 12 weeks of age. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:2737-44. [PMID: 8675756 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen dairy calves were kept with their dams for 5 d after birth and thereafter were fed milk from a nipple pail in individual pens (nursed calves). Another 15 calves were separated from their dams immediately after birth, placed in individual pens, and fed from an open pail (weaned calves). These calves received colostrum for the first three feedings. Serum Ig concentrations and the health of the calves were monitored from birth to 12 wk of age. The serum Ig concentrations developed identically for calves in both groups. A 30-min delay in intake of first colostrum decreased total Ig concentrations in serum by about 2 mg/mL. Occurrence of diarrhea was three times greater for the weaned calves than for the nursed calves. Serum Ig concentrations did not explain the differences in the diarrhea occurrence between the groups. In conclusion, the newborn calves in both management systems acquired equal passive immunity, although the time of first colostrum consumption played an important role. Open pail feeding may increase the incidence of prolonged diarrhea compared with that from nipple feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajala
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Hygiene, Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Quigley JD, Martin KR, Dowlen HH. Concentrations of trypsin inhibitor and immunoglobulins in colostrum of Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:1573-7. [PMID: 7593851 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum samples from 49 Jersey cows were analyzed for concentrations of trypsin inhibitor, IgG, IgM, IgA, TS, fat, specific gravity, and N fractions. Colostrum (100 ml) was sampled from each cow as soon as possible after parturition. Mean concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 84.6, 3.4, and 4.5 g/L, respectively. Mean concentration of trypsin inhibitor was 56 mg of trypsin inhibited/dl of colostrum. Concentration of trypsin inhibitor was unaffected by lactation number and averaged 60, 53, and 54 mg of trypsin inhibited/dl of colostrum for cows in first, second, and third or later lactations, respectively. Colostral trypsin inhibitor and IgG were correlated (.54), although correlations between trypsin inhibitor and IgM and IgA were not significant. Trypsin inhibitor in colostrum was also positively correlated with fat, total N, protein N, noncasein N, and TS in colostrum. Variation in concentration of trypsin inhibitor from first-milking colostrum was closely related to colostral IgG concentration and may serve to protect IgG and other proteins from proteolytic degradation in the intestine of the neonatal calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Quigley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA
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36
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Pritchett LC, Gay CC, Hancock DD, Besser TE. Evaluation of the hydrometer for testing immunoglobulin G1 concentrations in Holstein colostrum. J Dairy Sci 1994; 77:1761-7. [PMID: 8083433 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrometer measurement in globulin and IgG1 concentration measured by the radial immunodiffusion technique were compared for 915 samples of first milking colostrum from Holstein cows. Least squares analysis of the relationship between hydrometer measurement and IgG1 concentration was improved by log transformation of IgG1 concentration and resulted in a significant linear relationship between hydrometer measurement and log10 IgG1 concentration; r2 = .469. At 50 mg of globulin/ml of colostrum, the recommended hydrometer cutoff point for colostrum selection, the sensitivity of the hydrometer as a test of IgG1 concentration in Holstein colostrum was 26%, and the negative predictive value was 67%. The negative predictive value and sensitivity of the hydrometer as a test of IgG1 in Holstein colostrum was improved, and the cost of misclassification of colostrum was minimized, when the cutoff point for colostrum selection was increased above the recommended 50 mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Pritchett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610
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37
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Besser TE, Gay CC. The importance of colostrum to the health of the neonatal calf. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1994; 10:107-17. [PMID: 8199914 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum feeding is the means by which newborn calves acquire passive immunity to infectious agents. The ability of the newborn calf to absorb colostral antibodies is limited to the first few hours of life. In most cases, natural suckling from the dam is the best method for beef-breed calves to obtain optimum passive immune protection, but in some cases intervention and hand feeding are indicated. The details of when and how to intervene in the passive transfer process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman
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38
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Pritchett LC, Gay CC, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Management and production factors influencing immunoglobulin G1 concentration in colostrum from Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74:2336-41. [PMID: 1894821 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G1 concentration was measured in 919 first milking colostrums from Holstein cows during a 4-yr period on a commercial dairy farm. Sources of variation analyzed for effect on colostral IgG1 concentration were season of calving, lactation number, dry period length, intercalving interval, complete lactation milk and fat production, weight of first milking colostrum, and time from calving to first milking. Weight of first milking colostrum was the variable most highly correlated (negatively) with colostral IgG1 concentration (r = -.29). Weight of first milking colostrum and lactation number of the cow were the most significant discriminators between colostrum of low and high IgG1 concentration. The implications of these results for colostrum feeding management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Pritchett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610
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39
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Kiriyama H, Harada E, Syuto B. Analysis of colostral proteins in calf serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72:398-406. [PMID: 2703564 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was improved to monitor the concentrations of colostral proteins in the range of 10 to 10(3) ng/ml in calf serum. Colostral proteins were purified from fat-free colostrum, and antibodies against them were prepared from the rabbit anti-colostrum protein sera. Concentration of each protein was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay without interference by calf serum proteins in a mixture of colostrum and precolostral calf serum. Changes in the colostral protein concentrations in the sera of five postcolostral calves were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After feeding colostrum to the neonatal calf, serum IgG concentration increased rapidly within 16 h to 8.1 to 36.8 mg/ml and gradually declined until 3 d to the steady levels, 4.7 to 23.6 mg/ml. The concentrations of casein and P2 (colostral small proteins, which were eluted at the second peak in Sephadex G-100 gel filtration) also increased more rapidly within 16 h to 9.6 to 264.0 micrograms/ml and 31.5 to 1600 micrograms/ml, respectively, and steeply decreased to near the detection limit on 3 d after feeding. These results indicate that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is useful to measure and monitor the absorbed colostral proteins and also to survey calves receiving and not receiving colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiriyama
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
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40
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Lopez JW, Allen SD, Mitchell J, Quinn M. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium shedding in dairy calf feces and its relationship to colostrum immune transfer. J Dairy Sci 1988; 71:1288-94. [PMID: 2456319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty Holstein calves received 2 L of colostrum twice within 12 h after birth; the first feeding occurred within 2 h of parturition. The increase in adsorption efficiency was related to the gamma globulin provided in the first colostrum feeding. Absorption efficiency ranged from 2.4 to 46.1%. The number of sheddings of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium by the calves during their first 4 wk of life was associated with serum gamma globulin concentration 24 h after birth and absorption efficiency. Absorption efficiency and body weight combined accounted for 60.4% of the variation in the number of sheddings; heavier calves shed more than lighter calves. During the first 4 wk, calves that shed more frequently gained less weight; weight gain was also associated with serum gamma globulin levels 24 h after birth. Colostrum composition varied between quarters of the same cow. Total protein and gamma globulin content of colostrum from the rear quarters was higher than from the front quarters. The association between number of sheddings and absorption efficiency suggest that calves should not be fed colostrum containing less than 9 g/100 ml of total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lopez
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5600
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41
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Abstract
Use of a microwave oven to thaw frozen colostrum was evaluated. Colostrum was collected from nine cows, four of which were immunized to produce specific colostral antibodies. Colostrum from each cow was frozen, subsequently thawed, and pooled. One-liter aliquots of the pooled colostrum were frozen and assigned randomly to three thawing treatments. Colostrum was thawed using one of three regimens: 10 min in a microwave oven at full power (650 W), 17 min in a microwave oven at half power (325 W), and 25 min in 45 degrees C water. Colostrum thawed in the microwave oven was slightly coagulated and had lower volume and total protein content than colostrum thawed in water. Casein and pH were not different among treatments. Both concentration and total content of immunoglobulin A were higher in the control than in microwave treatments. Neither amount nor concentration of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were different among treatments. Immunological activity, measured by a hemolytic test, was lower for microwave treatments than the control but did not differ between microwave treatments. Frozen colostrum thawed in a microwave oven should provide a reasonable source of colostrum when fresh high quality colostrum is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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42
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Frenyo VL, Butler JE, Guidry AJ. The association of extrinsic bovine IgG1, IgG2, SIgA and IgM with the major fractions and cells of milk. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 13:239-54. [PMID: 3492072 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association of purified, iodinated bovine immunoglobulins with the various fractions of whole milk and with cell-free skim milk and with two different mammary cell populations was studied. Associations in whole milk were concentration independent over a 6-fold range and revealed that SIgA and IgM were 5-fold more prevalent in milk fat than IgG1 and IgG2; the concentration of IgM and SIgA was 3-fold and 2-fold higher in fat than whey, respectively. A significant proportion of the IgM, ca 20% and to a lesser extent IgG2, ca 10%, were found in association with the casein pellet. Greater than 85% of the IgG2, greater than 90% of the IgG1, approximately equal to 80% of the SIgA and 70% of the IgM were found in milk whey. Isoelectric precipitation of casein significantly reduced the amount of IgM which associated with fat. When labelled Igs were incubated with milk leukocytes alone, only SIgA and IgM became significantly associated with them. However, when 10(6) cells were added, the amount of SIgA and IgM in the casein-cell pellet was not additive, although the increase for IgM was significant. These Igs also associated with the casein pellet of cell-free skim milk. When whole milk was used, the milk fat competed with cells and casein for association with SIgA and IgM. Homogenization of the fat layer from normal milk with or without added cells, caused significant release of the Igs which sedimented in the pellet.
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Besser TE, Gay CC. Septicemic colibacillosis and failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin in calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1985; 1:445-59. [PMID: 3907781 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Septicemic colibacillosis is a highly fatal disease that occurs in calves less than 2 weeks of age. The disease occurs when a calf that fails to absorb protective levels of immunoglobulin from colostrum is exposed to an invasive serotype of E. coli. Management to ensure good passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin will prevent this disease and reduce calf mortality caused by other infectious diseases as well.
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Besser TE, Garmedia AE, McGuire TC, Gay CC. Effect of colostral immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin M concentrations on immunoglobulin absorption in calves. J Dairy Sci 1985; 68:2033-7. [PMID: 3930585 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three calves were fed colostrum at 110 ml/kg body weight divided into two feedings at 1 and 13 h of age. The concentrations of immunoglobulins were measured in the colostrum fed and in the calves' sera following colostrum feeding. Apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption was calculated for each calf. Significant negative correlations between efficiency of absorption and mass of immunoglobulin fed were observed for both immunoglobulins. A separate group of 225 calves born on a commercial dairy were fed 2.84 L of colostrum by 4 h of age. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 in the colostrum fed and in the calves' sera at 48 h were measured. Negative correlation was observed between the efficiency of absorption and the mass of immunoglobulin G1 fed. These results suggest a physiologic limitation to the mass of immunoglobulin that can be absorbed to serum from a given volume of colostrum. No indication of a selective immunoglobulin absorption mechanism was observed.
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Fleenor WA, Stott GH. Quantification of bovine IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to Clostridium perfringens B-toxin by enzyme immunoassay I. Preparturient immunization for enhancement of passive transfer of immunity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1983; 4:579-91. [PMID: 6310852 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(83)90066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative competitive binding "triple-sandwich" enzyme immunoassay was developed and used to evaluated pathogen/class-specific antibody responses in Holstein-Friesian cows vaccinated against Clostridium perfringens B-toxin. Vaccination of cows at six weeks and again at two weeks prepartum increased pathogen-specific IgG levels in each dam's colostrum and respective calf's serum. Pathogen-specific IgG and IgM concentrations in dams' sera and colostra were related to subsequent pathogen-specific IgG and IgM neonatal sera concentrations. Only pathogen-specific IgA in dams' colostra was correlated to neonatal levels, possibly owing to a different origin and role of this immunoglobulin class. All class-specific colostral immunoglobulin levels were related to subsequent neonatal concentrations. Isotypic antibody responses against C. perfringens B-toxin were found with pathogen-specific IgM predominant in dams' sera and pathogen-specific IgA predominant in colostra and neonatal sera.
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Abstract
This experiment shows colostral immunoglobulin concentration is a major factor in the rate of immunoglobulin absorption and the amount of absorption when it is fed to newborn calves. First-milking colostrum was collected from two cows and blended with fresh whole milk in immunoglobulin concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 123.8 mg/ml for immunoglobulin G, .38 to 5.53 mg/ml for immunoglobulin A, and .46 to 11.19 mg/ml for immunoglobulin M. Six batches of colostrum were prepared separately with each having a different range of immunoglobulin concentration. Calves were separated from their dams at birth and fed either 1 or 2 liters of the prepared colostrum at the appropriate concentration. Feeding was repeated after 12 h. One-hundred and twenty Holstein-Friesian calves were fed in six blocks, a block for each freshly prepared colostrum, of 20 animals each. Blood samples were taken at prefeeding and at 12 and 24 h postpartum. The three isotypes in serum and colostrum were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion procedure. Immunoglobulin G and A concentrations in serum of the calf at 24 h after feeding colostrum had a positive linear relationship with immunoglobulin G and A concentrations in the colostrum fed, whereas immunoglobulin M concentrations in the serum had a quadratic response. When compared on equal mass, the amount of colostrum fed, 1 or 2 liters, had less influence on immunoglobulin absorbed than did concentration.
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Stott GH, Fleenor WA, Kleese WC. Colostral immunoglobulin concentration in two fractions of first milking postpartum and five additional milkings. J Dairy Sci 1981; 64:459-65. [PMID: 7264023 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum removed from mammary glands of parturient cows before letdown contained no greater concentration of immunoglobulins than colostrum collected after letdown and complete milking. Greater absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in calves suckling their dams initially postpartum over those hand fed by buckets or bottles is not from higher concentration of immunoglobulins in the gland and teat cistern. Colostral concentrations of three immunoglobulin classes (G, M, and A) obtained from one partial and six consecutive complete milkings at 12-h intervals postpartum decreased at different rates over time or number of milkings. Potential prophylactic value is discussed of continued lacteal secretion of immunoglobulins A and M available to the calf after intestinal closure to systemic absorption of colostral immunoglobulins.
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