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Vieira-Neto A, Lean IJ, Santos JEP. Periparturient Mineral Metabolism: Implications to Health and Productivity. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1232. [PMID: 38672379 PMCID: PMC11047658 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineral metabolism, in particular Ca, and to a lesser extent phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), is altered with the onset of lactation because of extensive irreversible loss to synthesize colostrum and milk. The transient reduction in the concentration of Ca in blood, particularly when it lasts days, increases the risk of mineral-related disorders such as hypocalcemia and, to a lesser extent, hypophosphatemia. Although the incidence of clinical hypocalcemia can be reduced by prepartum dietary interventions, subclinical hypocalcemia remains prevalent, affecting up to 60% of the dairy cows in the first 3 d postpartum. More importantly, strong associations exist between hypocalcemia and increased susceptibility to other peripartum diseases and impaired reproductive performance. Mechanistic experiments have demonstrated the role of Ca on innate immune response in dairy cows, which presumably predisposes them to other diseases. Hypocalcemia is not related to inadequate Ca intake as prepartum diets marginal to deficient in Ca reduce the risk of the disease. Therefore, the understanding of how Ca homeostasis is regulated, in particular how calciotropic hormones such as parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, affect blood Ca concentrations, gastrointestinal Ca absorption, bone remodeling, and renal excretion of Ca become critical to develop novel strategies to prevent mineral imbalances either by nutritional or pharmacological interventions. A common method to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia is the manipulation of the prepartum dietary cation-anion difference. Feeding acidogenic diets not only improves Ca homeostasis and reduces hypocalcemia, but also reduces the risk of uterine diseases and improves productive performance. Feeding diets that induce a negative Ca balance in the last weeks of gestation also reduce the risk of clinical hypocalcemia, and recent work shows that the incorporation of mineral sequestering agents, presumably by reducing the absorption of P and Ca prepartum, increases blood Ca at calving, although benefits to production and health remain to be shown. Alternative strategies to minimize subclinical hypocalcemia with the use of vitamin D metabolites either fed prepartum or as a pharmacological agent administered immediately after calving have shown promising results in reducing hypocalcemia and altering immune cell function, which might prove efficacious to prevent diseases in early lactation. This review summarizes the current understanding of Ca homeostasis around parturition, the limited knowledge of the exact mechanisms for gastrointestinal Ca absorption in bovine, the implications of hypocalcemia on the health of dairy cows, and discusses the methods to minimize the risk of hypocalcemia and their impacts on productive performance and health in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilles Vieira-Neto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Ian J. Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - José Eduardo P. Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Abreu MB, Valldecabres A, Marcondes MI, Correa A, Lobos NE, Peterson CB, Atwell D, Silva-Del-Rio N. Implications of supplementing mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows fed high by-product low-forage diets with rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a commercial dairy. Animal 2023; 17:100749. [PMID: 36940630 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of rumen-protected amino acids may improve dairy cow performance but few studies have evaluated the implications of supplementing low-forage diets. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) on milk production and composition as well as on mammary gland health of mid-lactating Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm feeding a high by-product low-forage diet. A total of 314 multiparous cows were randomly assigned to control (CON; 107 g of dry distillers' grains) or rumen-protected Met and Lys (RPML; 107 g dry distillers' grains + 107 g of RPML). All study cows were grouped in a single dry-lot pen and fed the same total mixed ration diet twice a day for a total of 7 weeks. Treatments were top-dressed on the total mix ration immediately after morning delivery with 107 g of dry distillers' grains for 1 week (adaptation period) and then with CON and RPML treatments for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from a subset of 22 cows per treatment to determine plasma AA (d 0 and 14) and plasma urea nitrogen and minerals (d 0, 14, and 42). Milk yield and clinical mastitis cases were recorded daily, and milk components were determined bi-weekly. Body condition score change was evaluated from d 0 to 42 of the study. Milk yield and components were analyzed by multiple linear regression. Treatment effects were evaluated at the cow level considering parity and milk yield and composition taken at baseline as a covariate in the models. Clinical mastitis risk was assessed by Poisson regression. Plasma Met increased (26.9 vs 36.0 µmol/L), Lys tended to increase (102.5 vs 121.1 µmol/L), and Ca increased (2.39 vs 2.46 mmol/L) with RPML supplementation. Cows supplemented with RPML had higher milk yield (45.4 vs 46.0 kg/d) and a lower risk of clinical mastitis (risk ratio = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.17-0.90) compared to CON cows. Milk components yield and concentrations, somatic cell count, body condition score change, plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma minerals other than Ca were not affected by RPML supplementation. Results suggest that RPML supplementation increases milk yield and decreases the risk of clinical mastitis in mid-lactation cows fed a high by-product low-forage diet. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological mechanisms for mammary gland responses to RPML supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Abreu
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570 000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - A Valldecabres
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 95616, USA
| | - M I Marcondes
- Departament of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - A Correa
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - N E Lobos
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | | | - D Atwell
- Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - N Silva-Del-Rio
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 95616, USA.
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3
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Lean I, LeBlanc S, Sheedy D, Duffield T, Santos J, Golder H. Associations of parity with health disorders and blood metabolite concentrations in Holstein cows in different production systems. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:500-518. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Lean I, Golder H, LeBlanc S, Duffield T, Santos J. Increased parity is negatively associated with survival and reproduction in different production systems. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:476-499. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Hassanien HEM, Galyean ML, Ballou MA, Mahmoud AMM, Abdel-Raouf EM, Eweedah NM. Effects of altering prepartum and postpartum dietary cation-anion difference on calcium concentrations and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13715. [PMID: 35384147 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We determined effects of pre- and postpartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on urine pH, serum calcium and hormone concentrations, and milk production with 48 multiparous Holstein cows (average body weight = 706 ± 7.3 kg). Treatments were 3 prepartum DCAD concentrations (0, -100, or -180 mEq/kg dry matter [DM]) and 2 postpartum DCAD concentrations (+250 or +350 mEq/kg DM) starting 29 days before parturition through 90 days in milk. Prepartum urine pH was lower (p < 0.05) for -180 than for -100 or 0 DCAD, and postpartum urine pH was higher (p < 0.05) for +350 than for +250 DCAD. Prepartum serum total and ionized calcium and hydroxyproline were greater (p < 0.05) for -180 than for -100 and 0 DCAD, whereas parathyroid hormone was greater (p < 0.05) for 0 than for -100 and -180 DCAD. After calving, negative prepartum DCAD increased (p < 0.05) serum total and ionized calcium, but effects varied by sampling day. Pre- and postpartum DCAD did not affect milk yield or milk fat, but milk protein percent and total solids were increased (p < 0.05) by negative prepartum DCAD. Feeding an acidogenic diet prepartum improved postpartum calcium status without major effects on milk yield and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem E M Hassanien
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Michael L Galyean
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Awad M M Mahmoud
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M Abdel-Raouf
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Nabil M Eweedah
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
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Kerwin A, Burhans W, Mann S, Nydam D, Wall S, Schoenberg K, Perfield K, Overton T. Transition cow nutrition and management strategies of dairy herds in the northeastern United States: Part II—Associations of metabolic- and inflammation-related analytes with health, milk yield, and reproduction. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5349-5369. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Masia F, Molina G, Vissio C, Balzarini M, de la Sota R, Piccardi M. Quantifying the negative impact of clinical diseases on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows in central Argentina. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Underwood J, Clark J, Cardoso F, Chandler P, Drackley J. Production, metabolism, and follicular dynamics in multiparous dairy cows fed diets providing different amounts of metabolizable protein prepartum and postpartum. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4032-4047. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Muñoz-Vargas L, Pempek JA, Proudfoot K, Eastridge ML, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Wittum T, Habing G. The Impact of Overstocking and Negative Energy Balance on Quantitative Measurement of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Periparturient Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:779900. [PMID: 35252416 PMCID: PMC8891502 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.779900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful conditions in animal production facilities may exacerbate the fecal shedding and foodborne transmission of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Dairy cows are reservoirs of this zoonotic microorganism, and its prevalence has roughly doubled in the past decade on dairy farms in United States. Dairy cows are commonly overstocked at the feed bunk, and stressors placed on the animal prior to parturition may exacerbate Salmonella shedding. However, no studies have evaluated the impact of overstocking and metabolic stress on fecal concentrations of the pathogen. Therefore, we conducted a field trial with 120 multiparous dairy cows randomized into one of four treatment groups with different stocking densities at the feed bunk during the periparturient period as follows: US, understocked from −60 to −1 DRC; OS, overstocked from −60 to −1 DRC; USOS, understocked from −60 to −26 DRC/overstocked from −25 to −1 DRC; and OSUS, overstocked from −60 to −26 DRC/ understocked from −25 to −1 DRC. Fecal and blood samples were collected at four time points relative to calving. qPCR assays were used to quantify Salmonella invA gene and total bacterial community from fecal samples, and a subset of isolates recovered from fecal bacterial culture were characterized using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and serotyping. Serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured as a metabolic stress indicator using an immunoassay. Multivariable analyses were performed to test if changes in Salmonella concentrations were associated with stocking density, energy balance, or days relative to calving. From fecal isolates, three Salmonella serovars were identified, S. Cerro; Kentucky; Meleagridis. Concentrations of Salmonella increased as cows approached calving. Higher stocking densities at the feed bunk did not impact total bacterial community or NEFA; however, cows in the overstocked groups had higher Salmonella fecal concentrations. Further, cows with higher NEFA concentrations after calving had a higher likelihood of detection of Salmonella. Future farm interventions should aim to reduce environmental and metabolic stress during the periparturient period to decrease the dissemination of Salmonella to cattle, the environment, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohendy Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Lohendy Muñoz-Vargas
| | - Jessica A. Pempek
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn Proudfoot
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maurice L. Eastridge
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Päivi J. Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Gregory Habing
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Sharif Nia H, Gorgulu O, Naghavi N, Robles-Bello MA, Sánchez-Teruel D, Khoshnavay Fomani F, She L, Rahmatpour P, Allen KA, Arslan G, Pahlevan Sharif S. Spiritual Well-Being, Social Support, and Financial Distress in Determining Depression: The Mediating Role of Impact of Event During COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:754831. [PMID: 34777060 PMCID: PMC8581494 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between spiritual well-being, social support, and financial distress with depressive symptoms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A path analysis was used to analyze data collected from 1,156 Iranian participants via an online survey. The results showed that spiritual well-being and social support were negatively related to depressive symptoms and financial distress. The impact of COVID-19 events showed negative associations with depressive symptoms. In addition, the link between spiritual well-being and financial distress with depressive symptoms was partially mediated by the impact of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sharif Nia
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ozkan Gorgulu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Navaz Naghavi
- Taylor's Business School, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - María Auxiliadora Robles-Bello
- Area of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Teruel
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Long She
- Faculty of Business and Law, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Pardis Rahmatpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kelly-Ann Allen
- School of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Wellbeing Science, The Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Magata F, Sone A, Watanabe Y, Deguchi Y, Aoki T, Haneda S, Ishii M. Prevention of retained fetal membranes and improvement in subsequent fertility with oxytocin administration in cows with assisted calving. Theriogenology 2021; 176:200-205. [PMID: 34627050 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cows, the efficacy of oxytocin treatment for preventing retained fetal membranes (RFM) is controversial. The physiological condition of cows associated with the calving process may affect the action of oxytocin. This study aimed to elucidate the difference in the efficacy of exogenous oxytocin treatment immediately after calving among cows that received various obstetric interventions. The calving ease was recorded using a score of 1-5, and assisted birth was defined as a score of 2 or more. Cows that required calving assistance (assisted, n = 28) due to delayed calving progression had a prolonged time from calving to expulsion of the fetal membrane (P < 0.01), and impaired reproductive performance compared to cows that did not receive calving assistance (unassisted, n = 78). The effect of oxytocin treatment was determined using cows that did not expel their fetal membrane within 3 h after calving. Cows were randomly divided into the control (unassisted, n = 41; assisted, n = 22) or oxytocin group (unassisted, n = 33; assisted, n = 10). Oxytocin (50 IU) was administered intramuscularly to the cows in the oxytocin group between 3 and 6 h after calving, while no treatment was administered in the control group. In cows with assisted birth, oxytocin administration accelerated placental expulsion (P < 0.05) and improved several reproductive parameters, such as the number of services until conception (P < 0.05) and the calving to conception intervals (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. On the other hand, oxytocin administration slightly accelerated placental expulsion (P < 0.05), but failed to improve fertility in cows with unassisted birth. The results indicate that the action of oxytocin varies depending on the calving situation of the cows. Oxytocin administration during the early postpartum period could prevent RFM and improve the decline in reproductive performance associated with calving assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Magata
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Sone
- Ishii Veterinary Support Services Inc., Shintoku-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Department of Livestock Medicine, Japan Agricultural Cooperatives-Shihoro, Shihoro-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Deguchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Aoki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - S Haneda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Ishii
- Ishii Veterinary Support Services Inc., Shintoku-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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McDougall S, Castle R. Cow-level risk factors for clinical mastitis in the dry period in cows treated with an internal teat sealant alone at the end of lactation. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:327-336. [PMID: 34061718 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1938269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess potential cow-level risk factors for clinical mastitis during the dry period in cows infused with internal teat sealant (ITS) alone at drying off, and associations with elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) at the first herd test, or clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation. METHODS Ten herds reporting an incidence of clinical mastitis during the dry period of >3% amongst cows infused with ITS alone at the end of the 2018/2019 lactation were enrolled. Cow data collected included age, breed, milk yield and SCC at the last herd test before drying off, drying off date, clinical mastitis records during the dry period and in the subsequent lactation, and SCC at the first herd test following calving. RESULTS Overall, 2,401 cows were infused with ITS alone and 196/2,401 (8.2%) cows were diagnosed with clinical mastitis during the dry period. In the final multivariable model for risk of clinical mastitis there was an interaction between age and milk yield at the last herd test (p < 0.001), with cows aged >4 years and producing ≥10 L/cow/day having a higher risk of clinical mastitis than younger cows or those producing <10 L/cow/day. The risk of clinical mastitis was higher for cows dried off in the last week of lactation than for cows dried off >1 week before the end of lactation for the herd (p = 0.033). The percentage of cows with elevated SCC (>150,000 cells/mL) at the first herd test in the following lactation was higher amongst those diagnosed with clinical mastitis over the dry period compared with those that were not (p = 0.048). The hazard of clinical mastitis in the first 60 days after calving was also higher in cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis in the dry period than those that were not (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The risk of clinical mastitis in the dry period following infusion of ITS alone at the end of lactation was associated with cow age, milk yield before drying off and timing of drying off. Cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis over the dry period had a higher risk of clinical mastitis and of elevated SCC in the subsequent lactation. This was an observational study so no causal inferences can be made, however herdowners and veterinarians should follow current recommendations regarding management of milk yield before drying off, and selection of cows for treatment with ITS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Castle
- Bayer New Zealand Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Hyperketonemia Predictions Provide an On-Farm Management Tool with Epidemiological Insights. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051291. [PMID: 33946314 PMCID: PMC8145167 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In dairy cows, the transition to lactation period is metabolically challenging. Elevated blood ketone bodies, known as hyperketonemia or ketosis, is a postpartum metabolic disorder that is associated with negative energy balance, greater comorbidity risk, and decreased milk production. Research to understand the etiology of hyperketonemia has highlighted risk factors and unfavorable outcomes; however, analysis of real-world data is valuable for determining the outcomes across a region. Dairy herd improvement data from herds with diverse size and production were analyzed to determine potential risk factors for and production outcomes of hyperketonemia in the Midwest region (US). Cows predicted to have hyperketonemia had greater previous lactation dry period length, somatic cell count, and dystocia, which may represent risk factors for ketosis. Cows with predicted hyperketonemia had lower milk yield and milk protein but greater milk fat and somatic cell count in the current lactation. Culling rate within 60d of calving, days open, and artificial inseminations were all greater in cows predicted to have hyperketonemia. Prevalence of hyperketonemia decreased linearly in herds with greater rolling herd average milk yield. This work demonstrates the impact of hyperketonemia on production variables which underscores the importance on continued work to reduce hyperketonemia prevalence. Abstract Prediction of hyperketonemia (HYK), a postpartum metabolic disorder in dairy cows, through use of cow and milk data has allowed for high-throughput detection and monitoring during monthly milk sampling. The objective of this study was to determine associations between predicted HYK (pHYK) and production parameters in a dataset generated from routine milk analysis samples. Data from 240,714 lactations across 335 farms were analyzed with multiple linear regression models to determine HYK status. Data on HYK or disease treatment was not solicited. Consistent with past research, pHYK cows had greater previous lactation dry period length, somatic cell count, and dystocia. Cows identified as pHYK had lower milk yield and protein percent but greater milk fat, specifically greater mixed and preformed fatty acids (FA), and greater somatic cell count (SCC). Differential somatic cell count was greater in second and fourth parity pHYK cows. Culling (60d), days open, and number of artificial inseminations were greater in pHYK cows. Hyperketonemia prevalence decreased linearly in herds with greater rolling herd average milk yield. This research confirms previously identified risk factors and negative outcomes associated with pHYK and highlights novel associations with differential SCC, mixed FA, and preformed FA across farm sizes and production levels.
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Elmeligy E, Oikawa S, Mousa SA, Bayoumi SA, Hafez A, Mohamed RH, Al-Lethie ALA, Hassan D, Khalphallah A. Role of insulin, insulin sensitivity, and abomasal functions monitors in evaluation of the therapeutic regimen in ketotic dairy cattle using combination therapy with referring to milk yield rates. Open Vet J 2021; 11:228-237. [PMID: 34307080 PMCID: PMC8288746 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ketosis is one of the most critical metabolic disorders that occur in dairy cows after parturition due to negative energy balance around calving. Aim: The study evaluated a specific therapeutic regimen of ketosis in Holstein dairy cattle by using the combination therapy including hormones, corticosteroids, propylene glycol, and vitamin B12 as well as the use of milk yield rates, insulin, insulin sensitivity, and abomasal functions monitors as diagnostic biomarkers for the recovery of ketotic cows either pre-therapy (0 days) or post-therapy (7 and 14 days). Methods: This study was conducted on ketotic cattle (n = 20) belonged to different dairy farms in Cairo and Giza governorates, Egypt. The diseased cows were undergoing clinical and biochemical investigations for the estimation of serum insulin. Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (RQUICKI) and abomasal functions monitor mainly serum levels of gastrin, pepsinogen, and chloride. Results: The milk production rates, cost: benefit analysis ratio, and benefit of the dairy farm in ketotic animals were significantly increased post-treatment. An improvement of insulin sensitivity was stated as serum insulin, and RQUICKI were remarkably increased in post-therapeutic ketotic cows. Monitors of the abomasal function revealed abomasal functions improvement through the significant elevation of blood gastrin and a substantial reduction in serum pepsinogen due to treatment. Conclusion: The study revealed high efficacy of the applied therapeutic strategy regime. It led to a high recovery rate and a very low relapse rate for ketosis. An improvement in milk yield rates, insulin sensitivity, and abomasal function monitors was reported. Hypoinsulinaemia was still reported, however, serum insulin was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Elmeligy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shin Oikawa
- Departments of Veterinary Herd Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Sabry A Mousa
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of medicine and infectious disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara A Bayoumi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hafez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ragab H Mohamed
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Al-Lethie A Al-Lethie
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Dalia Hassan
- Department of Animal & Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Arafat Khalphallah
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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15
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Characterization of the Plasma Lipidome in Dairy Cattle Transitioning from Gestation to Lactation: Identifying Novel Biomarkers of Metabolic Impairment. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050290. [PMID: 33946522 PMCID: PMC8147189 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel biomarkers for peripartal diseases in dairy cows can improve our understanding of normal and dysfunctional metabolism, and lead to nutritional interventions that improve health and milk production. Our objectives were to characterize the plasma lipidome and identify metabolites associated with common markers of metabolic disease in peripartal dairy cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 27) were enrolled 30 d prior to expected parturition. Blood and liver samples were routinely collected through to d 14 postpartum. Untargeted lipidomics was performed using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Based on postpartum measures, cows were categorized into low or high total fatty acid area under the curve (total FAAUC; d 1-14 postpartum; 4915 ± 1369 vs. 12,501 ± 2761 (μmol/L × 14 d); n = 18), β-hydroxybutyrate AUC (BHBAAUC; d 1-14 postpartum; 4583 ± 459 vs. 7901 ± 1206 (μmol/L × 14 d); n = 18), or liver lipid content (d 5 and 14 postpartum; 5 ± 1 vs. 12 ± 2% of wet weight; n = 18). Cows displayed decreases in plasma triacylglycerols and monoalkyl-diacylglycerols, and the majority of phospholipids reached a nadir at parturition. Phosphatidylcholines (PC) 32:3, 35:5, and 37:5 were specific for high total FAAUC, PC 31:3, 32:3, 35:5, and 37:5 were specific for high BHBAAUC, and PC 31:2, 31:3, and 32:3 were specific for high liver lipid content. PC 32:3 was specific for elevated total FA, BHBA, and liver lipid content. Lipidomics revealed a dynamic peripartal lipidome remodeling, and lipid markers associated with elevated total FA, BHBA, and liver lipid content. The effectiveness of nutrition to impact these lipid biomarkers for preventing excess lipolysis and fatty liver warrants evaluation.
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16
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Puerto MA, Shepley E, Cue RI, Warner D, Dubuc J, Vasseur E. The hidden cost of disease: I. Impact of the first incidence of mastitis on production and economic indicators of primiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7932-7943. [PMID: 33865582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a highly prevalent disease, which negatively affects cow performance, profitability, welfare, and longevity. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the impact of the first instance of mastitis, at different stages of lactation, on production and economic performance, and (2) to further quantify the impact of the first instance of mastitis when only cows that remain in the herd for at least 100 d in milk (DIM) and those that remain for 305 DIM are included in the analysis. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted using data from existing animal health record files and Dairy Herd Improvement records. After editing based on selected inclusion criteria and completeness of health records, data consisted of records from first-lactation Holstein cows, from 120 herds, that calved for the first time between 2003 and 2014, inclusive. Mastitic cows were assigned to 1 of 4 groups based on when in the lactation the first event of mastitis occurred: transition (1-21 DIM), early lactation (22-100 DIM), mid lactation (101-200 DIM), or late lactation (201+ DIM). Mid-lactation and late-lactation mastitic cows were also stratified by cumulative milk yield before the mastitis event. Healthy cows (i.e., no recorded mastitis event) were randomly assigned for each lactation stage, with mid-lactation healthy and late-lactation healthy cows similarly stratified. Production performance (cumulative milk, fat, and protein yield) and economic performance [milk value, margin over feed cost (MOFC), and gross profit] were analyzed using a mixed model with herd as a random effect. Significant losses in cumulative milk yield (-382 to -989 kg) and correspondingly lower fat and protein yields were found in mastitic cows, with transition and late-lactation mastitic cows having the highest losses. Drops in production translated to significant reductions in cumulative milk value (-Can$287 to -Can$591; -US$228 to -US$470), MOFC (-Can$243 to -Can$540; -US$193 to -US$429), and gross profit (-Can$649 to -Can$908; -US$516 to -US$722) for mastitic cows at all stages. Differences between mastitic and healthy cows in the early lactation and transition stages remained for all variables in the 100-DIM analysis, but, aside from gross profit, were nonsignificant in the 305-DIM analysis. Gross profit accounted for all costs associated with mastitis and thus continued to be lower for mastitic cows at all stages, even in the 305-DIM analysis in which culled cows were omitted (-Can$485 to -Can$979; -US$386 to -US$779). The research reflects the performance implications of mastitis, providing more information upon which the producer can make informed culling decisions and maximize both herd profitability and cow longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Puerto
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - E Shepley
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - R I Cue
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - D Warner
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Lactanet, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R4, Canada
| | - J Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - E Vasseur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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17
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Cardoso FF, Donkin SS, Pereira MN, Pereira RAN, Peconick AP, Santos JP, Silva RB, Caproni VR, Parys C, Danes MAC. Effect of protein level and methionine supplementation on dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5467-5478. [PMID: 33685687 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cows experience a significant negative protein balance during the first 30 d of lactation. Given the functional effects of AA on health, especially in challenging periods such as calving, higher levels of protein and specific AA in the diet may act to improve health and feed intake. The response of dairy cows to 3 protein supplementation strategies during the transition period and through the first 45 d in milk was evaluated. The final data set had 39 Holstein cows blocked based on parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) and expected calving and randomly assigned within each block to one of 3 dietary treatments: low protein (LP), high protein (HP), or high protein plus rumen-protected methionine (HPM). Treatments were offered from d -18 ± 5 to 45 d relative to parturition. Pre- and postpartum diets were formulated for high metabolizable protein (MP) supply from soybean meal, and HP and HPM provided higher MP balance than LP. Preplanned contrasts were LP versus HP+HPM and HP versus HPM. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 <P ≤ 0.10. Cows fed HP and HPM had greater fry matter intake (DMI) prepartum than LP (+2 kg/d), and there was a trend for greater DMI with HPM than with HP (+1.6 kg/d). Body weight and condition score before and after calving did not differ among treatments. High protein (HP and HPM) tended to increase milk yield during the first 45 d of lactation (+1.75 kg/d), increased milk lactose content and urea-N in milk and plasma, tended to increase blood BHB 14 d postpartum, and tended to reduce milk/DMI compared with LP. Blood concentrations of calcium at calving and of glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids pre- and postpartum did not differ. High protein induced lower concentration of plasma IL-1 at calving and lowered blood lymphocytes 21 d postpartum, suggestive of a reduced inflammatory status compared with LP. The concentrations of IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and other hemogram variables did not differ among treatments. Addition of rumen-protected methionine to the HP diet did not alter milk yield but increased fat and total solids concentrations. The rumen-protected methionine had no effect on blood metabolites and immunity markers, with the exception of increased pre-partum insulin concentrations. The data indicate that dairy cows around calving respond positively to an increase in the supply of MP and to rumen-protected methionine supplementation of the HP diet by increasing intake and improving immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana F Cardoso
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Marcos N Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Renata A N Pereira
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peconick
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Josiane P Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Rayana B Silva
- Better Nature Research Center, Ijaci, MG 37.218-000, Brazil
| | - Vitória R Caproni
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Marina A C Danes
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil.
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18
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Coleman DN, Alharthi AS, Liang Y, Lopes MG, Lopreiato V, Vailati-Riboni M, Loor JJ. Multifaceted role of one-carbon metabolism on immunometabolic control and growth during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:27. [PMID: 33536062 PMCID: PMC7860211 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle undergo dramatic metabolic, endocrine, physiologic and immune changes during the peripartal period largely due to combined increases in energy requirements for fetal growth and development, milk production, and decreased dry matter intake. The negative nutrient balance that develops results in body fat mobilization, subsequently leading to triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the liver along with reductions in liver function, immune dysfunction and a state of inflammation and oxidative stress. Mobilization of muscle and gluconeogenesis are also enhanced, while intake of vitamins and minerals is decreased, contributing to metabolic and immune dysfunction and oxidative stress. Enhancing post-ruminal supply of methyl donors is one approach that may improve immunometabolism and production synergistically in peripartal cows. At the cellular level, methyl donors (e.g. methionine, choline, betaine and folic acid) interact through one-carbon metabolism to modulate metabolism, immune responses and epigenetic events. By modulating those pathways, methyl donors may help increase the export of very low-density lipoproteins to reduce liver TAG and contribute to antioxidant synthesis to alleviate oxidative stress. Thus, altering one-carbon metabolism through methyl donor supplementation is a viable option to modulate immunometabolism during the peripartal period. This review explores available data on the regulation of one-carbon metabolism pathways in dairy cows in the context of enzyme regulation, cellular sensors and signaling mechanisms that might respond to increased dietary supply of specific methyl donors. Effects of methyl donors beyond the one-carbon metabolism pathways, including production performance, immune cell function, mechanistic target or rapamycin signaling, and fatty acid oxidation will also be highlighted. Furthermore, the effects of body condition and feeding system (total mixed ration vs. pasture) on one-carbon metabolism pathways are explored. Potential effects of methyl donor supply during the pepartum period on dairy calf growth and development also are discussed. Lastly, practical nutritional recommendations related to methyl donor metabolism during the peripartal period are presented. Nutritional management during the peripartal period is a fertile area of research, hence, underscoring the importance for developing a systems understanding of the potential immunometabolic role that dietary methyl donors play during this period to promote health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Matheus Gomes Lopes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mario Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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19
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Pascal N, Olivier Basole K, Claire d'Andre H, Bockline Omedo B. Risk factors associated with endometritis in zero-grazed dairy cows on smallholder farms in Rwanda. Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105252. [PMID: 33454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical endometritis (CLE) and subclinical endometritis (SCLE) manifesting at the cow- and herd-levels has been associated with multiple risk factors (RFs), but hardly are RFs with direct influences separated from those with mediated indirect influences. This study identified and quantified the direct and indirect associations of cow- and herd-levels RFs with CLE and SCLE cases observed among 466 zero-grazed dairy cows that were in their 21-60 days postpartum (dpp). The cases were observed in a cross-sectional survey of smallholder farms (n = 370) in Rwanda. The direct and indirect associations were constructed with odds ratio (OR) derived from multiple logistic regression modelling. The cow-level RFs that had direct positive association with CLE and SCLE were the season of calving (OR: 5.0, 2.1), dystocia (OR: 1.9, 2.2), poor body condition score (OR: 4.1, 2.2), stillbirth (OR: 3.5, 3.3), and retained placenta (OR: 1.4, 1.8) while mastitis (OR: 2.5) and parity (OR: 1.5) had a direct positive association with SCLE. Breed and parity of cow, sex of calf, and twin births had indirect positive association with both CLE and SCLE cases. At the herd-level, unhygienic cowshed (OR: 25.1, 8.9) had direct positive association with both CLE and SCLE cases. In contrast, earthen floor cowshed (OR: 6.6) and large herd size (OR: 3.1) had direct positive association with CLE and not using bedding materials (OR: 1.5) had direct positive association with SCLE. Herd-level RFs that showed indirect positive association with both CLE and SCLE cases were farm size (OR: 2.9) and farmer's experience in dairying (OR: 1.7) while housing cows within the first 30 dpp (OR: 0.1) showed indirect negative association. These results show which RFs have strong direct and indirect influences on CLE and SCLE cases at the cow- and herd-levels. Effective management of those RFs should be a priority in extension education and services to enable smallholder farmers effectively manage them to prevent and control endometritis among their zero-grazed dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyabinwa Pascal
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya; Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Kashongwe Olivier Basole
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Hirwa Claire d'Andre
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Bebe Bockline Omedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
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20
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Mahnani A, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Ansari-Mahyari S, Ghorbani GR, Keshavarzi H. Farm and cow factors and their interactions on the incidence of retained placenta in holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 2020; 159:87-97. [PMID: 33113449 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for retained placenta (RP), as a common and economically important disorder, have been widely investigated. However, comprehensive studies are rare. Therefore, this study sought to identify herd-cow factors and their interactions on the risk of RP in Iranian dairy herds. The data were collected from nine Holstein dairy herds in Isfahan province, Iran. The final dataset included 154,048 records for 59,610 cows which calved between March 2011 and December 2018. A logistic regression model was used to separately analyze the risk factors and their interactions for RP in primiparous and multiparous cows. The average rate of RP was 12.3% (9.0-15.4%) at the herd level. The highest rate of RP was recorded in spring compared with other seasons. Regardless of calving season, occurrence of dystocia, stillbirth and twinning increased the odds ratio (OR) of RP. In primiparous cows, occurrence of dystocia and stillbirth increased OR of RP 4.30 and 3.33 times, respectively. In multiparous cows, dystocia, twinning and stillbirth increased OR of RP 4.36, 3.94 and 1.29 times, respectively. Cows with an age at first calving of >28 months had the highest rate of RP compared with other cows. Multiparous and primiparous cows with a short (less than 271 d) and long (more than 281 d) pregnancy, respectively, had the highest risk of RP compared to cows in other groups. Furthermore, multiparous cows with an extended dry period length (more than 75 d) and produced milk yield more than 13,000 kg/lactation were at higher risk of RP with an average of 13.5%. With an interaction analysis, although the potential effect of each factors depends on the effect of other factors, but in general dystocia, stillbirth, an extended age at first calving (>28 months), and calving during the spring increased risk of RP for both groups. In conclusion, identification of risk factors for RP with an interaction analysis can help farm managers to employ the best strategies to reduce the occurrence of this reproductive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mahnani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, PO Box 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, PO Box 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Saeid Ansari-Mahyari
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, PO Box 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholam-Reza Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, PO Box 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamideh Keshavarzi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, PO Box 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran; CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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21
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Mezzetti M, Bionaz M, Trevisi E. Interaction between inflammation and metabolism in periparturient dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S155-S174. [PMID: 32810244 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mezzetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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22
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Vailati-Riboni M, Batistel F, Yambao RRCS, Parys C, Pan YX, Loor JJ. Hepatic Cystathionine β-Synthase Activity Is Increased by Greater Postruminal Supply of Met during the Periparturient Period in Dairy Cows. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz128. [PMID: 32154498 PMCID: PMC7053581 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postruminal supply of Met during the periparturient period enhances production efficiency (feed conversion to milk) in dairy cows partly through alleviation of oxidant and inflammatory status. Whether alterations in hepatic 1-carbon metabolism (major contributor of antioxidants) and/or energy metabolism contribute to these beneficial effects is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate alterations in hepatic 1-carbon and energy metabolism and associations with plasma amino acids (AAs) and production efficiency in response to enhanced postruminal supply of Met. METHODS Holstein cows (n = 30 per group) were fed during the last 28 d of pregnancy a control diet (CON) or the control plus ethylcellulose rumen-protected Met (MET; 0.9 g/kg of dry matter intake). Plasma (n = 15 per group) and liver tissue (n = 10 per group) were collected throughout the periparturient period to evaluate AA profiles, activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and 1-carbon metabolism via mRNA abundance, enzyme activity, and targeted metabolomics. RESULTS Cows in the MET group had greater overall (27%, P = 0.027) plasma Met concentrations, but had similar total plasma AA concentrations. Although mRNA abundance of 1-carbon metabolism enzymes did not differ, hepatic activity of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) (51.2 compared with 44.4 mmol/h/mg protein; P = 0.032) and concentration (19%, P = 0.048) of the cellular antioxidant glutathione were greater overall in the MET group. mRNA abundance of aconitase 2 and fumarate hydratase was greater overall (P = 0.049), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 tended (P = 0.093) to be greater overall in cows fed MET. There was a tendency (P ≤ 0.093) for greater overall hepatic concentrations of malic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and isocitric acid in cows fed MET. CONCLUSIONS Greater activity of CBS in response to enhanced postruminal supply of Met likely contributes to alleviating oxidant status by increasing concentrations of glutathione. Hence, transsulfuration plays an important role in the observed improvements in production efficiency of dairy cows during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fernanda Batistel
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rainie R C S Yambao
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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23
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Crookenden MA, Phyn CVC, Turner SA, Loor JJ, Smith AI, Lopreiato V, Burke CR, Heiser A, Roche JR. Feeding synthetic zeolite to transition dairy cows alters neutrophil gene expression. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:723-736. [PMID: 31668440 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic zeolites are used to control the availability of dietary minerals (e.g., Ca, Mg, and P) in dairy cows. Due to calcium demand increasing with lactation onset, most cows become hypocalcemic immediately postpartum, which likely contributes to poorer immune function because calcium is important for immune cell signaling. To overcome postpartum hypocalcemia, we fed transition cows synthetic zeolite A (sodium aluminosilicate) precalving and hypothesized that it would alter calcium and thus neutrophil function during the transition period. Multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in late gestation were randomly allocated to an untreated control group (n = 10) or a treatment group in which each cow received 500 g of zeolite A daily (n = 10) for 14 d prior to the expected calving date (actual duration = 17 ± 3 d prepartum). The cows grazed pasture, and each was supplemented with 2 kg/d of maize silage (dry matter basis), with or without zeolite, until calving. Blood samples for neutrophil isolation and analysis of plasma indicators of mineral status, energy status, liver function, and inflammation were collected pretreatment (covariate; d -19); on d -14 and -7 precalving; on the day of calving (d 0); and on d 1, 4, 7, and 28 postcalving. Neutrophils were isolated and gene expression was analyzed using microfluidic gene expression arrays. Neutrophil respiratory burst was assessed using stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and flow cytometry. Plasma calcium and phosphorus revealed a treatment by time interaction; cows offered zeolite had greater plasma calcium concentrations at d 0, 1, and 4 postcalving and plasma phosphorus concentrations were lower in zeolite-treated cows during the precalving period until d 1 postcalving compared with control animals. Zeolite treatment downregulated neutrophil gene expression of CXCR4 and S100A8 and tended to lower gene expression for other immune mediators (CXCR1, IFNG, S100A12, and S100A9) compared with the control. Zeolite treatment did not affect neutrophil respiratory burst or expression of the other genes investigated. Plasma concentrations of cytokine IL-6 were reduced with zeolite treatment, which was most evident immediately postcalving (d 0, 1, and 7). Overall, feeding zeolite precalving had few effects on neutrophil gene expression and function; however, the lower gene expression of neutrophil inflammatory mediators may be due to altered availability of dietary minerals prepartum and indicates that zeolite A may control inflammation during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Crookenden
- DairyNZ Ltd., Cnr Ruakura and Morrinsville Rds (SH26), Newstead, Hamilton 3284, New Zealand; AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand.
| | - C V C Phyn
- DairyNZ Ltd., Cnr Ruakura and Morrinsville Rds (SH26), Newstead, Hamilton 3284, New Zealand
| | - S A Turner
- DairyNZ Ltd., Cnr Ruakura and Morrinsville Rds (SH26), Newstead, Hamilton 3284, New Zealand; Dairy Goat Co-operative, Melville, Hamilton 3206, New Zealand
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A I Smith
- DairyNZ Ltd., Cnr Ruakura and Morrinsville Rds (SH26), Newstead, Hamilton 3284, New Zealand; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 1010
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C R Burke
- DairyNZ Ltd., Cnr Ruakura and Morrinsville Rds (SH26), Newstead, Hamilton 3284, New Zealand
| | - A Heiser
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - J R Roche
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 1010
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Husnain A, Santos JEP. Meta-analysis of the effects of prepartum dietary protein on performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9791-9813. [PMID: 31495616 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to review the published literature and use meta-analytic methods to determine the effects of dietary protein fed prepartum on productive performance of dairy cows. The hypothesis was that responses to dietary protein prepartum would differ between nulliparous and parous cows, and performance would be maximized at a greater protein supply in nulliparous than in parous cows. The literature was systematically reviewed, searching randomized experiments in which the prepartum dietary content or degradability of protein was manipulated. Twenty-seven experiments including 125 treatment means and 1,801 cows were included in the meta-analysis. Of those, 8 experiments with 27 treatment means reported responses for 510 nulliparous cows. Data collected included the ingredient composition and chemical analyses of prepartum diets, parity group, and means and respective measures of variance for productive responses. Mixed model meta-analysis was conducted and statistical models investigated the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) or supply of metabolizable protein (MP) prepartum on performance. Supply of MP was predicted using the National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (2001) model. The mean ± standard deviation and median (range) concentrations of dietary CP fed to cows prepartum were 14.4 ± 2.2 and 14.4% (8.9 to 20.9%), resulting in mean and median (range) intakes of CP prepartum of 1,720 ± 432 and 1,734 g/d (745 to 2,482 g/d). Predicted prepartum supply of MP averaged 822 ± 157 in nulliparous cows, ranging from 517 to 1,094 g/d, and 1,146 ± 316 in parous cows, ranging from 463 to 1,733 g/d. Increasing prepartum CP content or predicted supply of MP improved postpartum dry matter intake in nulliparous cows, but increasing prepartum CP content reduced prepartum dry matter intake in parous cows. Yields of milk and fat-corrected milk increased with increasing prepartum supply of MP in nulliparous but not in parous cows. Yields of fat and protein increased in nulliparous cows with increased CP content or supply of MP. Alternatively, in parous cows, yield of milk fat was not influenced by supply of MP but responded quadratically to dietary CP content and was maximized at approximately 14% CP. Dietary CP had no effect on protein yield in parous cows, but increasing the supply of MP improved protein yield only in cows from experiments with >36 kg/d of milk production, whereas MP supply had no effect on protein yield of parous cows from experiments with <28 kg/d of milk production. Performance of dairy cows was responsive to prepartum supply of MP and nulliparous benefited from diets with increased MP intake. Based on current results, production responses for nulliparous cows increased linearly up to the maximum MP intake of 1,100 g/d observed in the study, whereas for parous cows, only yield of milk protein in cows producing more than 36 kg of milk/d was influenced by supplying more than 800 g/d of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Husnain
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Mezzetti M, Minuti A, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Gabai G, Trevisi E. Administration of an Immune Stimulant during the Transition Period Improved Lipid Metabolism and Rumination without Affecting Inflammatory Status. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090619. [PMID: 31466285 PMCID: PMC6770279 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune stimulants are widely used to address immune dysfunctions that occur in transitioning dairy cows, reducing the likelihood they will develop infectious diseases. This study elucidates the effectiveness of an immune stimulant in promoting rumination recovery, reducing lipid mobilization and ketogenesis, and affecting the levels of circulating antioxidant systems in early lactation. These findings highlight the stimulant’s potential effect in treating metabolic disorders of the transition period in dairy cows. Abstract Omnigen-AF (OAF) increases leukocyte functions in immunosuppressed animal models and reduces incidence of infectious diseases in early lactating dairy cows, although its mode of action is still unclear. This study aims to provide a wider perspective of the metabolic effect of OAF to test its potential as a strategy to address metabolic disorders of the transition period. A group of 10 Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 groups: The treated group (IMS; 5 cows) received 32.5 g of OAF twice a day (65 g d−1) as top-dress in the morning and afternoon feeds from −55 to 42 days from calving (DFC), whereas the control group (CTR; 5 cows) received no supplementation. From −62 to 42 DFC, body condition score, body weight, dry matter intake, rumination time and milk yield were measured; blood samples were collected weekly to assess a wide hematochemical profile and to test white blood cell functions by ex-vivo challenge assays. At 30 DFC, rumen fluid was collected and analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids composition, urea nitrogen, and lactate contents. Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures, including treatment, time, and their interaction as fixed effects. OAF decreased blood nonesterified fatty acids and beta hydroxybutyrate concentrations and increased rumination time in early lactation. Leukocytes from IMS cows had lower lactate production and lower glucose consumption after ex-vivo stimulation. OAF did not reduce the acute phase response indicators and reduced the blood concentrations of albumin and antioxidants after calving, suggesting impairment of hepatic functions related to protein synthesis and antioxidant management. Nevertheless, the lack of effect on bilirubin and liver enzymes refutes the possibility of severe liver damage occurring with OAF supplementation. Positive effects in reducing mobilization of body fats and ketogenesis and in increasing rumination time after calving suggest OAF effectiveness in preventing metabolic disorders of the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mezzetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Diehl AL, Bernard JK, Tao S, Smith TN, Kirk DJ, McLean DJ, Chapman JD. Effect of varying prepartum dietary cation-anion difference and calcium concentration on postpartum mineral and metabolite status and milk production of multiparous cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9915-9925. [PMID: 30219430 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-two multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled 28 d before expected calving and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized block design experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of feeding a neutral or acidogenic diet varying in Ca concentration on prepartum and postpartum intake, blood mineral and metabolite concentrations, and postpartum milk production. Prepartum diets were formulated to provide a dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) of -21 (negative, NEG) or -2 (neutral, NEU) mEq/100 g of dry matter with either 1.3% or 1.8% Ca. After calving, cows remained on trial through 63 d in milk (DIM) and were fed a common lactation diet. Urine pH was lower for NEG compared with NEU and tended to be lower for 1.8% Ca compared with 1.3% Ca. Fractional excretion of Ca and Mg in urine was greater for NEG than for NEU. Prepartum plasma bicarbonate was lower and P was higher for NEG compared with NEU. Prepartum plasma P and blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio was higher for 1.3% compared with 1.8% Ca. Postpartum, concentrations of plasma total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, Mg, and ionized Mg (iMg) were higher and Na was lower for NEU compared with NEG. An interaction of DCAD and Ca was observed for plasma creatinine, which was highest for cows fed NEU and 1.3% Ca compared with all other treatments. Interactions of DCAD and DIM were observed for plasma bicarbonate and iMg. Bicarbonate was higher at 3 DIM and lower at 14 DIM for NEU compared with NEG. Concentrations of iMg were higher at 1, 2, and 14 DIM for NEU compared with NEG. Interactions of Ca and DIM were observed for plasma Ca, Cl, and anion gap. Compared with cows fed 1.5% Ca, those fed 1.3% Ca had lower Ca and anion gap and higher Cl at 1 DIM and lower Cl and higher anion gap at 14 DIM. No differences were observed in body weight or body condition score due to DCAD or Ca. Prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) was lower for NEG compared with NEU and lower for 1.8% compared with 1.3% Ca. Postpartum DMI was not different among treatments. An interaction was observed for DCAD and DIM due to higher milk yield after 45 DIM for NEG compared with NEU. No differences were observed in milk component percentage or yield among treatments. There was an interaction of DIM and Ca for milk urea concentrations, which were higher at 5 wk and lower at 6 wk for 1.3% Ca compared with 1.8% Ca. These results suggest that feeding NEG prepartum alters plasma and urine mineral concentrations compared with feeding NEU and supports increased milk yield after 45 DIM. Feeding 1.8% Ca prepartum only improved plasma Ca at 1 DIM. Feeding either NEG or 1.8% Ca reduced DMI prepartum compared with NEU or 1.3% Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Diehl
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793.
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - T N Smith
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - D J Kirk
- Phibro Animal Health Corp., Teaneck, NJ 07666
| | - D J McLean
- Phibro Animal Health Corp., Teaneck, NJ 07666
| | - J D Chapman
- Phibro Animal Health Corp., Teaneck, NJ 07666
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Umaña Sedó S, Rosa D, Mattioli G, Luzbel de la Sota R, Giuliodori MJ. Associations of subclinical hypocalcemia with fertility in a herd of grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10469-10477. [PMID: 30219426 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The main objective was to assess the associations of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH), diagnosed at parturition (SCH-0) and 7 d in milk (SCH-7), with fertility in a herd of grazing dairy cows. Additional objectives were to characterize Ca concentration on 0 and 7 d in milk (DIM), assessing the risk factors for SCH-0 and SCH-7 and also the relationship with health status (metritis, endometritis, subclinical ketosis, and culling). A prospective observational study was carried out in a dairy farm in Argentina. Holstein cows (n = 126) were body condition scored (BCS, 1-5) on -21 ± 3, 0, 7 ± 3, and 28 ± 7 DIM and blood was collected on 0 and 7 ± 3 DIM to determine Ca and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Calcium concentrations <2.0 and <2.14 mmol/L were used to define SCH-0 and SCH-7, respectively. The associations of SCH with (1) the odds for pregnancy to first service (P1AI) and pregnancy by 100 DIM (P100) were evaluated by logistic models, (2) the services per pregnancy was evaluated by a Poisson regression model, and (3) the hazards of insemination and pregnancy were evaluated with proportional hazards regression models whereas median days from calving to first insemination and to pregnancy were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Additionally, Ca concentration was assessed by linear regression models, and the associations of SCH-0 and SCH-7 with the odds for metritis, endometritis, subclinical ketosis, and culling were evaluated by logistic models. Calcium concentrations were similar at 0 and 7 DIM (2.40 vs. 2.41 mmol/L, respectively); they were higher in cows calving in fall than in summer (2.58 vs. 2.24 mmol/L), and they also were higher in primiparous than in multiparous cows (2.53 vs. 2.28 mmol/L, respectively). The proportion of cows having SCH-0 and SCH-7 was 27.3 and 39.3%, respectively. Fall-calving cows had lower odds for SCH-0 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.12-0.86] than summer-calving cows, multiparous cows had higher odds for SCH-0 (OR = 3.96, 95% CI = 1.09-14.39) than primiparous cows, and cows with prepartum BCS ≥3.00 had higher odds for SCH-0 (OR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.17-13.89) than in cows with BCS <3.00. Conversely, parity and prepartum BCS were not important predictors for SCH-7. Surprisingly, SCH-0 was not a risk factor for SCH-7. Cows with SCH-0 had lower odds for P1AI (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.07-0.99) than normocalcemic cows, given that P1AI was 14 versus 38%, respectively. The hazard of first service was not associated with SCH-0 (hazard ratio = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.63-1.70) but cows with SCH-0 had lower hazard of pregnancy (hazard ratio = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.16-0.98) and took 32 d longer to get pregnant (105 vs. 73) than normocalcemic cows. Conversely, SCH-7 was not associated with fertility. Finally, SCH-0 and SCH-7 were associated with the odds for subclinical ketosis and metritis, respectively. In conclusion, SCH-0 but not SCH-7 is associated with reduced fertility in a herd of grazing dairy cows, but both were associated with health status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Rosa
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mattioli
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina
| | - R Luzbel de la Sota
- Cátedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, FCV-UNLP, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina; Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio J Giuliodori
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
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Lopera C, Zimpel R, Vieira-Neto A, Lopes F, Ortiz W, Poindexter M, Faria B, Gambarini M, Block E, Nelson C, Santos J. Effects of level of dietary cation-anion difference and duration of prepartum feeding on performance and metabolism of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7907-7929. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McGuffey RK. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10113-10142. [PMID: 29153158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first issue of the Journal of Dairy Science in 1917 opened with the text of the speech by Raymond A. Pearson, president of the Iowa State College of Agriculture, at the dedication of the new dairy building at the University of Nebraska (J. Dairy Sci. 1:4-18, 1917). Fittingly, this was the birth of a new research facility and more importantly, the beginning of a new journal devoted to the sciences of milk production and manufacture of products from milk. Metabolic modifiers of dairy cow metabolism enhance, change, or interfere with normal metabolic processes in the ruminant digestive tract or alter postabsorption partitioning of nutrients among body tissues. Papers on metabolic modifiers became more frequent in the journal around 1950. Dairy farming changed radically between 1955 and 1965. Changes in housing and feeding moved more cows outside, and cows and heifers in all stages of lactation, including the dry period, were fed as a single group. Rations became wetter with the shift to corn silage as the major forage in many rations. Liberal grain feeding met the requirements of high-producing cows and increased production per cow but introduced new challenges; for example, managing and feeding cows as a group. These changes led to the introduction of new strategies that identified and expanded the use of metabolic modifiers. Research was directed at characterizing the new problems for the dairy cow created by group feeding. Metabolic modifiers went beyond feeding the cow and included environmental and housing factors and additives to reduce the incidence and severity of many new conditions and pathologies. New collaborations began among dairy cattle specialties that broadened our understanding of the workings of the cow. The Journal of Dairy Science then and now plays an enormously important role in dissemination of the findings of dairy scientists worldwide that address existing and new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K McGuffey
- McGuffey Dairy Consulting, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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Ruprechter G, Adrien MDL, Larriestra A, Meotti O, Batista C, Meikle A, Noro M. Metabolic predictors of peri-partum diseases and their association with parity in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518709 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The predictive values of plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, albumin and calcium to predict risk of peripartum diseases in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) Holstein cows was investigated. Besides it was assessed if the health status interacted with parity on body condition score and metabolic profiles during the transition period. Dairy cows (126 PP and 182 MP) from a commercial dairy free stall herd (loose-housing system) were weekly body condition scored and tail bled for metabolites determination from -3 to +4 weeks relative to calving. Peripartum diseases were diagnosed by a single trained veterinarian, while subclinical diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemia) were diagnosed at the laboratory. Cows were classified as healthy cows, cows with one event, or cows with two clinical events following a prospective observational cohort study, with only healthy cows enrolled at the beginning of the study. The largest incidence was for metritis (26.6%) followed by retained placenta (17.2%) and mastitis (15.2%) with no effect of parity, while subclinical hypocalcemia incidence was greater in MP than PP cows (43% vs 9.5%) respectively. In MP cows albumin concentrations were predictive for metritis at week -2 and for retained placenta at weeks -2 and -1, while cholesterol was predictive for mastitis at week -2, -1 and at calving. The interaction between health status and parity affected all metabolites during the transition period. This study showed a different evolution of metabolic profiles in healthy and sick cows during the transition according to parity, pointing out albumin and cholesterol as diseases predictors before calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Ruprechter
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | | | - Otavio Meotti
- Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Chester Batista
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mirela Noro
- Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Neves R, Leno B, Curler M, Thomas M, Overton T, McArt J. Association of immediate postpartum plasma calcium concentration with early-lactation clinical diseases, culling, reproduction, and milk production in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:547-555. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Parker Gaddis K, Megonigal J, Clay J, Wolfe C. Genome-wide association study for ketosis in US Jerseys using producer-recorded data. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:413-424. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Khatti A, Mehrotra S, Patel PK, Singh G, Maurya VP, Mahla AS, Chaudhari RK, Das GK, Singh M, Sarkar M, Kumar H, Krishnaswamy N. Supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and increased energy allowance mitigates the transition stress and improves postpartum reproductive performance in the crossbred cow. Theriogenology 2017; 104:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Overton T, McArt J, Nydam D. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic health indicators and management of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:10398-10417. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Farahani TA, Amanlou H, Kazemi-Bonchenari M. Effects of shortening the close-up period length coupled with increased supply of metabolizable protein on performance and metabolic status of multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6199-6217. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vailati-Riboni M, Osorio JS, Trevisi E, Luchini D, Loor JJ. Supplemental Smartamine M in higher-energy diets during the prepartal period improves hepatic biomarkers of health and oxidative status in Holstein cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:17. [PMID: 28191311 PMCID: PMC5295218 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feeding higher-energy prepartum is a common practice in the dairy industry. However, recent data underscore how it could reduce performance, deepen negative energy balance, and augment inflammation and oxidative stress in fresh cows. We tested the effectiveness of rumen-protected methionine in preventing the negative effect of feeding a higher-energy prepartum. Multiparous Holstein cows were fed a control lower-energy diet (CON, 1.24 Mcal/kg DM; high-straw) during the whole dry period (~50 d), or were switched to a higher-energy (OVE, 1.54 Mcal/kg DM), or OVE plus Smartamine M (OVE + SM; Adisseo NA) during the last 21 d before calving. Afterwards cows received the same lactation diet (1.75 Mcal/kg DM). Smartamine M was top-dressed on the OVE diet (0.07% of DM) from -21 through 30 d in milk (DIM). Liver samples were obtained via percutaneous biopsy at -10, 7 and 21 DIM. Expression of genes associated with energy and lipid metabolism, hepatokines, methionine cycle, antioxidant capacity and inflammation was measured. Results Postpartal dry matter intake, milk yield, and energy-corrected milk were higher in CON and OVE + SM compared with OVE. Furthermore, milk protein and fat percentages were greater in OVE + SM compared with CON and OVE. Expression of the gluconeogenic gene PCK1 and the lipid-metabolism transcription regulator PPARA was again greater with CON and OVE + SM compared with OVE. Expression of the lipoprotein synthesis enzyme MTTP was lower in OVE + SM than CON or OVE. Similarly, the hepatokine FGF21, which correlates with severity of negative energy balance, was increased postpartum only in OVE compared to the other two groups. These results indicate greater liver metabolism and functions to support a greater production in OVE + SM. At 7 DIM, the enzyme GSR involved in the synthesis of glutathione tended to be upregulated in OVE than CON-fed cows, suggesting a greater antioxidant demand in overfed cows. Feeding OVE + SM resulted in lower similar expression of GSR compared with CON. Expression of the methionine cycle enzymes SAHH and MTR, both of which help synthesize methionine endogenously, was greater prepartum in OVE + SM compared with both CON and OVE, and at 7 DIM for CON and OVE + SM compared with OVE, suggesting greater Met availability. It is noteworthy that DNMT3A, which utilizes S-adenosylmethionine generated in the methionine cycle, was greater in OVE and OVE + SM indicating higher-energy diets might enhance DNA methylation, thus, Met utilization. Conclusions Data indicate that supplemental Smartamine M was able to compensate for the negative effect of prepartal energy-overfeeding by alleviating the demand for intracellular antioxidants, thus, contributing to the increase in production. Moreover Smartamine M improved hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism, leading to greater liver function and better overall health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0147-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vailati-Riboni
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Johan S Osorio
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, 1111 College Ave, 113H Alfred DairyScience Hall, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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ADNANE M, KAIDI R, HANZEN C, ENGLAND GC. Risk factors of clinical and subclinical endometritis in cattle: a review. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1603-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Daetz R, Cunha F, Bittar J, Risco C, Magalhaes F, Maeda Y, Santos J, Jeong K, Cooke R, Galvão K. Clinical response after chitosan microparticle administration and preliminary assessment of efficacy in preventing metritis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8946-8955. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractVarious dairy cattle production and health characteristics were studied with a view to identify easily available and measurable factors associated with the incidence of ketosis. The analyses were carried out using data from the Langhill Dairy Cattle Research Centre. Two approaches were used to assess the relative risk to cows of getting ketosis: one using information known at the beginning of lactation and one using information collected as the lactation progressed. In both approaches analyses were carried out using different amounts of the available information to simulate differences between recording systems. In the first approach the following were found to relate significantly to the level of recorded ketotic incidents: parity; ketosis in the previous lactation; calving condition score; 305-day milk yield in the previous lactation; and the average milk protein percentage in the previous lactation. The effects of these were quantified. In the second approach, where the change in ketosis incidence rate over the weeks of lactation was investigated, the average dry-matter intake in the previous week and changes in live weight and body condition score over the previous week were found to have a significant effect on the probability of getting ketosis in the coming week. The risk assessments varied depending on the information used and a flexible approach is recommended if potential risk factors are to be successfully incorporated into decision support systems.
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Pryce JE, Parker Gaddis KL, Koeck A, Bastin C, Abdelsayed M, Gengler N, Miglior F, Heringstad B, Egger-Danner C, Stock KF, Bradley AJ, Cole JB. Invited review: Opportunities for genetic improvement of metabolic diseases. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6855-6873. [PMID: 27372587 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are disturbances to one or more of the metabolic processes in dairy cattle. Dysfunction of any of these processes is associated with the manifestation of metabolic diseases or disorders. In this review, data recording, incidences, genetic parameters, predictors, and status of genetic evaluations were examined for (1) ketosis, (2) displaced abomasum, (3) milk fever, and (4) tetany, as these are the most prevalent metabolic diseases where published genetic parameters are available. The reported incidences of clinical cases of metabolic disorders are generally low (less than 10% of cows are recorded as having a metabolic disease per herd per year or parity/lactation). Heritability estimates are also low and are typically less than 5%. Genetic correlations between metabolic traits are mainly positive, indicating that selection to improve one of these diseases is likely to have a positive effect on the others. Furthermore, there may also be opportunities to select for general disease resistance in terms of metabolic stability. Although there is inconsistency in published genetic correlation estimates between milk yield and metabolic traits, selection for milk yield may be expected to lead to a deterioration in metabolic disorders. Under-recording and difficulty in diagnosing subclinical cases are among the reasons why interest is growing in using easily measurable predictors of metabolic diseases, either recorded on-farm by using sensors and milk tests or off-farm using data collected from routine milk recording. Some countries have already initiated genetic evaluations of metabolic disease traits and currently most of these use clinical observations of disease. However, there are opportunities to use clinical diseases in addition to predictor traits and genomic information to strengthen genetic evaluations for metabolic health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Pryce
- Department of Economic Developments, Jobs, Transport and Resources and La Trobe University, Agribio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - K L Parker Gaddis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Koeck
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Bastin
- Agriculture, Bio-engineering and Chemistry Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - M Abdelsayed
- Holstein Australia, 24-36 Camberwell Road, Hawthorn East, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - N Gengler
- Agriculture, Bio-engineering and Chemistry Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - B Heringstad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - C Egger-Danner
- ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, Dresdner Str. 89/19, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - K F Stock
- Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w.V. (vit), Heinrich-Schroeder-Weg 1, D-27283 Verden, Germany
| | - A J Bradley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom, and; Quality Milk Management Services Ltd., Cedar Barn, Easton Hill, Easton, Wells, Somerset, BA5 1EY, United Kingdom
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Biagi G, Fusaro I, Pezzi P, Formigoni A. Effect of dietary supplementation with malt extracts on milk production. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Biagi
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - I. Fusaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Teramo, Italy
| | - P. Pezzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Teramo, Italy
| | - A. Formigoni
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Bologna, Italy
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Coiatelli MG, Giordano A, Sicilia F, Moretti P, Durel L. An Attempt to Prevent Production Diseases in Dairy andad hocTreatment Cows by Intense Monitoring. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moyes KM. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Nutrient partitioning during intramammary inflammation: A key to severity of mastitis and risk of subsequent diseases?1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5586-93. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Prophylactic strategy with herbal remedy to reduce puerperal metritis risk in dairy cows: A randomized clinical trial. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Barbagianni M, Spanos S, Ioannidi K, Vasileiou N, Katsafadou A, Valasi I, Gouletsou P, Fthenakis G. Increased incidence of peri-parturient problems in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Weiss WP, Azem E, Steinberg W, Reinhardt TA. Effect of feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with a negative cation-anion difference diet on calcium and vitamin D status of periparturient cows and their calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5588-600. [PMID: 26051311 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Holstein cows (>1 gestation) were fed 1 of 3 diets during the last 13 d of gestation (ranged from 22 to 7 d). The control diet (16 cows) was formulated to provide 18,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 and had a dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) of 165mEq/kg (DCAD=Na + K - Cl - S). The second diet (DCAD + D) provided the same amount of vitamin D3 but had a DCAD of -139mEq/kg (17 cows). The third diet (DCAD + 25D) had no supplemental vitamin D3 but provided 6mg/d of 25-(OH) vitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] with a DCAD of -138mEq/kg (20 cows). Diets were fed until parturition and then all cows were fed a common lactation diet that contained vitamin D3. Negative DCAD diets reduced urine pH, with the greatest decrease occurring with the DCAD + D treatment. Urinary Ca excretion was greatest for cows fed DCAD + 25D followed by cows fed DCAD + D. Urinary pH was negatively correlated with urinary excretion of Ca for cows fed DCAD + D. No such correlation was observed with the DCAD + 25D treatment because substantial excretion of urinary Ca occurred at moderate urinary pH values for that treatment. Cows fed DCAD + 25D had greater serum concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 than other treatments from 5 d after supplementation started through 7 d in milk. Concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in serum were greatest in DCAD + 25D cows starting at 2 d before calving and continued through 7 d in milk. Serum Ca concentrations 5 d before calving were greatest for cows fed DCAD + 25D, but at other time points before and after parturition treatment did not affect serum Ca. Incidence of clinical hypocalcemia was not statistically different between treatments, but cows fed DCAD + 25 had the highest incidence rate (12.5, 0, and 20% for control, DCAD + D, and DCAD + 25D). Calves born from cows fed DCAD + 25D had greater concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 in serum at birth than calves from other treatments (before colostrum consumption), but concentrations were similar by 3 d of age. Concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 in colostrum and transition milk were increased by feeding DCAD + 25D, but by 28 d in milk treatment effects no longer existed. Overall, feeding 25-OH vitamin D with a negative DCAD diet increased vitamin D status of the cow and her newborn calf but had minimal effects on calcium status and did not have positive effects on the incidence of hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
| | - E Azem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Steinberg
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - T A Reinhardt
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
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Benzaquen M, Galvão K, Coleman A, Santos J, Goff J, Risco C. Effect of oral mineral and energy supplementation on blood mineral concentrations, energetic and inflammatory profile, and milk yield in dairy cows affected with dystocia. Vet J 2015; 204:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wu Z, Bernard JK, Taylor SJ. Effect of feeding calcareous marine algae to Holstein cows prepartum or postpartum on serum metabolites and performance. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4629-39. [PMID: 25935240 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows and 12 springing heifers were used in a 9-wk randomized design trial to determine the response of cows fed calcareous marine algae (CMA) beginning 3wk prepartum or after parturition through 6wk postpartum on dry matter intake (DMI), blood and urine metabolites, and milk yield and composition. Within parity and expected calving date, cows were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Prepartum diets were supplemented with calcium carbonate (CON) or 50g/d of CMA with a resulting dietary cation-anion difference of -5.17 and -3.99mEq/100g, respectively. Postpartum diets were formulated to provide either 317g/d of sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate (NBC) or 100g/d of CMA, providing a dietary cation-anion difference of 35.58 and 15.64mEq/100g, based on 25kg/d of DMI, respectively. No differences were observed in prepartum DMI or postpartum DMI, milk yield, percentage of milk fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not fat among treatments. Milk protein yield was higher for cows fed CMA prepartum compared with CON. Interactions of prepartum treatment and week were observed for yield of milk fat and energy-corrected milk because of higher yields for cows fed CMA during wk 2 and 6 compared with CON. Serum Na concentrations were greater for cows fed CON prepartum or NBC postpartum compared with CMA. Postpartum urinary concentrations of Na exhibited an interaction among treatments and were higher for CON-NBC and CMA-NBC compared with CON-CMA and CMA-CMA. Similar interactions of treatments were also observed for serum urea N and creatinine postpartum. Postpartum urinary K concentrations were higher for cows fed CMA postpartum compared with NBC. Results of this trial indicate that feeding cows CMA prepartum does not affect DMI or serum metabolites prepartum, but does support higher milk protein yield. Performance and serum metabolite concentrations of cows fed CMA postpartum were comparable with that of cows fed NBC, except for changes in serum and urinary concentration of Na, which was a function of dietary Na intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793.
| | - S J Taylor
- Celtic Sea Minerals, Marigot Ltd., Cork, Ireland
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Kay JK, Loor JJ, Heiser A, McGowan J, Roche JR. Managing the grazing dairy cow through the transition period: a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transition period of the dairy cow generally refers to the last three weeks of gestation and the first three weeks of lactation. During this period, the dairy cow faces numerous physiological challenges, requiring both homeostatic and homeorhetic changes to support the demands of lactation. Management strategies to achieve a successful transition have developed over many decades. Historically, these strategies focussed on achieving high energy intakes pre-calving in an attempt to improve post-calving metabolism; however, more recent research has indicated that this approach may not be appropriate. Physiological and molecular data have indicated that imposing a slight negative energy balance (EBAL) pre-calving can improve post-calving EBAL, metabolic health indices and milk production. It was hypothesised that the challenges of the transition period would be less in a grazing system than in an intensive confinement system, due to the lower milk production and the difference in population density and, therefore, pathogen exposure. However, the molecular and immunological responses to the change of state are similar in magnitude in a moderate-yielding pasture-fed cow and in a high-yielding cow fed a total mixed ration. The collective data point to a peripartum immunosuppression, which is affected by body condition score and feeding level. This review will outline the literature and provide an assessment of the most recent transition cow management for grazing dairy cows.
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50
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Wu Z, Bernard J, Zanzalari K, Chapman J. Effect of feeding a negative dietary cation-anion difference diet for an extended time prepartum on postpartum serum and urine metabolites and performance. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7133-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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