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Hardwick LJA, Davies BP, Pensa S, Burge-Rogers M, Davies C, Baptista AF, Knott R, S McCrone I, Po E, Strugnell BW, Waine K, Wood P, Khaled WT, Summers HD, Rees P, Wills JW, Hughes K. In the Murine and Bovine Maternal Mammary Gland Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 is Activated in Clusters of Epithelial Cells around the Day of Birth. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:10. [PMID: 38722417 PMCID: PMC11081984 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins regulate mammary development. Here we investigate the expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) in the mouse and cow around the day of birth. We present localised colocation analysis, applicable to other mammary studies requiring identification of spatially congregated events. We demonstrate that pSTAT3-positive events are multifocally clustered in a non-random and statistically significant fashion. Arginase-1 expressing cells, consistent with macrophages, exhibit distinct clustering within the periparturient mammary gland. These findings represent a new facet of mammary STAT3 biology, and point to the presence of mammary sub-microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J A Hardwick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin P Davies
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Sara Pensa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maedee Burge-Rogers
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Claire Davies
- The Fold Farm Vets Ltd, Tyne Green, Hexham, Northumberland, UK
| | | | - Robert Knott
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Ian S McCrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Eleonora Po
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | | | - Katie Waine
- Farm Post Mortems Ltd, Durham, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Paul Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- SRUC Aberdeen, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huw D Summers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Paul Rees
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John W Wills
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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2
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Themistokleous KS, Papadopoulos I, Panousis N, Zdragas A, Arsenos G, Kiossis E. Udder Ultrasonography of Dairy Cows: Investigating the Relationship between Echotexture, Blood Flow, Somatic Cell Count and Milk Yield during Dry Period and Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1779. [PMID: 37889732 PMCID: PMC10252054 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Udder health of dairy cows is related to their productivity and welfare. The period from dry-off to calving and early lactation is crucial. Ultrasonography is a useful and practical tool for the examination of the mammary parenchyma and blood flow. This observational study investigated the relationship between udder echotexture features, blood flow volume (BFVol) in the milk vein, milk somatic cell count (SCC) and daily milk yield (DMY) from late lactation, throughout the dry period and consecutive early lactation. Seventeen repeated measurements were performed on twenty-one Holstein cows. The udder parenchyma was examined with B-mode ultrasonography. Udder echotexture was studied using 15 features: Numerical Pixel Value (NPV), Pixel Standard Deviation (PSD), Skewness, Excess, Contrast, Homogeneity, Correlation, Entropy, Run Percentage, Long-Run Emphasis, Grey Value Distribution, Runlength Distribution, Gradient Mean Value, Gradient Variance and Percentage of Non-zero Gradients. Blood flow in the milk vein was examined with spectral Doppler. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to investigate relationships between BFVol, udder echotexture features, SCC and DMY throughout the study period. Our models showed that a 1 kg increase in DMY was associated with a significant increase of 0.25 L/min in the expected BFVol and that a 1,000,000-cells/mL increase in SCC was associated with a significant BFVol decrease of 0.49 L/min, keeping all other variables constant. Multivariable models showed significant associations between DMY and NPV, between PSD and Long-Run Emphasis, and between SCC and NPV, PSD, Gradient Mean Value, Homogeneity, Gradient Variance and Entropy. In conclusion, udder echotexture and BFVol in the milk vein are related to SCC and milk yield. Ultrasonography can be used for the comprehensive assessment of udder health in support of precision dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos S. Themistokleous
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Iraklis Papadopoulos
- Biostatistics Unit, Quartier Hospital, University of Liège, CHU B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Nikolaos Panousis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (E.K.)
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Veterinary Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation of Thessaloniki, 570 01 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Kiossis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.P.); (E.K.)
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3
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Mastitis: Impact of Dry Period, Pathogens, and Immune Responses on Etiopathogenesis of Disease and its Association with Periparturient Diseases. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland initiated by pathogenic bacteria. In fact, mastitis is the second most important reason for the culling of cows from dairy herds, after infertility. In this review we focus on various forms of mastitis, including subclinical and clinical mastitis. We also stress the importance of the dry-off period as an important time when pathogenic bacteria might start their insult to the mammary gland. An important part of the review is the negative effects of mastitis on milk production and composition, as well as economic consequences for dairy farms. The two most important groups of bacteria that are involved in infection of the udder, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, are also discussed. Although all cows have both innate and adaptive immunity against most pathogens, some are more susceptible to the disease than others. That is why we summarize the most important components of innate and adaptive immunity so that the reader understands the specific immune responses of the udder to pathogenic bacteria. One of the most important sections of this review is interrelationship of mastitis with other diseases, especially retained placenta, metritis and endometritis, ketosis, and laminitis. Is mastitis the cause or the consequence of this disease? Finally, the review concludes with treatment and preventive approaches to mastitis.
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4
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McCubbin KD, de Jong E, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, Middleton JR, McDougall S, De Vliegher S, Godden S, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Rowe S, Speksnijder DC, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Invited review: Selective use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle at drying-off. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7161-7189. [PMID: 35931474 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Administering intramammary antimicrobials to all mammary quarters of dairy cows at drying-off [i.e., blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT)] has been a mainstay of mastitis prevention and control. However, as udder health has considerably improved over recent decades with reductions in intramammary infection prevalence at drying-off and the introduction of teat sealants, BDCT may no longer be necessary on all dairy farms, thereby supporting antimicrobial stewardship efforts. This narrative review summarizes available literature regarding current dry cow therapy practices and associated impacts of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on udder health, milk production, economics, antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance. Various methods to identify infections at drying-off that could benefit from antimicrobial treatment are described for selecting cows or mammary quarters for treatment, including utilizing somatic cell count thresholds, pathogen identification, previous clinical mastitis history, or a combination of criteria. Selection methods may be enacted at the herd, cow, or quarter levels. Producers' and veterinarians' motivations for antimicrobial use are discussed. Based on review findings, SDCT can be adopted without negative consequences for udder health and milk production, and concurrent teat sealant use is recommended, especially in udder quarters receiving no intramammary antimicrobials. Furthermore, herd selection should be considered for SDCT implementation in addition to cow or quarter selection, as BDCT may still be temporarily necessary in some herds for optimal mastitis control. Costs and benefits of SDCT vary among herds, whereas impacts on antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In summary, SDCT is a viable management option for maintaining udder health and milk production while improving antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley D McCubbin
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa FVC Morrinsville, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sandra Godden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Sam Rowe
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - David C Speksnijder
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Farm Animal Clinic ULP, 3481LZ Harmelen, the Netherlands
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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5
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Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:621-640. [PMID: 35701569 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a major production disease, causing significant economic losses for dairy farmers in South-Asian countries, as well as other parts of the world. Udder health control programs (UHCP) have been established in developed countries as an effective strategy for mastitis control but have not yet been introduced in South-Asian low-income countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To launch UHCP successfully in dairy herds in South-Asia, it is important to know the current prevalence and risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCM). Therefore, a narrative literature review was conducted with the aim to describe the dairy sector, the prevalence of SCM and its causal agents, risk factors for mastitis occurrence and the control measures suggested by different studies conducted in the selected countries. The literature revealed that India had the highest cattle population. Milking was mainly done by hand in all of the studied countries. Stall feeding was done in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and limited access to grazing was also reported in some farms in India and Pakistan. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of SCM between studies in all 4 countries, ranging from about 20% to about 80%, but the average prevalence across all studies was high (50%). The most common causal agents for SCM were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia (E.) coli. The management related risk factors reported for SCM were stall feeding of cows, a higher stock density, cracked floors, open drains, the presence of flies, poor drainage, peri-parturient diseases, infrequent dung removal and earth floors. The control measures suggested in these studies were to improve the hygiene and sanitation of cows, to improve the cleanliness of farms and milker's hands, to apply dry cow therapy, supplementing micronutrients and routine screening for SCM combined with taking intervention measures like isolation of cows or milking infected cows last, and proper treatment. Also, full hand milking, complete milking, machine milking, and providing feed and water immediately after milking have been recommended. Finally, we show that current literature often studies the same set of (non-manageable) risk factors, so more research is needed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the determinants of SCM. Randomized controlled trials are needed to truly quantify the effect of intervention under field conditions. Altogether, our work gives an overview of the udder health situation in South-Asia and provides the basis for the design of UHCP in this region.
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6
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Shoshani E, van Straten M. Effects of bovine casein hydrolysate as a dry cow therapy on prevention and cure of bovine intramammary infection, milk production, and somatic cell count in the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4354-4369. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Cattaneo L, Mezzetti M, Lopreiato V, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Trevisi E, Minuti A. Gene network expression of whole blood leukocytes in dairy cows with different milk yield at dry-off. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260745. [PMID: 34882732 PMCID: PMC8659302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows at dry-off undergo several management and physiological changes, resulting in alterations in plasma biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system. High milk yield at the end of lactation exacerbates these responses. The underlying mechanism of these changes has yet to be elucidated. We hypothesized altered leukocyte gene expression after dry-off and different responses in cows with different milk yield. Thirteen Holstein dairy cows were sampled at the turn of dry-off to investigated whole blood leukocyte gene expression and were grouped according to the average milk yield during the last week of lactation: low (< 15 kg/d) and high milk yield (> 15 kg/d). Blood samples were collected in PAXgene tubes (Preanalytix, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland) at -7, 7, and 34 days from dry-off (DFD) to measure mRNA abundance of 37 genes. Normalized gene abundance data were subjected to MIXED model ANOVA (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Compared with -7 DFD, at 7 DFD RNA abundance of lipoxygenase genes (ALOX5, ALOX15) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) increased, and that of the antioxidant gene (SOD2) decreased. Meanwhile, genes related to recognition and immune mediation (CD16, MYD88, TLR2), migration and cell adhesion (CX3CR1, ITGAL, ITGB2, TLN1), and the antimicrobial gene MMP9 were downregulated at 7 or 34 DFD, whereas the antimicrobial IDO1 gene was upregulated. Compared with low-producing cows, cows with high milk yield at dry-off cows had upregulated expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL8 and IL18 and a greater reduction in transcript abundance of the toll-like receptor (TLR) recognition-related gene TLR2. Overall, the dry-off confirmed to be a phase of intense changes, triggering an inflammatory response and somewhat suppressing leukocyte immune function. In cows with high milk yield during the week before dry-off, the inflammatory response was exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cattaneo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi for sustainable dairy production (CREI), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Mezzetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi for sustainable dairy production (CREI), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi for sustainable dairy production (CREI), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi for sustainable dairy production (CREI), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi for sustainable dairy production (CREI), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi for sustainable dairy production (CREI), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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8
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643206. [PMID: 34267745 PMCID: PMC8276037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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9
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Abuelo A, Wisnieski L, Brown JL, Sordillo LM. Rumination time around dry-off relative to the development of diseases in early-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5909-5920. [PMID: 33685695 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring rumination time (RT) around the time of calving is an effective way of identifying cows at risk of disease in early lactation. However, this only allows for the identification of cows a few days before the onset of clinical signs; thus, effective preventive measures cannot be implemented. Recent research has suggested that biomarkers of immune and metabolic function measured at dry-off (DO) can predict higher disease risk in early lactation. Nevertheless, the extent to which RT around DO is associated with early-lactation disease risk remains unexplored. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare RT in the weeks before and after DO between cows that did and did not experience health disorders in early lactation. For this, we conducted an observational retrospective cohort study utilizing the records available from a large commercial dairy herd in which RT is recorded daily using an automated system. Daily RT from -7 to +14 d relative to DO from 2,258 DO cycles and their respective health records in the first 60 d in milk were used. Differences in RT between animals with and without a disease history were tested with the Student t-test with Bonferroni adjustment. Mixed linear regression analyses were performed to assess differences in RT around DO and the association of RT with the occurrence of mastitis, metritis, retained placenta, hyperketonemia, lameness, hypocalcemia, pneumonia, and displaced abomasum. Rumination time decreased abruptly at DO and remained lower for 3 to 4 d compared with the days before DO. On average, cows affected by hyperketonemia and lameness ruminated 9.83 ± 6.40 and 15.00 ± 6.08 min/d less than unaffected cows, respectively. Cows that developed lameness in the first 60 d in milk showed reduced RT from 1 to 3 d following DO compared with cows that were not diagnosed with lameness in early lactation. However, RT around DO was not associated with the occurrence of the other health disorders studied here. Our results demonstrate that DO is a stressful event for dairy cows resulting in decreased RT for several days. Furthermore, the association between RT around DO and some early-lactation diseases suggests that RT could be a useful tool to identify at-risk cows early enough to allow for preventive interventions. Further studies should investigate the diagnostic utility of incorporating RT data early in the dry period in the disease prediction algorithms of rumination sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - Lauren Wisnieski
- Center for Animal and Human Health in Appalachia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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10
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Dry Period or Early Lactation-Time of Onset and Associated Risk Factors for Intramammary Infections in Dairy Cows. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020224. [PMID: 33670688 PMCID: PMC7922643 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and its relation to risk factors for intramammary infections and clinical mastitis at cow and quarter levels. In total, 269 German Holstein Frisian dairy cows on three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off, 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, for cytomicrobiological examination. Risk factors at quarter- and cow-level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving for the second time increased the odds of clinical mastitis during the first 100 days of lactation compared to cows calving for the third time or more. A high milk yield after calving was a risk factor for new infections, with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. A body condition score after calving less than 3.5 was associated with a decreased risk of having an intra-mammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococci and coryneforms 3 ± 1 days postpartum and consistent body condition between dry-off and early lactation decreased the risk of intramammary infections after calving. The absence of a ring of hyperkeratosis at the teat apex shown at dry-off was associated with a lower risk of intramammary infections with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. This study shows the important influence of the dry period and early lactation on intramammary infections and clinical mastitis postpartum in dairy cows. Udder quarters may have eliminated pathogens during the dry period in 43.6% of cases in this study. Additionally, new infections occurred during early lactation, so 5.1% more quarters were infected 17 ± 3 days compared to 3 ± 1 days postpartum. New infections can be traced to non-aureus staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from dry-off up until 3 ± 1 days postpartum, and to non-aureus staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis, after calving. In total, 88.7% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 3 ± 1 days postpartum than at dry-off, and 89.2% of the quarters 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has just as important an influence on intramammary infections postpartum in dairy cows as the dry period. There is the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens during the early lactation, especially during the dry period. However, there is also the danger that new infections manifest, with a large proportion of new infections occurring after calving. Thus, additional control strategies are of great importance to prevent new infections occurring during early lactation as well as during the dry period to reduce negative effects on milk yield and culling hazards in dairy cows by minimizing the associated risk factors.
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11
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Orellano MS, Bohl LP, Breser ML, Isaac P, Falcone RD, Porporatto C. A comparative study of antimicrobial activity of differently-synthesized chitosan nanoparticles against bovine mastitis pathogens. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:694-703. [PMID: 33216104 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The greatest concern in dairy farming nowadays is bovine mastitis (BM), which results mainly from bacterial colonization of the mammary gland. Antibiotics are the most widely used strategy for its prevention and treatment, but overuse has led to growing antimicrobial resistance. Pathogens have also developed other mechanisms to persist in the udder, such as biofilm formation and internalization into bovine epithelial cells. New therapies are therefore needed to reduce or replace antibiotic therapies. In a previous study, we found that chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) have considerable potential for the treatment of BM. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of differently-synthesized Ch-NPs against BM pathogens and their toxicity in bovine cells in vitro, to further explore the attributes of Ch-NPs for the prevention and treatment of intramammary infections. We also looked into their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and prevent the internalization of S. aureus into mammary epithelial cells. Finally, since an interesting approach for BM prevention is to enhance the host's immune response, we studied whether Ch-NPs could promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mammary epithelial cells. The results reveal that the bactericidal effect of Ch-NPs on BM pathogens and their ability to inhibit biofilm formation are size-dependent, with smaller particles being more efficient. In contrast, their effect on the viability of the cell lines is not size-dependent and all samples tested were non-toxic. The smallest Ch-NPs successfully prevented the internalization of S. aureus into the cells, but did not promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings make it possible to conclude that Ch-NPs are a great bactericidal agent which can prevent the main mechanisms developed by BM pathogens to persist in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad Orellano
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina. and Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET. Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3. C.P. X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Luciana P Bohl
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina.
| | - María L Breser
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina.
| | - Paula Isaac
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina.
| | - R Darío Falcone
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET. Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3. C.P. X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina.
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12
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Trimboli F, Ragusa M, Piras C, Lopreiato V, Britti D. Outcomes from Experimental Testing of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Administration during the Transition Period of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101832. [PMID: 33050071 PMCID: PMC7601688 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The treatment of dairy cows with nonsteroidal drugs is applied experimentally to investigate the relevance of inflammation during the periparturient period. Despite appearing healthy, dairy cows throughout the transition period and mainly after parturition can develop a pro-inflammatory status that may negatively influence milk production and cows’ health. The administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been demonstrated to have both positive or negative effects on health and milk production, depending on the type of inhibition mechanism, the dose administered and the cows’ lactation numbers. At present, the safety and efficacy of NSAIDs have not been irrefutably demonstrated; therefore, their use to improve metabolic and inflammatory status, as well as milk production and cow health after parturition, should be carefully evaluated. Abstract During the transition period, dairy cows experience great physiological stress caused by changes in metabolism and in the immune and endocrine systems. A pro-inflammatory state is another difficulty faced by even apparently healthy animals. The most significant negative consequences of inflammation in dairy cows are substantial impairment of milk production and deleterious effects on cows’ health in extreme cases. Nonetheless, a certain degree of inflammation is necessary to sustain physiological adaptations. In recent years, many studies have attempted to determine whether the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in the transition period of dairy cows could positively affect milk production and cows’ health by controlling the inflammation status. This literature indicates that NSAIDs that act as preferential inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity show important side effects (e.g., increased risk of retained placenta, culling, or metritis) even if milk production is, on average, ameliorated. In contrast, preferential inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity have overall positive effects on cows’ health, with potential beneficial effects on milk production. Furthermore, it is important to note that with certain NSAID treatments, milk discarding is mandatory to prevent contamination with drug residues, but increased milk production can compensate for the loss of milk revenue during the withdrawal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trimboli
- Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.T.); (C.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Monica Ragusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Cristian Piras
- Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.T.); (C.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.T.); (C.P.); (D.B.)
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13
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Pascottini OB, Leroy JLMR, Opsomer G. Metabolic Stress in the Transition Period of Dairy Cows: Focusing on the Prepartum Period. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1419. [PMID: 32823892 PMCID: PMC7460369 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All modern, high-yielding dairy cows experience a certain degree of reduced insulin sensitivity, negative energy balance, and systemic inflammation during the transition period. Maladaptation to these changes may result in excessive fat mobilization, dysregulation of inflammation, immunosuppression, and, ultimately, metabolic or infectious disease in the postpartum period. Up to half of the clinical diseases in the lifespan of high-yielding dairy cows occur within 3 weeks of calving. Thus, the vast majority of prospective studies on transition dairy cows are focused on the postpartum period. However, predisposition to clinical disease and key (patho)physiological events such as a spontaneous reduction in feed intake, insulin resistance, fat mobilization, and systemic inflammation already occur in the prepartum period. This review focuses on metabolic, adaptive events occurring from drying off until calving in high-yielding cows and discusses determinants that may trigger (mal)adaptation to these events in the late prepartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Jo L. M. R. Leroy
- Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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14
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Cheng WN, Jeong CH, Kim DH, Han SG. Short communication: Effects of moringa extract on adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli O55 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7416-7424. [PMID: 32475678 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of extract derived from moringa leaves. In particular, the effect of moringa extract (Mor) on adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli O55, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Serratia liquefaciens was evaluated in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). Broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays, adhesion and invasion assays, and real-time PCR were performed. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Mor ranged from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL on 18 out of 27 tested isolates. Treatment of E. coli O55 with Mor (100 and 200 μg/mL) inhibited the adhesion and invasion on MAC-T cells via downregulation of adhesion factors (i.e., papC, f17c-A, and eaeA). Also, when MAC-T cells were pretreated with Mor (200 μg/mL, 12 h) and incubated with E. coli O55, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus simulans, or Serratia liquefaciens, both E. coli O55 and Enterococcus faecalis showed a significant decrease in adhesion and invasion. Staphylococcus simulans exhibited decreased adhesion and increased invasion. Serratia liquefaciens showed increased adhesion and decreased invasion. In addition, Mor increased mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, and thioredoxin reductase 1) in MAC-T cells. In conclusion, 12.5 to 50 mg/mL of Mor exhibited antibacterial activity against 18 out of 27 tested isolates. Also, pretreatment of 200 μg/mL of Mor to MAC-T cells modulated adhesion and invasion of E. coli O55 and other mastitis-associated pathogens. Furthermore, Mor increased antioxidant capacities in MAC-T cells, but further in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - C H Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - D H Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - S G Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Mezzetti M, Minuti A, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Trevisi E. Inflammatory status and metabolic changes at dry-off in high-yield dairy cows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1691472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mezzetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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16
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Trimboli F, Morittu VM, Di Loria A, Minuti A, Spina AA, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Trevisi E, Britti D, Lopreiato V. Effect of Pegbovigrastim on Hematological Profile of Simmental Dairy Cows during the Transition Period. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100841. [PMID: 31640199 PMCID: PMC6826567 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the transition period (TP), the innate and adaptive immune system of dairy cows is impaired, contributing to an increase in susceptibility to infectious disease. Pegbovigrastim is a recombinant form of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, that stimulates differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells to granulocyte and shortens maturation time within the bone marrow and their release in circulation. For the first time, this study investigated the effect of pegbovigrastim on the hematologic profile, including red cells and platelets during the TP in dual-purpose Simmental dairy cows. Results confirm the efficacy of pegbovigrastim administration in promoting the numbers of total with cells, mainly neutrophils. Nevertheless, this study highlighted the presence of an anemia condition in treated cows most likely caused by an inflammatory process involving the endothelium. Overall, this study confirms the safety of pegbovigrastim administration, but further studies need to check its ability to reduce infection even in Simmental breed. Abstract Pegbovigrastim is a long-acting analog of recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, that promotes and increases the count and functionality of polymorphonuclear cells in dairy cows. The present study aimed to explore, for the first time in Simmental cows, the clinical and hematological effect of pegbovigrastim during the transition period (TP). Cows were randomly assigned into two groups: treated group (PEG; n = 16) received pegbovigrastim at approximately 7 days before expected parturition and within 6 h after calving, and control group (CTR; n = 16) received saline solution. Blood samples were obtained at −7, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days relative to calving. PEG group showed white blood cells (WBC) count consistently higher compared with CTR group (p < 0.001) until to 3 weeks after calving. Neutrophils remained higher in PEG group (p < 0.001) up to three weeks after calving, compared with CTR group, with slight increment of band cells. Moreover, PEG group displayed a lower index of myeloperoxidase at 1, 3, and 7 days after calving (p < 0.01) compared with CTR. Basophils and lymphocytes showed a similar trend to those observed for neutrophils at 1 day after calving in PEG group. Finally, monocytes remained markedly elevated until 3 days after calving in PEG compared to CTR group (p < 0.001), whereas in PEG group, eosinophils population showed lower percentage values at 1 and 3 days after calving but higher values at 30 days compared with CTR group. PEG group was characterized by lower red blood cells (RBCs) count compared with CTR group (p < 0.05) and higher % of red cell volume distribution width (RDW) from week 2 and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at 30 days after calving. In addition, the mean platelet volume (MPV) was significantly higher in PEG group at calving, 1, 3, and 7 days after calving compared with CTR group (p < 0.05). For the first time, we described the effect of pegbovigrastim in a breed not specialized exclusively in milk production as Holstein, but with dual purpose (meat and milk), evaluating the complete hematological profile in cows during the transition period. These results provide evidence on the proliferative effect of pegbovigrastim on WBC in Simmental breed highlighting its possible side effect on RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trimboli
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Valeria Maria Morittu
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Antonella Anna Spina
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Domenico Britti
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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17
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Cremonesi P, Ceccarani C, Curone G, Severgnini M, Pollera C, Bronzo V, Riva F, Addis MF, Filipe J, Amadori M, Trevisi E, Vigo D, Moroni P, Castiglioni B. Milk microbiome diversity and bacterial group prevalence in a comparison between healthy Holstein Friesian and Rendena cows. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205054. [PMID: 30356246 PMCID: PMC6200206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry and early lactation periods represent the most critical phases for udder health in cattle, especially in highly productive breeds, such as the Holstein Friesian (HF). On the other hand, some autochthonous cattle breeds, such as the Rendena (REN), have a lower prevalence of mastitis and other transition-related diseases. In this study, milk microbiota of 6 HF and 3 REN cows, all raised on the same farm under the same conditions, was compared. A special focus was placed on the transition period to define bacterial groups’ prevalence with a plausible effect on mammary gland health. Four time points (dry-off, 1 d, 7–10 d and 30 d after calving) were considered. Through 16S rRNA sequencing, we characterized the microbiota composition for 117 out of the 144 milk samples initially collected, keeping only the healthy quarters, in order to focus on physiological microbiome changes and avoid shifts due to suspected diseases. Microbial populations were very different in the two breeds along all the time points, with REN milk showing a significantly lower microbial biodiversity. The taxonomic profiles of both cosmopolitan and local breeds were dominated by Firmicutes, mostly represented by the Streptococcus genus, although in very different proportions (HF 27.5%, REN 68.6%). Large differences in HF and REN cows were, also, evident from the metabolic predictive analysis from microbiome data. Finally, only HF milk displayed significant changes in the microbial composition along the transition period, while REN maintained a more stable microbiota. In conclusion, in addition to the influence on the final characteristics of dairy products obtained from milk of the two breeds, differences in the milk microbiome might, also, have an impact on their mammary gland health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Lodi, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Lodi, Italy
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18
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Derakhshani H, Fehr KB, Sepehri S, Francoz D, De Buck J, Barkema HW, Plaizier JC, Khafipour E. Invited review: Microbiota of the bovine udder: Contributing factors and potential implications for udder health and mastitis susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10605-10625. [PMID: 30292553 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various body sites of vertebrates provide stable and nutrient-rich ecosystems for a diverse range of commensal, opportunistic, and pathogenic microorganisms to thrive. The collective genomes of these microbial symbionts (the microbiome) provide host animals with several advantages, including metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates, biosynthesis of vitamins, and modulation of innate and adaptive immune systems. In the context of the bovine udder, however, the relationship between cow and microbes has been traditionally viewed strictly from the perspective of host-pathogen interactions, with intramammary infections by mastitis pathogens triggering inflammatory responses (i.e., mastitis) that are often detrimental to mammary tissues and cow physiology. This traditional view has been challenged by recent metagenomic studies indicating that mammary secretions of clinically healthy quarters can harbor genomic markers of diverse bacterial groups, the vast majority of which have not been associated with mastitis. These observations have given rise to the concept of "commensal mammary microbiota," the ecological properties of which can have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of mastitis and offer opportunities for development of novel prophylactic or therapeutic products (or both) as alternatives to antimicrobials. Studies conducted to date have suggested that an optimum diversity of mammary microbiota is associated with immune homeostasis, whereas the microbiota of mastitic quarters, or those with a history of mastitis, are considerably less diverse. Whether disruption of the diversity of udder microbiota (dysbiosis) has a role in determining mastitis susceptibility remains unknown. Moreover, little is known about contributions of various biotic and abiotic factors in shaping overall diversity of udder microbiota. This review summarizes current understanding of the microbiota within various niches of the udder and highlights the need to view the microbiota of the teat apex, teat canal, and mammary secretions as interconnected niches of a highly dynamic microbial ecosystem. In addition, host-associated factors, including physiological and anatomical parameters, as well as genetic traits that may affect the udder microbiota are briefly discussed. Finally, current understanding of the effect of antimicrobials on the composition of intramammary microbiota is discussed, highlighting the resilience of udder microbiota to exogenous perturbants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Derakhshani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Kelsey B Fehr
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Shadi Sepehri
- Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - David Francoz
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Jan C Plaizier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9 Canada.
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19
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Ruegg PL. A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10381-10397. [PMID: 29153171 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most frequent disease of dairy cows and has well-recognized detrimental effects on animal wellbeing and dairy farm profitability. Since the beginning of modern dairy farming, producers have sought effective methods to minimize the occurrence of mastitis in their herds. The objective of this paper is to review and highlight important advances in detection, management, and prevention of mastitis that have occurred since the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published in 1917. Initial research efforts were directed at understanding the nature of pathogenic bacteria that were responsible for most intramammary infections. For decades, researchers worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. To develop successful control programs, mastitis workers first had to identify mechanisms of infection, define the clinical and subclinical states of the disease, discover appropriate screening tests, determine likely points of exposure, identify pathogen-specific characteristics, and develop effective procedures for machine milking. Pioneering researchers eventually recognized that mastitis control was based on preventing new infections from occurring in healthy cows and reducing the duration that cows remained infected. Development of a control program that incorporated post-milking teat dipping, hygienic milking procedures, and strategic use of antibiotic therapy at dry-off resulted in widespread control of contagious pathogens. As herd management changed, researchers were tasked with defining control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens originating from environmental sources. As mastitis pathogens have evolved, researchers have sought to define antimicrobial usage that will maintain animal wellbeing while minimizing unnecessary usage. During the last century, tremendous significant advances in mastitis control have been made but changing herd structure and more rigorous processor standards ensure that mastitis will remain an important subject focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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20
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Betts CB, Pennock ND, Caruso BP, Ruffell B, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mucosal Immunity in the Female Murine Mammary Gland. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:734-746. [PMID: 29884705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is not classically considered a mucosal organ, although it exhibits some features common to mucosal tissues. Notably, the mammary epithelium is contiguous with the external environment, is exposed to bacteria during lactation, and displays antimicrobial features. Nonetheless, immunological hallmarks predictive of mucosal function have not been demonstrated in the mammary gland, including immune tolerance to foreign Ags under homeostasis. This inquiry is important, as mucosal immunity in the mammary gland may assure infant and women's health during lactation. Further, such mucosal immune programs may protect mammary function at the expense of breast cancer promotion via decreased immune surveillance. In this study, using murine models, we evaluated mammary specific mucosal attributes focusing on two reproductive states at increased risk for foreign and self-antigen exposure: lactation and weaning-induced involution. We find a baseline mucosal program of RORγT+ CD4+ T cells that is elevated within lactating and involuting mammary glands and is extended during involution to include tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotypes, barrier-supportive antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells. Further, we demonstrate suppression of Ag-dependent CD4+ T cell activation, data consistent with immune tolerance. We also find Ag-independent accumulation of memory RORγT+ Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells specifically within the involution mammary gland consistent with an active immune process. Overall, these data elucidate strong mucosal immune programs within lactating and involuting mammary glands. Our findings support the classification of the mammary gland as a temporal mucosal organ and open new avenues for exploration into breast pathologic conditions, including compromised lactation and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Nathan D Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Breanna P Caruso
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612.,Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239; .,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Harrelson P, Hallford D, Ross T. Short communication: Effects of fluoxetine on lactation at weaning in sheep. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:801-805. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Watanabe A, Hata E, Sláma P, Kimura K, Hirai T. Characteristics of mammary secretions from Holstein cows at approximately 10 days before parturition: with or without intramammary infection. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1368524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Petr Sláma
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunao Hirai
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Hokkaido, Japan
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Canning P, Hassfurther R, TerHune T, Rogers K, Abbott S, Kolb D. Efficacy and clinical safety of pegbovigrastim for preventing naturally occurring clinical mastitis in periparturient primiparous and multiparous cows on US commercial dairies. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6504-6515. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Leite RF, Baccili CC, Silva CPDCE, Novo SMF, Baldacim VAP, Benites NR, Gomes V. Transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerras alimentadas com colostro de vacas com mastite subclínica. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000022015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou a influência da infecção bacteriana da glândula mamária (GM) sobre a transferência de imunidade passiva (TIP) em bezerros recém-nascidos. Vacas holandesas (n=13) foram observadas no momento da parição e ordenhadas para a obtenção de forma asséptica das amostras de colostro (n=52) para os testes microbiológicos. Os recém-nascidos receberam 6 litros de colostro de uma ordenha nas primeiras 12 horas de vida, proveniente de suas respectivas mães. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes (D0) e após (D2) o manejo do colostro. A TIP foi avaliada por meio de testes bioquímicos, eletroforese e leucograma. Os bezerros foram distribuídos conforme a ausência (IB-) ou presença (IB+) de infecção mamária em pelo menos uma GM de suas respectivas mães. Todas as amostras de colostro (n=52) foram negativas ao cultivo fúngico. Das 13 fêmeas, 8 (61%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano em ≥1 quartos mamários. Considerando-se os quartos mamários, foi obtido isolamento bacteriano em 21,15% (11/52), observando-se predomínio de espécies bacterianas do grupo Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os parâmetros de acordo com os grupos experimentais. Em relação aos momentos, foi possível verificar aumento nos valores de proteína total, globulinas, atividade sérica da gama glutamiltransferase e frações eletroforéticas beta e gamaglobulina após a ingestão do colostro materno. A mastite subclínica não influencia a transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros recém-nascidos da raça holandesa, avaliados por teste bioquímicos, eletroforese e leucograma.
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Chen JM, Stull CL, Ledgerwood DN, Tucker CB. Muddy conditions reduce hygiene and lying time in dairy cattle and increase time spent on concrete. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:2090-2103. [PMID: 28041723 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle spend less time lying and show signs of increased stress when housed in rainy and windy conditions, but no work has separated the effects of exposure to inclement weather from muddy conditions underfoot. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of muddy conditions alone on lying behavior, hygiene, and physiological responses. We housed pairs of pregnant, nonlactating dairy cattle (n = 12; 6 primigravid heifers, 6 multiparous cows) in enclosed pens with dirt floors and a concrete feed apron. Cattle were exposed to 3 levels of soil moisture: 90 (dry), 74 (muddy), or 67% (very muddy) dry matter for 5 d each in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Lying time was measured on all days with data loggers, and lying locations and postures were recorded on the final day of each treatment. Before and after each treatment, blood samples were collected, and the percentage of dirty surface area was measured on the udder, hind leg, and side of each animal. Cattle spent less time lying down in muddier conditions, especially in the first 24 h of exposure, when cows and heifers spent only 3.2 and 5.8 h, respectively, lying down in the muddiest treatment compared with 12.5 and 12.7 h on dry soil. When the soil was dry, cattle never chose to lie down on concrete, but in muddier conditions they spent a greater proportion of their lying time on concrete (mean ± SE: 56 ± 14 and 10 ± 8% in the very muddy and muddy treatments, respectively). The shift in lying location was more marked for heifers, and all 6 spent ≥87% of their lying time on concrete in the muddiest treatment. When cattle chose to lie down on wetter soil, they limited the surface area exposed to their surroundings by tucking their legs beneath their bodies (mean ± SE: 30 ± 11, 15 ± 4, and 5 ± 2% of lying observations in the very muddy, muddy, and dry treatments, respectively). Despite cattle spending less time on wetter soil, all 3 measured body parts became dirtier in muddier conditions (1.4-, 1.6-, and 1.8-fold more on the leg, udder, and side, respectively, in the muddiest compared with the driest treatment). In addition, higher soil moisture levels resulted in greater reductions in white blood cell counts relative to baseline levels (-0.95, -0.43, and 0.34 × 109/L relative to baseline levels in the very muddy, muddy, and dry treatments). Muddy conditions, even in the absence of wind or rain, are aversive for cattle and have negative implications for their welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Chen
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 95616
| | - Carolyn L Stull
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616
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Petzer IM, Karzis J, Donkin EF, Webb EC. A pathogen-specific approach towards udder health management in dairy herds: Using culture and somatic cell counts from routine herd investigations. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2016; 83:e1-e12. [PMID: 27608503 PMCID: PMC6238785 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dedicated udder health diagnostic programme was developed and used over a 15-year period in South Africa to analyse milk samples based on microbiological and cytological patterns within various groups and for individual cows and udder quarters in dairy herds. These pathogen-specific analyses are utilised for pro-active improvement and management of udder health in South African commercial dairy herds. The programme acts as a monitoring tool and identifies management areas at risk and individual cows with udder disease and uses both quarter and composite milk samples. Intra-mammary infection (IMI) is a dynamic situation and depending on the time a milk sample is taken, false-negative results may be obtained. A new IMI and an infection that is curing may both have low somatic cell counts (SCCs), masking the true bacterial status. SCC in individual infected udder quarters may differ greatly depending on the causative bacterial species, its pathogenicity, the host immune status and the environmental factors involved. A pathogen-specific udder health approach was followed with repeated herd tests to take account of these udder health dynamics. The results of the herd IMI investigation are applied in practice to assist veterinarians, udder health consultants and managers to make informed and specific detailed decisions at both a herd and on an individual cow basis regarding udder health.
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A cross-sectional study of 329 farms in England to identify risk factors for ovine clinical mastitis. Prev Vet Med 2016; 125:89-98. [PMID: 26809634 PMCID: PMC4776703 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to estimate the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) and identify risk factors for clinical mastitis in suckler ewes to generate hypotheses for future study. A postal questionnaire was sent to 999 randomly selected English sheep farmers in 2010 to gather data on farmer reported IRCM and flock management practices for the calendar year 2009, of which 329 provided usable information. The mean IRCM per flock was 1.2/100 ewes/year (CI:1.10:1.35). The IRCM was 2.0, 0.9 and 1.3/100 ewes/year for flocks that lambed indoors, outdoors and a combination of both, respectively. Farmers ran a variety of managements before, during and after lambing that were not comparable within one model, therefore six mixed effects over-dispersed Poisson regression models were developed. Factors significantly associated with increased IRCM were increasing percentage of the flock with poor udder conformation, increasing mean number of lambs reared/ewe and when some or all ewes lambed in barns compared with outdoors (Model 1). For ewes housed in barns before lambing (Model 2), concrete, earth and other materials were associated with an increase in IRCM compared with hardcore floors (an aggregate of broken bricks and stones). For ewes in barns during lambing (Model 3), an increase in IRCM was associated with concrete compared with hardcore flooring and where bedding was stored covered outdoors or in a building compared with bedding stored outdoors uncovered. For ewes in barns after lambing (Model 4), increased IRCM was associated with earth compared with hardcore floors, and when fresh bedding was added once per week compared with at a frequency of ≤2 days or twice/week. The IRCM was lower for flocks where some or all ewes remained in the same fields before, during and after lambing compared with flocks that did not (Model 5). Where ewes and lambs were turned outdoors after lambing (Model 6), the IRCM increased as the age of the oldest lambs at turnout increased. We conclude that the reported IRCM is low but highly variable and that the complexity of management of sheep around lambing limits the insight into generating hypotheses at flock level for risks for clinical mastitis across the whole industry. Whilst indoor production was generally associated with an increased IRCM, for ewes with large litter size indoor lambing was protective, we hypothesise that this is possibly because of better nutrition or reduced exposure to poor weather and factors associated with hygiene.
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Baravalle C, Silvestrini P, Cadoche MC, Beccaria C, Andreotti CS, Renna MS, Pereyra EA, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking induces changes in the expression of toll-like receptors, MyD88 and NF-kB during early involution. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Minuti A, Zhou Z, Graugnard DE, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Palladino AR, Cardoso FC, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Acute mammary and liver transcriptome responses after an intramammary Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in postpartal dairy cows. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/4/e12388. [PMID: 25921778 PMCID: PMC4425984 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on the bovine mammary and liver transcriptome and its consequences on metabolic biomarkers and liver tissue composition. At 7 days of lactation, 7 cows served as controls (CTR) and 7 cows (LPS) received an intramammary Escherichia coli LPS challenge. The mammary and liver tissues for transcriptomic profiling were biopsied at 2.5 h from challenge. Liver composition was evaluated at 2.5 h and 7 days after challenge, and blood biomarkers were analyzed at 2, 3, 7 and 14 days from challenge. In mammary tissue, the LPS challenge resulted in 189 differentially expressed genes (DEG), with 20 down-regulated and 169 up-regulated. In liver tissue, there were 107 DEG in LPS compared with CTR with 42 down-regulated and 65 up-regulated. In mammary, bioinformatics analysis highlighted that LPS led to activation of NOD-like receptor signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling and apoptosis pathways. In liver, LPS resulted in an overall inhibition of fatty acid elongation in mitochondria and activation of the p53 signaling pathway. The LPS challenge induced changes in liver lipid composition, a systemic inflammation (rise of blood ceruloplasmin and bilirubin), and an increase in body fat mobilization. The data suggest that cells within the inflamed mammary gland respond by activating mechanisms of pathogen recognition. However, in the liver the response likely depends on mediators originating from the udder that affect liver functionality and specifically fatty acid metabolism (β-oxidation, ketogenesis, and lipoprotein synthesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel E Graugnard
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Felipe C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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Hassfurther RL, TerHune TN, Canning PC. Efficacy of polyethylene glycol–conjugated bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for reducing the incidence of naturally occurring clinical mastitis in periparturient dairy cows and heifers. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:231-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mullen K, Anderson K, Washburn S. Effect of 2 herbal intramammary products on milk quantity and quality compared with conventional and no dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3509-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Immune response of heifers against a Staphylococcus aureus CP5 whole cell and lysate vaccine formulated with ISCOM Matrix adjuvant. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:86-94. [PMID: 24210331 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen from bovine intramammary infections worldwide. Commercially available vaccines for mastitis control are composed either of S. aureus lysates or whole-cells formulated with traditional adjuvants. We recently showed the ability of a S. aureus CP5 whole-cell vaccine adjuvanted with ISCOM Matrix to increase specific antibodies production in blood and milk, improving opsonic capacity, compared with the same vaccine formulated with Al(OH)3. However, there is no information about the use of ISCOM Matrix for the formulation of bacterial lysates. The aim of this study was to characterize the innate and humoral immune responses induced by a S. aureus CP5 whole-cell or lysate vaccine, formulated with ISCOM Matrix after immunization of pregnant heifers. Both immunogens stimulated strong humoral immune responses in blood and milk, raising antibodies that increased opsonic capacity. Lysate formulation generated a higher and longer lasting antibody titer and stimulated a higher expression of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with the whole-cell vaccine.
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Salman S, Dinse D, Khol-Parisini A, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schreiner M, Scharek-Tedin L, Zentek J. Colostrum and milk selenium, antioxidative capacity and immune status of dairy cows fed sodium selenite or selenium yeast. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:48-61. [PMID: 23298256 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.755327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary selenium (Se) can be supplemented from organic or inorganic sources and this may affect Se metabolism and functional outcome such as antioxidative status and immune functions in dairy cows. A feeding trial was performed with 16 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows fed with a total mixed ration (0.18 mg Se/kg dry matter (DM)) either without Se supplement (Control, n = 5), or with Se from sodium selenite (Group SeS, n = 5) or Se yeast (Group SeY, n = 6). In Groups SeS and SeY, the Se supplementation amounted to an additional intake of 4 mg Se and 6 mg Se/d during gestation and lactation, respectively. The effect of both Se sources was characterised by milk Se and antioxidant levels, and the phenotyping and functional assessment of phagocytic activity of milk immune cells. Se yeast has been found to increase (p ≤ 0.001) the milk Se and antioxidant levels markedly compared to the control group. The experimental treatment did not affect the immune parameters of the cows. Lymphocyte subpopulations and phagocytosis activity of neutrophilic granulocytes were affected neither by the Se intake nor by the two different dietary supplements. It can be concluded that sodium selenite and Se yeast differ considerably in their effects on antioxidant status in dairy cows. However, the basal dietary Se concentration of 0.18 mg/kg DM seemed to be high enough for the measured immune variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Salman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health. Animal 2012; 6:403-14. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Aitken SL, Corl CM, Sordillo LM. Immunopathology of mastitis: insights into disease recognition and resolution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:291-304. [PMID: 21938490 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacterial infection. The inflammatory process is a normal and necessary immunological response to invading pathogens. The purpose of host inflammatory responses is to eliminate the source of tissue injury, restore immune homeostasis, and return tissues to normal function. The inflammatory cascade results not only in the escalation of local antimicrobial factors, but also in the increased movement of leukocytes and plasma components from the blood that may cause damage to host tissues. A precarious balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms is needed to ensure optimal bacterial clearance and the prompt return to immune homeostasis. Therefore, inflammatory responses must be tightly regulated to avoid bystander damage to the milk synthesizing tissues of the mammary gland. The defense mechanisms of the mammary gland function optimally when invading bacteria are recognized promptly, the initial inflammatory response is adequate to rapidly eliminate the infection, and the mammary gland is returned to normal function quickly without any noticeable clinical symptoms. Suboptimal or dysfunctional mammary gland defenses, however, may contribute to the development of severe acute inflammation or chronic mastitis that adversely affects the quantity and quality of milk. This review will summarize critical mammary gland defense mechanisms that are necessary for immune surveillance and the rapid elimination of mastitis-causing organisms. Situations in which diminished efficiency of innate or adaptive mammary gland immune responses may contribute to disease pathogenesis will also be discussed. A better understanding of the complex interactions between mammary gland defenses and mastitis-causing pathogens should prove useful for the future control of intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Aitken
- G300 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Oliver SP, Murinda SE, Jayarao BM. Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: a comprehensive review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:337-55. [PMID: 21133795 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have saved millions of human lives, and their use has contributed significantly to improving human and animal health and well-being. Use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has resulted in healthier, more productive animals; lower disease incidence and reduced morbidity and mortality in humans and animals; and production of abundant quantities of nutritious, high-quality, and low-cost food for human consumption. In spite of these benefits, there is considerable concern from public health, food safety, and regulatory perspectives about the use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals. Over the last two decades, development of antimicrobial resistance resulting from agricultural use of antibiotics that could impact treatment of diseases affecting the human population that require antibiotic intervention has become a significant global public health concern. In the present review, we focus on antibiotic use in lactating and nonlactating cows in U.S. dairy herds, and address four key questions: (1) Are science-based data available to demonstrate antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens that cause disease in dairy cows associated with use of antibiotics in adult dairy cows? (2) Are science-based data available to demonstrate that antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens that cause disease in adult dairy cows impacts pathogens that cause disease in humans? (3) Does antimicrobial resistance impact the outcome of therapy? (4) Are antibiotics used prudently in the dairy industry? On the basis of this review, we conclude that scientific evidence does not support widespread, emerging resistance among pathogens isolated from dairy cows to antibacterial drugs even though many of these antibiotics have been used in the dairy industry for treatment and prevention of disease for several decades. However, it is clear that use of antibiotics in adult dairy cows and other food-producing animals does contribute to increased antimicrobial resistance. Although antimicrobial resistance does occur, we are of the opinion that the advantages of using antibiotics in adult dairy cows far outweigh the disadvantages. Last, as this debate continues, we need to consider the consequences of "what would happen if antibiotics are banned for use in the dairy industry and in other food-producing animals?" The implications of this question are far reaching and include such aspects as animal welfare, health, and well-being, and impacts on food quantity, quality, and food costs, among others. This question should be an important aspect in this ongoing and controversial debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Oliver
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Tempelman R, Saama P, Freeman A, Kelm S, Kuck A, Jr MK, Burton J. Genetic Variation in Bovine Neutrophil Sensitivity to Glucocorticoid Challenge. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/090647002762381078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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SAKAI S, SATOW T, IMAKAWA K, NAGAOKA K. Hydrogen peroxide produced by a low-molecular-weight compound in milk with high electrical conductivity in dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:694-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hovey RC, Aimo L. Diverse and active roles for adipocytes during mammary gland growth and function. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:279-90. [PMID: 20717712 PMCID: PMC2941079 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is unique in its requirement to develop in close association with a depot of adipose tissue that is commonly referred to as the mammary fat pad. As discussed throughout this issue, the mammary fat pad represents a complex stromal microenvironment that includes a variety of cell types. In this article we focus on adipocytes as local regulators of epithelial cell growth and their function during lactation. Several important considerations arise from such a discussion. There is a clear and close interrelationship between different stromal tissue types within the mammary fat pad and its adipocytes. Furthermore, these relationships are both stage- and species-dependent, although many questions remain unanswered regarding their roles in these different states. Several lines of evidence also suggest that adipocytes within the mammary fat pad may function differently from those in other fat depots. Finally, past and future technologies present a variety of opportunities to model these complexities in order to more precisely delineate the many potential functions of adipocytes within the mammary glands. A thorough understanding of the role for this cell type in the mammary glands could present numerous opportunities to modify both breast cancer risk and lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Baravalle C, Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Neder VE, Canavesio VR, Calvinho LF. Effect of Panax ginseng on cytokine expression in bovine mammary glands at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:224-30. [PMID: 20732717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRM) are agents that modify the host's response to pathogens with resultant beneficial prophylactic or therapeutic effects. The objectives of this study were to describe the immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng (GS) on bovine mammary glands at the end of lactation. Eight mammary quarters from six nonpregnant cows in late lactation were infused with 10mL of BRM (3mg/mL), six quarters were treated with placebo (vehicle alone) and six quarters were maintained as uninoculated controls. Milk samples were collected at different time points for detection of specific cytokines mRNA by RT-PCR and Western blotting assay. A significant increase of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression was observed in BRM-treated compared with placebo-treated quarters at 48h post-treatment (pt) (P<0.05). A 17kDa TNF-α band expressed a sharp elevation at 24h and reduction in its level at 48h pt in BRM-treated quarters. Differences in this cytokine level between 24 and 48h pt times were significant (P<0.05). GS extract inoculation at drying off was associated with somatic cell counts increase, cytokines mRNA transcription and the presence of TNF-α in milk and can therefore exert immunomodulating effects in bovine mammary gland at drying off.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baravalle
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Iguzquiza IA, Salvetti NR, Quaino OA, Calvinho LF. The effect of a single intramammary infusion of a biological response modifier in cows at drying off. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:519-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pieterse R, Todorov SD. Bacteriocins - exploring alternatives to antibiotics in mastitis treatment. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:542-62. [PMID: 24031528 PMCID: PMC3768644 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is considered to be the most costly disease affecting the dairy industry. Management strategies involve the extensive use of antibiotics to treat and prevent this disease. Prophylactic dosages of antibiotics used in mastitis control programmes could select for strains with resistance to antibiotics. In addition, a strong drive towards reducing antibiotic residues in animal food products has lead to research in finding alternative antimicrobial agents. In this review we have focus on the pathogenesis of the mastitis in dairy cows, existing antibiotic treatments and possible alternative for application of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria in the treatment and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Pieterse
- 1Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch,, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa;
| | - Svetoslav D. Todorov
- 1Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch,, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa;
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos,, São Paulo,, SP, Brasil.
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Pezeshki A, Capuco AV, De Spiegeleer B, Peelman L, Stevens M, Collier RJ, Burvenich C. REVIEW ARTICLE: An integrated view on how the management of the dry period length of lactating cows could affect mammary biology and defence. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e7-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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DeFrain J, Socha M, Tomlinson D, Hittmann A, McKay B. Effect of feeding metal amino acid complexed trace minerals to dairy cattle for the prevention of facial eczema. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effect of a biological response modifier on expression of CD14 receptor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Staphylococcus aureus-infected mammary glands at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:237-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Birgel D, Birgel E.H J, Pogliani F, Raimondo R, Birgel E, Araújo W. PROCESSO DE SECAGEM DA GLÂNDULA MAMÁRIA DE BOVINOS DA RAÇA HOLANDESA: AVALIAÇÃO DASCARACTERÍSTICAS MICROBIOLÓGICAS DA SECREÇÃO LÁCTEA DURANTE O PERÍODO SECO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p5172009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar as características microbiológicas da secreção láctea durante o processo de secagem da glândula mamária de vacas da raça Holandesa, foram colhidas amostras de 44 mamas na última ordenha antes do início do processo de secagem, durante a evolução do processo de secagem (1º, 3º, 5º, 7º, 10º, 15º, 30º e 45º dia do período seco) e no retorno à lactação. Após os primeiros jatos de secreção láctea terem sido desprezados, procedeu-se a sua colheita asséptica, para ser utilizada no exame microbiológico. No retorno da lactação observou-se que a frequência de isolamento bacteriano (46,15%) foi significantemente menor do que o encontrado durante o período seco. Entre a última ordenha antes do início do processo de secagem e o 45ºdia do período seco não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as frequências de isolamentos bacterianos que oscilaram entre 72,73 % e 84,09 %. Os principais gêneros bacterianos isolados foram Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp. A análise da dinâmica da população bacteriana durante o período seco permitiu afirmar que a taxa de cura das infecções existentes foi igual a 40,63 %, enquanto as taxa de novas infecções e re-infecções durante o período seco foram, respectivamente, iguais a 66,67% e 61,54%.
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Breen JE, Green MJ, Bradley AJ. Quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the United Kingdom. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:2551-61. [PMID: 19447987 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quarter and cow risk factors associated with the development of clinical mastitis (CM) during lactation were investigated during a 12-mo longitudinal study on 8 commercial Holstein-Friesian dairy farms in the southwest of England. The individual risk factors studied on 1,677 cows included assessments of udder and leg hygiene, teat-end callosity, and hyperkeratosis; body condition score; and measurements of monthly milk quality and yield. Several outcome variables for CM were used for statistical analysis, which included use of generalized linear mixed models. Significant covariates associated with an increased risk of CM were increasing parity, decreasing month of lactation, cows with very dirty udders, and quarters with only very severe hyperkeratosis of the teat-end. Thin and moderate smooth teat-end callosity scores were not associated with an increased risk for CM. Cows that recorded a somatic cell count >199,000 cells/mL and a milk protein percentage <3.2 at the first milk recording after calving were significantly more likely to develop CM after the first 30 d of lactation. There was no association between cow body condition score and incidence of CM. Of the cases of CM available for culture, 171 (26.7%) were confirmed as being caused by Escherichia coli and 121 (18.9%) confirmed as being caused by Streptococcus uberis. Quarters with moderate and very severe hyperkeratosis of the teat-end were at significantly increased risk of clinical E. coli mastitis before the next visit. Quarters with very severe hyperkeratosis of the teat-end were significantly more likely to develop clinical Strep. uberis mastitis before the next visit. There were strong trends within the data to suggest an association between very dirty udders (an increased risk of clinical E. coli mastitis) and teat-ends with no callosity ring present (an increased risk of clinical Strep. uberis mastitis). These results highlight the importance of individual quarter- and cow-level risk factors in determining the risk of CM associated with environmental pathogens during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Breen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DT, United Kingdom.
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Rupp R, Bergonier D, Dion S, Hygonenq MC, Aurel MR, Robert-Granié C, Foucras G. Response to somatic cell count-based selection for mastitis resistance in a divergent selection experiment in sheep. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1203-19. [PMID: 19233814 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A divergent selection experiment in sheep was implemented to study the consequences of log-transformed somatic cell score (SCS)-based selection on resistance to natural intramammary infections. Using dams and progeny-tested rams selected for extreme breeding values for SCS, we created 2 groups of ewes with a strong divergence in SCS of approximately 3 genetic standard deviations. A survey of 84 first-lactation ewes of both the High and Low SCS lines indicated favorable responses to SCS-based selection on resistance to both clinical and subclinical mastitis. All clinical cases (n = 5) occurred in the High SCS line. Additionally, the frequency of chronic clinical mastitis, as detected by the presence of parenchymal abscesses, was much greater in the High SCS line (n = 21) than in the Low SCS line (n = 1). According to monthly milk bacteriological examinations of udder halves, the prevalence of infection was significantly greater (odds ratio = 3.1) in the High SCS line than in the Low SCS line, with predicted probabilities of 37 and 16%, respectively. The most frequently isolated bacteria responsible for mastitis were staphylococci: Staphylococcus auricularis (42.6% of positive samples), Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus haemoliticus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus aureus. The incidence of positive bacteriology was greater in the High SCS line (39%) than in the Low SCS line (12%) at lambing, indicating that High SCS line ewes were especially susceptible to postpartum subclinical mastitis. Negativation of bacteriological results from one sampling time point to the next was markedly different between lines after weaning (e.g., 41 and 84% in the High and Low SCS lines, respectively). This result was consistent with differences in the duration of infection, which was much greater in the High SCS line compared with the Low SCS line. Finally, ewes from the High SCS line consistently had greater SCS in positive milk samples than did ewes from the Low SCS line (+2.04 SCS, on average), with an especially large difference between lines during the suckling period (+3.42 SCS). Altogether, the preliminary results suggest that the better resistance of Low SCS line ewes, compared with High SCS line ewes, was principally characterized by a better ability to limit infections during the peripartum period, to eliminate infections during lactation, and quantitatively to limit the inflammation process and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rupp
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Newton HT, Green MJ, Benchaoui H, Cracknell V, Rowan T, Bradley AJ. Comparison of the efficacy of cloxacillin alone and cloxacillin combined with an internal teat sealant for dry-cow therapy. Vet Rec 2008; 162:678-84. [PMID: 18503067 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.21.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
All the quarters in the cows with high somatic cell counts in 10 herds were treated at drying off with either 600 mg cloxacillin or 600 mg cloxacillin and 4 g of an internal teat sealant containing 65 per cent bismuth subnitrate. The quarters were sampled daily for bacteriological tests for the three days before drying off and twice after calving to establish whether they were infected. Clinical mastitis cases were monitored from drying off until 100 days after calving. The odds of a quarter being bacteriologically negative after calving or developing clinical mastitis in the first 100 days after calving were investigated by multilevel logistic regression. The quarters treated with the internal sealant and cloxacillin were significantly more likely to be bacteriologically negative in the immediate period after calving and were significantly less likely to suffer clinical mastitis during the first 100 days after calving than the quarters treated with cloxacillin alone. There was more variation between cows than between herds in the underlying risk of an infection after calving, but there was more variation between herds than between cows in the underlying risk of clinical mastitis during the 100 days after calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Newton
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
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