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Sharma S, Kumar N, Rouse BT, Sharma K, Chaubey KK, Singh S, Kumar P, Kumar P. The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28663. [PMID: 38596123 PMCID: PMC11002068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is a state of immune cell dysfunction that occurs most commonly following chronic exposure to an antigen which persists after the immune response fails to remove it. Exhaustion has been studied most thoroughly with several cancers, but has also been observed in several chronic infectious diseases. The topic has mainly been studied with CD8+ T cells, but it can also occur with CD4+ T cells and other immune cell types too. Exhaustion is characterized by a hierarchical loss of effector cell functions, up-regulation of immuno-inhibitory receptors, disruption of metabolic activities, and altered chromatin landscapes. Exhaustion has received minimal attention so far in diseases of veterinary significance and this review's purpose is to describe examples where immune exhaustion is occurring in several bovine disease situations. We also describe methodology to evaluate immune exhaustion as well as the prospects of controlling exhaustion and achieving a more suitable outcome of therapy in some chronic disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, USA
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 401, India
| | - ShoorVir Singh
- Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 406, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
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Midla LT, Hill KL, Van Engen NK, Edmonds M, Renter DG, Streeter MN, Hutcheson JP, Griebel PJ. Innate and acquired immune responses of colostrum-fed neonatal Holstein calves following intranasal vaccination with two commercially available modified-live virus vaccines. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:1119-1129. [PMID: 33944597 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.10.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare immune responses induced by 2 commercially available vaccines with a bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1) component following intranasal (IN) administration to colostrum-fed calves. ANIMALS 90 male Holstein calves (ages, 5 to 14 days). PROCEDURES In a randomized complete block design, each calf received 2 mL (1 mL/nostril) of vaccine A (n = 30), vaccine B (30), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (30) on day 0. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum anti-BHV1 IgG titer, and nasal fluid (NF) samples were collected for determination of interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ concentrations and for secretory IgA titers against BHV1, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida at predetermined times for 42 days after vaccination. RESULTS All calves were seropositive for anti-BHV1 IgG, and the mean anti-BHV1 IgG titer did not differ significantly among the 3 groups at any time. Both vaccines induced significant transient increases in NF IFN-α and IFN-γ concentrations. On day 5, mean IFN-α concentration and the proportion of calves with detectable IFN-α concentrations for the vaccine A group were significantly greater than those for the vaccine B and control groups. On day 42, the mean NF anti-P multocida IgA titers for both vaccine groups were significantly greater than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both vaccines induced innate and acquired immune responses in calves with colostral antibodies. The magnitude of the IFN-α response and proportion of calves with detectable IFN-α differed between the 2 vaccine groups. Both vaccines appeared to enhance the IgA response against P multocida.
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Lowenthal J, Johnson M, Tyack S, Hilton L, Bean A. Oral delivery of novel therapeutics: development of a fowl adenovirus vector expressing chicken IL-2 and MGF. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.W. Lowenthal
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - M.A. Johnson
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - S.G. Tyack
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - L.S. Hilton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - A.G.D. Bean
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
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Yu Y, Fang JT, Sun J, Zheng M, Zhang Q, He JS, Liao XP, Liu YH. Efficacy of Cefquinome against Escherichia coli Environmental Mastitis Assessed by Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Integration in Lactating Mouse Model. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1445. [PMID: 28824576 PMCID: PMC5539083 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the pharmacodynamic effectiveness of cefquinome against environmental Escherichia coli mastitis infection, following an intramammary administration. We established the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model in lactating mice. The PK/PD parameters were identified to achieve an antibacterial efficacy as indicated by PD activity, cytokine expression and PK/PD simulation. From our findings, given an 200 μg/gland dose once daily can achieve a considerable therapeutic effectiveness in experimental circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Tao Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Shun He
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals. One of the most important steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. The focus of this review is the adjuvants used in vaccines for animals. We will discuss current commercial adjuvants and experimental formulations with attention to mineral salts, emulsions, bacterial-derived components, saponins, and several other immunoactive compounds. In addition, we will also examine the mechanisms of action for different adjuvants, examples of adjuvant combinations in one vaccine formulation, and challenges in the research and development of veterinary vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Burakova
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Rachel Madera
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Scott McVey
- 3 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - John R Schlup
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jishu Shi
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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A randomized field study comparing differences in core body temperature, health, and performance in crossbred beef heifers administered 2 antimicrobial products given upon arrival at a stocker facility 1 1Contribution 16-223-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. There was no external source of funding for this research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2015-01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li X, Hu X, Jin X, Zhou X, Wang X, Shi D, Bi D. IFN-γ regulates cytochrome 3A29 through pregnane X receptor in pigs. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:373-9. [PMID: 25413352 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.985761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The expression and the activity of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) can be elevated by the activation of nuclear receptors. The pregnane X receptor (PXR, or nuclear receptor NR1I2) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates responses to diverse xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals. Here we investigated the regulatory role of PXR in IFN-γ-mediated CYP3A29 expression in pig liver microsomes, primary porcine hepatocytes, and a cultured hepatocyte cell line. 2. IFN-γ significantly up-regulated CYP3A29 and PXR expressions at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. IFN-γ treatment significantly increased the metabolism of nifedipine. PXR and IFN-γ treatments significantly enhanced the activity of CYP3A29 promoter and the upstream region from -1473 to -1021 of CYP3A29 might be PXR-binding site. Moreover, the IFN-γ-induced CYP3A29 expression was blocked by PXR knockdown, whereas CYP3A29 mRNA and protein expression levels were dramatically elevated by PXR overexpression. 3. The regulatory effect of IFN-γ on CYP3A29 expression is mediated via PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , PR China
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Ezzat Alnakip M, Quintela-Baluja M, Böhme K, Fernández-No I, Caamaño-Antelo S, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velázquez J. The Immunology of Mammary Gland of Dairy Ruminants between Healthy and Inflammatory Conditions. J Vet Med 2014; 2014:659801. [PMID: 26464939 PMCID: PMC4590879 DOI: 10.1155/2014/659801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of dairy animals, particularly the milk-producing mammary glands, is essential to the dairy industry because of the crucial hygienic and economic aspects of ensuring production of high quality milk. Due to its high prevalence, mastitis is considered the most important threat to dairy industry, due to its impacts on animal health and milk production and thus on economic benefits. The MG is protected by several defence mechanisms that prevent microbial penetration and surveillance. However, several factors can attenuate the host immune response (IR), and the possession of various virulence and resistance factors by different mastitis-causing microorganisms greatly limits immune defences and promotes establishment of intramammary infections (IMIs). A comprehensive understanding of MG immunity in both healthy and inflammatory conditions will be an important key to understand the nature of IMIs caused by specific pathogens and greatly contributes to the development of effective control methods and appropriate detection techniques. Consequently, this review aims to provide a detailed overview of antimicrobial defences in the MG under healthy and inflammatory conditions. In this sense, we will focus on pathogen-dependent variations in IRs mounted by the host during IMI and discuss the potential ramifications of these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ezzat Alnakip
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Food Control Department, Dairy Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Al Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fernández-No
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sonia Caamaño-Antelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pillar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Xu Z, Shan F, Shan F, Meng C, Zhou X, Zhang X, Chen X, Jiao X. Generation and application of a 293 cell line stably expressing bovine interferon-gamma. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 99:131-7. [PMID: 24794970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A stable mammalian cell line expressing highly active bovine interferon-gamma (BoIFN-γ) was generated using Flp recombinase-mediated integration. This recombinant 293 cell line (B1) efficiently secreted FLAG-tagged BoIFN-γ protein into the culture supernatant, as determined by ELISA and Western blot. The recombinant BoIFN-γ exhibited high anti-viral activity, suggesting that the 293 cells expressed BoIFN-γ that structurally and biologically resembled the natural protein. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high affinity for the 293 cell-expressed BoIFN-γ were identified using this cell line, and these mAbs can be used for the development of diagnostic kits. Thus, this work demonstrates the successful generation of a 293 cell line that produces large quantities of highly active BoIFN-γ and demonstrates its potential application in the research of bovine infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fengli Shan
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fa Shan
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Unit of Innate Defense and Immune Modulation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Aitken SL, Corl CM, Sordillo LM. Immunopathology of mastitis: insights into disease recognition and resolution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:291-304. [PMID: 21938490 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacterial infection. The inflammatory process is a normal and necessary immunological response to invading pathogens. The purpose of host inflammatory responses is to eliminate the source of tissue injury, restore immune homeostasis, and return tissues to normal function. The inflammatory cascade results not only in the escalation of local antimicrobial factors, but also in the increased movement of leukocytes and plasma components from the blood that may cause damage to host tissues. A precarious balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms is needed to ensure optimal bacterial clearance and the prompt return to immune homeostasis. Therefore, inflammatory responses must be tightly regulated to avoid bystander damage to the milk synthesizing tissues of the mammary gland. The defense mechanisms of the mammary gland function optimally when invading bacteria are recognized promptly, the initial inflammatory response is adequate to rapidly eliminate the infection, and the mammary gland is returned to normal function quickly without any noticeable clinical symptoms. Suboptimal or dysfunctional mammary gland defenses, however, may contribute to the development of severe acute inflammation or chronic mastitis that adversely affects the quantity and quality of milk. This review will summarize critical mammary gland defense mechanisms that are necessary for immune surveillance and the rapid elimination of mastitis-causing organisms. Situations in which diminished efficiency of innate or adaptive mammary gland immune responses may contribute to disease pathogenesis will also be discussed. A better understanding of the complex interactions between mammary gland defenses and mastitis-causing pathogens should prove useful for the future control of intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Aitken
- G300 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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11
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Lee BM, Han YW, Kim SB, Rahman MM, Uyangaa E, Kim JH, Roh YS, Kim B, Han SB, Hong JT, Kim K, Eo SK. Enhanced protection against infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets by oral co-administration of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swine interferon-α and interleukin-18. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:369-80. [PMID: 21719106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced effect of cytokine combinations has been assessed empirically, based on their immunobiological mechanisms. However, far less is known of the enhanced protection of practical cytokine combinations against viral infection in the livestock industry, due to cost and production issues associated with mass administration. This study demonstrates the enhanced protection of oral co-administration of swine interferon-α (swIFN-α) and interleukin-18 (swIL-18) against infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in piglets using attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as carrier of cytokine proteins. A single oral co-administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swIFN-α and swIL-18 induced enhanced alleviation of the severity of diarrhea caused by TGEV infection, compared to piglets administered S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swIFN-α or swIL-18 alone. This enhancement was further observed by the reduction of TGEV shedding and replication, and the expression of IFN-stimulated gene products in the intestinal tract. The results suggest that the combined administration of the swIFN-α and swIL-18 cytokines using attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium as an oral carrier provides enhanced protection against intestinal tract infection with TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Min Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Fry R, Brown T, Lloyd K, Hansen S, Legleiter L, Robarge W, Spears J. Effect of dietary boron on physiological responses in growing steers inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-1. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Kim SJ, Han YW, Rahman MM, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Lee BM, Kim JH, Roh YS, Kang SH, Kim K, Lee JH, Kim B, Park KI, Eo SK. Live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swine interferon-alpha has antiviral activity and alleviates clinical signs induced by infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets. Vaccine 2010; 28:5031-7. [PMID: 20488264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing innate and acquired immunity by cytokines such as IFN-alpha appears to be useful as a first line of defense against viral infection. However, the practical use of cytokines in livestock is not evident due to cost and production issues associated with mass administration. In this study, we tested the efficacy of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium designed to secrete swine IFN-alpha (swIFN-alpha) protein for preventing the clinical signs caused by infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), one of the diarrhea-causing viruses in the swine industry. Attenuated Salmonella vaccine (chi8501) containing swIFN-alpha-encoding pYA3560 vector (chi8501/swIFN-alpha) successfully induced the secretion of swIFN-alpha protein into the culture supernatants, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The culture supernatants of chi8501/swIFN-alpha had antiviral activity against TGEV with 50% effective dose (ED(50)) of 320 per mg of supernatant protein. In addition, oral administration of chi8501/swIFN-alpha reduced the severity of clinical signs caused by TGEV infection with the effect more apparent at 6-8 days post-infection, and reduced excretion of TGEV in feces. Similarly, the amount of TGEV in intestinal tissues and mesenteric lymph node of chi8501/swIFN-alpha-administered piglets was lower than in piglets that were treated with control bacteria. These results indicate the value of attenuated Salmonella vaccines as delivery systems of cytokines that can be used for mass administration, thereby overcoming cost and production issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ju Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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15
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Sentsui H, Wu D, Murakami K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Antiviral effect of recombinant equine interferon-γ on several equine viruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Asif M, Jenkins KA, Hilton LS, Kimpton WG, Bean AGD, Lowenthal JW. Cytokines as adjuvants for avian vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:638-43. [PMID: 15550122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide trend towards a reduced reliance on in-feed antibiotics has increased the pressure to develop alternative strategies to manage infectious diseases in poultry. With this in mind, there is a great emphasis on vaccine use and the enhancement of existing vaccines to provide long-term protection. Currently existing adjuvants for poultry can have deleterious side-effects, such as inflammation, resulting in the down-grading of meat quality and a subsequent reduction in profits. Therefore, to enhance the use of vaccination, alternative adjuvants must be developed. The use of recombinant cytokines as adjuvants in poultry is attracting considerable attention, and their potential role as such has been addressed by several studies. The recent identification of a number of chicken cytokine genes has provided the possibility to study their effectiveness in enhancing the immune response during infection and vaccination. This review focuses on the recent studies involving the assessment of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manija Asif
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) results from a complex, multifactorial interaction of stressors, animal susceptibility, and respiratory pathogens. The infectious agents associated with BRD are ubiquitous among cattle populations. Typically, one or a combination of stressors are necessary to initiate BRD. Prevention of BRD should, therefore, address management procedures to minimise stressors. Administration of vaccines against BRD agents may help reduce the incidence of BRD but is unlikely to eliminate the condition. The effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of BRD depends primarily on early recognition and treatment. The use of antioxidant vitamins, minerals or other agents in the prevention and treatment of BRD warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M V Cusack
- Australian Livestock Production Services, 102 Darling Street, Cowra, New South Wales 2794
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18
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Wu D, Murakami K, Liu N, Inoshima Y, Yokoyama T, Kokuho T, Inumaru S, Matsumura T, Kondo T, Nakano K, Sentsui H. Expression of biologically active recombinant equine interferon-gamma by two different baculovirus gene expression systems using insect cells and silkworm larvae. Cytokine 2002; 20:63-9. [PMID: 12445800 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The full-length equine interferon-gamma (eIFN-gamma) cDNA, including the secretion signal peptide coding region, was recloned into baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1. This vector was co-transfected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA or hybrid nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA into Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The recombinant viruses, named AcEIFN-gamma and HyEIFN-gamma, were then recovered. Recombinant eIFN-gamma (reIFN-gamma) was accumulated in the culture fluid of the AcEIFN-gamma or HyEIFN-gamma infected Tricoplusia ni -derived cell line, BTI TN 5B1-4, and hemolymph of HyEIFN-gamma infected silkworm larvae. These reIFN-gamma forms were shown to be 14, 16, 18 and 20kDa proteins, and glycosylated as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and tunicamycin treatment. Both reIFN-gamma proteins, showed high-level biological activities to vesicular stomatitis virus by cytopathic effect reduction assay, and MHC class II antigen induction on the equine fetal kidney-78 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Wu
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-085t, Japan
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19
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Sentsui H, Murakami K, Inoshima Y, Yokoyama T, Inumaru S. Anti-viral effect of recombinant bovine interferon gamma on bovine leukaemia virus. Cytokine 2001; 16:227-31. [PMID: 11884026 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of recombinant bovine interferon gamma (rbIFN-gamma) against bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) was evaluated by an in vitro assay. rbIFN-gamma was prepared using a baculovirus expression system and replication of BLV was measured by syncytium assay. Antiviral effects were observed when bovine and sheep cells were used as target cells or effector cells and treated with 0.1 unit/ml of rbIFN-gamma. Formed syncytium numbers were reduced less than 1/20 when these cells were treated with 10 units/ml of rbIFN-gamma. However, the antiviral effects on cells of heterologous species were decreased and more than 1000 units/ml of rbIFN-gamma were required to induce an anti-BLV effect on the combination of CC81 cells as target cells and Bat2Cl6 cells as effector cells, which originated from the cat and bat, respectively. When the degree of BLV production was estimated by reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, no antiviral effect of rbIFN-gamma was induced soon after the treatment, but it was evident in the cells persistently infected with BLV. These results showed that rbIFN-gamma suppresses the replication of BLV in vitro, but has effective biological activity on cells of homologous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sentsui
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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20
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Murakami K, Uchiyama A, Kokuho T, Mori Y, Sentsui H, Yada T, Tanigawa M, Kuwano A, Nagaya H, Ishiyama S, Kaki H, Yokomizo Y, Inumaru S. Production of biologically active recombinant bovine interferon-gamma by two different baculovirus gene expression systems using insect cells and silkworm larvae. Cytokine 2001; 13:18-24. [PMID: 11145838 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The full-length bovine interferon-gamma (bIFN-gamma) cDNA, including the secretion signal peptide coding region was recloned into baculovirus transfer vectors pAcYM1 and pBm050. These vectors were co-transfected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) or Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) DNA into Spodoptera frugiperda cells (SF21AE) and Bombyx mori cells (BmN), respectively. The recombinant viruses, named AcBIFN-gamma and BmBIFN-gamma, were then recovered. Recombinant bIFN-gamma (rbIFN-gamma) was accumulated in the culture fluid of AcBIFN-gamma-infected Trichoplusia ni cells and BmBIFN-gamma-infected silkworm larvae. These rbIFN-gamma forms were shown to be glycosylated 20 and 22 kDa proteins as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and tunicamycin treatment. These products were sensitive to cystein proteinase. Both rbIFN-gamma proteins, showed high-level biological activities by plaque reduction assay using vesicular stomatitis virus, and MHC class II antigen induction on bovine macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murakami
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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21
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Zdzisińska B, Filar J, Paduch R, Kaczor J, Lokaj I, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. The influence of ketone bodies and glucose on interferon, tumor necrosis factor production and NO release in bovine aorta endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 74:237-47. [PMID: 10802291 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAECs) were used to determine the effect of ketone bodies and glucose on in vitro interferon (IFN), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nitric oxide (NO) production. BAECs were incubated for 4 and 24h with the ketone bodies: 3.8mmol/l beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 1mmol/l acetoacetate (AcAc) and 5. 2mmol/l acetone (Ac), used separately or in a mixture together with cytokine inducers: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). BHB alone (but not AcAc or Ac) and a mixture of ketone bodies caused a significant decrease in IFN titers induced by NDV and LPS and in TNF titers induced by LPS. Glucose used at concentrations of 5.55, 3.33 and 1.66mmol/l did not influence cytokine production.NO measured by the nitrite content in culture medium was released spontaneously from BAECs. A slight enhancement of NO release was observed after infection of BAECs with NDV; however, treatment with LPS caused inhibition of the release. The mixture of ketone bodies used with NDV or LPS enhanced NO release. However, when cells were incubated in the medium with 1. 66mmol/l glucose (mimicking low plasma glucose level in ketotic cows) a significant decrease in NO release was observed. This enhancing effect of ketone bodies and inhibition by low glucose in the final effect balanced each other, and the amounts of NO released in the medium with 1.66mmol/l glucose and with the mixture of ketone bodies resembled those produced at 3.33mmol/l glucose without ketone bodies. The significance of these effects of ketone bodies and glucose concentrations on cytokine and NO production in the immunity of ketotic cows has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zdzisińska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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22
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23
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Sentsui H, Takami R, Nishimori T, Murakami K, Yokoyama T, Yokomizo Y. Anti-viral effect of interferon-alpha on bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:1329-33. [PMID: 9879534 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To get basic information to control persistent virus infection among domestic animals by cytokines, the antiviral activity of four natural human cytokines against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was evaluated. Normal bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) and fetal bovine muscular cells (FBMC) were treated with varying doses of human interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF-beta. The antiviral activity in treated cells was measured by the titration of virus infectivity in comparison with non-treated controls. IFN-alpha significantly suppressed virus growth in both PBML and FBMC. The growth of two cytopathogenic and two noncytopathogenic strains was suppressed in the presence of more than 10(3) u/ml of IFN-alpha. Addition of either TNF-alpha or TNF-beta to IFN-alpha did not potentiate the suppressive effect. IFN-alpha also suppressed the replication of BVDV in PBML from cattle persistently infected with BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sentsui
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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24
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Nakajima Y, Mikami O, Yoshioka M, Motoi Y, Ito T, Ishikawa Y, Fuse M, Nakano K, Yasukawa K. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities in the sera and milk of cows with naturally occurring coliform mastitis. Res Vet Sci 1997; 62:297-8. [PMID: 9300553 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities was determined in milk and serum of cows with naturally occurring coliform mastitis (CFM). TNF-alpha was detected in the sera from 26 of 32 cows with CFM. TNF-alpha levels were higher in the sera than in the milk. IL-6 was high in the sera of surviving CFM animals, but was low in animals that died and in healthy controls. Furthermore, the mean level of IL-6 was 20-fold higher in the milk than in the sera of mastitic cows. The level of IL-6 in the serum was correlated to that in the milk in individual animals. The presence of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the sera appears to relate to severe clinical condition of CFM, in the milk whereas they may play a role in generating inflammation of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakajima
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Until recently, work on cytokines has been dominated by the use of murine or human molecules. In the last 5 years we have seen a rapid expansion in the production of bovine, ovine and porcine cytokine reagents. cDNA clones, recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibody probes are not available for a wide variety of cytokines from veterinary species. One of the most interesting recent proposals in immunology has been the division of T helper cells into two classes. Th1 cells have been characterised by the production of gamma-interferon, interleukin (IL)-2, tumour necrosis factor-beta (lymphotoxin-alpha) and the ability to mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, and Th2 cells by their production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 and the ability to stimulate production of mast cells, eosinophils and IgE. An important issue for us is to determine whether polarisation of T helper cells to Th1 or Th2 occurs in veterinary species. This paper will attempt to review the status of the Th1 and Th2 debate for sheep, cattle and pigs. It will also discuss the potential for the use of cytokines in modulating the type of immune response following vaccination. By incorporation of particular cytokines into vaccine formulations or the inhibition of production of specific cytokines it may be possible to redirect the nature of the immune response to a particular antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wood
- CSIRO Division of Animal Health, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Fitzpatrick JL, Mayer SJ, Vilela C, Bland PW, Stokes CR. Cytokine-induced major histocompatibility complex class II antigens on cultured bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 1994; 77:2940-8. [PMID: 7836581 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to establish a simple but reliable method of collecting epithelial cells from tissue lining the gland cistern of the bovine mammary gland and to investigate the ability of cultured epithelial cells to express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. Bovine mammary gland epithelial cells were isolated and grown as monolayers on five substrates in vitro. The cells were identified as epithelial in origin by immunofluorescent staining with anticytokeratin monoclonal antibodies. Major histocompatibility complex class II antigens were induced on epithelial monolayers by incubation with supernatants from bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with concanavalin A or incubation with recombinant bovine interferon-gamma. These results suggest that, in bovine mammary gland epithelium, recombinant bovine interferon-gamma, acting alone, can induce class II expression. This observation permits future investigation of the putative role of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells as accessory cells in the initiation of local immune responses and their involvement in peptide transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol School of Veterinary Science, Langford, England
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27
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Abstract
Inflammation of the mammary gland that results from the introduction and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in the mammary gland is a complex series of events leading to reduced synthetic activity, compositional changes, and elevated SCC. The magnitude and temporal relationships of these responses vary with nutritional status, other animal factors, and the pathogen involved. Because the elevation of SCC is a response to an insult to the mammary gland and is modulated by inflammatory mediators, the major factor influencing SCC is infection status. The effects of stage of lactation, age, season, and various stresses on SCC are minor if the gland is uninfected. Except for normal diurnal variation, few factors other than infection status have a significant impact on milk SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Harmon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
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28
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Sanchez MS, Ford CW, Yancey RJ. Efficacy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and antibiotics in therapy of experimental murine staphylococcal mastitis. J Dairy Sci 1994; 77:1259-66. [PMID: 8046067 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mouse model was used to determine the efficacy of the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and antibiotic in treatment of experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha alone administered to the mammary glands of lactating mice recruited significantly more polymorphonuclear neutrophils into the gland by 4 h posttreatment than did the untreated control. One hundred times less recombinant mouse tumor necrosis factor-alpha than human tumor necrosis factor-alpha was required to enhance the killing of Staphylococcus aureus within the gland. Human tumor necrosis factor-alpha effectively enhanced the killing of the bacteria when it was administered 4 to 0 h prior to infection, but not 4 h after infection. When mice were first pretreated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, infected, and then treated with antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and pirlimycin, but not cloxacillin), the combination of antibiotic and cytokine significantly reduced the number of bacteria within the gland compared with that for mice treated with antibiotic alone, cytokine alone, or placebo. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be an effective adjunct to antimicrobial therapy in treatment of staphylococcal mastitis in the bovine.
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29
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Hughes HP, Rossow S, Campos M, Rossi-Campos A, Janssen S, Godson DL, Daflon B, Voirol MJ, Gerber C, Babiuk LA. A slow release formulation for recombinant bovine interferon alpha I-1. Antiviral Res 1994; 23:33-44. [PMID: 8141591 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant bovine interferon-alpha I1 (rBoIFN-alpha) has known antiviral and immunomodulatory effects which have been exploited to reduce clinical disease in a number of clinical situations including bovine respiratory diseases. A slow release rBoIFN-alpha formulation may be of value to reduce bovine respiratory disease under field conditions by extending the period of protection, and hence improving the prophylactic benefits of rBoIFN-alpha. In this report, we describe a formulation of rBoIFN-alpha in sesame oil containing calcium stearate which can successfully sustain the release of rBoIFN-alpha over an 8-day period. Recombinant bovine IFN-alpha could be measured in serum for 8 days following treatment with an initial burst of release 6 h after injection. After a single subcutaneous depot injection of 50 mg and 100 mg of rBoIFN-alpha, initial serum levels reached 12-15 ng/ml and 25 ng/ml respectively. Correlating with this burst of release, there was a decrease in the number of circulating CD4-CD8- gamma delta+ T lymphocytes, and a slight neutropenia. No alterations in other cell phenotypes tested (CD4, CD8, CD2, CD6, B cells, monocytes or MHC class II) were observed, nor were there changes in lymphokine activated killer (LAK), natural killer (NK) cell activity, or oxygen radical formation (assessed by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium). However, despite the rapid and short-lived burst of rBoIFN-alpha, levels of 2-5 oligoadenylate (2-5 A) synthetase remained elevated for 8 days. The sustained increase of 2-5 A synthetase was not due to the high initial dose released during the burst 6-12 h after injection, since injection of a bioavailable equivalent dose of interferon induced a significant rise in 2-5 A synthetase activity for 4 days only. As 2-5 A synthetase is known to be a correlate of antiviral activity, we propose that this formulation of rBoIFN-alpha may be one approach to increase the window of protection, leading to more effective prevention of bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Hughes
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Canada
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30
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Quiroga GH, Nickerson SC, Adkinson RW. Histologic response of the heifer mammary gland to intramammary infusion of interleukin-2 or interferon-gamma. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76:2913-24. [PMID: 8227619 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The histologic and cytologic responses of heifer mammary glands infected with Staphylococcus aureus were studied after infusion of interleukin-2 or interferon-gamma. Two groups of 4 heifers each, which were infected experimentally with S. aureus in all 4 mammary quarters, were infused in diagonal quarters with 7.5 x 10(5) units of interleukin-2 or 10(5) units of interferon-gamma; remaining quarters received PBS. Heifers in both trials were slaughtered 14 d after cytokine infusion, and mammary tissues were collected for histological examination. Uninfected quarters from 2 additional heifers were left untreated to compare infected with uninfected tissues for both trials. Morphologic evaluation and leukocyte infiltration scores were performed on tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and plasma cells were quantified on sections stained with immunoperoxidase. Infected quarters had lower percentages of alveolar epithelial and luminal areas and higher percentages of stromal area than did uninfected quarters in the interleukin-2 trial, but no differences were observed between infected quarters that had been treated with PBS or interleukin-2. Likewise, interferon-gamma treatment had no effect on mammary parenchymal components in the infected quarters. Interleukin-2 treatment significantly elevated leukocytosis into the mammary gland parenchyma compared with infected quarters treated with PBS and uninfected quarters. Among the leukocyte types evaluated, eosinophilic infiltration was elevated in interleukin-2 quarters over that of PBS controls. In both trials, concentrations of plasma cells bearing Ig were elevated in infected versus uninfected quarters. Plasma cell concentrations also were higher in cytokine than PBS controls, especially in interleukin-2 quarters. Results suggested that neither cytokine influenced the histology of infected mammary tissues, but both interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma increased, although insignificantly, the prevalence of all isotypes of plasma cells bearing Ig, suggesting enhancement of the local immune response to IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Quiroga
- Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Homer 71040
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31
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Hogan JS, Todhunter DA, Smith KL, Schoenberger PS, Sordillo LM. Growth responses of coliform bacteria to recombinant bovine cytokines. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76:978-82. [PMID: 8486849 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Growth responses of 10 coliform isolates to recombinant bovine cytokines were measured in vitro. Six Escherichia coli and four Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates obtained from bovine IMI were tested for growth responses to recombinant bovine interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-2, and interferon-gamma. Cytokines were tested at 10(4), 10(3), 10(2), and 10 U/ml of media. Media used were a synthetic tissue culture medium, a chemically defined synthetic bacterial growth medium, and UHT sterilized milk. Bacterial counts in the synthetic tissue culture medium and UHT milk increased slightly as concentration of interferon-gamma in the media increased. Recombinant bovine interferon-gamma increased bacterial populations during the log growth phase but did not affect the number of bacteria in stationary growth phase. Bacterial growth responses were not related to either interleukin-2 or interleukin-1 beta concentrations in any of the three media. Bacterial growth responses to cytokines were not related to differences in either serum susceptibility, growth of isolates in dry cow secretion, duration of IMI from which isolates were obtained, or bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hogan
- Department of Dairy Science, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691
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