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Tan Q, Hu J, Zhou Y, Wan Y, Zhang C, Liu X, Long X, Tan F, Zhao X. Inhibitory Effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis HFY14 on Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Mice by Regulating the VIP-cAMP-PKA-AQP3 Signaling Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:1971-1980. [PMID: 34007157 PMCID: PMC8123977 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s309675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim The naturally fermented yak yogurt of pastoralists in the Tibetan Plateau, China, because of its unique geographical environment and the unique lifestyle of Tibetan pastoralists, is very different from other kinds of sour milk, and the microorganisms it contains are special. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis HFY14 (LLSL-HFY14) is a new lactic acid bacterium isolated from naturally fermented yak yogurt. The purpose of this study was to study the inhibitory effect of the bacterium on constipation. Methods Constipation was induced in ICR mice with diphenoxylate, and the constipated mice were treated with LLSL-HFY14. The weight and feces of the mice were visually detected. Colonic tissues were observed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Serum indices were detected with kits. mRNA expression in the colon was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Results Constipation caused weight loss, the number of defecation granules, defecation weight, fecal water content decreased, and the first black stool excretion time increased. LLSL-HFY14 alleviated these symptoms, and the effects were similar to those of lactulose (drug). The pathological examination revealed that constipation caused pathological changes in the colon, and LLSL-HFY14 effectively alleviated the disease. LLSL-HFY14 increased serum levels of motilin, gastrin, endothelin, substance P, acetylcholinesterase, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and decreased serum levels of somatostatin in constipated mice. In addition, LLSL-HFY14 upregulated VIP, cAMP, protein kinase A, and aquaporin 3 expression in colonic tissues of constipated mice in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion LLSL-HFY14 inhibited constipation, similar to lactulose, and has the potential to become a biological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiao Wan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlan Zhang
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, 838 Valenzuela, Philippines
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
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Rocha-Ramírez LM, Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S, Marcial-Quino J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Centeno-Leija S, García-Garibay M. Impact of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus casei Strain IMAU60214 on the Immune Function of Macrophages in Malnourished Children. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2303. [PMID: 32751919 PMCID: PMC7468933 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is commonly associated with immunological deregulation, increasing the risk of infectious illness and death. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from well-nourished healthy children, well-nourished infected children and malnourished infected children, which was evaluated by an oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanism assay of luminol-increase chemiluminescence and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10, as well as phagocytosis using zymosan and as its antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels), phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity increased in all groups after pre-treatment with heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 at a ratio of 500:1 (bacteria:MDM) over 24 h compared with MDM cells without pre-treatment. The results could indicate that heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 is a potential candidate for regulating the immune function of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud. Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sara Centeno-Leija
- Consejo Nacional Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28629, Mexico;
| | - Mariano García-Garibay
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Unidad Lerma, Departamento de Biotecnología, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col Vicentina, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
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Horie K, Hossain MS, Morita S, Kim Y, Yamatsu A, Watanabe Y, Ohgitani E, Mazda O, Kim M. The potency of a novel fermented unripe banana powder as a functional immunostimulatory food ingredient. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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4
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Rocha-Ramírez LM, Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S, Marcial-Quino J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Centeno-Leija S, García-Garibay M. Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activities of the Heat-Killed Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on Macrophages In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010079. [PMID: 31936101 PMCID: PMC7022880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Lactobacillus species have beneficial immunological (“immunoprobiotic”) effects in the host. However, it is unclear how probiotic bacteria regulate immune responses. The present study investigated the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on the activity of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Human MDMs were treated with heat-killed L. casei at a ratio (bacteria/MDM) of 50:1, 100:1, 250:1, and 500:1, and then evaluated for the following: NO production, by Griess reaction; phagocytosis of FITC-labeled Staphylococcus aureus particles; cytokine secretion profile (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β) by ELISA; and costimulatory molecule (CD80 and CD86) surface expression, by flow cytometry. Heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 enhanced phagocytosis, NO production, cytokine release, and surface expression of CD80 and CD86 in a dose-dependent manner. All products were previously suppressed by pretreatment with a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-neutralizing antibody. Overall, our findings suggest that this probiotic strain promotes an M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype through the TLR2 signaling pathway. These effects on macrophage phenotype help explain the probiotic efficacy of Lactobacillus and provide important information for the selection of therapeutic targets and treatments compatible with the immunological characteristics of this probiotic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5228-9917 (ext. 2084)
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biología Celular, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud. Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sara Centeno-Leija
- Consejo Nacional Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28629, Mexico;
| | - Mariano García-Garibay
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Unidad Lerma, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col Vicentina, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
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Thomas JV, Nair DVT, Noll S, Johnson TJ, Cardona C, Johny AK. Effect of Turkey-Derived Beneficial Bacteria Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus ingluviei on a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Strain in Turkey Poults. J Food Prot 2019; 82:435-440. [PMID: 30794457 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effects of turkey-derived beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus ingluviei UMNPBX19 and Lactobacillus salivarius UMNPBX2 on Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in turkey poults was investigated. Using in vitro studies, we determined each strain's resistance to pH 2.5 and 0.3% bile salts and their β-hemolysis activity. We also tested each strain's adherence to avian epithelial cells and exhibition of antimicrobial activity against major poultry-associated Salmonella. Moreover, using three in vivo experiments, we determined the effect of the strains in combination (LBIS) against SH in turkey poults. The treatment groups were negative control (-SH, -LBIS), SH control (+SH, -LBIS), and LBIS group (+SH, +LBIS). Supplementation of LBIS was done in drinking water throughout the study at a dose of 8 log CFU/gal. On day 7, poults were challenged with a 2011 ground turkey outbreak strain of SH at 5 × 105 CFU/mL, and the surviving pathogens were determined on day 7 postinoculation from the cecum, spleen, and liver. Both Lactobacillus strains exerted resistance to low pH and bile salts ( P < 0.05), showed adhesion to epithelial cells ( P < 0.05), but did not exhibit β-hemolysis. Cell-free culture supernatants of strains showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella ( P < 0.05). Results from the in vivo studies revealed that LBIS significantly reduced dissemination of SH to the liver and spleen in all experiments, and colonization in the cecum in two of the three experiments (1.9- and 3.9-log CFU/g reductions), compared with the control. The results indicate that turkey-derived L. ingluviei UMNPBX19 and L. salivarius UMNPBX2 have potential beneficial effects against SH in turkeys. However, more studies to this effect are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Divek V T Nair
- 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Sally Noll
- 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- 2 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Carol Cardona
- 2 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor Johny
- 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Kumar S, Pattanaik AK, Sharma S, Jadhav SE, Dutta N, Kumar A. Probiotic Potential of a Lactobacillus Bacterium of Canine Faecal-Origin and Its Impact on Select Gut Health Indices and Immune Response of Dogs. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:262-277. [PMID: 28188477 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a probiotic of canine-origin for its potential application in pet nutrition. Accordingly, 32 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from faeces of dogs, out of which 9 strains were short-listed for further in vitro testing based on the aggregation time and cell surface hydrophobicity. The results of acid-, bile- and phenol-tolerance tests indicated that out of the nine, isolate cPRO23 was having better resistance to these adverse conditions likely to be encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. The isolate also showed optimal enzymatic activities for amylase, lipase and protease. Further assessments also indicated its superiority in terms of co-aggregation and antagonistic activity against pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. Subsequently, the isolate was identified through 16S rRNA sequencing and sequence homology, and designated as Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23. The candidate probiotic was then evaluated in vivo using 15 adult Labrador dogs, divided into 3 groups, viz. CON (with no probiotics), dPRO (with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC 15 as a conventional dairy-origin probiotic) and cPRO (with L. johnsonii CPN23 as a canine-origin probiotic). Results of the 9-week study indicated that supplementation of cPRO improved (P < 0.05) the faecal concentration of acetate and butyrate with a concomitant reduction (P < 0.05) in faecal ammonia. The cell-mediated immune response, assessed as delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to phytohaemagglutinin-P, was better (P < 0.05) in dogs fed cPRO as compared to the CON dogs. There were, however, no variations evident in the antibody response to sheep-erythrocytes among the three groups. It is concluded that the canine-origin L. johnsonii CPN23, in addition to possessing all the in vitro functional attributes of a candidate probiotic, also has the potential to be used as a probiotic in pet nutrition programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India.,Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pattanaik
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India. .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Sunil Eknath Jadhav
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Narayan Dutta
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Avneesh Kumar
- Clinical and Pet Nutrition Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
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Comparative assessment of canine-origin Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23 and dairy-origin Lactobacillus acidophillus NCDC 15 for nutrient digestibility, faecal fermentative metabolites and selected gut health indices in dogs. J Nutr Sci 2017; 6:e38. [PMID: 29152242 PMCID: PMC5672308 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was undertaken to validate a probiotic of canine origin for its potential use in dogs. A total of fifteen adult female Labrador dogs were allocated to three equal groups and fed a basal diet without probiotic (control) or with probiotic of either canine (Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23; cPRO) or dairy (L. acidophilus NCDC 15; dPRO) origin for 9 weeks. The digestibility of most macronutrients remained similar among the groups; however, fibre digestibility was improved (P = 0·034) in dogs receiving cPRO. The faecal fermentative metabolites ammonia (P < 0·05) and lactate (P = 0·094) were altered favourably, indicating a positive influence of both probiotics. Faecal concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate were increased (P < 0·01) in both probiotic groups. However, improvements were higher in cPRO v. dPRO. The delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal inoculation of phytohaemagglutinin-P was higher (P = 0·053) in cPRO as compared with control. The antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was, however, similar across the three groups. Overall, in dogs, the canine-origin probiotic was superior when compared with the dairy-origin probiotic.
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Marcial GE, Ford AL, Haller MJ, Gezan SA, Harrison NA, Cai D, Meyer JL, Perry DJ, Atkinson MA, Wasserfall CH, Garrett T, Gonzalez CF, Brusko TM, Dahl WJ, Lorca GL. Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 Modulates the Host Immune Responses: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults. Front Immunol 2017; 8:655. [PMID: 28659913 PMCID: PMC5466969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 mitigates the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in biobreeding diabetes-prone rats, in part, through changes in kynurenine:tryptophan (K:T) ratios. The goal of this pilot study was to determine the safety, tolerance, and general immunological response of L. johnsonii N6.2 in healthy subjects. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial in 42 healthy individuals with no known risk factors for T1D was undertaken to evaluate subject responses to the consumption of L. johnsonii N6.2. Participants received 1 capsule/day containing 108 colony-forming units of L. johnsonii N6.2 or placebo for 8 weeks. Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), leukocyte subpopulations by complete blood count (CBC) and flow cytometry, serum cytokines, and relevant metabolites in the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase pathway were assessed. L. johnsonii N6.2 survival and intestinal microbiota was analyzed. Daily and weekly questionnaires were assessed for potential effects of probiotic treatment on general wellness. The administration of L. johnsonii N6.2 did not modify the CMP or CBC of participants suggesting general safety. In fact, L. johnsonii N6.2 administration significantly decreased the occurrence of abdominal pain, indigestion, and cephalic syndromes. As predicted, increased serum tryptophan levels increased resulting in a decreased K:T ratio was observed in the L. johnsonii N6.2 group. Interestingly, immunophenotyping assays revealed that monocytes and natural killer cell numbers were increased significantly after washout (12 weeks). Moreover, an increase of circulating effector Th1 cells (CD45RO+CD183+CD196−) and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells subset was observed in the L. johnsonii N6.2 group. Consumption of L. johnsonii N6.2 is well tolerated in adult control subjects, demonstrates systemic impacts on innate and adaptive immune populations, and results in a decreased K:T ratio. These data provide support for the safety and feasibility of using L. johnsonii N6.2 in prevention trials in subjects at risk for T1D. Trial registration: This trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02349360.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo E Marcial
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amanda L Ford
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Salvador A Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalie A Harrison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julie L Meyer
- Department of Soil and Water Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Timothy Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Claudio F Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wendy J Dahl
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Graciela L Lorca
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Yoshida K, Ono M, Sawada H. Lipopolysaccharide-induced vacuoles in macrophages: Their origin is plasma membrane-derived organelles and endoplasmic reticulum, but not lysosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519990050030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the potent activators of macrophages. LPS was shown to induce cell spreading and large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of a macrophage-like cell line, JY3. These vacuoles were negative for acid phosphatase histochemistry and did not take up Lucifer yellow added to the medium. Latex beads were incorporated into cytoplasmic vesicles distinct from the vacuoles. These results indicated that the vacuoles are neither phagosomes nor lysosomes.DiIC18(3), a specific marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), stained the vacuoles intensely, and DiOC6(3) stained the vacuoles at a density similar to nuclear envelope, suggesting ER origin of their membrane. Glucose-6-phosphatase, however, was not detected histochemically.Vacuoles were also stained with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) or WGA-biotin, suggesting that the vacuoles originated from plasma membrane-endosome-trans Golgi network-secretory granule pathway. Golgi markers, TPPase or BODIPY-ceramide were not localized to the vacuolar membrane.These results indicate that the vacuoles may have dual origins; ER and plasma membrane-derived organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Yoshida
- Department of Anatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michio Ono
- Department of Anatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hajime Sawada
- Department of Anatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Choi HJ, Lee NK, Paik HD. Health benefits of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, with respect to immunomodulatory effects. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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11
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Hassan F, Islam S, Koide N, Mu MM, Ito H, Mori I, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) for Vacuole Formation in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Stimulated Macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:807-15. [PMID: 15557738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on vacuole formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was examined. LPS definitely induced the formation of vacuoles in RAW 264.7 cells and SB202190 as a p38 specific inhibitor also induced slight vacuole formation. The simultaneous treatment with LPS and SB202190 induced many more vacuoles in RAW 264.7 cells than the treatment with LPS or SB202190 alone, and the vacuoles were extraordinarily large in size. On the other hand, an inactive inhibitor of p38 MAPK did not augment LPS-induced vacuole formation. Further, the inhibitors of other MAPKs and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathways did not affect it. The extraordinarily large vacuoles in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS and SB202190 were possibly formed via fusion of small vacuoles. However, SB202190 did not augment vacuole formation in CpG DNA or interferon (IFN)-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The role of p38 MAPK in the vacuole formation in LPS-stimulated macrophages is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaus Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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12
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Development of microencapsulation delivery system for long-term preservation of probiotics as biotherapeutics agent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:620719. [PMID: 24027760 PMCID: PMC3763591 DOI: 10.1155/2013/620719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The administration of probiotic bacteria for health benefit has rapidly expanded in recent years, with a global market worth $32.6 billion predicted by 2014. The oral administration of most of the probiotics results in the lack of ability to survive in a high proportion of the harsh conditions of acidity and bile concentration commonly encountered in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Providing probiotic living cells with a physical barrier against adverse environmental conditions is therefore an approach currently receiving considerable interest. Probiotic encapsulation technology has the potential to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the microencapsulation process and the conditions prevailing in the gut. This review focuses mainly on the methodological approach of probiotic encapsulation including biomaterials selection and choice of appropriate technology in detailed manner.
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Lee DK, Kim MJ, Ham JW, An HM, Cha MK, Lee SW, Park CI, Shin SH, Lee KO, Kim KJ, Ha NJ. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activities and anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium spp. addressing acne vulgaris. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1065-71. [PMID: 22870816 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of Bifidobacterium spp. In the first part of the study, the antibacterial activities of live and sonicated cells, from a total of 23 Bifidobacterium species, on the growth of 5 different strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Six strains, of sonicated Bifidobacterium, exhibited antibacterial activity against staphylococci samples, and seven Bifidobacterium strains exhibited antibacterial activity on the growth of S. aureus S.P.-N2. In the second part of the study, we tested the antimicrobial activity, of Bifidobacterium against Propionibacterium acne KCTC3320, using the co-culture method. The loss of P. acnes viability, caused by B. adolescentis SPM0308 and B. longum SPM1207, was 84% and 75%, respectively (*p < 0.05). In the third part of the study, the anti-inflammatory activity of B. adolescentis SPM0308 and B. longum SPM1207 were assessed; nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), production were tested using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells, with Bifidobacterium, decreased production of NO and TNF-α rather than LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment. The results suggest that B. adolescentis SPM0308 could be used as an effective control for P. acnes KCTC3320, and S. aureus, and reduce the risk of acne vulgaris development. We suggest that B. adolescentis SPM0308 may be a useful probiotic microorganism, for prevention of acne vulgaris, without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Oudhuis GJ, Bergmans DCJJ, Verbon A. Probiotics for prevention of nosocomial infections: efficacy and adverse effects. Curr Opin Crit Care 2012; 17:487-92. [PMID: 21900768 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e32834a4bab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, use of probiotics in infection prevention has brought new perspective. However, in 2008 the, until then considered, safe use of probiotics became an important topic after publication of a trial showing excess mortality in patients on probiotic prophylaxis. In this article, we review the concept of infection prevention by probiotics and the present knowledge of the efficacy of probiotics in prevention of infections among patients with abdominal diseases and in intensive care. Safety issues of probiotics will be discussed extensively. RECENT FINDINGS Over 30 clinical trials with probiotics to prevent infections have been published, some of which were prematurely stopped recently. Studies with critically ill patients and patients with abdominal diseases showed conflicting results regarding the effects of probiotics on infection rates, as did meta-analyses. These studies are difficult to compare because different probiotics were used which all have different efficacy and safety profiles. SUMMARY The efficacy of probiotics in infection prevention among critically ill patients is still not unequivocally determined. The safety profile differs per probiotic strain and should not be generalized towards other strains and patient populations. A well designed and well powered clinical trial with clear endpoints to demonstrate efficacy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy J Oudhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, The Netherlands
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Shin HY, Lee HJ, Lee YK, Lim SC, Kim JS. Modulatory Effects of Chrysanyhemi Flos Pharmacopuncture on Nitric-oxide (NO) Production in Murin Macrophagy Cells. J Pharmacopuncture 2012; 15:29-33. [PMID: 25780633 PMCID: PMC4331926 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2012.15.1.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Much evidence exists that herbs have effective immunomodulatory activities. Chrysanthemi Flos (CF) is effective in clearing heat, reducing inflammation, dropping blood pressure and treating headache and is used as a pharmaceutical raw material for an immune enhancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effect of Chrysanthemi Flos pharmacopuncture on nitric-oxide (NO) production in activating macrophages. Methods: After a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immune-modulating abilities of CF were evaluated by using NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and phagocytic activity of macrophages. Results: CF enhanced the activities of macrophages by increasing the phagocytic activity and decreasing NO production. Especially, both LPS and CF, 200 ㎍/ml, treatment could significantly reduce the NO production, but did not change the production of IL-6 and TNF-α. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CF may be of immunomodulatory value, especially for adverse diseases due to increased NO production. It may have potential for use as immunoenhancing pharmacopuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Shin
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Chul Lim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Soo Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Esvaran M, Conway P. Strain dependent protection conferred by Lactobacillus spp. administered orally with a Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine in a murine challenge model. Vaccine 2012; 30:2654-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Crooks NH, Snaith C, Webster D, Gao F, Hawkey P. Clinical review: Probiotics in critical care. Crit Care 2012. [PMCID: PMC3672545 DOI: 10.1186/cc11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Martin R, Nauta AJ, Ben Amor K, Knippels LMJ, Knol J, Garssen J. Early life: gut microbiota and immune development in infancy. Benef Microbes 2011; 1:367-82. [PMID: 21831776 DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of infants is actively downregulated during pregnancy and therefore the first months of life represent a period of heightened susceptibility to infection. After birth, there is an age-dependent maturation of the immune system. Exposure to environmental microbial components is suggested to play an important role in the maturation process. The gastrointestinal tract is the major site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, both commensal as well as potentially pathogenic. It is well established that the mammalian immune system is designed to help protect the host from invading microorganisms and other danger signals. However, recent research is emerging in the field of host-microbe interactions showing that commensal microorganisms (microbiota) are most likely one of the drivers of immune development and, in turn the immune system shapes the composition of the microbiota. Specific early microbial exposure of the gut is thought to dramatically reduce the incidence of inflammatory, autoimmune and atopic diseases further fuelling the scientific view that microbial colonisation plays an important role in regulating and fine-tuning the immune system throughout life. Therefore, the use of pre-, pro- and synbiotics may result in a beneficial microbiota composition that might have a pivotal role on the prevention of several important diseases that develop in early life such as necrotizing enterocolitis and atopic eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin
- Danone Research, Center for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Singh AP, Preet S, Rishi P. Augmentation of antimicrobial activity of conventional antibiotics by cell-free extract of L. plantarum. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:795-8. [PMID: 22008700 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Preet Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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LeBlanc J, Garro M, Giori GS, Valdez GF. A Novel Functional Soy-based Food Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria: Effect of Heat Treatment. J Food Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2004.tb18021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:115-21. [PMID: 21453880 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the clinical effect of treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (Probio-Tec AB-25) to maintain remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS Patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis in remission - including proctitis and at least one relapse within the last year were randomised (2:1) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study to Probio-Tec AB-25 or placebo for 52 weeks. The patients were evaluated clinically, endoscopically and histologically at entry and if relapsing. No other medication for ulcerative colitis than the study drug was allowed during the study. Primary endpoint was maintenance of clinical remission, secondary endpoints comparisons of days to relapse, and safety and tolerability of the study drug. The concentrations of the probiotic bacterial strains in stool were analysed in a subset of patients. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were randomised. Twenty patients received Probio-Tec AB-25 and twelve patients received placebo. Five patients (25%) in the Probio-Tec AB-25 group and one patient (8%) in the placebo group maintained remission after 1 year of treatment (p=0.37). The median time to relapse was 125.5days (range 11-391 days) in the probiotic group and 104 days (range 28-369 days) in the placebo group respectively, (p=0.683). Probio-Tec AB-25 was overall well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS In this small randomised placebo-controlled trial no significant clinical benefit of Probio-Tec AB-25 could be demonstrated in comparison with placebo for maintaining remission in patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis. A difference may be achieved in larger studies, but the clinical significance of this would be questionable. This study was registered in ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT00268164).
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Rishi P, Preet S, Kaur P. Effect of L. plantarum cell-free extract and co-trimoxazole against Salmonella Typhimurium: a possible adjunct therapy. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2011; 10:9. [PMID: 21352573 PMCID: PMC3056735 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frequent and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the development of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. It necessitates the exploitation of alternative therapeutic strategies. In order to reduce the dose of antibiotic required and to decrease the associated side effects, the present study was aimed at evaluating the synergism, if any, between a conventional antibiotic, co-trimoxazole (CTZ)) and cell free supernatant (CFS) of a probiotic (L. plantarum) against S. Typhimurium NCTC 74. This antimicrobial combination was selected on the basis of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and L. plantarum. Methods The synergy was evaluated in terms of size of zone of inhibition, fractional inhibitory concentration index, time-kill assay (in-vitro) as well as macrophage functions (ex-vivo). Results The concentration producing the same or higher antibacterial effect (size of zone of inhibition) was reduced to half when both the agents were used in combination with respect to the concentrations required when used separately. CTZ and CFS exhibited synergetic activity against Salmonella by checkerboard microtitre test and the time-kill test. Ex-vivo studies demonstrated a significantly higher intracellular killing of bacteria by macrophages treated with CFS (80 AU/ml) + (CTZ) (2 μg/ml) as compared to when treated with both separately at higher concentrations. Significant reduction in the extent of lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels generated by macrophages in presence of CFS and CTZ, in conjunction, further substantiated the synergistic efficacy of the combination. Conclusions The antimicrobial efficacy of this combination indicates that it may serve as the basis in developing alternative strategies to combat Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Kim DW, Cho SB, Jung HJ, Lee SD, Kim SH, Cho KH, Kang SJ, Kim IC. Effects of Bifidobacterium Strains Treated with Gastrointestinal Enzymes on Cytokine Induction in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2010. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
Probiotics are usually defined as products which contain viable non-pathogenic micro-organisms able to confer health benefits to the host. There are specific gastrointestinal effects of probiotics such as alleviating inflammatory bowel disease, reducing acute diarrhoea in children, inhibitingSalmonellaandHelicobacter pylori, removing cholesterol, secreting enzymes and bacteriocins and immunomodulation. However, many of the effects obtained from viable cells of probiotics are also obtained from populations of dead cells. Heat-killed cells ofEnterococcus faecalisstimulate the gastrointestinal immune system in chicks. Dead bifidobacteria induce significant increases in TNF-α production. Administration of heat-killedE. faecalisto healthy dogs increases neutrophil phagocytes. The probiotic paradox is that both live and dead cells in probiotic products can generate beneficial biological responses. The action of probiotics could be a dual one. Live probiotic cells influence both the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune response whilst the components of dead cells exert an anti-inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract. This is quite analogous to a proposed mode of action of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal production. This has several implications for the production and application of probiotics, as it will be difficult to assess the relative proportions of live and dead cells in a probiotic culture. Variable amounts of dead cells might contribute to the variation in response often seen with live probiotic cultures. However, the use of dead probiotics as biological response modifiers has several attractive advantages; such products would be very safe and have a long shelf-life.
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25
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Vincenti JE. The influence of cell-free Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on the phagocytic activity of macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/biohorizons/hzq014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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26
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Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by Bifidobacteria spp. or galactooligosaccharide. Proc Nutr Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665110000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Forestier, Aude Gleizes, Catherine F. Influence of Microbial Flora on Macrophages. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106000750060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Forestier, Aude Gleizes, Catherine
- From the Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Unité Associée INRA Ecologie Microbienne du Tube Digestif et Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris XI, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Michałkiewicz J, Krotkiewski M, Gackowska L, Wyszomirska-Gołda M, Helmin-Basa A, Dzierżanowska D, Madaliński K. Immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600310022729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michałkiewicz
- From the Department of Immunology, Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - M. Krotkiewski
- Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L. Gackowska
- From the Department of Immunology, Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - M. Wyszomirska-Gołda
- From the Department of Immunology, Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - A. Helmin-Basa
- From the Department of Immunology, Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - D. Dzierżanowska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K. Madaliński
- Department of Immunopathology, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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Revolledo L, Ferreira C, Ferreira A. Prevention of Salmonella Typhimurium colonization and organ invasion by combination treatment in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2009; 88:734-43. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Functional foods (specific nutrient and/or food components) should beneficially affect one or more target functions in the body. The use of functional foods as a form of preventive medicine has been the subject of much research over the last two decades. It is well known that nutrition plays a vital role in chronic diseases, but it is only recently that data relating to the effects of specific nutrients or foods on the immune system have become available. This chapter aims to summarize the effects of some functional foods (e.g., prebiotics and micronutrients) on the immune system. It should be noted, however, that studies into the role of functional foods with regard to the human immune system are still in their infancy and a great deal of controversy surrounds the health claims attributed to some functional foods. Consequently, thorough studies are required in human and animal systems if we are to move towards developing a functional diet that provides maximal health benefits.
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Kimoto-Nira H, Suzuki C, Kobayashi M, Mizumachi K. Different growth media alter the induction of interleukin 12 by a Lactococcus lactis strain. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2124-8. [PMID: 18939765 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis G50 has immunomodulatory activity and is a candidate for use as a probiotic strain. We investigated the factors that affect the immunomodulatory activity of this strain. The macrophage-like cell line J774.1A was exposed to live or dead cells of strain G50 grown in different media, and the interleukin (IL) 12 produced by the cell line was then measured. Live cells grown in M17 supplemented with glucose (GM17 cells) induced IL-12 production by J774.1 cells significantly more than did cells grown in deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth (MRS cells; P < 0.05). In the case of dead cells, the opposite results were obtained in these two samples. The sugar content of GM17 cells was significantly higher than that of MRS cells (P < 0.01). The fatty acid compositions of GM17 cells and MRS cells differed. Lysis of GM17 cells by lysozyme, which degrades the cell wall, was greater than in MRS cells. The cell wall fraction prepared from GM17 cells induced significantly more IL-12 production than did the fraction from MRS cells (P < 0.05). These results indicated that alterations in cellular components or in the structure of the cell surface by the growth media affected the immunomodulatory activity of strain G50. Attention should be paid to the selection of growth medium in testing for the immunomodulatory activity of lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kimoto-Nira
- Functional Biomolecules Research Team, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ikenodai 2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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Aryana KJ, McGrew P. Quality attributes of yogurt with Lactobacillus casei and various prebiotics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is subjected to enormous and continual foreign antigenic stimuli from food and microbes. This organ must integrate complex interactions among diet, external pathogens, and local immunological and non-immunological processes. It is critical that protective immune responses are made to potential pathogens, while hypersensitivity reactions to dietary antigens are minimised. There is increasing evidence that fermentable dietary fibres and the newly described prebiotics can modulate various properties of the immune system, including those of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). This paper reviews evidence for the immune-enhancing effects of dietary fibres. Changes in the intestinal microflora that occur with the consumption of prebiotic fibres may potentially mediate immune changes via: the direct contact of lactic acid bacteria or bacterial products (cell wall or cytoplasmic components) with immune cells in the intestine; the production of short-chain fatty acids from fibre fermentation; or by changes in mucin production. Although further work is needed to better define the changes, mechanisms for immunomodulation, and the ultimate impact on immune health, there is convincing preliminary data to suggest that the consumption of prebiotics can modulate immune parameters in GALT, secondary lymphoid tissues and peripheral circulation. Future protocols on the physiological impact of consuming prebiotics should be designed to include assessments of the gut microflora, gut physiology and the function and composition of the various regions of GALT.
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Revolledo L, Ferreira A, Mead G. Prospects in Salmonella Control: Competitive Exclusion, Probiotics, and Enhancement of Avian Intestinal Immunity. J APPL POULTRY RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/15.2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wildt S, Munck LK, Vinter-Jensen L, Hanse BF, Nordgaard-Lassen I, Christensen S, Avnstroem S, Rasmussen SN, Rumessen JJ. Probiotic treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:395-401. [PMID: 16670529 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000218763.99334.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotic treatment may be effective in diseases involving gut microflora and intestinal inflammation. In collagenous colitis (CC), a potential pathogenic role of the gut microflora has been proposed. The effect of probiotic treatment in CC is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the clinical effect of treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (AB-Cap-10) in patients with CC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with CC and diarrhea were in a double-blind placebo-controlled study randomized (2:1) to AB-Cap-10 or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary end point was reduction in bowel frequency per week of >or=50%. Secondary end points were changes in bowel frequencies, stool consistency, stool weight, histopathology, and abdominal bloating and pain. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were randomized: 21 to probiotics and 8 to placebo. Reduction in bowel frequency per week of >or=50% occurred in 6 of 21 (29%) and in 1 of 8 (13%) patients receiving probiotic and placebo, respectively (P = 0.635). No differences between treatments were observed regarding the secondary end points. Post hoc analysis showed a median reduction in bowel frequency per week from 32 (range 18-84) to 23 (range 11-56; P < 0.005), a reduction in number of days with liquid stools per week from 6 days (range 0-7 days) to 1 day (range 0-7 days; P < 0.005), and an increase in number of days with solid stools per week (P < 0.05) in the AB-Cap-10 group. CONCLUSIONS AB-Cap-10 had no significant effect on the chosen end points. Post hoc analysis demonstrated amelioration of clinical symptoms in the AB-Cap-10 group, indicating that probiotic treatment may potentially influence the disease course of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Wildt
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jenkins B, Holsten S, Bengmark S, Martindale R. Probiotics: a practical review of their role in specific clinical scenarios. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20:262-70. [PMID: 16207661 DOI: 10.1177/0115426505020002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of probiotics (live viable microbial organisms) in the treatment of specific diseases has evolved into an extremely valuable option yet to be optimally used in clinical medicine. Probiotics have been shown to have immunomodulating properties and enhance the mucosal barrier. This review will briefly discuss the use of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, liver transplantation, and various uses in diarrhea. When using probiotics, one must be cautious of the sometime overzealous claims that are commonly made when dealing with medical foods. As we begin to appreciate the degree of complexity that our indigenous microbial population has on health, it is only then that we can begin to understand the importance in disease. In the arena of probiotics, numerous fundamental questions remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Jenkins
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th St, BI 4072, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Fujiwara D, Inoue S, Wakabayashi H, Fujii T. The anti-allergic effects of lactic acid bacteria are strain dependent and mediated by effects on both Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and balance. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135:205-15. [PMID: 15467373 DOI: 10.1159/000081305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the immune-stimulating effect and in particular, the anti-allergic effect, of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, no comprehensive studies have been done that compare the immune-stimulating potential of LAB strains. METHODS The in vitro immune-stimulating effects on Th1/Th2 balance of more than 100 LAB strains were compared in splenocytes from ovalbumin-sensitized Th2-polarized mice. The in vivo anti-allergic ability of strain KW3110 was studied in the Th2-polarized model by detecting serum IgE concentration, Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion from splenocytes, and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages. RESULTS In vitro studies from Th2-polarized splenocytes, using IL-12 as a Th1 parameter and IL-4 secretion as a Th2 parameter revealed a wide variety of IL-12-inducing and IL-4-repressing activities, depending on the strain of LAB, not depending on the species. However, evaluation of individual strains in vivo revealed that after exposure to Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 strain, the serum IgE elevation elicited by repeated OVA injection of mice was strongly inhibited. Cytokine secretion from splenocytes 20 weeks after KW3110 administration showed increased IL-12 and decreased IL-4 expression. Both CD40 and B7-1 expression on macrophages was upregulated by administration of KW3110. CONCLUSIONS Improving the consequences of the Th1/Th2 imbalance by administration of LAB was dependent upon the LAB strain rather than the LAB species. Oral KW3110 administration in the mouse allergy model directed the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 through the maturation of APCs and inhibition of serum IgE elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujiwara
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Kimoto H, Mizumachi K, Okamoto T, Kurisaki JI. New Lactococcus strain with immunomodulatory activity: enhancement of Th1-type immune response. Microbiol Immunol 2004; 48:75-82. [PMID: 14978331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Few studies exist dealing with the probiotic activity of lactococci, which are commonly used as starter bacteria in the manufacture of many kinds of fermented dairy products. Fifteen strains of the genus Lactococcus were examined for their probiotic activities, such as immunomodulatory effects. Six strains induced the production of cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) in macrophage-like cell line J774.1, and the highest induction was observed with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis G50. The cytokine induction in the J774.1 cell line was almost entirely sustained after heat-killing of the strain. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice fed G50 culture produced more IL-12 and IFN-gamma and slightly less IL-4 and IL-6 than the control (i.e., without strain G50), indicating that strain G50 can enhance Th1-type immune response in vivo. The effect of the oral administration of strain G50 on antibody response in mice was also investigated. Mice were immunized with ovomucoid (OVM), a potent egg allergen, and the antibody level in the serum was then determined. The total IgE antibody level in the group treated with strain G50 was significantly lower than that of the control. The response of OVM-specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies tended to be low in the group that was administered strain G50, compared with the response of the control group. These results suggest that strain G50 has an ability to suppress the Th2 response. Thus, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis G50 is a potential probiotic strain for the suppression of hypersensitive reactions caused by the Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kimoto
- Department of Animal Products, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Abstract
Probiotic ingestion can be recommended as a preventative approach to maintaining the balance of the intestinal microflora and thereby enhance 'well-being'. Research into the use of probiotic intervention in specific illnesses and disorders has identified certain patient populations that may benefit from the approach. Undoubtedly, probiotics will vary in their efficacy and it may not be the case that the same results occur with all species. Those that prove most efficient will likely be strains that are robust enough to survive the harsh physico-chemical conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract. This includes gastric acid, bile secretions and competition with the resident microflora. A survey of the literature indicates positive results in over fifty human trials, with prevention/treatment of infections the most frequently reported output. In theory, increased levels of probiotics may induce a 'barrier' influence against common pathogens. Mechanisms of effect are likely to include the excretion of acids (lactate, acetate), competition for nutrients and gut receptor sites, immunomodulation and the formation of specific antimicrobial agents. As such, persons susceptible to diarrhoeal infections may benefit greatly from probiotic intake. On a more chronic basis, it has been suggested that some probiotics can help maintain remission in the inflammatory conditions, ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. They have also been suggested to repress enzymes responsible for genotoxin formation. Moreover, studies have suggested that probiotics are as effective as anti-spasmodic drugs in the alleviation of irritable bowel syndrome. The approach of modulating the gut flora for improved health has much relevance for the management of those with acute and chronic gut disorders. Other target groups could include those susceptible to nosocomial infections, as well as the elderly, who have an altered microflora, with a decreased number of beneficial microbial species. For the future, it is imperative that mechanistic interactions involved in probiotic supplementation be identified. Moreover, the survival issues associated with their establishment in the competitive gut ecosystem should be addressed. Here, the use of prebiotics in association with useful probiotics may be a worthwhile approach. A prebiotic is a dietary carbohydrate selectively metabolised by probiotics. Combinations of probiotics and prebiotics are known as synbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fooks
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6AP, UK
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Rayes N, Seehofer D, Hansen S, Boucsein K, Müller AR, Serke S, Bengmark S, Neuhaus P. Early enteral supply of lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 74:123-7. [PMID: 12134110 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200207150-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early enteral nutrition with solutions containing prebiotics (fiber) and probiotics (Lactobacillus) is suggested to reduce bacterial translocation and minimize the incidence of infections after liver transplantation. METHODS In a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial consisting of 95 patients, we compared the incidence of postoperative infections and other complications after liver transplantation among three different groups, all supplied with early enteral nutrition: (a) standard formula plus selective bowel decontamination (SBD), (b) fiber-containing formula plus living Lactobacillus plantarum 299, and (c) fiber-containing formula plus heat-killed L plantarum 299. RESULTS The groups were comparable regarding preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Child-Pugh classification of cirrhosis, operative data, and degree of immunosuppression. The patients who received living lactobacilli plus fiber developed significantly fewer bacterial infections (13%) than the patients with SBD (48%). The incidence of infections was 34% in the group with inactivated lactobacilli and fiber. Cholangitis and pneumonia were the leading infections and enterococci the most commonly isolated bacteria. In the living Lactobacillus group, the mean duration of antibiotic therapy, the mean total hospital stay, and the stay on the intensive care unit were also shorter than in the groups with inactivated lactobacilli and fiber as well as with SBD. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Early enteral nutrition with fiber-containing solutions and living L plantarum 299 was well tolerated. It decreases markedly the rate of postoperative infections both in comparison with inactivated L plantarum 299 and significantly with SBD and a standard enteral nutrition formula. As it is a cheap and feasible alternative to SBD, further studies should evaluate whether this ecoimmunonutrition should be already started while patients are on the waiting list for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Rayes
- Department of Surgery, Charite Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
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Bengmark S. Gut microbial ecology in critical illness: is there a role for prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics? Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8:145-51. [PMID: 12386516 DOI: 10.1097/00075198-200204000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of the immune system is localized in the gastrointestinal tract: its glands, mucosa, and mucosa-associated lymphoid system. The system influences health conditions because it produces large amounts of important gastrointestinal secretions as rich as breast milk in health-supporting and disease-preventing factors, and because of its rich gastrointestinal flora. The intestine normally contains 10 times more microbes than there are eukaryotic cells in the entire body. The optimal function of these microbes depends on the supply of food destined for the colonic bacteria (fermentable fibers, complex proteins, gastrointestinal secretions). The consideration of these functions influences outcome. Unfortunately, the conditions (supply of drugs-especially antibiotics, and reduced supply of food-especially fruits and vegetables) in the modern ICU are extremely poor both for optimal gastrointestinal secretion and for flora and need more attention. To improve treatment, a supply of new and effective flora (probiotics) and food for the flora (prebiotics) is needed, from which numerous health-supporting products (synbiotics) will be produced and absorbed at the level of the mucosa, mainly in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- Department of Hepatology, University College of London, Liver Institute, London, UK.
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Kim ER, JUNG HK, CHUN HN, JUHN SL, PARK BS, Yu DH, Yu JH. Effects of Bifidobacteria-Derived Crude Peptidoglycan on Protection against E.coli O157: H7 and Rotavirus Infection. Biosci Microflora 2002. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1996.21.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Approximately 70% of the immune system is localized in the gastrointestinal tract. The saliva and gastrointestinal secretions, as well as flora (probiotics) and supplied fibres (prebiotics), are important for optimal function. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to influence the immune system through several molecular mechanisms. Pre-, pro- and synbiotics (products produced by fermentation) offer both protection against and cure of a variety of endemic and acute diseases. This review summarizes the present experience in various forms of diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease, and Helicobacter infections, in intensive care patients and in connection with extensive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bengmark
- Liver Institute, University College London, UK.
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Henriksson A, Conway PL. Isolation of human faecal bifidobacteria which reduce signs of Salmonella infection when orogastrically dosed to mice. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:223-8. [PMID: 11168725 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to isolate human bifidobacteria that inhibit growth of Salmonella typhimurium in vitro, and provide protection against Salmonella infection in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 92 micro-organisms, which displayed antagonist activity against Salm. typhimurium in vitro, were isolated from human faecal material. Based on their Gram stain status, cultures were pooled and tested for anti-Salmonella activity. The Gram-variable group was the most active. From that group, three bifidobacteria (Laftitrade markB22, B74 and B97) individually showed good pathogen inhibition in vivo. CONCLUSION Oral administration of certain human bifidobacteria provides protection against Salmonella infection in mice. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results indicate that certain bifidobacteria may be used as a prophylaxis for reduced incidence and severity of Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Henriksson
- CRC for Food Industry Innovation, School of Microbiology and Immunology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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TAKAHASHI T. Stimulation of the Immune System by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Biosci Microflora 2001. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1996.20.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hoerr
- GalaGen Inc., Arden Hills, MN 55112, USA.
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Abstract
Many investigators have studied the therapeutic and preventive effects of yogurt and lactic acid bacteria, which are commonly used in yogurt production, on diseases such as cancer, infection, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. Because the immune system is an important contributor to all of these diseases, an immunostimulatory effect of yogurt has been proposed and investigated by using mainly animal models and, occasionally, human subjects. Although the results of these studies, in general, support the notion that yogurt has immunostimulatory effects, problems with study design, lack of appropriate controls, inappropriate route of administration, sole use of in vitro indicators of the immune response, and short duration of most of the studies limit the interpretation of the results and the conclusions drawn from them. Nevertheless, these studies in toto provide a strong rationale for the hypothesis that increased yogurt consumption, particularly in immunocompromised populations such as the elderly, may enhance the immune response, which would in turn increase resistance to immune-related diseases. This hypothesis, however, needs to be substantiated by well-designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human studies of an adequate duration in which several in vivo and in vitro indexes of peripheral and gut-associated immune response are tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Meydani
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and the Department of Pathology, Sackler Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Nappert G, Barrios JM, Zello GA, Naylor JM. Oral rehydration solution therapy in the management of children with rotavirus diarrhea. Nutr Rev 2000; 58:80-7. [PMID: 10812923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infections are the most common cause of gastroenteritis among children younger than 3 years of age and are associated with sporadic outbreaks of diarrhea in elderly and immunocompromised patients. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are formulated to correct dehydration and acidosis. Currently, ORS do not promote intestinal healing; however, investigators are examining the role of nutrition in promoting intestinal healing. This article reviews the composition of several ORS in human medicine and summarizes our current knowledge of the nutritional treatment of rotavirus diarrhea and intestinal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nappert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia 65212, USA
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Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus: biological, biochemical, technological and therapeutical properties relevant for use as probiotics. Trends Food Sci Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(99)00033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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