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Mendanha D, Casanova MR, Gimondi S, Ferreira H, Neves NM. Microfluidic-Derived Docosahexaenoic Acid Liposomes for Targeting Glioblastoma and Its Inflammatory Microenvironment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39042828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, characterized by limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Its aggressiveness is attributed not only to the uncontrolled proliferation and invasion of tumor cells but also to the complex interplay between these cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Within the tumor microenvironment, an intricate network of immune cells, stromal cells, and various signaling molecules creates a pro-inflammatory milieu that supports tumor growth and progression. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for brain function, is associated with anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. Therefore, in this work, DHA liposomes were synthesized using a microfluidic platform to target and reduce the inflammatory environment of GBM. The liposomes were rapidly taken up by macrophages in a time-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity. Moreover, DHA liposomes successfully downregulated the expression of inflammatory-associated genes (IL-6; IL-1β; TNFα; NF-κB, and STAT-1) and the secretion of key cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) in stimulated macrophages and GBM cells. Conversely, no significant differences were observed in the expression of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory gene expressed in alternatively activated macrophages. Additionally, DHA liposomes were found to be more efficient in regulating the inflammatory profile of these cells compared with a free formulation of DHA. The nanomedicine platform established in this work opens new opportunities for developing liposomes incorporating DHA to target GBM and its inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mendanha
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs─Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Barco, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marta R Casanova
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs─Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Barco, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Gimondi
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs─Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Barco, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs─Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Barco, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs─Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Barco, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Bai Y, Gao L, Han T, Liang C, Zhou J, Liu Y, Guo J, Wu J, Hu D. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting TGF-β1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106560. [PMID: 38917955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating and progressive lung disease with an unknown cause that has few treatment options. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) is the main bioactive component in licorice, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while also holding certain application value in the metabolism and regulation of steroids. In this study, we demonstrated that 18β-GA effectively alleviates bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF by inhibiting the TGF-β1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis. In vivo experiments demonstrate that 18β-GA significantly attenuates pulmonary fibrosis progression by reducing lung inflammation, improving lung function, and decreasing collagen deposition. In vitro experiments reveal that 18β-GA inhibits the activation and migration of TGF-β1-induced fibroblasts. Furthermore, it regulates the expression of vimentin, N-cadherin and E-cadherin proteins, thereby inhibiting TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung alveolar epithelial cells. Mechanistically, 18β-GA ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by modulating the TGF-β1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in activated fibroblasts. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the potential and underlying mechanisms of 18β-GA in ameliorating IPF, emphasizing its potential as a novel therapeutic drug for the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Han
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jianqiang Guo
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institute, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Safety and Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China.
| | - Dong Hu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institute, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Safety and Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China.
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Groza Y, Lacina L, Kuchař M, Rašková Kafková L, Zachová K, Janoušková O, Osička R, Černý J, Petroková H, Mierzwicka JM, Panova N, Kosztyu P, Sloupenská K, Malý J, Škarda J, Raška M, Smetana K, Malý P. Small protein blockers of human IL-6 receptor alpha inhibit proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:261. [PMID: 38715108 PMCID: PMC11075285 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01630-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that controls the immune response, and its role has been described in the development of autoimmune diseases. Signaling via its cognate IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) complex is critical in tumor progression and, therefore, IL-6R represents an important therapeutic target. METHODS An albumin-binding domain-derived highly complex combinatorial library was used to select IL-6R alpha (IL-6Rα)-targeted small protein binders using ribosome display. Large-scale screening of bacterial lysates of individual clones was performed using ELISA, and their IL-6Rα blocking potential was verified by competition ELISA. The binding of proteins to cells was monitored by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy on HEK293T-transfected cells, and inhibition of signaling function was examined using HEK-Blue IL-6 reporter cells. Protein binding kinetics to living cells was measured by LigandTracer, cell proliferation and toxicity by iCELLigence and Incucyte, cell migration by the scratch wound healing assay, and prediction of binding poses using molecular modeling by docking. RESULTS We demonstrated a collection of protein variants called NEF ligands, selected from an albumin-binding domain scaffold-derived combinatorial library, and showed their binding specificity to human IL-6Rα and antagonistic effect in HEK-Blue IL-6 reporter cells. The three most promising NEF108, NEF163, and NEF172 variants inhibited cell proliferation of malignant melanoma (G361 and A2058) and pancreatic (PaTu and MiaPaCa) cancer cells, and suppressed migration of malignant melanoma (A2058), pancreatic carcinoma (PaTu), and glioblastoma (GAMG) cells in vitro. The NEF binders also recognized maturation-induced IL-6Rα expression and interfered with IL-6-induced differentiation in primary human B cells. CONCLUSION We report on the generation of small protein blockers of human IL-6Rα using directed evolution. NEF proteins represent a promising class of non-toxic anti-tumor agents with migrastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, 12800, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatovenerology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, Prague 2, 12000, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Kuchař
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Rašková Kafková
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Zachová
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Janoušková
- Centre of Nanomaterials and Biotechnologies, University of J. E. Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osička
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Černý
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Petroková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Maria Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Natalya Panova
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Sloupenská
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malý
- Centre of Nanomaterials and Biotechnologies, University of J. E. Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Škarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raška
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
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Singh M, Raghav A, Gautam KA. Role of the circulatory interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of gliomas: A systematic review. World J Methodol 2022; 12:428-437. [PMID: 36186749 PMCID: PMC9516551 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common primary tumor in the brain originating from glial cells. In spite of extensive research, the overall survival rate is not enhanced. A number of published articles observed differentially circulating levels of cytokines in glioma. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein coded by IL-6 gene is regulated by the immune system and it has been found to have a significant role in progression and apoptosis resistance of glioma.
AIM To review the role of circulatory IL-6 in the development and progression of glioma and its utility as a biomarker.
METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to filter the relevant studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used a combination of keywords and the Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) tool to search the potential studies and performed data extraction from selected studies.
RESULTS The published results were inconsistent; however, most studies showed a significantly higher IL-6 level in glioma cases as compared to controls. Comparative IL-6 level among the different grades of glioma showed a higher level with low-grade gliomas and lower level with high-grade gliomas.
CONCLUSION IL-6 level significantly differed between cases and controls, and among different cancer stages, which shows its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208001, India
| | - Alok Raghav
- Department of Neurosurgery, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208001, India
| | - Kirti Amresh Gautam
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram 122103, Haryana, India
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Zhou C, Li T, Dong Q, Liang H, Xu L. SARM suppresses glioma progression in GL261 glioma cells and regulates microglial polarization. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1927-1936. [PMID: 35971755 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia is the major cellular component of glioma mass that promotes glioma growth, invasion, and chemoresistance by releasing inflammatory factors. Sterile alpha and HEAT/Armadillo motif (SARM), a member of the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor family, is primarily expressed in the central nervous system. However, the role of SARM in glioma is still undefined. In the present work, we examined the function of SARM in microglial polarization and glioma progression. Our results showed that forced the expression of SARM in GL261 glioma cells inhibited tumor growth, and reduced interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in conditioned media. Silencing of SARM in microglia cells inhibited IL-4-induced M2 polarization, enhanced lipopolysaccharide -induced M1 microglial polarization. Furthermore, overexpression of SARM increased the migration of microglia cells upon TGFβ stimulation. These data suggested that SARM is involved in neuro-inflammation and microglia activation. In summary, this study provides novel insight into the mechanisms of microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianzun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lunshan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Basheer AS, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Role of Inflammatory Mediators, Macrophages, and Neutrophils in Glioma Maintenance and Progression: Mechanistic Understanding and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164226. [PMID: 34439380 PMCID: PMC8393628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment is a complex network comprised of neoplastic and a variety of immune cells, proteins, and inflammatory mediators. Previous studies have shown that during cancer progression, diverse inflammatory molecules, either directly or indirectly via recruiting immune cells, support the process of carcinogenesis. The present review focuses on the mechanistic understanding of the oncogenic role of these inflammatory mediators and immune cells, particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in glioma maintenance and progression. Moreover, the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting inflammatory mediators, immune cells, and associated signaling pathways in glioma genesis have also been discussed. Abstract Gliomas are the most common, highly malignant, and deadliest forms of brain tumors. These intra-cranial solid tumors are comprised of both cancerous and non-cancerous cells, which contribute to tumor development, progression, and resistance to the therapeutic regimen. A variety of soluble inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and chemotactic factors) are secreted by these cells, which help in creating an inflammatory microenvironment and contribute to the various stages of cancer development, maintenance, and progression. The major tumor infiltrating immune cells of the tumor microenvironment include TAMs and TANs, which are either recruited peripherally or present as brain-resident macrophages (microglia) and support stroma for cancer cell expansion and invasion. These cells are highly plastic in nature and can be polarized into different phenotypes depending upon different types of stimuli. During neuroinflammation, glioma cells interact with TAMs and TANs, facilitating tumor cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Targeting inflammatory mediators along with the reprogramming of TAMs and TANs could be of great importance in glioma treatment and may delay disease progression. In addition, an inhibition of the key signaling pathways such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and TLRs, which are activated during neuroinflammation and have an oncogenic role in glioblastoma (GBM), can exert more pronounced anti-glioma effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad Basheer
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 434000, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-6345
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Ou A, Ott M, Fang D, Heimberger AB. The Role and Therapeutic Targeting of JAK/STAT Signaling in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:437. [PMID: 33498872 PMCID: PMC7865703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains one of the deadliest and treatment-refractory human malignancies in large part due to its diffusely infiltrative nature, molecular heterogeneity, and capacity for immune escape. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway contributes substantively to a wide variety of protumorigenic functions, including proliferation, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance, and immune suppression. We review the current state of knowledge regarding the biological role of JAK/STAT signaling in glioblastoma, therapeutic strategies, and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ou
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Martina Ott
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
| | - Dexing Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
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Pearson JRD, Cuzzubbo S, McArthur S, Durrant LG, Adhikaree J, Tinsley CJ, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582106. [PMID: 33178210 PMCID: PMC7594513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. D. Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adhikaree
- Academic Oncology, Nottingham University NHS Trusts, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Tinsley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E. B. McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Flora GK, Anderton RS, Meloni BP, Guillemin GJ, Knuckey NW, MacDougall G, Matthews V, Boulos S. Microglia are both a source and target of extracellular cyclophilin A. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02390. [PMID: 31517118 PMCID: PMC6731207 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are lethal primary brain tumours whose pathogenesis is aided, at least partly, via a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. This study investigated whether microglia, a cell component of the GBM microenvironment, mediates pro-tumorigenic properties via the action of cyclophilin A (CypA), a potent secretable chemokine and cytoprotectant that signals via the cell surface receptor, CD147. To this end, intracellular and secreted CypA expression was assessed in human primary microglia and BV2 microglial cells treated with the endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the oxidative stress inducer, LY83583. We report that human primary microglia and BV2 microglia both express CypA and CD147, and that BV2 microglial cells secrete CypA in response to pro-inflammatory and oxidative stimuli. We also demonstrate for the first time that recombinant CypA (rCypA; 1nM-1000nM) dose-dependently increased wound healing and reduced basal cell death in BV2 microglial cells. To determine the cell-signalling pathways involved, we probed microglial cell lysates for changes in ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation, IκB degradation, and IL-6 secretion using Western blot and ELISA analysis. In summary, BV2 microglial cells secrete CypA in response to inflammatory and oxidative stress, and that rCypA increases cell viability and chemotaxis. Our findings suggest that rCypA is a pro-survival chemokine for microglia that may influence the GBM tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkiran Kaur Flora
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Institute for Health Research, Fremantle, University of Notre Dame Australia, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gabriella MacDougall
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Institute for Health Research, Fremantle, University of Notre Dame Australia, Australia
| | - Vance Matthews
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sherif Boulos
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Lamano JB, Lamano JB, Li YD, DiDomenico JD, Choy W, Veliceasa D, Oyon DE, Fakurnejad S, Ampie L, Kesavabhotla K, Kaur R, Kaur G, Biyashev D, Unruh DJ, Horbinski CM, James CD, Parsa AT, Bloch O. Glioblastoma-Derived IL6 Induces Immunosuppressive Peripheral Myeloid Cell PD-L1 and Promotes Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3643-3657. [PMID: 30824583 PMCID: PMC6571046 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on circulating and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells is a critical component of GBM-mediated immunosuppression that has been associated with diminished response to vaccine immunotherapy and poor survival. Although GBM-derived soluble factors have been implicated in myeloid PD-L1 expression, the identity of such factors has remained unknown. This study aimed to identify factors responsible for myeloid PD-L1 upregulation as potential targets for immune modulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Conditioned media from patient-derived GBM explant cell cultures was assessed for cytokine expression and utilized to stimulate naïve myeloid cells. Myeloid PD-L1 induction was quantified by flow cytometry. Candidate cytokines correlated with PD-L1 induction were evaluated in tumor sections and plasma for relationships with survival and myeloid PD-L1 expression. The role of identified cytokines on immunosuppression and survival was investigated in vivo utilizing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice bearing syngeneic GL261 and CT-2A tumors. RESULTS GBM-derived IL6 was identified as a cytokine that is necessary and sufficient for myeloid PD-L1 induction in GBM through a STAT3-dependent mechanism. Inhibition of IL6 signaling in orthotopic murine glioma models was associated with reduced myeloid PD-L1 expression, diminished tumor growth, and increased survival. The therapeutic benefit of anti-IL6 therapy proved to be CD8+ T-cell dependent, and the antitumor activity was additive with that provided by programmed death-1 (PD-1)-targeted immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that disruption of IL6 signaling in GBM reduces local and systemic myeloid-driven immunosuppression and enhances immune-mediated antitumor responses against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lamano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Yuping D Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Winward Choy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dorina Veliceasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel E Oyon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shayan Fakurnejad
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Leonel Ampie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kartik Kesavabhotla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajwant Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dauren Biyashev
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dusten J Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Orin Bloch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Yu C, Cao J, Wang L, Yang Y, Ni Y, Wang J. Measuring the bioactivity of anti-IL-6/anti-IL-6R therapeutic antibodies: presentation of a robust reporter gene assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7067-7075. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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West AJ, Tsui V, Stylli SS, Nguyen HPT, Morokoff AP, Kaye AH, Luwor RB. The role of interleukin-6-STAT3 signalling in glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4095-4104. [PMID: 30250528 PMCID: PMC6144698 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant brain tumor among adults and is currently a non-curable disease due primarily to its highly invasive phenotype, and the lack of successful current therapies. Despite surgical resection and post-surgical treatment patients ultimately develop recurrence of the tumour. Several signalling molecules have been implicated in the development, progression and aggressiveness of glioblastoma. The present study reviewed the role of interleukin (IL)-6, a cytokine known to be important in activating several pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in glioblastoma. The current study particularly focused on the contribution of IL-6 in recurrent glioblastoma, with particular focus on glioblastoma stem cells and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J West
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tsui
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Hong P T Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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13
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Yousefi H, Momeny M, Ghaffari SH, Parsanejad N, Poursheikhani A, Javadikooshesh S, Zarrinrad G, Esmaeili F, Alishahi Z, Sabourinejad Z, Sankanian G, Shamsaiegahkani S, Bashash D, Shahsavani N, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. IL-6/IL-6R pathway is a therapeutic target in chemoresistant ovarian cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 105:84-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0300891618784790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy worldwide and despite an initial response to therapeutic agents, the majority of patients have chemoresistant disease. There is no treatment strategy with proven efficacy against chemoresistant EOC and in this setting, overcoming therapy resistance is the key to successful treatment. Methods: This study aimed to investigate expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) in a panel of the EOC cell lines. To achieve this, the expression of IL-6 and its receptor were compared in the EOC cells using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MTT assay was performed to obtain chemosensitivity of the EOC cells. Results: In this report, we show that expressions of IL6 and IL6R are higher in therapy-resistant EOC cells compared to sensitive ones. Higher expression of IL6 and its receptor correlated with resistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, our findings showed that combination of tocilizumab (Actemra; Roche), an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody, with carboplatin synergistically inhibited growth and proliferation of the EOC cells and the most direct axis for IL-6 gene expression was NF-κB pathway. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that blockade of the IL-6 signaling pathway with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab might resensitize the chemoresistant cells to the current chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yousefi
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Momeny
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arash Poursheikhani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepehr Javadikooshesh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Zarrinrad
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Esmaeili
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zivar Alishahi
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sabourinejad
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Sankanian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Shamsaiegahkani
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Alimoghaddam
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Ray K, Ujvari B, Ramana V, Donald J. Cross-talk between EGFR and IL-6 drives oncogenic signaling and offers therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Setrerrahmane S, Xu H. Tumor-related interleukins: old validated targets for new anti-cancer drug development. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:153. [PMID: 28927416 PMCID: PMC5606116 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In-depth knowledge of cancer molecular and cellular mechanisms have revealed a strong regulation of cancer development and progression by the inflammation which orchestrates the tumor microenvironment. Immune cells, residents or recruited, in the inflammation milieu can have rather contrasting effects during cancer development. Accumulated clinical and experimental data support the notion that acute inflammation could exert an immunoprotective effect leading to tumor eradication. However, chronic immune response promotes tumor growth and invasion. These reactions are mediated by soluble mediators or cytokines produced by either host immune cells or tumor cells themselves. Herein, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of the best-validated cytokines involved in tumor progression, IL-1, IL-4 and IL-6; in addition to IL-2 cytokines family, which is known to promote tumor eradication by immune cells. Furthermore, we summarize the clinical attempts to block or bolster the effect of these tumor-related interleukins in anti-cancer therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Setrerrahmane
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Kast RE, Skuli N, Karpel-Massler G, Frosina G, Ryken T, Halatsch ME. Blocking epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma with a sextet of repurposed drugs: the EIS regimen. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60727-60749. [PMID: 28977822 PMCID: PMC5617382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines a treatment protocol to run alongside of standard current treatment of glioblastoma- resection, temozolomide and radiation. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibiting sextet, EIS Regimen, uses the ancillary attributes of six older medicines to impede EMT during glioblastoma. EMT is an actively motile, therapy-resisting, low proliferation, transient state that is an integral feature of cancers’ lethality generally and of glioblastoma specifically. It is believed to be during the EMT state that glioblastoma’s centrifugal migration occurs. EMT is also a feature of untreated glioblastoma but is enhanced by chemotherapy, by radiation and by surgical trauma. EIS Regimen uses the antifungal drug itraconazole to block Hedgehog signaling, the antidiabetes drug metformin to block AMP kinase (AMPK), the analgesic drug naproxen to block Rac1, the anti-fibrosis drug pirfenidone to block transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), the psychiatric drug quetiapine to block receptor activator NFkB ligand (RANKL) and the antibiotic rifampin to block Wnt- all by their previously established ancillary attributes. All these systems have been identified as triggers of EMT and worthy targets to inhibit. The EIS Regimen drugs have a good safety profile when used individually. They are not expected to have any new side effects when combined. Further studies of the EIS Regimen are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Inserm/Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, Hubert Curien, Toulouse, France
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Frosina
- Mutagenesis & Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy
| | - Timothy Ryken
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Wang S, Reinhard S, Li C, Qian M, Jiang H, Du Y, Lächelt U, Lu W, Wagner E, Huang R. Antitumoral Cascade-Targeting Ligand for IL-6 Receptor-Mediated Gene Delivery to Glioma. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1556-1566. [PMID: 28502470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of glioma is largely hindered by the poor transfer of drug delivery systems across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the difficulty in distinguishing healthy and tumorous cells. In this work, for the first time, an interleukin-6 receptor binding I6P7 peptide was exploited as a cascade-targeting ligand in combination with a succinoyl tetraethylene pentamine (Stp)-histidine oligomer-based nonviral gene delivery system (I6P7-Stp-His/DNA). The I6P7 peptide provides multiple functions, including the cascade-targeting potential represented by a combined BBB-crossing and subsequent glioma-targeting ability, as well as a direct tumor-inhibiting effect. I6P7-Stp-His/DNA nanoparticles (NPs) mediated higher gene expression in human glioma U87 cells than in healthy human astrocytes and a deeper penetration into glioma spheroids than scrambled peptide-modified NPs. Transport of I6P7-modified, but not the control, NPs across the BBB was demonstrated in vitro in a transwell bEnd.3 cell model resulting in transfection of underlying U87 cells and also in vivo in glioma-bearing mice. Intravenous administration of I6P7-Stp-His/plasmid DNA (pDNA)-encoding inhibitor of growth 4 (pING4) significantly prolonged the survival time of orthotopic U87 glioma-bearing mice. The results denote that I6P7 peptide is a roborant cascade-targeting ligand, and I6P7-modified NPs might be exploited for efficient glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sören Reinhard
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Chengyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yilin Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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18
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Tocilizumab unmasks a stage-dependent interleukin-6 component in statin-induced apoptosis of metastatic melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2016; 25:284-94. [PMID: 26020489 PMCID: PMC4492793 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-6 inhibits the growth of early-stage melanoma cells, but not metastatic cells. Metastatic melanoma cells are susceptible to statin-induced apoptosis, but this is not clear for early-stage melanoma cells. This study aimed to investigate the IL-6 susceptibility of melanoma cells from different stages in the presence of simvastatin to overcome loss of growth arrest. ELISA was used to detect secreted IL-6 in human melanoma cells. The effects of IL-6 were measured by western blots for STAT3 and Bcl-2 family proteins. Apoptosis and proliferation were measured by caspase 3 activity, Annexin V staining, cell cycle analysis, and a wound-healing assay. Human metastatic melanoma cells A375 and 518A2 secrete high amounts of IL-6, in contrast to early-stage WM35 cells. Canonical IL-6 signaling is intact in these cells, documented by transient phosphorylation of STAT3. Although WM35 cells are highly resistant to simvastatin-induced apoptosis, coadministration with IL-6 enhanced the susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. This proapoptotic effect of IL-6 might be explained by a downregulation of Bcl-XL, observed only in WM35 cells. Furthermore, the IL-6 receptor blocking antibody tocilizumab was coadministered and unmasked an IL-6-sensitive proportion in the simvastatin-induced caspase 3 activity of metastatic melanoma cells. These results confirm that simvastatin facilitates apoptosis in combination with IL-6. Although endogenous IL-6 secretion is sufficient in metastatic melanoma cells, exogenously added IL-6 is needed for WM35 cells. This effect may explain the failure of simvastatin to reduce melanoma incidence in clinical trials and meta-analyses.
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19
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Zhao G, Zhu G, Huang Y, Zheng W, Hua J, Yang S, Zhuang J, Ye J. IL-6 mediates the signal pathway of JAK-STAT3-VEGF-C promoting growth, invasion and lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:1787-95. [PMID: 26750536 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer shows the highest invasive and metastasis features, especially lymph metastasis, which is closely associated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Although there is evidence that interleukin-6 (IL-6) can promote gastric cancer progression, the underlying specific mechanisms and the mechanisms of gastric cancer lymphangiogenesis are largely unknown. In the present study, we explore whether IL-6 could promote the proliferation and invasion activity of gastric cancer cells, and whether IL-6 mediating VEGF-C production affected the lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer cells. Our results revealed that IL-6 and its receptors (IL-6 and gp130) are broadly expressed in various gastric cancer cell lines including SGC-7901, MGC, MKN-28 and AGS. Exogenous IL-6 increased the ability of gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion, which could be weakened by AG490. in addition, exogenous IL-6 promoted the VEGF-C production of gastric cancer cells and the lymphangiogenesis of HDLECs. As we expected, AG490 was able to reduce these effects. Western blot analysis showed that IL-6 increased JKA, STAT3, p-STAT3 and VEGF-C protein levels in the gastric cancer cells. However, the JKA, STAT3, p-STAT3 and VEGF-C protein expression levels were inhibited by AG490. Our data suggested that IL-6 mediates the singnal pathway of JAK-STAT3-VEGF-C promoting the growth, invasion and lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer. Thus, IL-6 and its related signal pathways may be a promising target for treatment of gastric cancer growth and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Zhao
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jin Hua
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jinfu Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
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20
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Casey SC, Amedei A, Aquilano K, Azmi AS, Benencia F, Bhakta D, Bilsland AE, Boosani CS, Chen S, Ciriolo MR, Crawford S, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Heneberg P, Honoki K, Keith WN, Kerkar SP, Mohammed SI, Niccolai E, Nowsheen S, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Samadi A, Singh N, Talib WH, Venkateswaran V, Whelan RL, Yang X, Felsher DW. Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S199-S223. [PMID: 25865775 PMCID: PMC4930000 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises in the context of an in vivo tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment is both a cause and consequence of tumorigenesis. Tumor and host cells co-evolve dynamically through indirect and direct cellular interactions, eliciting multiscale effects on many biological programs, including cellular proliferation, growth, and metabolism, as well as angiogenesis and hypoxia and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we highlight specific biological processes that could be exploited as targets for the prevention and therapy of cancer. Specifically, we describe how inhibition of targets such as cholesterol synthesis and metabolites, reactive oxygen species and hypoxia, macrophage activation and conversion, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulation of dendritic cells, vascular endothelial growth factor regulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis inhibition, endoglin, and Janus kinase signaling emerge as examples of important potential nexuses in the regulation of tumorigenesis and the tumor microenvironment that can be targeted. We have also identified therapeutic agents as approaches, in particular natural products such as berberine, resveratrol, onionin A, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, curcumin, naringenin, desoxyrhapontigenin, piperine, and zerumbone, that may warrant further investigation to target the tumor microenvironment for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Crawford
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - William G Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sid P Kerkar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Richard L Whelan
- Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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21
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McConnell EM, Holahan MR, DeRosa MC. Aptamers as promising molecular recognition elements for diagnostics and therapeutics in the central nervous system. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 24:388-404. [PMID: 25296265 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide aptamers are short, synthetic, single-stranded DNA or RNA able to recognize and bind to a multitude of targets ranging from small molecules to cells. Aptamers have emerged as valuable tools for fundamental research, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Due to their small size, strong target affinity, lack of immunogenicity, and ease of chemical modification, aptamers are an attractive alternative to other molecular recognition elements, such as antibodies. Although it is a challenging environment, the central nervous system and related molecular targets present an exciting potential area for aptamer research. Aptamers hold promise for targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Here we review recent advances in aptamer research for neurotransmitter and neurotoxin targets, demyelinating disease and spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular disorders, pathologies related to protein aggregation (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prions), brain cancer (glioblastomas and gliomas), and regulation of receptor function. Challenges and limitations posed by the blood brain barrier are described. Future perspectives for the application of aptamers to the central nervous system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McConnell
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Yanaihara N, Hirata Y, Yamaguchi N, Noguchi Y, Saito M, Nagata C, Takakura S, Yamada K, Okamoto A. Antitumor effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) signaling pathway inhibition in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:832-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yanaihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Noriko Yamaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yukiko Noguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Misato Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Chie Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Education for Clinical Research; National Center for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Takakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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23
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Kim NH, Kim SK, Kim DS, Zhang D, Park JA, Yi H, Kim JS, Shin HC. Anti-proliferative action of IL-6R-targeted antibody tocilizumab for non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2283-2288. [PMID: 26137057 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we analyzed the anti-proliferative effect of tocilizumab, a humanized recombinant monoclonal interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody, against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, including A549, H460, H358 and H1299 cells. The cell cycle distribution of NSCLCs was analyzed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and gene expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell lysates treated with tocilizumab were immunoblotted with antibodies against signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phospho-STAT3, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), phospho-ERK, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and phospho-NFκB. Significant growth inhibition of NSCLC cells was observed following treatment with tocilizumab. Proliferation was significantly decreased by approximately 10-40% in A549, H460, H1299 and H358 cells, with an inhibition rate that was comparable with that of the typical anticancer drugs methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. NSCLC cell populations were accumulated in the sub-G1 phase by treatment with tocilizumab. Western blot analyses revealed a possible activation of the NFκB pathway by tocilizumab. Overall, these data indicate that tocilizumab has anticancer potency via apoptosis induction as an agonistic IL-6R regulator. Therefore, we suggest that this anti-IL-6R antibody may be utilized as a new targeting molecule for NSCLC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Park
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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Ataie-Kachoie P, Pourgholami MH, Richardson DR, Morris DL. Gene of the month: Interleukin 6 (IL-6). J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:932-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene encodes the classic proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. It is also known as interferon-β2 (IFN-β2), B cell stimulatory factor-2 and hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine with a central role in many physiological inflammatory and immunological processes. Due to its major role in initiation as well as resolving inflammation, deregulation of IL-6 is a mainstay of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Additionally, IL-6 has been shown to be implicated in pathogenesis of many human malignancies. Thus, a better understanding of IL-6 and its role in various pathological conditions could enable the development of strategies to use it as a therapeutic target. This short review focuses on the structure, regulation and biological activities of IL-6. In addition we discuss the role of IL-6 in diseases with inflammatory background and cancer and also the therapeutic applications of anti-IL-6 agents.
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25
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Zhou W, Jiang Z, Li X, Xu Y, Shao Z. Cytokines: shifting the balance between glioma cells and tumor microenvironment after irradiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:575-89. [PMID: 25005789 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas invariably recur after irradiation, showing radioresistance. Meanwhile, cranial irradiation can bring some risk for developing cognitive dysfunction. There is increasing evidence that cytokines play their peculiar roles in these processes. On the one hand, cytokines directly influence the progression of malignant glioma, promoting or suppressing tumor progression. On the other hand, cytokines indirectly contribute to the immunologic response against gliomas, exhibiting pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive activities. We propose that cytokines are not simply unregulated products from tumor cells or immune cells, but mediators finely adjust the balance between glioma cells and tumor microenvironment after irradiation. The paper, therefore, focuses on the changes of cytokines after irradiation, analyzing how these mediate the response of tumor cells and normal cells to irradiation. In addition, cytokine-based immunotherapeutic strategies, accompanied with irradiation, for the treatment of gliomas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Centre, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
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26
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Sun W, Liu DB, Li WW, Zhang LL, Long GX, Wang JF, Mei Q, Hu GQ. Interleukin-6 promotes the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and upregulates the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1551-60. [PMID: 24603891 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) shows the highest invasive and metastatic features among head and neck cancers. Distant metastasis remains the predominant mode of treatment failure in NPC patients. The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in NPC progression is not fully understood. In this study, we explored whether IL-6 could promote the migration and invasion activity of NPC cell lines, as well as whether the effect of IL-6 on cell migration and invasion is mediated through regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. Our results revealed that IL-6 and its receptors are broadly expressed in various NPC cell lines including HNE1, HONE1, CNE1, CNE1-LMP1 and 5-8F. Exogenous IL-6 enhanced cell proliferation slightly, but promoted cell migration and invasion significantly in both HNE1 and CNE1-LMP1 cell lines. In addition, an elevation in the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 could be induced by IL-6 stimulation. On the contrary, combining treatment with monoclonal anti-human IL-6R antibody (anti-IL-6R mAb) resulted in decreased proliferation, migration and invasion capabilities of NPC cells. Anti-IL-6R mAb also inhibited the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in IL-6-stimulated HNE1 and CNE1-LMP1 cells. In summary, our data suggested that IL-6 mainly promotes the cell migration and invasion of NPC cells. The effect of IL-6 on cell migration and invasion may be mediated through regulation of the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Thus, IL-6 or its related signaling pathways may be a promising target for preventing and inhibiting NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xian Long
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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27
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Yao X, Huang J, Zhong H, Shen N, Faggioni R, Fung M, Yao Y. Targeting interleukin-6 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:125-39. [PMID: 24076269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with significant functions in the regulation of the immune system. As a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 plays a pivotal role in host defense against pathogens and acute stress. However, increased or deregulated expression of IL-6 significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the pathological roles of the IL-6 pathway in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Based on the rich body of studies on biological activities of IL-6 and its pathological roles, therapeutic strategies targeting the IL-6 pathway are in development for cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several anti-IL-6/IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies developed for targeted therapy have demonstrated promising results in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, is effective in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions notably rheumatoid arthritis. It is the only IL-6 pathway targeting agent approved by the regulatory agencies for clinical use. Siltuximab, an anti-IL-6 antibody, has been shown to have potential benefits treating various human cancers either as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. Several other anti-IL-6-based therapies are also under clinical development for various diseases. IL-6 antagonism has been shown to be a potential therapy for these disorders refractory to conventional drugs. New strategies, such as combination of IL-6 blockade with inhibition of other signaling pathways, may further improve IL-6-targeted immunotherapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Nan Shen
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yihong Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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28
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Luwor RB, Stylli SS, Kaye AH. The role of Stat3 in glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:907-11. [PMID: 23688441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain tumor and has the worst prognosis. Several signaling molecules have been clearly implicated in the development, progression, and aggressiveness of GBM. Here we review the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) in GBM. We particularly focus on its expression in clinical GBM samples, its role in brain tumorigenicity in cell lines and animal models, and discuss possible therapeutic strategies targeting Stat3. This review also summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of Stat3 regulation by upstream activators and repressors in promoting GBM progression in both translational and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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29
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Yeung YT, McDonald KL, Grewal T, Munoz L. Interleukins in glioblastoma pathophysiology: implications for therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:591-606. [PMID: 23062197 PMCID: PMC3579281 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable amount of research, the poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) critically needs new drug development to improve clinical outcomes. The development of an inflammatory microenvironment has long been considered important in the initiation and progression of glioblastoma; however, the success of developing therapeutic approaches to target inflammation for GBM therapy has yet been limited. Here, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, discuss anti-inflammatory targets that could be relevant for GBM treatment and provide a perspective on the challenges faced in the development of drugs that target GBM inflammation. In particular, we will review the function of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as the potential of kinase inhibitors targeting key players in inflammatory cell signalling cascades such as JAK, JNK and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Yeung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Finet A, Amini-Adle M, Balme B, Colson F, Thomas L. Nodular progression of lentigo malignant melanoma during a treatment with tocilizumab: cause or coincidence? Clin Rheumatol 2012; 32:277-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Ataie-Kachoie P, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. Inhibition of the IL-6 signaling pathway: a strategy to combat chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:163-73. [PMID: 23107589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that produces multifunctional effects. Deregulated IL-6 production and signaling are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, auto-immunity and cancer. On this basis, inhibition of IL-6 production, its receptors or the signaling pathways are strategies currently being widely pursued to develop novel therapies for a wide range of diseases. This survey aims to provide an updated account of why IL-6 inhibitors are shaping up to become an important class of drugs potentially useful in the treatment of ailments and in particular in inflammation and cancer. In addition we discuss the role of different agents in modulating IL-6 and also recent clinical studies targeting IL-6 in inflammation-mediated diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Ataie-Kachoie
- University of New South Wales, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital (SESIAHS), Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia.
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32
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Sumida K, Wakita D, Narita Y, Masuko K, Terada S, Watanabe K, Satoh T, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Anti-IL-6 receptor mAb eliminates myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibits tumor growth by enhancing T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2060-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sumida
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Daiko Wakita
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Yoshinori Narita
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Kazutaka Masuko
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Kazue Watanabe
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Takayuki Satoh
- Division of ROYCE’ Health Bioscience; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Division of Immunoregulation; Section of Disease Control; Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
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33
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Jackson C, Ruzevick J, Amin AG, Lim M. Potential role for STAT3 inhibitors in glioblastoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012; 23:379-89. [PMID: 22748651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus to modulate the expression of a variety of genes associated with cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune function. Several cancers induce constitutive STAT3 activation. Most studies have reported that STAT3 inhibition has antineoplastic activity; however, emerging evidence suggests that the role of STAT3 activity in GBM may be more nuanced than initially appreciated. The authors review the roles of STAT3 in GBM and discuss potential strategies for targeting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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34
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Tawara K, Oxford JT, Jorcyk CL. Clinical significance of interleukin (IL)-6 in cancer metastasis to bone: potential of anti-IL-6 therapies. Cancer Manag Res 2011; 3:177-89. [PMID: 21625400 PMCID: PMC3101113 DOI: 10.2147/cmr.s18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic events to the bone occur frequently in numerous cancer types such as breast, prostate, lung, and renal carcinomas, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and multiple myeloma. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is frequently upregulated and is implicated in the ability of cancer cells to metastasize to bone. IL-6 is able to activate various cell signaling cascades that include the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) pathway, and the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Activation of these pathways may explain the ability of IL-6 to mediate various aspects of normal and pathogenic bone remodeling, inflammation, cell survival, proliferation, and pro-tumorigenic effects. This review article will discuss the role of IL-6: 1) in bone metabolism, 2) in cancer metastasis to bone, 3) in cancer prognosis, and 4) as potential therapies for metastatic bone cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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Shu M, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Wu S, Zheng X, Yan G. Activation of a pro-survival pathway IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 contributes to glial fibrillary acidic protein induction during the cholera toxin-induced differentiation of C6 malignant glioma cells. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:265-72. [PMID: 21470923 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing therapy has been proposed to be a novel potential approach to treat malignant gliomas. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a well-known specific astrocyte biomarker and acts as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in glioma pathogenesis. Previously we reported that a traditional biotoxin cholera toxin could induce malignant glioma cell differentiation characterized by morphologic changes and dramatic GFAP expression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GFAP induction are still largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that an oncogenic pathway interleukin-6/janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) cascade mediates the cholera toxin-induced GFAP expression. Cholera toxin dramatically stimulated GFAP expression at the transcriptional level in C6 glioma cells. Meanwhile, phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2 was highly induced in a time-dependent manner after cholera toxin incubation, whereas no changes of STAT3 and JAK2 were observed. Furthermore, the IL-6 gene was quickly induced by cholera toxin and subsequent IL-6 protein secretion was stimulated. Importantly, exogenous recombinant rat IL-6 can also induce phosphorylation of STAT3 concomitant with GFAP expression while JAK2 specific inhibitor AG490 could effectively block both cholera toxin- and IL-6-induced GFAP expression. Given that the methylation of the STAT3 binding element can suppress GFAP expression, we detected the methylation status of the critical recognition sequence of STAT3 in the promoter of GFAP gene (-1518 ∼ -1510) and found that it was unmethylated in C6 glioma cells. In addition, neither DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZa-CdR) nor silencing DNMT1 can stimulate GFAP expression, indicating that the loss of GFAP expression in C6 cells is not caused by its promoter hypermethylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that activation of a pro-survival IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 cascade contributes to cholera toxin-induced GFAP expression, which implies that a survival-promoting signal may also play a differentiation-supporting role in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfeng Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Kast RE. Glioblastoma chemotherapy adjunct via potent serotonin receptor-7 inhibition using currently marketed high-affinity antipsychotic medicines. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:481-7. [PMID: 20880389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma treatment as now constituted offers increased survival measured in months over untreated patients. Because glioblastomas are active in synthesizing a bewildering variety of growth factors, a systematic approach to inhibiting these is being undertaken as treatment adjunct. The serotonin 7 receptor is commonly overexpressed in glioblastoma. Research documentation showing agonists at serotonin receptor 7 cause increased extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 activation, increased interleukin-6 synthesis, increased signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation, increased resistance to apoptosis and other growth enhancing changes in glioblastoma is reviewed in this paper. Because three drugs in wide use to treat thought disorders - paliperidone, pimozide and risperidone - are also potent and well-tolerated inhibitors at serotonin receptor 7, these drugs should be studied for growth factor deprivation in an adjunctive role in glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kast
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Tumor heterogeneity is an active process maintained by a mutant EGFR-induced cytokine circuit in glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1731-45. [PMID: 20713517 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1890510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human solid tumors frequently have pronounced heterogeneity of both neoplastic and normal cells on the histological, genetic, and gene expression levels. While current efforts are focused on understanding heterotypic interactions between tumor cells and surrounding normal cells, much less is known about the interactions between and among heterogeneous tumor cells within a neoplasm. In glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) amplification and mutation (EGFRvIII/DeltaEGFR) are signature pathogenetic events that are invariably expressed in a heterogeneous manner. Strikingly, despite its greater biological activity than wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR), individual GBM tumors expressing both amplified receptors typically express wtEGFR in far greater abundance than the DeltaEGFR lesion. We hypothesized that the minor DeltaEGFR-expressing subpopulation enhances tumorigenicity of the entire tumor cell population, and thereby maintains heterogeneity of expression of the two receptor forms in different cells. Using mixtures of glioma cells as well as immortalized murine astrocytes, we demonstrate that a paracrine mechanism driven by DeltaEGFR is the primary means for recruiting wtEGFR-expressing cells into accelerated proliferation in vivo. We determined that human glioma tissues, glioma cell lines, glioma stem cells, and immortalized mouse Ink4a/Arf(-/-) astrocytes that express DeltaEGFR each also express IL-6 and/or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) cytokines. These cytokines activate gp130, which in turn activates wtEGFR in neighboring cells, leading to enhanced rates of tumor growth. Ablating IL-6, LIF, or gp130 uncouples this cellular cross-talk, and potently attenuates tumor growth enhancement. These findings support the view that a minor tumor cell population can potently drive accelerated growth of the entire tumor mass, and thereby actively maintain tumor cell heterogeneity within a tumor mass. Such interactions between genetically dissimilar cancer cells could provide novel points of therapeutic intervention.
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Liu Y, Li PK, Li C, Lin J. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling blocks the anti-apoptotic activity of IL-6 in human liver cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27429-27439. [PMID: 20562100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.142752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine, which may block apoptosis during inflammation to protect cells under very toxic conditions. However, IL-6 also activates STAT3 in many types of human cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that high levels of IL-6 are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer. Here we reported that IL-6 promoted survival of human liver cancer cells through activating STAT3 in response to doxorubicin treatment. Endogenous IL-6 levels in SNU-449 cells were higher than in Hep3B cells. Meanwhile, SNU-449 cells were more resistant to doxorubicin than Hep3B cells. Addition of IL-6 induced STAT3 activation in Hep3B cells and led to protection against doxorubicin. In contrast, neutralizing IL-6 with anti-IL-6 antibody decreased survival of SNU-449 cells in response to doxorubicin. To elucidate the mechanism of the anti-apoptotic function of IL-6, we investigated if STAT3 mediated this drug resistance. Targeting STAT3 with STAT3 siRNA reduced the protection of IL-6 against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, indicating that STAT3 signaling contributed to the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-6. Moreover, we further explored if a STAT3 small molecule inhibitor could abolish this anti-apoptotic effect. LLL12, a STAT3 small molecule inhibitor, blocked IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, resulting in attenuation of the anti-apoptotic activity of IL-6. Finally, neutralization of endogenous IL-6 with anti-IL-6 antibody or blockade of STAT3 with LLL12 lowered the recovery in SNU-449 cells after doxorubicin treatment. Therefore, our results demonstrated that targeting STAT3 signaling could interrupt the anti-apoptotic function of IL-6 in human liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205; Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205.
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Dubinsky V, Poehlmann TG, Suman P, Gentile T, Markert UR, Gutierrez G. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Role of Regulatory and Angiogenic Cytokines in Invasion of Trophoblastic Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 63:193-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Calonge E, Alonso-Lobo JM, Escandón C, González N, Bermejo M, Santiago B, Mestre L, Pablos JL, Caruz A, Alcamí J. c/EBPbeta is a major regulatory element driving transcriptional activation of the CXCL12 promoter. J Mol Biol 2009; 396:463-72. [PMID: 19962993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CXCL12 is considered a constitutively expressed chemokine with homeostatic functions. However, induction of CXCL12 expression and its potential role in several pathologic conditions have been reported, suggesting that CXCL12 gene expression can be induced by different stimuli. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of CXCL12 gene expression, we aim to define the molecular factors that operate at the transcriptional level. Basal, constitutive expression of CXCL12 was dependent on basic helix-loop-helix factors. Transcriptional up-regulation of the CXCL12 gene was induced by cellular confluence or inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, in a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (c/EBPbeta)-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed c/EBPbeta binding to a specific response element located at -1171 of the promoter region of CXCL12. Our data show that c/EBPbeta is a major regulatory element driving transcription of the CXCL12 gene in response to cytokines and cell confluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calonge
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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