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Wang S, Liu HY, Cheng YC, Su CH. Exercise Dosage in Reducing the Risk of Dementia Development: Mode, Duration, and Intensity-A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413331. [PMID: 34948942 PMCID: PMC8703896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Senile dementia, also known as dementia, is the mental deterioration which is associated with aging. It is characterized by a decrease in cognitive abilities, inability to concentrate, and especially the loss of higher cerebral cortex function, including memory, judgment, abstract thinking, and other loss of personality, even behavior changes. As a matter of fact, dementia is the deterioration of mental and intellectual functions caused by brain diseases in adults when they are mature, which affects the comprehensive performance of life and work ability. Most dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple infarct dementia (vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia). Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by atrophy, shedding, and degenerative alterations in brain cells, and its occurrence is linked to age. The fraction of the population with dementia is smaller before the age of 65, and it increases after the age of 65. Since women live longer than men, the proportion of women with Alzheimer’s disease is higher. Multiple infarct dementia is caused by a cerebral infarction, which disrupts blood supply in multiple locations and impairs cerebral cortex function. Researchers worldwide are investigating ways to prevent Alzheimer’s disease; however, currently, there are no definitive answers for Alzheimer’s prevention. Even so, research has shown that we can take steps to reduce the risk of developing it. Prospective studies have found that even light to moderate physical activity can lower the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Exercise has been proposed as a potential lifestyle intervention to help reduce the occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Various workout modes will be introduced based on various physical conditions. In general, frequent exercise for 6–8 weeks lessens the risk of dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukai Wang
- College of Physical Education, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China;
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111369, Taiwan; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111369, Taiwan; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Chun-Hsien Su
- College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111369, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-975159678
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Gruszka W, Owczarek AJ, Glinianowicz M, Bąk-Sosnowska M, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M. Is there a difference in body size dissatisfaction between the patients with obesity seeking and not seeking treatment for obesity? BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1754. [PMID: 34565356 PMCID: PMC8474953 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various factors motivate people to undertake treatment for obesity. Among others they include health benefits, willingness to please others, and dissatisfaction with one's appearance. The present study aimed to assess body size dissatisfaction in patients with obesity seeking and not seeking treatment for obesity. METHODS Two-hundred-sixteen adult subjects (154 women, 62 men) including 80 people with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 starting treatment for obesity (BMI 35.7 ± 5.3 kg/m2) and 136 volunteers with obesity (BMI 34.7 ± 4.3 kg/m2) not seeking treatment for obesity, were enrolled. Body size satisfaction was assessed using the Figure Rating Scale adapted by Stunkard. RESULTS Patients with obesity starting obesity treatment had more often a high level of body size dissatisfaction than volunteers with obesity not seeking the treatment (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the distribution of body size dissatisfaction in women (p < 0.05), but not in men (p = 0.47). CONCLUSION Patients with obesity, especially women, seeking obesity treatment more often represent a high level of body size dissatisfaction than volunteers with obesity not seeking treatment for obesity. This implies the need for public health campaigns to address negative attitudes or misconceptions about obesity and its treatment. Placing more attention and emphasis on body size dissatisfaction in more vulnerable women with obesity may help to define personal motivations and goals, strengthen the doctor-patient relationship and better adapt therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gruszka
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków Street, 18 20 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Aleksander J Owczarek
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Glinianowicz
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Bąk-Sosnowska
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków Street, 18 20 40-752, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Hidaka S, Sasaki K, Kawagoe T, Asai N, Teramoto W. Bodily ownership and agency sensations in a natural state. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8651. [PMID: 33883582 PMCID: PMC8060257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our bodily sensation is a fundamental cue for our self-consciousness. Whereas experimental studies have uncovered characteristics of bodily sensation, these studies investigated bodily sensations through manipulating bodily sensations to be apart from one's own body and to be assigned to external, body-like objects. In order to capture our bodily sensation as it is, this questionnaire survey study explored the characteristics of bodily sensation using a large population-based sample (N = 580, comprising 20s to 70s age groups) without experimental manipulations. We focused on the sensations of ownership, the feeling of having a body part as one's own, and agency, the feeling of controlling a body part by oneself, in multiple body parts (the eyes, ears, hands, legs, nose, and mouth). The ownership and agency sensations were positively related to each other in each body part. Interestingly, the agency sensation of the hands and legs had a positive relationship with the ownership sensations of the other body parts. We also found the 60s age group had a unique internal configuration, assessed by the similarity of rating scores, of the body parts for each bodily sensation. Our findings revealed the existence of unique characteristics for bodily sensations in a natural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souta Hidaka
- Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26, Kitano, Niiza-shi, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan.
| | - Kyoshiro Sasaki
- Faculty of Informatics, Kansai University, 2-1-1, Ryozenji-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1095, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kawagoe
- Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26, Kitano, Niiza-shi, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuko Asai
- Department of Social Relations, Kyoto-Bunkyo University, 80 Senzoku, Makishima-cho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0041, Japan
| | - Wataru Teramoto
- Department of Psychology, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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Mazurkiewicz N, Krefta J, Lipowska M. Attitudes Towards Appearance and Body-Related Stigma Among Young Women With Obesity and Psoriasis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:788439. [PMID: 34858238 PMCID: PMC8631861 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the subjective assessment of one's body image in the relationship between objective indices of appearance and perceived stigma in young women affected by obesity and psoriasis. These are chronic diseases that decrease one's physical attractiveness and are associated with stigmas related to body defects. A total of 188 women in early adulthood took part in the study (M = 25.58; SD = 2.90), including obese women (n = 54), women suffering from psoriasis (n = 57), and a control group (n = 77). The participants completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, Perceived Stigmatisation Questionnaire, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Anthropometric data were gathered using a body composition analyzer. Objective parameters of body shape were calculated (WHR and ICO). Subjective assessment of one's body and attitudes towards one's body were found to influence perceived stigma, independently of the condition causing the stigma and of the objective appearance of the participant. This study did not support the existence of a relationship between parameters regarding body shape and sense of stigma, even when subjective body assessment acted as a moderator. At the same time, body mass was a strong predictor of levels of perceived stigma. Women affected with obesity perceived a higher level of stigma than the other groups. The severity of psoriasis did not impact the perceived stigma. Moreover, women with psoriasis assessed their health-as a part of the assessment of their bodies-the highest, which may explain the lower perceived stigma in this group.
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Dean E, Haywood C, Hunter P, Austin N, Prendergast L. Body image in older, inpatient women and the relationship to BMI, anxiety, depression, and other sociodemographic factors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:182-187. [PMID: 31742780 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of body image dysfunction in a cohort of older, inpatient women, and to examine any associated health or sociodemographic factors. METHODS In this cross-sectional, observational study, 50 older women admitted to a subacute hospital completed the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-34), Geriatric Depression Screen (GDS), and Geriatric Anxiety Index (GAI). Additional sociodemographic and health-related data including body mass index (BMI) were collected on all participants. Data were first analysed to determine the prevalence of body image dysfunction. To examine factors significantly associated with body image impairment, partial correlation analyses were initially performed between BSQ-34 score and included variables, followed by stepwise regression analysis undertaken to determine significantly contributing independent variables. RESULTS Only three out of 50 women displayed body image dysfunction using suggested cut-off scores from the BSQ-34, giving a prevalence rate of only 6%. After controlling for multiple variables however, both higher GDS score and higher BMI were found to be significantly and independently associated with poorer body image, with the strongest association being between higher BSQ-34 score and higher BMI (Spearman rank r = 0.455, P < 0.001). Furthermore, when high BMI and depression occurred together, this association was even greater, accounting for over 50% of the impact on body image scores (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION For this small cohort of older, inpatient women, rates of body image dysfunction were low. There did however appear to be an association between poorer body image and higher BMI and depression rates in the group, which may be worth exploring further in less frail, community-dwelling cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth Dean
- Rehabilitation and Aged Care Services, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Present Address, VIC, Australia
| | - Cilla Haywood
- Rehabilitation and Aged Care Services, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia.,Metabolic Disorders Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Hunter
- Rehabilitation and Aged Care Services, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Austin
- Research Support Coordinator: Business and Strategy Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Prendergast
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The Body as an Object of Stigmatization in Cultures of Guilt and Shame: A Polish-Vietnamese Comparison. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162814. [PMID: 31394769 PMCID: PMC6719203 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine cross-cultural differences in body stigmatization between the individualistic Christian culture of guilt (Poland) and the collectivistic Buddhist/Confucian culture of honor and shame (Vietnam). The study included 1290 university students from Poland (n = 586) and Vietnam (n = 704). Subjects filled in the body esteem scale and the perceived stigmatization questionnaire, and body measurements were collected to calculate anthropometric indices. Participants from Vietnam were less satisfied with their appearance than their Polish peers. Men in both countries assessed themselves more favorably. No anthropometric index predicted body esteem in Vietnamese women, while only indices related to fat levels were predictors in Polish women. Men with a V-shaped body assessed themselves as stronger and as having a better physical condition. A possible explanation of the observed cross-cultural differences is that interdependent self-construal makes young adults in collectivistic societies more susceptible to criticism, and the Confucian values of modesty and shame lead to them not perceiving their bodies as sexual objects. The Christian sense of guilt does not influence the perception of sexuality. Absence of friendly behavior mediated the relation between anthropometric indices and body esteem in both cultures.
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8
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Cameron E, Ward P, Mandville-Anstey SA, Coombs A. The female aging body: A systematic review of female perspectives on aging, health, and body image. J Women Aging 2018; 31:3-17. [PMID: 29558298 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2018.1449586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
While most body image research has focused on young female populations, evidence has shown that as few as 12% of older women are satisfied with their body size. Recent studies have also highlighted how anti-aging discourses are promoting unrealistic body norms, which have shown to contribute to poor body image and altered health behaviors. A systematic review of empirical studies focused on older women's perspectives of health, body image, and the aging body is presented. Findings support that body image is a persistent, lifelong issue for women and should be considered when implementing healthy aging policies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Cameron
- a Northern Ontario School of Medicine , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada
| | - Pamela Ward
- b Centre for Nursing Studies, Memorial University , St. John's , Newfoundland , Canada.,c Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Newfoundland , Canada
| | | | - Alyssa Coombs
- c Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Newfoundland , Canada
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9
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Obara-Gołębiowska M, Brycz H, Lipowska M, Lipowski M. The Role of Motivation to Reduce Obesity among Elderly People: Response to Priming Temptation in Obese Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020244. [PMID: 29389858 PMCID: PMC5858313 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The risk of obesity-related disorders is increased among the elderly, so changing eating habits can be an important element of prevention. The main aim of this article is to consider whether looking at pictures that present either fattening food or healthy food may motivate elderly people to change their nutrition habits. Might priming different kinds of food influence the attractiveness of the food for people in late adulthood undergoing obesity therapy? Based on priming theories, we analysed the effects of the conscious processing of stimuli associated with dietary habits in individuals aged with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Our experiments confirmed the influence of a higher-priority goal of "slimming" on the perception and internalization of nutrition-related stimuli. In response to such stimuli, individuals who are actively involved in weight reduction and health-oriented programs use strategies for resisting temptation and to effectively "slim". We present our findings in the context of their theoretical background and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Obara-Gołębiowska
- Department of Psychology of Development and Education, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn Prawocheńskiego 13, 10-447 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Hanna Brycz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Department of Health Psychology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
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Watt AD, Konnert CA, Speirs CEC. The Mediating Roles of Primary and Secondary Control in the Relationship between Body Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being Among Middle-Aged and Older Women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 72:603-612. [PMID: 26553659 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study examined primary and secondary control as mediators in the relationship between body satisfaction and subjective well-being (SWB) and explored age differences in the mediation model. Method Data from 362 women, aged 40-91 years, assessed (i) the relationships between body satisfaction, age, primary and secondary control strategies (body-specific social comparison, acceptance, and positive reappraisal), and three indices of SWB (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction), (ii) the mediation effects of primary and secondary control on the relationship between body satisfaction and SWB, and (iii) whether mediational relationships were moderated by age. Results Body satisfaction was unrelated to age but positively related to positive affect and life satisfaction and negatively related to negative affect. Body satisfaction was also related to primary and secondary control strategies. There were significant indirect (mediated) effects of body satisfaction on all outcome variables through acceptance and positive reappraisal. These mediators were significant at all age levels, but exerted their strongest influence among younger women. Discussion This study provides new information about the mechanisms that influence the relationship between body satisfaction and SWB among a broad age range of women who are experiencing physical changes that are inconsistent with Western beauty standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli D Watt
- Seniors Health Clinic, Rockyview General Hospital,Calgary, Alberta,Canada
| | - Candace A Konnert
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary,Calgary, Alberta,Canada
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Midlarsky E, Marotta AK, Pirutinsky S, Morin RT, McGowan JC. Psychological predictors of eating pathology in older adult women. J Women Aging 2017; 30:145-157. [PMID: 28368780 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2017.1295665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eating pathology is generally considered to affect females during adolescence and early adulthood. However, in recent years, there has been an increased recognition that disordered eating occurs in middle-aged and elderly women and that the presentation is similar to that of eating disorders in younger women. In the research presented here, results of an Internet survey of older adult women (N = 245; aged 60-90 years) indicate that the factors significantly associated with eating pathology-perfectionism, depression, and sociocultural pressures to be thin-closely parallel those reported for both younger and middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Midlarsky
- a Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
| | - Ashley Kronen Marotta
- a Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
| | - Steven Pirutinsky
- a Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
| | - Ruth T Morin
- a Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
| | - Joseph C McGowan
- a Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
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12
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Gender differences in body-esteem among seniors: Beauty and health considerations. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 67:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hofmeier SM, Runfola CD, Sala M, Gagne DA, Brownley KA, Bulik CM. Body image, aging, and identity in women over 50: The Gender and Body Image (GABI) study. J Women Aging 2016; 29:3-14. [PMID: 27399268 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2015.1065140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a qualitative study of 1,849 women over age 50 to capture the thoughts, feelings, and attitudes that women at middle age have about their bodies and the experience of aging. Via an open-ended question online survey, four primary themes emerged: (a) the physical and psychological experience of aging; (b) the injustices, inequities, and challenges of aging; (c) the importance of self-care; and (d) a plea for recognition of the need to maintain a contributory role in society. Results highlight the complexities of women's psychological and physical aspects of aging and point toward important topics worthy of further study in this growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Hofmeier
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,b Veritas Collaborative , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Cristin D Runfola
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA
| | - Margarita Sala
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,d Department of Psychology , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Danielle A Gagne
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,e Department of Psychology , Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Kimberly A Brownley
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,f Department of Nutrition , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,g Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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The Impact of Social and Cultural Engagement and Dieting on Well-Being and Resilience in a Group of Residents in the Metropolitan Area of Naples. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:4768420. [PMID: 27298737 PMCID: PMC4889833 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4768420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social isolation and exclusion are associated with poor health status and premature death. A number of related isolation factors, inadequate transportation system and restrictions in individuals' life space, have been associated with malnutrition in older adults. Since eating is a social event, isolation can have a negative effect on nutrition. Cultural involvement and participation in interactive activities are essential tools to fight social isolation, and they can counteract the detrimental effects of social isolation on health. To provide data supporting the hypothesis that encouraging participation might represent an innovative preventive and health promoting strategy for healthy living and aging, we developed an ad hoc questionnaire to investigate the relationship between cultural participation, well-being, and resilience in a sample of residents in the metropolitan area of Naples. The questionnaire includes a question on adherence to diet or to a special nutritional regimen; in addition, the participants are asked to mention their height and weight. We investigated the relationship between BMI, adherence to diet, and perceived well-being (PWB) and resilience in a sample of 571 subjects over 60 years of age. Here, we present evidence that engagement into social and cultural activities is associated with higher well-being and resilience, in particular in females over 60 years of age.
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Kwon HJ, Yoon MS. Relationship of Depression, Stress, and Self-Esteem with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Middle-Aged Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17135/jdhs.2015.15.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Monteagudo C, Dijkstra SC, Visser M. Self- Perception of Body Weight Status in Older Dutch Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:612-8. [PMID: 26054497 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES The prevalence of obesity is highest in older persons and a correct self-perception of body weight status is necessary for optimal weight control. The aim of this study was to determine self-perception of, and satisfaction with, body weight status, and to compare current versus ideal body image in a large, nationally representative sample of older people. Furthermore, determinants of misperception were explored. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), conducted in a population-based sample in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 1295 men and women aged 60-96 years. MEASUREMENTS Body weight status was assessed using measured weight and height. Self-perceived body weight status, satisfaction with body weight and current and ideal body image were also assessed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of age, educational level and objectively measured BMI with underestimation of body weight status. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity was 19.9% in men and 29.3% in women. The agreement between objective and self-perceived body weight status was low (Kappa < 0.2). Among overweight and obese persons, 42.1% of men and 44.1% of women were (very) dissatisfied with their body weight status and >99% of obese participants desired to be thinner (ideal body image < current image). Only 4.4% of obese men and 12.3% of obese women perceived their body weight status correctly. Higher age (women), lower educational level (men) and higher BMI (all) were associated with greater underestimation of body weight status. CONCLUSION Many older persons misperceive their body weight status. Future actions to improve body weight perception in older persons are necessary to increase the impact of public health campaigns focussing on a healthy body weight in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Monteagudo
- Dr. Celia Monteagudo S´nchez, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain, Phone: 34-958-242841, Fax: 34-958-249577, e-mail:
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Lipowska M, Lipowski M. Narcissism as a moderator of satisfaction with body image in young women with extreme underweight and obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126724. [PMID: 25961302 PMCID: PMC4427461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Body weight and age constitute main determinants of body image in women. We analyzed the role of narcissism as a moderator of body image in young women representing various extremes of body weight. Methods The study included 325 women between 18 and 35 years, qualified into three BMI categories: obese women (BMI > 30.0, n = 72), severely underweight women who did not satisfy the remaining criteria of anorexia (BMI < 17.5, n = 85), and women with normal body weight (21.7 < “ideal BMI” > 22.7, n = 168). Satisfaction with body image was determined with Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and Body Esteem Scale, while narcissism was measured with Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Principal Findings We revealed that narcissism has significant impact on the body image of women who are extremely underweight or obese. Vanity and Leadership were narcissism dimensions which played significant role in slim women, as compared to Vanity and Self-Sufficiency in obese women. Conclusion The role of narcissism as a modulator of self-satisfaction with one’s body varies depending on BMI level: extremely underweight women and obese individuals constitute groups in which narcissism has the strongest impact on the self-satisfaction with body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Department of Health Psychology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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Ferreira L, Neves AN, Tavares MDCGCF. Validity of body image scales for Brazilian older adults. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742014000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to translate the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) and Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) for older adults into Brazilian Portuguese, and evaluate the psychometric properties of these instruments. A sample of 606 participants aged 60 to 98 years were recruited from hospitals, rest homes, physical activity centers, leisure centers, churches/religious institutions and from the general community. All participants were personally invited and voluntarily accepted to participate in the research. A confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the original APQ model and to a new bidimensional model for BAS after excluding some items. We also observed satisfactory evidence of internal consistency, convergent, discriminant, concurrent and divergent validity. Regarding validity, significant variation of scores from the two scales in both, physically active and sedentary participants was herein highlighted. In conclusion, the BAS and APQ appear to be valid and reliable scales for Brazilian researchers to study older adults.
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Gagne DA, Von Holle A, Brownley KA, Runfola CD, Hofmeier S, Branch KE, Bulik CM. Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: results of the Gender and Body Image (GABI) study. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:832-44. [PMID: 22729743 PMCID: PMC3459309 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited research exists on eating disorder symptoms and attitudes and weight and shape concerns in women in midlife to older adulthood. We conducted an online survey to characterize these behaviors and concerns in women ages 50 and above. METHOD Participants (n = 1,849) were recruited via the Internet and convenience sampling. RESULTS Eating disorder symptoms, dieting and body checking behaviors, and weight and shape concerns were widely endorsed. Younger age and higher body mass index (BMI) were associated with greater endorsement of eating disorder symptoms, behaviors, and concerns. DISCUSSION Weight and shape concerns and disordered eating behaviors occur in women over 50 and vary by age and BMI. Focused research on disordered eating patterns in this age group is necessary to develop age-appropriate interventions and to meet the developmental needs of an important, growing, and underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Gagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ann Von Holle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Sara Hofmeier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Roy M, Payette H. The body image construct among Western seniors: A systematic review of the literature. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 55:505-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liechty T. “Yes, I worry about my weight … but for the most part I'm content with my body”: Older Women's Body Dissatisfaction Alongside Contentment. J Women Aging 2012; 24:70-88. [DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2012.638873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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[Age-, gender- and diagnosis-specific changes of body concept during stationary psychosomatic treatment]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2011; 57:172-84. [PMID: 21626480 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2011.57.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates body concept with respect to psychiatric diagnosis, age and gender of inpatients before and after treatment. METHODS/SAMPLE We examined 153 inpatients with 131 complete datasets. The examination was done at the beginning and at the end of the treatment using the Frankfurt Body Concept Scale (FKKS, Deusinger 1998). The results were calculated by t-test for dependent samples, posthoc Scheffé-tests and univariate variance analysis. RESULTS The diagnoses indicated a more positive body concept at the end of the treatment (patients with somatoform disorder had effect sizes between -0.2 and -0.4, patients with depressions between -0.4 and -0.7, and patients with eating disorders between -0.3 and -0.7). Gender and age had only little influence on the positive changes. DISCUSSION The improvement of body concept through inpatient treatment represents a challenge especially for somatoform disorders. The duration of this improvement after inpatient treatment needs further investigation.
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Abstract
In this article, we examine the existing sociocultural research and theory concerned with the aging body. In particular, we review the body image and embodiment literatures and discuss what is known about how older adults perceive and experience their aging bodies. We analyse how body image is shaped by age, culture, ethnicity, gender, health status, sexual preference, and social class. Additionally, we critically elucidate the embodiment literature as it pertains to illness experiences, sexuality, the everyday management of the aging body, appearance work, and embodied identity. By outlining the key findings, theoretical debates, and substantive discrepancies within the body image and embodiment research and theory, we identify gaps in the literature and forecast future, much-needed avenues of investigation.
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Shepler D, Lupfer-Johnson G, Chaudoir S, Boeckmann R. That Community Becomes You? An Examination of Community Differences in Self-Objectification and Related Variables. The Journal of General Psychology 2011; 138:185-200. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2011.563329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lewis DC, Medvedev K, Seponski DM. Awakening to the desires of older women: Deconstructing ageism within fashion magazines. J Aging Stud 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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“She was buried in her purple dress and her red hat and all of our members wore full ‘Red Hat Regalia’ to celebrate her life”: Dress, embodiment and older women's leisure: Reconfiguring the ageing process. J Aging Stud 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine techniques that have been used to assess various aspects of body-image perception and body-image attitudes in obesity. It summarizes findings from previous review articles and reports on new research findings that have been published between August 2007 and August 2010. RECENT FINDINGS Body-image perception and attitudes in obesity have been assessed using questionnaires, figural drawing scales and computer morphing or adjustment programs. Most of these techniques have been developed to assess body image in eating disorders and as such are not specific to the assessment of body image in obesity. SUMMARY Body-image perception and body-image attitudes are commonly assessed in research studies on obesity. However, currently available assessment instruments have not been developed specifically for use in obese populations and not all have been validated in these populations. Researchers should be careful in selecting assessment instruments that are appropriate for use in obesity.
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Umstattd MR, Wilcox S, Dowda M. Predictors of Change in Satisfaction with Body Appearance and Body Function in Mid-Life and Older Adults: Active for Life®. Ann Behav Med 2010; 41:342-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-010-9247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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de Souto Barreto P, Ferrandez AM, Guihard-Costa AM. Predictors of Body Satisfaction: Differences Between Older Men and Women’s Perceptions of Their Body Functioning and Appearance. J Aging Health 2010; 23:505-28. [DOI: 10.1177/0898264310386370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This article examines the predictors of body satisfaction among older men and women. Method: A self-reported questionnaire on body satisfaction (focused on body appearance and functioning), health, physical activity, and sociodemographic characteristics was completed by 384 older adults twice, at a year’s interval. Women ( n = 243) were on average 70.3 ± 7.9 years old, and men 70.9 ± 7.5 years old. Results: Body mass index was found to be the strongest predictor of satisfaction with body appearance for both genders, along with body functioning in the case of men. Regarding satisfaction with body functioning, functional limitations were women’s most important predictor of satisfaction, whereas for men body appearance was more important. Discussion: Men seemed to link satisfaction with body appearance more closely to body functioning than did women. Gender differences suggest that interventions to improve body satisfaction must be gender specific, particularly those relating to body functioning.
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Abstract
ABSTRACTBody-image research has focused on younger women and girls, and tended to ignore women in later life, although recent studies have called for more research into the body image of older women, particularly from a lifecourse perspective. The lifecourse perspective can address the complexity of body image by identifying personal and/or environmental factors that shape body image and the trajectories of body image across the lifecourse. Accordingly the purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore older women's body image using a lifecourse perspective. We conducted individual interviews and follow-up focus groups with 13 women aged 60–69 years, all of them resident in a United States non-metropolitan county (its largest city having a population of 38,420) and having lived in the country for more than 30 years. The findings highlight the influence of inter-personal relationships (e.g. with a spouse or parent), the macro-environment (e.g. media or community attitudes) and key life events (e.g. physiological changes or educational experiences) that shaped body image at various life stages. In addition, the findings demonstrate that as women age, they de-prioritise appearance in favour of health or internal characteristics. Finally, the findings highlight the complexity of body image as a construct, which includes attitudes toward appearance, evaluations of health and physical ability, and assessments of appearance.
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Diehl MK, Wahl HW. Awareness of age-related change: examination of a (mostly) unexplored concept. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2009; 65B:340-50. [PMID: 20008026 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbp110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This theoretical article discusses the emerging concept of awareness of age-related change (AARC). We propose that a focus on AARC extends the research traditions on subjective age experiences and age identity and that examination of this concept can serve a stimulating role in social gerontology. After defining and contrasting AARC against similar concepts, several reasons for the relevance of this mostly unexplored construct are provided. The sample domains of health and physical functioning, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal relations are used to illustrate the relevance of AARC. Based on this review, we then provide a heuristic framework that describes antecedents, processes, and outcomes related to AARC. Overall, we argue that research on AARC should become an integral part of social gerontological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred K Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 1570 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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