1
|
Blanzat C, Phan O, Hamonniere T, Bonnaire C. The PEERCARE peer led programme for college students: A qualitative evaluation of a "chill-out" harm reduction space. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2024; 41:326-345. [PMID: 38903888 PMCID: PMC11186445 DOI: 10.1177/14550725231225597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: Harmful patterns of alcohol consumption, such as binge drinking, are prevalent among the student population at universities. Despite the risks of this behaviour, few secondary prevention programmes have been created to meet the specific needs of this population. The PEERCARE programme is a peer-based prevention programme that seeks harm reduction for alcohol overuse in party environments, among other goals. To do so, a "chill-out" space is created by peer educators in party environments to limit the risks associated with alcohol overuse. This study sought to examine peer educators' experience with a chill-out space to identify their specific actions, difficulties and needs, and to consider possibilities for improvement. Methods: Nine engineering students from one French grandes écoles campus trained as peer educators (six men and three women; mean age 21 years) participated. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Results: The thematic analysis showed that the peer educators were highly engaged with this programme in response to alcohol overuse on their campus. The chill-out space was lauded for its non-judgemental and non-moralising nature. In addition, the numerous risk reduction activities that were enacted confirmed the benefits of these spaces during parties. The peer educators' experience was positive, and acting as managers of the chill-out space seemed to answer to a sense of competence recognitiontion. Conclusion: This study confirms the relevance of utilising chill-out spaces during parties and provides preliminary data on the deployment and management of peer-led chill-out space approaches. Expanding the implementation of such spaces to more educational institutions is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coline Blanzat
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Olivier Phan
- Clinique FSEF Sceaux, Sceaux, France; Centre Pierre Nicole, “Consultation Jeunes Consommateurs”, Croix-Rouge Française, Paris, France; Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Inserm, UMR 1018, Université Paris-Saclay, hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif cedex, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Tristan Hamonniere
- Clinique FSEF Sceaux, Sceaux, France; UR Clipsyd, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Céline Bonnaire
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Centre Pierre Nicole, “Consultation Jeunes Consommateurs”, Croix-Rouge Française, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fitzke RE, Atieh T, Davis JP, Canning L, Tran DD, Buch K, Hummer JF, Pedersen ER. A latent profile analysis of social anxiety, depression, and pregaming motives among heavy-drinking college students. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:142-152. [PMID: 38184800 PMCID: PMC10783532 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming is a high-risk drinking behavior that is associated with heavy drinking and negative alcohol-related consequences. College students may engage in pregaming for several reasons, including to enhance social experiences or cope with negative affect. Research shows that associations between drinking, social anxiety, and depression are multifaceted. However, our understanding of the complex associations of mental health symptoms with pregaming motives and behaviors remains limited. METHODS This study examined heterogeneity in how pregaming motives, social anxiety, and depression associate with past 30-day pregaming variables (quantity, frequency, and negative consequences). We used latent profile analysis (LPA) in a sample of heavy-drinking university students (N = 479). RESULTS LPA results indicated four profiles: mild/moderate social anxiety and depression symptoms, moderate motives (n = 285), minimal social anxiety and depression symptoms, low motives (n = 61), subclinical/elevated social anxiety and depression symptoms, high motives (n = 75), and clinically elevated social anxiety and depression symptoms, moderate motives (n = 58). The subclinical/elevated symptoms, high motives profile reported the highest pregaming frequency and consequences, including blackouts. Individuals in the clinically elevated symptoms, moderate motives profile reported more consequences than those in the minimal symptoms, low motives and mild/moderate symptoms, moderate motives profiles. Individuals in the minimal symptoms, low motives profile reported the fewest consequences. CONCLUSIONS Among these students, social anxiety and pregaming motives were associated with more frequent pregaming and social anxiety and depression were associated with greater negative consequences. Interventions that target pregaming-specific motives among students with mental health symptoms may be warranted to reduce this risky behavior and associated drinking-related harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reagan E. Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Jordan P. Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Liv Canning
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Denise D. Tran
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Keegan Buch
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Eric R. Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pedersen ER, Hummer JF, Davis JP, Fitzke RE, Tran DD, Witkiewitz K, Clapp JD. A mobile-based pregaming drinking prevention intervention for college students: A pilot randomized controlled trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:841-852. [PMID: 37053413 PMCID: PMC10570401 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregaming is among the riskiest drinking behaviors in which college students engage, often leading to elevated blood alcohol levels and negative alcohol-related consequences. Yet, tailored interventions to reduce risk associated with pregaming are lacking. The present study was designed to develop and evaluate the efficacy of a brief, mobile-based intervention targeting heavy drinking during pregaming among college students, called Pregaming Awareness in College Environments (PACE). METHOD PACE was developed using two innovations to facilitate behavior change: (a) a mobile-based application to increase intervention accessibility and (b) personalized pregaming-specific intervention content delivered using a harm reduction approach with cognitive behavioral skills training. After development and β-testing, we employed a randomized clinical trial with 485 college students who reported pregaming at least once per week in the past month (Mage = 19.98; 52.2% from minoritized racial and/or ethnic groups; 65.6% female). Participants were randomly assigned to PACE (n = 242) or a control condition website (n = 243), which consisted of general information about the effects of alcohol. Analysis assessed intervention effects on pregaming drinking, global drinking, and alcohol-related consequences at 6 and 14 weeks postintervention. RESULTS Although participants in both conditions reduced drinking, small and significant intervention effects favoring PACE were found at 6-week follow-up for overall drinking days, pregaming days, and alcohol-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the brief mobile PACE intervention has potential to address risky drinking, but more intensive pregaming-focused efforts may be necessary to achieve stronger and lasting effects among college students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | | | - Jordan P. Davis
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - Reagan E. Fitzke
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Denise D. Tran
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - John D. Clapp
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ceballos N, Perrotte J, Sharma S, Awofisayo O, Callaway D, Gordon A, Graham R. Women who pre-game: A study of stress and alcohol use in female collegiate predrinkers. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37581956 PMCID: PMC10867280 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2245499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study examined the relationship between stress and pre-gaming (i.e., drinking prior to going out to an event) in female college students. Methods: Thirty-four female college students were grouped as pre-gamers or non-pre-gamers based on self-reported drinking patterns. They completed surveys about alcohol use and mental health and provided a set of salivary cortisol samples upon waking, 30 min later, and at 10am on the same day. Results: Pre-gamers and non-pre-gamers did not differ on demographics or psychosocial variables. Pre-gamers reported riskier drinking overall and had greater endorsement of social, coping, and enhancement drinking motives. Pre-gamers also had lower cortisol levels 30 min after waking and exhibited attenuated CAR. Conclusions: Female collegiate pre-gamers may differ from their peers not only in terms of alcohol consumption and drinking motives, but also on attenuated CAR, a physiological biomarker associated with stress dysregulation and vulnerability to addictive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ceballos
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica Perrotte
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Shobhit Sharma
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | | | - Danielle Callaway
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Gordon
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Reiko Graham
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fitzke RE, Tran DD, Hummer JF, Davis JP, Prince MA, Prindle JJ, Lee DS, Pedersen ER. High Spirits? Exploring "Halloweekend" Alcohol and Cannabis Use Among Heavy-Drinking College Students. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:520-529. [PMID: 36971757 PMCID: PMC10488306 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific events are associated with heavier and riskier substance use behaviors among college students, including holidays like Halloween, which may include several days of themed parties/events ("Halloweekend"). The current study compared drinking, pregaming (i.e., fast-paced drinking before going out for the night), cannabis use, same-day alcohol and cannabis co-use, and negative alcohol-related consequences over Halloweekend compared with two adjacent non-Halloween weekends among a sample of heavy-drinking university students. METHOD Participants (N = 228; 65% female) provided 28 days of daily diary data. We used a three-level generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) approach estimating zero-inflated Conway-Maxwell Poisson regressions to assess the effect of weekend and specific weekend day on number of overall drinks, number of pregaming drinks, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Proportions tests assessed for differences in any cannabis use and daily co-use between Halloweekend and non-Halloween weekends. RESULTS Zero-inflated portions of the GLMMs indicated that general drinking, pregaming, and negative consequences were most prevalent on Halloweekend and Fridays and Saturdays. Count portions of the models indicated that general drinking quantity was highest during these periods, and participants experienced a greater number of negative consequences on Halloweekend compared with the weekend before; no differences were observed in the quantity of pregaming drinks consumed across weekends or days. No significant differences in cannabis use or co-use were observed between weekends. CONCLUSIONS Given risk associated with Halloweekend compared with weekends immediately before and after, interventions targeting alcohol use and pregaming on Halloweekend may be beneficial to reduce related harm for heavy-drinking students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reagan E. Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Denise D. Tran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jordan P. Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark A. Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John J. Prindle
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric R. Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos MGR, Sanchez ZM, Hughes K, Gee I, Quigg Z. The perceived impact that alcohol policy could have on Brazilian and British students' pre-drinking behaviour. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107618. [PMID: 36652811 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on how pre-drinking (i.e., drinking in private or in unlicensed settings before going out) varies across cultures and its implications for defining policies and prevention strategies is needed. We explored the perceived impact that various alcohol policies could have on pre-drinking practices amongst Brazilian and British students that pre-drink. METHODS A cross-sectional, online survey amongst student drinkers aged 18-29 in England (N = 387) and Brazil (N = 1,048) explored sociodemographic, pre-drinking habits, and attitudes towards alcohol policies (increasing prices, regulating availability, and restricting promotions). RESULTS A greater proportion of British students were aged between 18 and 21 years old (67.2%) than Brazilian students (45.2%; p < 0.001). More British (ENG 85.8%) than Brazilian (BRA 44.8%, p < 0.001) students reported pre-drinking. Pre-drinkers' main motivation was to save money (BRA 66.5%, ENG 46.2%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, in Brazil, male (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.53, CI: 1.04-2.24) and white (OR: 1.60, CI: 1.03-2.49) pre-drinkers were more likely to believe that increasing prices policies could reduce their pre-drinking habits. In Brazil, white pre-drinkers (OR: 1.86, CI: 1.10-3.15) were more likely to believe that restricting alcohol promotions policies could reduce their pre-drinking habits. Regarding the perceived impact that the combined alcohol policies could have on students' pre-drinking practice, only in Brazil there were significant statistical results. CONCLUSIONS Whilst in Brazil none of the investigated alcohol policies are currently implemented, more Brazilian pre-drinkers believed that such legislation could reduce their pre-drinking practices (when compared with British pre-drinkers). These data may help legislators and stakeholders to better understand the characteristics of a more acceptable alcohol policy amongst university students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G R Santos
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 3rd Floor Exchange Station, Tithebarn St., Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 740, 4th Floor, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
| | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 740, 4th Floor, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Karen Hughes
- School of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham Campus, Wrexham Technology Park, Croesnewydd Road, Wrexham LL13 7YP, UK
| | - Ivan Gee
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 3rd Floor Exchange Station, Tithebarn St., Liverpool L2 2QP, UK
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 3rd Floor Exchange Station, Tithebarn St., Liverpool L2 2QP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pre-drinking motives are directly associated with alcohol-related consequences even after adjusting for alcohol use on a given night: A consequence-specific analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107526. [PMID: 36351321 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-drinking motives (PDM) are linked with different characteristics of pre-drinking occasions (e.g., fast-paced drinking, socializing, moving across locations) that are potentially related to adverse night-level consequences. This study examines the direct associations of three PDM dimensions (fun/intoxication, facilitation, and conviviality) with the occurrence of five consequences (hangover, impaired driving, blackout, risky sex, fight/injury) over and above amounts of alcohol consumed that night. METHODS A sample of 138 young adult nightlife goers (55.1 % men, Mage = 19.0 SD = 2.4) in Switzerland reported PDM at baseline, and subsequently reported night-level alcohol use and consequences the next morning on 12.1 weekend nights on average (N = 1,663 participant-nights). Correlational analyses and multilevel logistic regression models assessed associations between PDM and night-level consequences. RESULTS After adjusting for amounts consumed, age, sex and monthly pre-drinking frequency, conviviality PDM were associated with higher odds of risky sex (OR = 2.68) and lower odds of blackout (OR = 0.57) while fun/intoxication PDM were associated with lower odds of risky sex (OR = 0.35). Interaction analyses per gender showed that fun/intoxication PDM were associated with lower odds of impaired driving among women (OR = 0.25). Results remained the same when adjusting for general drinking motives, which were not associated with night-level consequences. CONCLUSION PDM might better capture risk factors for experiencing night-level consequences than general drinking motives. Preventive intervention should make young people aware that pre-drinking is not only associated with higher amounts of alcohol consumed, but also with increased risks of specific night-level consequences, including blackouts and risky sexual behaviors, depending on the level of endorsement of each PDM.
Collapse
|
8
|
Devilly GJ. Preloading, exit intoxication related to energy drink usage, and gender differences within night-time entertainment districts for young people. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107533. [PMID: 36332514 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Governments frequently introduce legislation to reduce drunkenness and violence in night-time entertainment districts (NEDs). However, there is no study which has looked at inebriation of a large sample of young people exiting a NED. We investigated Breath Approximated Blood Alcohol Concentration (BrAC; grams per decilitre, g/dl) levels as people left Brisbane (Australia) NEDs and measured the effects of preloading, energy drink usage, time of night and gender differences on exit intoxication. METHODS We systematically assessed patrons between November 2015 to March 2019 by administering surveys and breathalysing them as they exited the NEDs. We then analysed only those under the age of 26 years old (n = 3,211) as there was a natural break in the data on energy drink usage for those aged over 25 years old. FINDINGS This study found that young drinkers leave the NED with an average BrAC of 0.094 g/dl. Consistent with hypotheses, the exit BrAC was significantly and meaningfully higher in preloaders (medium effect size). These preloaders also came into the NEDs later but stayed for the same length of time as non-preloaders. BrAC levels did not significantly differ for those who did or did not use energy drinks during the night. As predicted, gender was not associated with a meaningful difference in alcohol intoxication and consumption. The time of night that patrons were interviewed was positively associated with inebriation levels, however, this association was small (r ≈ 0.1). DISCUSSION With preloading being such a strong predictor for end of night intoxication, and length of time spent in the NED equal between those who do or do not preload, we suggest that to have people less inebriated, they should be encouraged into the NED earlier rather than focusing on their leaving time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Devilly
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Walukevich-Dienst K, Blayney JA, Fairlie AM, Jaffe AE, Larimer ME. Social Anxiety and Pre-Party Motives Are Associated With Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences During College Students' Most Recent Pre-Party Occasion. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:820-828. [PMID: 36484579 PMCID: PMC9756407 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.21-00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Engaging in hazardous drinking behaviors, such as playing drinking games or pre-partying, is associated with excessive drinking and negative consequences among college students. Pre-partying or playing drinking games often occurs in anticipation of or during social situations. College students with elevated social anxiety who drink to cope with social anxiety symptoms in social settings may be especially vulnerable to drinking more heavily in these contexts and, in turn, experiencing more negative consequences. However, little is known about specific psychosocial factors that may inform the decision of socially anxious individuals to engage in hazardous drinking behaviors. METHOD The current study used cross-sectional data to test whether social anxiety symptoms and past-year pre-party motives were associated with (a) a greater likelihood of playing drinking games while pre-partying, (b) total alcohol consumption, and (c) consequences during students' most recent drinking occasion during which they pre-partied. RESULTS Participants were 981 college students (63.5% women, 67.9% White, mean age = 20.1 years, SD = 1.3) who reported on their most recent pre-party drinking occasion. Greater social anxiety symptoms were related to higher past-year interpersonal enhancement and intimate pursuit motives, which in turn were associated with greater alcohol consumption and more negative consequences during the most recent pre-party event. CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, results highlight the importance of considering pre-party motives associated with social anxiety and negative drinking consequences among college students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica A. Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna E. Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Calhoun BH, Maggs JL. Pregame Heavy Episodic Drinking and Its Association With Negative Consequences and Other Risky Substance Use Behaviors. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:793-801. [PMID: 36484576 PMCID: PMC9756404 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.20-00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregaming, or drinking before going out, is common among college students and has been linked with greater alcohol use and experiencing more negative consequences. This study tested within- and between-person associations between pregame heavy episodic drinking (Pregame HED; 4+/5+ drinks for women/men while pregaming) and high-intensity drinking (8+/10+ drinks), negative consequences, and three risky behaviors. METHOD College students at a large, public university in the Northeast United States who participated in a longitudinal measurement-burst design study completed a longer survey and up to 14 daily surveys in up to four consecutive semesters (n days = 4,706; n persons = 547). Hypotheses were primarily tested using logistic and Poisson multilevel models. RESULTS Pregame HED was reported by 41% of drinkers and on 15% of drinking days and 38% of pregaming days. Students were more likely to engage in high-intensity drinking on Pregame HED days than on moderate pregaming (1-3 and 1-4 pregaming drinks for women and men, respectively) or no pregaming drinking days. Students experienced more negative consequences on Pregame HED days than moderate or no pregaming drinking days, but there was no unique daily-level association between Pregame HED and negative consequences after alcohol intake was controlled. Students were more likely to use marijuana on Pregame HED days than on moderate and no pregaming drinking days. CONCLUSIONS Pregame HED appears to be a characteristic of extremely heavy drinking days and fundamentally different from moderate pregaming and no pregaming drinking days. Findings highlight the importance of accounting for amounts of alcohol consumed while pregaming and the notion that drinking episodes can be dynamic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer L. Maggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ardinger CE, Lapish CC, Czachowski CL, Grahame NJ. A critical review of front-loading: A maladaptive drinking pattern driven by alcohol's rewarding effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1772-1782. [PMID: 36239713 PMCID: PMC9588658 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Front-loading is a drinking pattern in which alcohol intake is skewed toward the onset of reward access. This phenomenon has been reported across several different alcohol self-administration protocols in a wide variety of species, including humans. The hypothesis of the current review is that front-loading emerges in response to the rewarding effects of alcohol and can be used to measure the motivation to consume alcohol. Alternative or additional hypotheses that we consider and contrast with the main hypothesis are that: (1) front-loading is directed at overcoming behavioral and/or metabolic tolerance and (2) front-loading is driven by negative reinforcement. Evidence for each of these explanations is reviewed. We also consider how front-loading has been evaluated statistically in previous research and make recommendations for defining this intake pattern in future studies. Because front-loading may predict long-term maladaptive alcohol drinking patterns leading to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD), several future directions are proposed to elucidate the relationship between front-loading and AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherish E. Ardinger
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research CenterIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Christopher C. Lapish
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research CenterIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA,Stark Neuroscience Research InstituteIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Cristine L. Czachowski
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research CenterIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Grahame
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research CenterIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pedersen ER, Hummer JF, Davis JP, Fitzke RE, Christie NC, Witkiewitz K, Clapp JD. A mobile-based pregaming drinking prevention intervention for college students: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2022; 17:31. [PMID: 35717303 PMCID: PMC9206220 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-022-00314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming is a high-drink context popular among college students that often leads to elevated blood alcohol levels and negative consequences. Over 15 years of research studies have demonstrated that pregaming represents one of the riskiest known behaviors among college students, yet no pregaming-specific interventions have been developed to help prevent this behavior. General brief interventions for students do not reduce pregaming behavior and may not be appropriate, as they do not help students develop skills unique to the pregaming context that could help them drink less. We developed a brief, mobile-based intervention that is proposed to prevent heavy drinking during pregaming for college students, with the ultimate goal that behavioral reductions in this risky practice will ultimately affect global drinking and prevent consequences. METHODS/DESIGN The intervention, Pregaming Awareness in College Environments (PACE), was developed by combining two innovations to facilitate behavior change: (1) a mobile-based application that increases accessibility, is easy and engaging to use, and broadens the reach of the intervention content and (2) personalized pregaming-specific intervention content with harm reduction and cognitive behavioral skills proven to be mechanisms preventing and reducing heavy drinking among college students. After a develop and beta-test phase, we propose to test the efficacy of PACE in a preliminary randomized controlled trial with 500 college students who pregame at least once per week. Pregaming, general drinking, and alcohol-related consequences outcomes will be examined in the immediate (2 weeks post-intervention) and short-terms (six and 14-week post-intervention). We will also evaluate moderator effects for age, sex, and heaviness of drinking to allow for more refined information for a planned larger test of the intervention to follow this initial trial of PACE. DISCUSSION This pregaming intervention clinical trial, if found to be efficacious, will culminate with an easily-disseminated mobile-based intervention for college student drinkers. It has the potential to reach millions of college students, perhaps as a clinical tool used by college counseling centers as an adjunct to formal care or as a preventive tool for first-year students or other high-risk groups on campus. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04016766.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Pedersen
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | | | - Jordan P Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Reagan E Fitzke
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Nina C Christie
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - John D Clapp
- Suzanne Dworkak-Peck School of Social Work; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine; USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cox M, Chaney B, McDonald L, Beth Miller M. Assessing alcohol use in situ: Correlates of self-report vs. objective alcohol consumption. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107278. [PMID: 35217414 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Associations between self-report and objective measurement of young adult alcohol use are weakened by excessive consumption levels; therefore, associations between correlates of alcohol use and consumption likely also differ by alcohol measurement. This study examined the extent to which correlates of heavy drinking measured via self-report are also indicators of heavy drinking measured objectively. Data were collected from 164 bar patrons (54% male; 73% White, 12% Black, 15% Other; 15% Hispanic) as they exited the bar. Participants completed an intercept survey including self-reported measures of drinking, demographics, and social-environmental factors. A breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) reading was also obtained using a handheld breathalyzer device. Correlations between two self-reported outcomes, number of drinks consumed prior to and at the bar, and BrAC were significant among those in the lowest quartile of BrAC readings, but largely non-significant at moderate and high BrAC levels. Intention to get drunk that night was a robust predictor of alcohol consumption across self-reported outcomes and BrAC. Social factors (presence of drinking peers, witnessing drunk others) were predictive of self-reported alcohol use but not BrAC. AUDIT-C score was the only additional alcohol behavior predictive of objectively measured alcohol use. Self-reported outcomes and BrAC, as well as their association with key correlates, diverge at high levels of intoxication, when preventive intervention is most needed. Implications for further research and alcohol prevention practice are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sell NM, Testa M. Is bringing one's own alcohol to parties protective or risky? A prospective examination of sexual victimization among first-year college women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:968-972. [PMID: 32693704 PMCID: PMC7856164 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1791883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study assessed whether college women who bring their own alcohol to parties (BYOB) are less vulnerable to sexual victimization (SV). Participants: Participants were 652 female freshmen (M age = 18.04 years) at a large, public university. Methods: Women were recruited by email to complete online surveys of their drinking-related behaviors and sexual experiences in September (T1) and November (T2) of their first college semester. Results: Approximately 47% of our sample reported BYOB. Women who reported BYOB more frequently at T1 were more likely to report SV at T2 when accounting for risk factors, including prior SV, heavy episodic drinking, and hookups. Specifically, BYOB predicted contact and rape, but not coercion. Conclusions: Findings suggested BYOB does not prevent college SV, but rather may increase risk. We encourage college health professionals and researchers to target BYOB to better understand this common behavior and help students recognize potential for associated harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole M. Sell
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions and Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Maria Testa
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions and Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pedersen E, Davis JP, Setodji C, Dworkin ER, Leamon I, Hummer JF, Zutshi R, Clapp JD. Increased Risk for Sexual Violence Victimization on Drinking Days Involving Pregaming. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2022; 31:1224-1240. [PMID: 36439784 PMCID: PMC9698375 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2022.2061880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has been associated with increased risk for sexual violence victimization and perpetration. Pregaming, a popular activity among college students that involves heavy and quick drinking prior to going out for the night and often results in high blood alcohol levels (BALs), may convey increased risk for sexual violence-potentially due to greater likelihood of contact with intoxicated perpetrators and significantly impaired victim ability to consent or resist. Yet no published work has evaluated whether there is increased risk for victimization on drinking days that involve pregaming. Using a sample of 390 college student drinkers who completed a past 30-day Timeline Followback, we examined heavy drinking behavior, estimated BALs, and experience of sexual violence victimization during 1,899 drinking days, of which 30% involved pregaming. After controlling for demographics, we found that participants drank approximately two more drinks and reached significantly higher BALs on drinking days where they pregamed as compared to drinking days where they did not pregame. Nearly 6% of drinking days that included pregaming involved sexual violence victimization, compared to about 2% of drinking days where pregaming did not occur. Participants were at 2.71 times the odds of experiencing sexual violence, primarily unwelcomed comments and nonconsensual sexual touching, during drinking days with pregaming. This study represents a first step toward greater understanding of the sexual violence and pregaming link, but future research assessing perpetrator behavior and context-specific factors (e.g., amount consumed by victims and perpetrators, location of sexual violent events and peers present) are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pedersen
- Associate Professor, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordan P. Davis
- Assistant Professor, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, . Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claude Setodji
- Senior Statistician, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily R. Dworkin
- Assistant Professor, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabel Leamon
- Research Assistant, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Justin F. Hummer
- Associate Behavioral Scientist, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Rushil Zutshi
- Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - John D. Clapp
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Santos MGR, Sanchez ZM, Hughes K, Gee I, Quigg Z. Pre-drinking, alcohol consumption and related harms amongst Brazilian and British university students. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264842. [PMID: 35299234 PMCID: PMC8929586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking in private or other unlicensed settings before going out (i.e., pre-drinking) is increasingly being identified as a common behaviour amongst students as it provides an opportunity to extend their drinking duration and socialise. However, studies suggest associations between pre-drinking and alcohol-related harms. This study examines Brazilian and British university students’ pre-drinking patterns and associations with nightlife-related harms amongst drinkers. A total of 1,151 Brazilian and 424 British students (aged 18+ years) completed an online survey. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic variables, nightlife drinking behaviour including pre-drinking and past 12 months experience of alcohol-related harms. Most participants were female (BRA 59.1%, ENG 65.3%; p = 0.027), undergraduate students (BRA 88.2%, ENG 71.2%; p<0.001) and aged 18–25 years (BRA 78.8%, ENG 81.5%; p<0.001). Pre-drinking was more prevalent in England (82.8%) than Brazil (44.0%; p<0.001), yet Brazilian students drank more units of alcohol than British students when pre-drinking (BRA 17.6, ENG 12.1; p<0.001). In multi-variate analyses, pre-drinking was significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing a range of harms across both countries (e.g., blackouts; failing to attend university), with the strength of associations varying between countries. Pre-drinking in Brazil and in England is an important event before going out amongst university students, however our study shows it is associated with a range of harms in both countries. Thus, preventing pre-drinking may be a crucial strategy to reduce excessive alcohol consumption and related harms in the nightlife context across countries with diverse nightlife environments and alcohol drinking cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. R. Santos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zila M. Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Hughes
- School of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Gee
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jaffe AE, Blayney JA, Graupensperger S, Cooper R, Larimer ME. Prepartying and incapacitated rape: Is drinking a risk factor or an outcome? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:447-457. [PMID: 35076100 PMCID: PMC8966982 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incapacitated rape (IR) is common in college and has been linked to heavier post-assault drinking and consequences, including blackouts. Following IR, college students may adjust their drinking in ways meant to increase perceived safety, such as enhancing situational control over one's drinks through prepartying, which is drinking before going out to a main social event. Although it is possible that prepartying could influence risk related to IR, it is unclear whether or how prepartying and IR are associated. METHODS To address these gaps, we examined prepartying as both a risk factor and a consequence of IR, including the reasons for prepartying. Across two studies (Study 1 N = 1074; Study 2 N = 1753) of college women and men, we examined associations between IR and prepartying motives, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related blackouts. RESULTS Within the cross-sectional Study 1, negative binomial regressions revealed that having a history of IR was associated with more alcohol consumption and blackouts when prepartying. In a multivariate model, past-year IR was associated with preparty motives related to interpersonal enhancement, intimate pursuit, and barriers to consumption, but not situational control. Within the prospective Study 2, a path model revealed that preparty drinking was a prospective predictor of IR in the following year, but past-year IR did not predict subsequent prepartying. CONCLUSIONS Findings revealed a robust link between recent history of IR and prepartying regardless of gender. Prepartying was a prospective risk factor for subsequent IR. Although more research in this area is needed, addressing prepartying in alcohol interventions may contribute to the prevention of negative outcomes, including sexual assault.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jessica A Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cameron MP, Miller PG, Roskruge M. Pre‐drinking behaviour of people in the night‐time economy: Evidence from a street‐intercept survey in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:787-794. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cameron
- School of Accounting, Finance and Economics University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
- National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Peter G. Miller
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Deakin University Melbourne Australia
| | - Matthew Roskruge
- School of Economics and Finance Massey University Auckland New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cameron MP, Miller PG, Roskruge M. Side-loading prevalence and intoxication in the night-time economy. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100403. [PMID: 35028409 PMCID: PMC8739460 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial minority of the ambient population in the night-time economy had engaged in side-loading. Unlike pre-drinking, side-loading was not statistically significantly associated with greater levels of intoxication (as measured by breath alcohol content). Side-loading might not be used as a method for drinkers to enhance intoxication, but instead as a means of sustaining a target level of intoxication.
Although pre-drinking has attracted considerable research interest, side-loading (any drinking occurring outside of licensed premises during a night out, and excluding drinking at home) is comparatively under-studied. In this paper, we investigate the prevalence of side-loading behaviour and intoxication in the night-time economy of Hamilton, New Zealand’s fourth-largest city. Using a street-intercept survey conducted over six nights (n = 469) in March and April 2019, we found that 17.5% of research participants (82/469), and 19.9% of drinkers (82/413), had engaged in side-loading. Of those engaging in side-loading, the majority did so in a car (61.0%), with smaller proportions engaging in side-loading in the street (17.1%), a carpark (12.2%), or somewhere else (13.4%). Men were significantly more likely than women to engage in side-loading behaviour (p = 0.001). In linear models controlling for time of the night, day of the week, and demographic variables, side-loading was not statistically significantly associated with breath alcohol content. This contrasts with pre-drinking, which was associated with statistically significantly higher breath alcohol content. Our results suggest that side-loading might not be used as a method for drinkers to enhance intoxication, but instead as a means of sustaining a target level of intoxication during an evening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cameron
- School of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.,Te Ngira - Institute for Population Research, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Peter G Miller
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Matthew Roskruge
- School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Prepartying, or drinking prior to going out, and playing drinking games (DG) can increase young adults' risk of heavy alcohol consumption. In the present study, we examined whether playing DG as a typical form of prepartying can increase alcohol consumption risk when compared with prepartying alone or with friends, and whether the type of DG played while prepartying can increase this risk. Participants consisted of young adults from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 482, Mage=22.56, 44.2% women, 74.3% White, 62.7% were current college students) who played a DG within the past month and completed an anonymous online survey about their prepartying and DG behaviors. Results indicated that team games (e.g. beer pong) are the most commonly played type of DG while prepartying. Controlling for alcohol use on drinking occasions when DGs were not played, gender, and college status, those who played DG as a form of prepartying (n = 163) consumed more alcohol while prepartying than those who prepartied alone or with friends. Finally, those who played card games (e.g. Kings) while prepartying also consumed more preparty drinks than those who do not typically play card games. Implications for prevention and intervention as well as future research directions are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Ford
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkanas, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Calhoun BH, Maggs JL. Day drinking among college students and its association with risky substance use behaviors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2546-2559. [PMID: 34932227 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Day drinking, or drinking during the daytime, is a term used colloquially in the media and among college students based on anecdotal evidence. Drinking at tailgate parties, generally thought to be a type of day drinking, tends to be particularly heavy and to achieve levels comparable to drinking on holidays and special occasions. The objective of this study was to assess how many and how often students day drink and whether day drinking days (i.e., days drinking began before 4:00 p.m.) were associated with heavy drinking, legal intoxication, negative alcohol-related consequences, and three risky substance use behaviors. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal daily diary study of college students who were followed for their first seven semesters of college. The analytic sample includes 7,633 drinking days nested with 619 student drinkers. We used logistic and Poisson multilevel models to test associations between day drinking days and substance use outcomes and negative consequences. RESULTS Approximately 50% of drinkers drank durinng the day at least once, and day drinking occurred on 9% of drinking days. Greek organization participants reported significantly more day drinking days than non-participants. Day drinking days were characterized by heavy drinking as evidenced by strong, positive associations between day drinking and drinking to heavy episodic drinking (HED) and high-intensity drinking (HID) thresholds on a given day. In contrast, students were less likely to reach legal intoxication and experienced fewer negative alcohol-related consequences on day drinking days than days on which drinking began in the evening or nighttime. Students who reported day drinking more often throughout the study also reported having more days of drinking at the HED and HID thresholds and playing drinking games and mixed alcohol with energy drinks more frequently. CONCLUSIONS Day drinking was common among this sample of college students. Findings suggest that day drinking days may be characterized by heavy drinking and may be a behavior most typically engaged in by heavy drinkers, including members of Greek organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Department of Human Development, and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Background: Pre-loading of alcohol and other drugs has become a prevalent start to nights out in many countries. Studies into pre-loading have been using different operational definitions and descriptions, leading to confusion and debate in the research literature. Purpose/Objective: We wish to propose a full taxonomy so that research into preloading, of any substances, can be specific and standardized. Methods: We address this problem by analyzing (1) terminology used throughout the literature, (2) the evolving nature of this phenomenon, and (3) the operational components comprising this substance use practice. Additionally, we provide a context and rationale for how we view pre-loading in relation to the broader event-level session. Results: Our results propose a full operational definition and taxonomy of pre-loading to be used, and built upon, by researchers. We also provide a visual representation of pre-loading within an event-level session and provide a method to facilitate consistency across cultures. Conclusions: We propose that this system will lead to greater specificity and higher reliability in the interpretation of research results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R J Hughes
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Mount Gravatt, Australia
| | - Grant J Devilly
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Mount Gravatt, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hummer JF, Davis JP, Christie N, Pedersen ER. Protective Behavioral Strategies and Alcohol Use While Pregaming: The Moderating Role of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1677-1686. [PMID: 34279174 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1949610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the moderating role of anxiety and depression symptoms on the association between subscales on the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Pregaming (PBSP) scale (safety and familiarity, setting drink limits, pacing drinking, and minimizing intoxication) and alcohol consumption during pregaming. Methods: Participants were 359 traditional age undergraduate college students (M = 20, SD = 1.37; 61.7% female; 61.2% White) who reported pregaming in the past year. All participants completed measures through an online survey which evaluated PBSP, depression and anxiety symptoms, and alcohol use during pregame events in the past month. Results: Among students with high depression symptoms, the more frequent use of PBSP to minimize intoxication was not associated with alcohol consumption levels, whereas among those with low depression symptoms, higher use of PBSP to minimize intoxication was associated with higher alcohol consumption. Among those with high anxiety symptoms, the more frequent use of PBSP to minimize intoxication was associated with lower alcohol consumption at pregaming events, whereas among those with low anxiety symptoms, the use of this PBSP was associated with higher alcohol consumption. The more frequent use of PBSP related to safety and familiarity among those with high anxiety symptoms was unrelated to alcohol consumption during pregaming, whereas among those low in anxiety symptoms, the more frequent use of this PBSP was associated with lower alcohol consumption. Conclusion: The findings begin to inform clinical care and intervention techniques aimed at reducing harm associated with risky drinking practices among a vulnerable subset of college students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nina Christie
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, CA.,University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davis JP, Christie NC, Pakdaman S, Hummer J, DeLeon J, Clapp J, Pedersen ER. Multifaceted impulsivity as a moderator of social anxiety and cannabis use during pregaming. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 76:102320. [PMID: 33011556 PMCID: PMC7814868 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Individuals may drink or use cannabis to cope with social anxiety, and drinking or using cannabis prior to social situations (e.g., pregaming) may be a way to limit the experience of anxiety when entering social settings. However, theoretical and empirical work has reported mixed associations between social anxiety and substance use, specifically alcohol and cannabis. Little work has looked at how other variables, such as impulsivity (a central component to high risk drinking such as pregaming), may shed light onto these mixed findings. College students who reported past year pregaming (n = 363) completed self-report surveys. Supporting prior work, we found that social anxiety was associated with fewer pregaming days, even among those high in sensation seeking. However, those reporting higher social anxiety also reported higher cannabis use during pregaming, specifically among those who reported high sensation seeking and high positive urgency. Results suggest specific facets of impulsivity may affect the association between social anxiety and cannabis use during high risk drinking events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles CA. USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Nina C. Christie
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Sheila Pakdaman
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine and Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Justin Hummer
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407
| | - Jessenia DeLeon
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine and Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - John Clapp
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine and Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Eric R. Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cooke R, Bailey O, Jennings J, Yuen C, Gardner B. Do preparatory behaviours predict alcohol consumption among UK university students? Br J Health Psychol 2020; 26:343-359. [PMID: 33111469 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored whether the frequency and habitual nature of engagement in three behaviours that may serve as preparation for alcohol consumption on a night out with friends - that is, contacting friends to arrange a night out, buying alcohol, drinking alone at home before going out - predicted consumption on such nights. DESIGN Prospective correlational design. METHODS One hundred and twenty UK university students (68 female, 50 male, two non-binary, mean age = 20.78 years, SD = 1.52) completed a survey comprising intentions, habits, and frequency and habit for the three preparatory behaviours. One week later, a second survey measured the number of nights out with friends on which alcohol was drunk (i.e., drinking frequency) and the number on which four or more alcoholic drinks were consumed (i.e, excessive drinking). Regression models were run to predict drinking frequency and excessive drinking. RESULTS Drinking frequency was predicted only by frequency of contacting friends (B = .28, SE = .12, p = .02), and habitually drinking alone before going out (B = .20, SE = .09, p = .03). Excessive drinking was only predicted by alcohol consumption habit (B = .67, SE = .23, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Preceding actions may influence the frequency of alcohol consumption on nights out, independently of intentions and habits relating to alcohol consumption. While interventions to reduce consumption quantity in a single session might focus on disrupting the habits that sustain drinking episodes, efforts to reduce alcohol consumption frequency on nights out might focus on disrupting behaviours that precede alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cooke
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Chun Yuen
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Williams CM, Reynolds LM, Mastroleo NR. Comparison of Pregaming Alcohol Use and Consequences by Season Status and Sex in College Student Athletes. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2020; 49:71-86. [PMID: 33256426 DOI: 10.1177/0047237920976658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As student athletes exhibit unique alcohol use patterns based on being in- versus out-of-season and biological sex, we aimed to explore student athlete (N = 442) alcohol use, pregaming behaviors, and associated negative outcomes. Results suggest being out-of-season and male are positively associated with negative alcohol-related consequences, and male athletes report greater numbers of pregame specific alcohol-related consequences than female athletes (p < .05). Female athletes indicated significantly higher estimated blood alcohol concentrations than male athletes on pregaming nights. No differences emerged between in- and out-of-season athletes on pregame consequences. Results suggest that further emphasis on the role season status and sex has on pregaming behaviors and experiencing negative outcomes may be an important next step toward enhancing prevention and intervention approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callon M Williams
- College of Community and Public Affairs, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States
| | - Linda M Reynolds
- College of Community and Public Affairs, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States
| | - Nadine R Mastroleo
- College of Community and Public Affairs, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pedersen ER, Davis JP, Hummer JF, DiGuiseppi G, Sedano A, Rodriguez A, Clapp JD. Development of a Measure to Assess Protective Behavioral Strategies for Pregaming among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:534-545. [PMID: 31847662 PMCID: PMC7310598 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1686025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although most young adults drink alcohol, there are specific drinking contexts that are associated with increased risk for alcohol-related consequences. One such drinking context is pregaming, which typically involves heavy drinking in brief periods of time and has consistently been linked to consequences within the pregaming event itself, on a night after pregaming, and in the long-term. Intervention efforts that specifically target this risky behavior are needed, but these efforts need to be informed by empirical work to better understand what behaviors young people engage in that can protect them from pregaming-related harms. Purpose: We designed this study to create a measure of protective behavioral strategies that young people use before, during, and after pregaming to inform future intervention work. Methods: We tested an item pool with 363 young adult college students who engaged in pregaming in the past year and conducted exploratory factor analysis to develop a 19-item Protective Behavioral Strategies for Pregaming (PBSP) scale, which featured four subscales of safety and familiarity, setting drink limits, pacing strategies, and minimizing intoxication. Results: Each subscale negatively and significantly correlated with measures of alcohol use and consequences, though subscales differed in their associations with specific pregaming outcomes and by sex. Conclusion: This initial exploratory examination of the PBSP scale's psychometric properties suggests that use of protective behavioral strategies used specifically during pregaming events may protect young people from heavy drinking and harms. More research with the PBSP scale is encouraged to determine its practical utility as a clinical and assessment tool with young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Graham DiGuiseppi
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angeles Sedano
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - John D Clapp
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roba HS, Beyene AS, Irenso AA, Gebremichael B. Prevalence of lifetime substances use among students in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:326. [PMID: 31837700 PMCID: PMC6911280 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of substances is a growing concern in Ethiopia, and their impacts on younger generation have been a concern of different professionals. Even though students are at high-risk of substance abuse, there is lack of comprehensive evidence for policy decision on substance use among students. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of common substances among students in Ethiopia. METHOD A comprehensive literature searches were done from biomedical databases: PubMed/Medline, African Journal Online, HINARI, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for article published until Dcember 31, 2017, and Addis Ababa Uiversity's electronic library search of unpublished thesis and dissertations. Two authors autonomously selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated quality of studies. The prevalence of lifetime substances use was estimated using the random effects model. Q and I2 statistics were computed to measure the extents of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total 676 study articles were identified from electronic databases, and 28 of them were included in meta-analysis. The analysis revealed that the lifetime prevalence of any substance use was 52.5% (95% CI 42.4-62.4%), khat 24.7% (95% CI 21.8-27.7%), alcohol 46.2% (95% CI 40.3-52.2%), and smoking cigarette 14.7% (95% CI 11.3-18.5%). Significant heterogeneity was observed but there was no significant publication bias. The lifetime prevalence of khat, alcohol, and cigarette smoking among high school vs university students was 22.5% (95% CI 15.2-30.7%) vs 25.1% (95% CI 21.9-28.5%), 41.4% (95% CI 22.1-62.1%) vs 47.8% (95% CI 39.9-55.7%), and 21.5% (95% CI 12.6-32.1%) vs 12.9% (95% CI 10.1-16.0%), respectively. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis highlighted the extent of lifetime prevalence of any substance, khat, alcohol, and cigarettes smoking among students in Ethiopia. Significant percent of high school students have exposed to substances. Policy makers should devise and implement strictly binding regulation to curb widespread of substances around educational institution premises at national level. Priority should be given to intervention strategies that help delay first use of substance to prevent problems later in life. Besides, the problem warrants regular national-level educational institutions based studies focusing on the magnitude, trajectory, and consequences of substance use among students. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42018082635.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirbo Shore Roba
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Shunu Beyene
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Research Center for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Asnake Ararsa Irenso
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Australia
| | - Berhe Gebremichael
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perrotte JK, Zamboanga BL, Lui PP, Piña-Watson B. Pregaming among Latina/o emerging adults: Do acculturation and gender matter? J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 18:530-548. [PMID: 29364789 PMCID: PMC6057833 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1417187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Among ethnic minority groups, Latina/o emerging adults are most likely to engage in pregaming, a risky drinking practice. This study examined how U.S. acculturation and enculturation are associated with pregaming and the extent to which gender moderates this relation in a sample of 312 Latina/o emerging adults (18 - 25 years of age). Results indicated that men consumed more alcohol when pregaming than women, but there were no gender differences in pregaming frequency. Results also showed that lower levels of U.S. acculturation were associated with greater alcohol consumption while pregaming for men, but not women. Gender did not moderate the association between acculturation and pregaming frequency. This study highlights the need to account for gender when examining sociocultural determinants of high risk drinking behaviors such as pregaming among Latina/o emerging adults.
Collapse
|
30
|
Elgàn TH, Durbeej N, Gripenberg J. Breath alcohol concentration, hazardous drinking and preloading among Swedish university students. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2019; 36:430-441. [PMID: 32934577 PMCID: PMC7434137 DOI: 10.1177/1455072519863545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately half of all young adults in Sweden are university students, and alcohol consumption is often a central part of students' social lives. Heavy drinking is associated with negative consequences, such as poor study skills, sexual risk-taking, violence and accidents. The aim of the present study is to assess the levels of alcohol intoxication as well as hazardous alcohol use among students at Swedish universities. METHODS In an alcohol field study, students (≥18 years old) were randomly selected and invited to participate. The settings were eight different parties at four universities in Sweden. Alcohol intoxication was measured using a breath analyser for breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Demographic data (i.e., sex, age, number of years at the university) and responses to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) were gathered through face-to-face interviews for the assessment of hazardous alcohol use. RESULTS In total, 723 students were invited to participate, 605 of whom consented (84% response rate). The mean age of the respondents was 22.2 years, and the proportion of women was 37%. A majority of the respondents (91%) reported drinking before arriving at the parties. Among those who had consumed alcohol before arriving, the average BrAC was 0.086%, and 36% had BrACs of 0.100% or more. The proportion of students reporting hazardous use was 86% for women and 87% for men. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the actual levels of intoxication among university students in four different cities. Alcohol intoxication and hazardous use among Swedish university students is a concern, and the university setting is an important arena for implementation of alcohol prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Elgàn
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie Durbeej
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stanesby O, Labhart F, Dietze P, Wright CJC, Kuntsche E. The contexts of heavy drinking: A systematic review of the combinations of context-related factors associated with heavy drinking occasions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218465. [PMID: 31291261 PMCID: PMC6619678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The amount of alcohol consumed during an occasion can be influenced by physical and social attributes of the setting, characteristics and state of individuals, and the interactions of these components. This systematic review identifies and describes the specific combinations and sequences of context-related factors that are associated with heavy drinking occasions. Materials and methods We conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. Eligible articles were event-level and event-based studies that quantitatively analysed associations of sequences or combinations of context-related factors with event-level alcohol consumption. We extracted information on study design, sample, variables, effect estimates and analytical methods. We compiled a list of combinations and sequences associated with heavier drinking (i.e., ‘risky contexts’) and with lighter drinking (‘protective contexts’). The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42018089500). Results We screened 1902 retrieved records and identified a final sample of 65 eligible studies. Daily mood, day of week, location and drinking group characteristics are important drivers of whether an individual engages in a heavy drinking occasion. The direction and magnitude of some associations differed by gender, age, personality and motives, such that in particular social or physical contexts, some people may feel compelled to drink more while others are compelled to drink less. Very few sequences of factors were reported as being associated with event-level alcohol consumption. Conclusions Contexts or factors are experienced in specific sequences that shape the broader drinking context and influence drinking behaviours and consequences but are under-studied. Event-level studies such as those using ecological momentary assessment can harness new technologies for data collection and analysis to improve understandings of why people engage in heavy drinking. Continued event-level research will facilitate public health interventions and policies that reduce heavy drinking and alcohol-related harms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stanesby
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Labhart
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland
- Addiction Switzerland, Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Dietze
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cassandra J. C. Wright
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Foulkes L, McMillan D, Gregory A. A bad night's sleep on campus: an interview study of first-year university students with poor sleep quality. Sleep Health 2019; 5:280-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
33
|
Ferris J, Puljević C, Labhart F, Winstock A, Kuntsche E. The Role of Sex and Age on Pre-drinking: An Exploratory International Comparison of 27 Countries. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:378-385. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries.
Methods
Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16–35 years) between countries.
Results
The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States.
Conclusions
Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, Builiding 33, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- Centre for Health Services Research, Builiding 33, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Florian Labhart
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), Level 5, HS2 La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Addiction Switzerland Research Institute, Avenue Louis-Ruchonnet 14, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Idiap Research Institute, Centre du Parc, Rue Marconi 19, Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Adam Winstock
- University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, UK
- Global Drug Survey Ltd, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), Level 5, HS2 La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Caudwell KM, Keech JJ, Hamilton K, Mullan BA, Hagger MS. Reducing alcohol consumption during pre-drinking sessions: testing an integrated behaviour-change model. Psychol Health 2019; 34:106-127. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1518527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Caudwell
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jacob J. Keech
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara A. Mullan
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin S. Hagger
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chaney BH, Martin RJ, Barry AE, Lee JGL, Cremeens-Matthews J, Stellefson ML. Pregaming: A Field-Based Investigation of Alcohol Quantities Consumed Prior to Visiting a Bar and Restaurant District. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1017-1023. [PMID: 30614346 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1558252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations examining the association between pregaming, or the consumption of alcohol prior to attending a social gathering or drinking establishment, and blood alcohol concentrations have primarily relied on estimations (i.e., Widmark equation), rather than objective biologic samples, such as breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). OBJECTIVES The current study assessed: (1) pregaming, using quantity-based measures, among a sample of college and non-college affiliated bar patrons, (2) associations between pregaming intensity/status and participant intoxication (BrAC), and (3) whether participants who pregamed were more likely to identify as a hazardous drinker. METHODS 548 bar patrons provided data on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and a single pregaming item assessing quantity of alcohol consumed prior to visiting a bar/restaurant district in 2015. BrAC samples were collected post interview. We used hierarchical linear regression models, respectively, to assess whether pregaming significantly impacted BrAC and whether presence of hazardous drinking predicted pregaming behavior. RESULTS After controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, student status, and Greek affiliation, the linear regression model explained 32.3% (R2 = .323) of the variance of BrAC levels (F(12) = 21.162, p < .001), with 4.30% of the variance explained solely by pregaming (β = 0.014; p < .001). The linear regression model to assess if harzardous drinking behavior (AUDIT-C) significantly predicted pregaming explained 31.2% (R2 = .312) of the variance of pregaming behavior (F(18) = 13.276, p < .001), with 4.2% of the variance explained solely by AUDIT-C scores (β = 0.280; p < .001). CONCLUSION Findings further highlight pregaming as a harmful risk behavior linked to elevated levels of hazardous drinking and intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth H Chaney
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Ryan J Martin
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Adam E Barry
- b Division of Health Education, Department of Health & Kinesiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Jennifer Cremeens-Matthews
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Michael L Stellefson
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Howard AR, Albery IP, Frings D, Spada MM, Moss AC. Pre-partying Amongst Students in the UK: Measuring Motivations and Consumption Levels Across Different Educational Contexts. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1519-1529. [PMID: 31068033 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1590414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to explore the motivations for pre-partying amongst UK student drinkers who reported pre-partying at least once per month. Two distinct educational settings were included: colleges, where the majority of students are below the legal age for drinking, and university, where all students would be legally allowed to drink. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted. Ninety-four college (16-18 years) and 138 university students (18-28 years) from the UK completed an online survey, of whom 54.7% and 86.9% reported pre-partying at least once per month, respectively. Alcohol use was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) and pre-partying motivations were assessed using the Pre-partying Motivations Inventory (PMI). Frequency of pre-partying behavior and the number of units consumed was also recorded. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that, for college students, AUDIT-C positively predicted pre-partying frequency, while gender and AUDIT-C positively predicted the units of alcohol consumed but Barriers to Consumption (BC) negatively predicted units consumed. Among university students AUDIT-C and Interpersonal Enhancement predicted pre-partying frequency, and AUDIT-C predicted the amount of pre-partying units consumed. Different motives for pre-partying motives were identified across two distinct educational settings. The finding that BC negatively correlated with the amount of alcohol consumed amongst younger college students requires further study, as it contradicts previous work in this area, but is consistent with findings that availability predicts alcohol intake. Understanding differences in drinking behavior between age groups is a key finding, which will allow future research to track developmental influences on the effectiveness of interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Howard
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Ian P Albery
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Daniel Frings
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Marcantonio M Spada
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Antony C Moss
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Caudwell KM, Mullan BA, Hagger MS. Testing an Online, Theory-Based Intervention to Reduce Pre-drinking Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harm in Undergraduates: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Behav Med 2018; 25:592-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-018-9736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
38
|
Riordan BC, Conner TS, Flett JAM, Droste N, Cody L, Brookie KL, Riordan JK, Scarf D. An intercept study to measure the extent to which New Zealand university students pre-game. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 42:30-34. [PMID: 29281165 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the degree to which students pre-gamed in New Zealand, using self-report and breathalysers. METHODS A total of 569 New Zealand undergraduate students were interviewed (men = 45.2%; first year = 81.4%) entering three university-run concerts. We asked participants to report how many drinks they had consumed, their self-reported intoxication and the duration of their pre-gaming session. We then recorded participants' Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC; µg/L) and the time they arrived at the event. RESULTS The number of participants who reported consuming alcohol before the event was 504 (88.6%) and the number of standard drinks consumed was high (M=6.9; median=6.0). A total of 237 (41.7%) participants could not have their BrAC recorded due to having consumed alcohol ≤10 minutes before the interview. The remaining 332 participants (57.3%) recorded a mean BrAC of 288.8µg/L (median=280.0 µg/L). Gender, off-campus accommodation, length of pre-gaming drinking session, and time of arrival at the event were all associated with increased pre-gaming. Conclusion and implications for public health: Pre-gaming was the norm for students. Universities must take pre-gaming into account; policy implications include earlier start times of events and limiting students' access to alcohol prior to events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nic Droste
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Louise Cody
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Kate L Brookie
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Linden-Carmichael AN, Lau-Barraco C. Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: Daily Context of Use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:863-869. [PMID: 28207926 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) and alcohol-related harms is well established, but limited research has examined the context in which AmEDs are consumed. Identifying the social and environmental characteristics of use may illuminate whether AmEDs are used in settings that could increase the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors or experiencing harms. This study used a 2-week daily diary assessment to compare days in which AmEDs were consumed ("AmED days") and days where other types of alcohol were used ("non-AmED days") on where, when, and with whom drinking occurred. METHODS Participants were 122 (90 women) heavy drinking college students who reported mixing caffeine with alcohol at least once in the past week. Data were collected across 389 drinking days; 40 of these days involved AmED use. RESULTS Multilevel modeling findings revealed that odds of drinking AmEDs were higher on days where individuals drank at a bar or club and drank at home relative to other locations. In addition, odds of pregaming were higher on AmED days as compared to non-AmED days. AmED use was linked with lower odds of drinking game behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, AmEDs appear to be consumed in potentially risky contexts. In combination with prior findings that AmED days are linked with heavier alcohol use and more harms experienced, these findings support the unique nature of AmED consumption in terms of the factors that may predict or maintain potentially hazardous drinking patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Linden-Carmichael
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.,Department of Biobehavioral Health and The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.,The Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Labhart F, Ferris J, Winstock A, Kuntsche E. The country-level effects of drinking, heavy drinking and drink prices on pre-drinking: An international comparison of 25 countries. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:742-750. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Labhart
- Addiction Switzerland Research Institute; Lausanne Switzerland
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Jason Ferris
- Institute for Social Science Research; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Adam Winstock
- University College London; London UK
- Global Drug Survey Ltd.; London UK
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Addiction Switzerland Research Institute; Lausanne Switzerland
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University; Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Labhart F, Kuntsche E. Development and validation of the predrinking motives questionnaire. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Labhart
- Addiction Switzerland, Research Institute; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Addiction Switzerland, Research Institute; Lausanne Switzerland
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; HE Nijmegen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
O'Neil AI, Lafreniere KD, Jackson DL. Pre-drinking motives in Canadian undergraduate students: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Prepartying Motivations Inventory and examination of new themes. Addict Behav 2016; 60:42-7. [PMID: 27088513 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-drinking is a risky, yet common activity among college students whereby they consume alcohol prior to going to an event where more alcohol may be consumed (LaBrie, Hummer, Pederson, Lac, & Chithambo, 2012). While general drinking motives have been studied extensively, attention to pre-drinking is recent, and deserves more attention. This study assessed the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Prepartying Motivations Inventory (PMI), and identified novel motivations through a thematic analysis. METHOD A sample of 276 Canadian undergraduate students completed an online survey consisting of open-ended questions, drinking and pre-drinking questions, the PMI, and a brief demographic questionnaire. RESULTS It was demonstrated that a four-factor model, similar to that of the initial PMI, fits well, but that improvements are made by eliminating an item related to being under the legal drinking age. Further, five new themes emerged that warrant further investigation, and possible inclusion in the current PMI. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the PMI could be refined to further understand students' motivations for pre-drinking, and might inform alcohol intervention programs on post-secondary campuses.
Collapse
|
43
|
Radomski S, Blayney JA, Prince MA, Read JP. PTSD and Pregaming in College Students: A Risky Practice for an At-Risk Group. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1034-46. [PMID: 27070267 PMCID: PMC5008961 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College students with trauma exposure and PTSD are at risk for problem drinking. This may include more specific hazardous drinking practices such as pregaming (drinking prior to a social event), which is linked to increased alcohol-related consequences. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the association between pregaming and alcohol consequences and the role of trauma exposure and PTSD in predicting pregaming and alcohol-related consequences in a sample of college students using Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling (MSEM). We also assessed specific risk associated with PTSD relative to trauma exposure alone in relation to our outcomes. METHODS Participants were categorized into groups based on trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms via diagnostic interview: (1) No Trauma, those who had not experienced a Criterion A trauma; (2) Trauma Only, those who experienced a Criterion A trauma but did not currently have PTSD; and (3) PTSD, those with current full or partial PTSD related to a Criterion A trauma. Alcohol consumption and related consequences also were measured via interview (TLFB, B-YAACQ). RESULTS For all participants, nearly 50% more consequences were reported on pregaming days compared to nonpregaming drinking days. Those with PTSD were significantly more likely to pregame than those in the Trauma Only and No Trauma groups. Moreover, students with PTSD reported more consequences on pregaming days relative to the other two groups. In all analyses, the No Trauma and Trauma Only groups did not differ. CONCLUSIONS PTSD may confer risk both for pregaming and experiencing harmful consequences on pregaming days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Radomski
- a Department of Psychology , The State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Jessica A Blayney
- a Department of Psychology , The State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Mark A Prince
- b Research Institute on Addictions , The State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Jennifer P Read
- a Department of Psychology , The State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York , USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Borsari B, Merrill JE, Yurasek A, Miller MB, Carey KB. Does a Brief Motivational Intervention Reduce Frequency of Pregaming in Mandated Students? Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1056-66. [PMID: 27070727 PMCID: PMC4884148 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming, also known as frontloading or predrinking, is a common but risky drinking behavior among college students. However, little is known about the way in which a brief motivational intervention (BMI) addressing general alcohol use and consequences may impact pregaming frequency. OBJECTIVES This study examined whether mandated students reduced frequency of pregaming following a BMI when pregaming was spontaneously discussed and whether gender moderated these effects. METHODS Participants (n = 269, 32% female) were mandated college students who had received a campus-based alcohol citation and continued to exhibit risky alcohol use six weeks after receiving a brief advice session. Participants were randomized to a brief motivational intervention (BMI, n = 145) or assessment only (AO, n = 124) and completed follow-up assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months postintervention. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to examine both between-person (Level 2) effects (i.e., condition) and within-person (Level 1) effects (i.e., time) on pregaming frequency. Analyses examining discussions of pregaming within the BMI were conducted using a subsample of the BMI sessions which had been transcribed (n = 121). RESULTS Participants in the BMI group did not significantly reduce the frequency of pregaming compared to those in the AO group, even when pregaming was explicitly discussed during the BMI. Moreover, the BMI was equally ineffective at reducing pregaming frequency for both males and females. Conclusion/Importance: Pregaming frequency appears to be resistant to conventional intervention efforts, but recent research suggests several innovative strategies for addressing pregaming in the college student population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Borsari
- a Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service , Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,b Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University, Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- b Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University, Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Ali Yurasek
- b Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University, Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Mary Beth Miller
- b Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University, Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Kate B Carey
- b Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University, Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yurasek A, Miller MB, Mastroleo N, Lazar V, Borsari B. Pregaming, Drinking Duration, and Movement as Unique Predictors of Alcohol Use and Cognitions Among Mandated College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:993-1001. [PMID: 27070369 PMCID: PMC4884156 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming is a common phenomenon among college students and is associated with increased risks such as heavy drinking, alcohol-related consequences, and violating campus alcohol policies. However, the mechanism by which pregaming increases student risk is unclear. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to delineate the role of personal endorsement of pregaming, duration of an entire drinking episode on the night of an alcohol violation, and movement from one location to another in predicting alcohol use and violation-related cognitions. METHODS Participants (N = 113) were college students who had received an alcohol violation. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to investigate the predictive value of pregaming endorsement, duration of drinking, and movement on drinking behaviors [number of drinks consumed and estimated blood alcohol content (eBAC)] on the night of the alcohol violation as well as violation-related cognitions (responsibility, aversiveness). RESULTS Pregaming and duration of drinking were significant predictors of alcohol consumption and eBAC on the night of the violation, whereas movement was not. Duration of the drinking episode was significantly related to increased perceived responsibility for the alcohol violation. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Self-reported pregaming and the duration of the drinking episode appear to be better targets than movement for prevention and intervention efforts addressing pregaming on college campuses. Interventions should continue focusing on reducing pregaming and its associated consequences, especially for those who report a longer duration of drinking following a pregaming episode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yurasek
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Mary Beth Miller
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Nadine Mastroleo
- b Community and Public Affairs Department, Binghamton University , Binghamton , New York , USA
| | - Vanessa Lazar
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- c Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center , San Francisco , California , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Merrill JE, Kenney SR, Carey KB. The Effect of Descriptive Norms on Pregaming Frequency: Tests of Five Moderators. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1002-12. [PMID: 27070494 PMCID: PMC4967554 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming is highly prevalent on college campuses and associated with heightened levels of intoxication and risk of alcohol consequences. However, research examining the correlates of pregaming behavior is limited. Descriptive norms (i.e., perceptions about the prevalence or frequency of a behavior) are reliable and comparatively strong predictors of general drinking behavior, with recent evidence indicating that they are also associated with pregaming. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that higher descriptive norms for pregaming frequency would be associated with personal pregaming frequency. We also tested whether this effect would be stronger in the context of several theory-based moderators: female gender, higher injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions of others' attitudes toward a particular behavior), a more positive attitude toward pregaming, a stronger sense of identification with the drinking habits of other students, and stronger social comparison tendencies. METHODS College student drinkers (N = 198, 63% female) participated in an online survey assessing frequency of pregaming, descriptive norms, and hypothesized moderators. RESULTS A multiple regression model revealed that higher descriptive norms, a more positive attitude toward pregaming, and stronger peer identification were significantly associated with greater pregaming frequency among drinkers. However, no moderators of the association between descriptive norms and pregaming frequency were observed. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Descriptive norms are robust predictors of pregaming behavior, for both genders and across levels of several potential moderators. Future research seeking to understand pregaming behavior should consider descriptive norms, as well as personal attitudes and identification with student peers, as targets of interventions designed to reduce pregaming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Merrill
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Shannon R Kenney
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Kate B Carey
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pedersen ER. Using the Solid Research Base on Pregaming to Begin Intervention Development: An Epilogue to the Special Issue on Pregaming. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1067-73. [PMID: 27232647 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1187533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The pregaming research to date, up to and including the innovative studies included in this special issue, has centered on defining the behavior, learning which students may be most at-risk for pregaming, exploring which contexts may be most risky for pregaming, and quantifying the function of pregaming so that individual-level programs can be developed to target the risky practice. Although there is room for continuing to expand and refine our understanding of pregaming, much of the formative work has been conducted-primarily by the researchers highlighted in this special issue. Now it is time to use the understanding we have of this risky behavior to develop and empirically test programs specifically directed toward reducing or eliminating the behavior, not just at the individual level, but by targeting the social, cultural, economic, environmental, and policy level factors that sustain the behavior in the population. This may include targeting the behavior directly through use of techniques that are shown to be effective for young adult behavior change, but this may also require broadening beyond the psychological literature and utilizing expertise from other domains to affect behavior change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Pedersen
- a Behavioral and Policy Sciences , RAND Corporation , Santa Monica , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zamboanga BL, Olthuis JV. What Is Pregaming and How Prevalent Is It Among U.S. College Students? An Introduction to the Special Issue on Pregaming. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:953-60. [PMID: 27232646 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1187524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pregaming (or prepartying) can be defined as drinking before going to an event or gathering. The heavy consumption of alcohol and resulting negative consequences that are associated with pregaming have prompted scholars to investigate this risky drinking practice. Indeed, research on college pregaming has grown considerably within the past decade, with over 80 articles published since the seminal empirical studies on pregaming were published in 2007. This special issue in Substance Use & Misuse seeks to address a number of topics on pregaming among U.S. college students that are not well understood. The articles in this special issue explore pregaming behaviors among particular subgroups of students (i.e., college freshmen; postgraduates) as well as the following topics as they pertain to pregaming: exposure to trauma, emotion regulation, social norms, pregaming motives, protective behavioral strategies, and intervention efforts. This prologue to the special issue will discuss key points regarding the definition of pregaming, present an overview of the prevalence rates of pregaming among U.S. college students within the past decade, and introduce articles that advance the understanding of factors that contribute to the high-risk drinking context of pregaming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron L Zamboanga
- a Department of Psychology , Smith College , Northampton , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Janine V Olthuis
- b Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Miller MB, Borsari B, Fernandez AC, Yurasek AM, Hustad JTP. Drinking Location and Pregaming as Predictors of Alcohol Intoxication Among Mandated College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:983-92. [PMID: 27070480 PMCID: PMC4884131 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both drinking location and pregaming have been associated with heavy alcohol use among college students, yet the manner by which they uniquely contribute to alcohol intoxication remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The current study examined the unique utility of drinking location and pregaming in predicting alcohol intoxication among college students who violated campus alcohol policy. METHOD Between 2011 and 2012, mandated college students who reported drinking prior to their referral events (N = 212, 41% female, 80% White, Mage = 19.4 y) completed a computerized assessment of drinking location and related behaviors as part of larger research trial. Chi-squared statistics, t-tests, one-way analyses of covariance, and regression were used to examine study aims. RESULTS Participants were most likely (44%) to report drinking in off-campus housing prior to the referral event, and approximately half (47%) reported pregaming. Alcohol intoxication on the night of the referral event differed significantly as a function of both drinking location and pregaming, but pregaming did not moderate the association between drinking location and alcohol intoxication among mandated students. Female birth sex, pregaming, and drinking at either fraternities or off-campus housing predicted greater levels of alcohol intoxication on the night of the referral incident, while drinking in a residence hall/dorm predicted lower intoxication. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Drinking location and pregaming are distinct predictors of alcohol intoxication among mandated college students. Future interventions may benefit from targeting both where and how college students consume alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Miller
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,b Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - Anne C Fernandez
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Ali M Yurasek
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - John T P Hustad
- c Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania , USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Norberg MM, Ham LS, Olivier J, Zamboanga BL, Melkonian A, Fugitt JL. Pregaming and Emotion Regulation's Relationship to Alcohol Problems in College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1024-33. [PMID: 27070827 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1152498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming is a high-risk drinking behavior associated with increased alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Quantity of alcohol consumed does not fully explain the level of problems associated with pregaming; yet, limited research has examined factors that may interact with pregaming behavior to contribute to the experience of alcohol-related problems. OBJECTIVES The current study examined whether use of two emotion regulation strategies influence pregaming's contribution to alcohol-related problems. METHODS Undergraduates (N = 1857) aged 18-25 years attending 19 different colleges completed an online survey in 2008-2009. Linear mixed models were used to test whether emotion regulation strategies moderate the association between pregaming status (pregamers vs. non/infrequent pregamers) and alcohol-related problems, when controlling for alcohol consumption, demographic covariates, and site as a random effect. RESULTS Greater use of cognitive reappraisal was associated with decreased alcohol problems. Expressive suppression interacted with pregaming status. There was no relationship between pregaming status and alcohol problems for students who rarely used expression suppression; however, the relationship between pregaming status and alcohol problems was statistically significant for students who occasionally to frequently used expression suppression. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Findings suggest that the relationship between pregaming and alcohol-related problems is complex. Accordingly, future studies should utilize event-level methodology to understand how emotion regulation strategies influence alcohol-related problems. Further, clinicians should tailor alcohol treatments to help students increase their use of cognitive reappraisal and decrease their use of suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Norberg
- a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Lindsay S Ham
- b Department of Psychological Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Jake Olivier
- c School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Byron L Zamboanga
- d Department of Psychology , Smith College , Northampton , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Alexander Melkonian
- b Department of Psychological Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Jessica L Fugitt
- b Department of Psychological Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| |
Collapse
|