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Aslan S, Demir C, Kurtoğlu EL, Altındiş M. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolated From Dairy Farms and Surroundings in a Rural Area of Western Anatolia, Turkey. Cureus 2024; 16:e65996. [PMID: 39221349 PMCID: PMC11366177 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health issue worldwide. Antibiotic-resistant zoonotic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, Coxiella, and Mycobacterium can be particularly isolated from biofertilizers. Epidemiological studies have shown that cases of foodborne infections and intoxications are significantly related to animal-derived foods. The presence of these species in aquatic environments indicates areas or organisms contaminated with animal or human feces. Especially, the presence of E. coli in aquatic environments has become a serious problem worldwide. Pathogenic strains of E. coli cause waterborne and foodborne diseases. Materials and methods This study included a total of 290 samples collected from five different dairy farms between April and September 2023 which comprised 20 samples of cow manure, 20 samples of milk, three samples of dairy workers' hand washing water, five samples of soil, five samples of water, and five samples of vegetables. The samples taken from the farms were homogenized with 0.1% peptone water at a ratio of 1/10. They were then cultured on xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD), eosin methylene blue agar (EMB), and blood agar media, and gram-negative colonies were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the VITEK2 automated system (BioMerieux Inc., Durham, NC). Amplification of the isolated DNA extracts was performed with A.B.T.™ 2X HS-PCR MasterMix (A.B.T Laboratory Industry, Arnavutköy, Turkey) in the SimpliAmp™ thermal cycler (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA) and visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results Among the 52 E. coli strains isolated in our study, the highest antibiotic sensitivity rate was observed in meropenem, while the lowest sensitivity rates were determined in cefazolin and cefuroxime. While two of the Salmonella spp. (n = 2) isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline, and one was found to be resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. No resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was detected in either isolate. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were detected in only four (7.7%) E. coli strains. While tetA, tetB, and TEM genes were seen in almost all E. coli strains, they were not found in Salmonella spp. Conclusion In conclusion, our study revealed the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates collected from various farms and environmental samples, which render the antimicrobials used for disease treatment ineffective. Consequently, research should be undertaken to prevent the development of new resistance genes in our country, as creating new medications and treatment strategies for these diseases is costly and time-intensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savaş Aslan
- Health Policy, Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Şuhut Vocational School of Health Services, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, TUR
| | - Cengiz Demir
- Medical Microbiology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, TUR
| | - Elçin L Kurtoğlu
- Medical Genetics, Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Şuhut Vocational School of Health Services, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, TUR
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Bhat BA, Mir RA, Qadri H, Dhiman R, Almilaibary A, Alkhanani M, Mir MA. Integrons in the development of antimicrobial resistance: critical review and perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1231938. [PMID: 37720149 PMCID: PMC10500605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance development and pathogen cross-dissemination are both considered essential risks to human health on a worldwide scale. Antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRs) are acquired, expressed, disseminated, and traded mainly through integrons, the key players capable of transferring genes from bacterial chromosomes to plasmids and their integration by integrase to the target pathogenic host. Moreover, integrons play a central role in disseminating and assembling genes connected with antibiotic resistance in pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. They exhibit a large and concealed diversity in the natural environment, raising concerns about their potential for comprehensive application in bacterial adaptation. They should be viewed as a dangerous pool of resistance determinants from the "One Health approach." Among the three documented classes of integrons reported viz., class-1, 2, and 3, class 1 has been found frequently associated with AMRs in humans and is a critical genetic element to serve as a target for therapeutics to AMRs through gene silencing or combinatorial therapies. The direct method of screening gene cassettes linked to pathogenesis and resistance harbored by integrons is a novel way to assess human health. In the last decade, they have witnessed surveying the integron-associated gene cassettes associated with increased drug tolerance and rising pathogenicity of human pathogenic microbes. Consequently, we aimed to unravel the structure and functions of integrons and their integration mechanism by understanding horizontal gene transfer from one trophic group to another. Many updates for the gene cassettes harbored by integrons related to resistance and pathogenicity are extensively explored. Additionally, an updated account of the assessment of AMRs and prevailing antibiotic resistance by integrons in humans is grossly detailed-lastly, the estimation of AMR dissemination by employing integrons as potential biomarkers are also highlighted. The current review on integrons will pave the way to clinical understanding for devising a roadmap solution to AMR and pathogenicity. Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract displays how integron-aided AMRs to humans: Transposons capture integron gene cassettes to yield high mobility integrons that target res sites of plasmids. These plasmids, in turn, promote the mobility of acquired integrons into diverse bacterial species. The acquisitions of resistant genes are transferred to humans through horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Hafr Al Batin University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Tarabai H, Krejci S, Karyakin I, Bitar I, Literak I, Dolejska M. Clinically relevant antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from black kites in southwestern Siberia: a genetic and phenotypic investigation. mSphere 2023; 8:e0009923. [PMID: 37310717 PMCID: PMC10449506 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00099-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild birds including raptors can act as vectors of clinically relevant bacteria with antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in black kites (Milvus migrans) inhabiting localities in proximity to human-influenced environments in southwestern Siberia and investigate their virulence and plasmid contents. A total of 51 E. coli isolates mostly with multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles were obtained from cloacal swabs of 35 (64%, n = 55) kites. Genomic analyses of 36 whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates showed: (i) high prevalence and diversity of their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and common association with ESBL/AmpC production (27/36, 75%), (ii) carriage of mcr-1 for colistin resistance on IncI2 plasmids in kites residing in proximity of two large cities, (iii) frequent association with class one integrase (IntI1, 22/36, 61%), and (iv) presence of sequence types (STs) linked to avian-pathogenic (APEC) and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Notably, numerous isolates had significant virulence content. One E. coli with APEC-associated ST354 carried qnrE1 encoding fluoroquinolone resistance on IncHI2-ST3 plasmid, the first detection of such a gene in E. coli from wildlife. Our results implicate black kites in southwestern Siberia as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant E. coli. It also highlights the existing link between proximity of wildlife to human activities and their carriage of MDR bacteria including pathogenic STs with significant and clinically relevant antibiotic resistance determinants. IMPORTANCE Migratory birds have the potential to acquire and disperse clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through vast geographical regions. The opportunistic feeding behavior associated with some raptors including black kites and the growing anthropogenic influence on their natural habitats increase the transmission risk of multidrug resistance (MDR) and pathogenic bacteria from human and agricultural sources into the environment and wildlife. Thus, monitoring studies investigating antibiotic resistance in raptors may provide essential data that facilitate understanding the fate and evolution of ARB and ARGs in the environment and possible health risks for humans and animals associated with the acquisition of these resistance determinants by wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tarabai
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Krejci
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Biomedical Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, The University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zara ES, Vital PG. Phylogroup typing and carbapenem resistance of Escherichia coli from agricultural samples in Metro Manila, Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:644-656. [PMID: 35852239 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2096988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary production environment is considered as reservoir of Escherichia coli contamination of produce. E. coli is classified into eight phylogroups which differ in ecological niches, evolutionary history, and phenotypic properties. To understand the population genetic structure and composition of E. coli in primary production environments in Metro Manila, Philippines, a total of 80 E. coli recovered from irrigation water, soil, vegetables, and feces of cat, carabao, chicken, dog, and goat were allocated into distinct phylogroups based on the presence and absence of genetic markers. Results showed that the most prevalent phylogroup was B1 (71.3%), followed by A (18.6%), D (6.3%), B2 (1.3%), E (1.3%), and an unknown phylogroup (1.3%). The most prevalent genetic marker was arpA, followed by TspE4.C2, yjaA, and chuA. The carbapenem resistance of 24 E. coli isolates representing different phylogroups was also evaluated. Intriguingly, all isolates exhibited uniform susceptibility. This is the first report to provide insights into the phylogroup structure and composition, as well as carbapenem resistance of E. coli from primary production in the Philippines, which highlights possible source of and solution for gastrointestinal and enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico S Zara
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pierangeli G Vital
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Treskova M, Kuhlmann A, Freise F, Kreienbrock L, Brogden S. Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland: A Narrative Review of Existing Evidence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040728. [PMID: 35456779 PMCID: PMC9027620 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study summarizes the current research on antibiotic resistance (AR) in the environment conducted in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland; (2) Methods: A narrative systematic literature review of epidemiological studies based on searches in EMBASE and CAB abstracts (up to 16 June2021) was conducted. Environmental reservoirs included water sources, wastewater, animal husbandry, wildlife, soil, and sediment; (3) Results: Four hundred and four records were screened, and 52 studies were included. Thirteen studies examined aquatic environments, and eleven investigated wastewater. Eight studies investigated both wildlife and animal husbandry. Less evidence was available for sediments, soil, and air. Considerable heterogeneity in research focus, study design, sampling, and measurement of resistance was observed. Resistance to all categories of antimicrobials in the WHO CIA list was identified. Resistance to critically important and highly important substances was reported most frequently; (4) Conclusions: The current research scope presents data-gathering efforts. Usage of a unified protocol for isolate collection, selecting sampling sites, and susceptibility testing is required to provide results that can be compared between the studies and reservoirs. Epidemiological, environmental, and ecological factors should be considered in surveys of the environmental dissemination of AR. Systematic epidemiological studies investigating AR at the interface of human, animal, and environmental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Treskova
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuhlmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Sandra Brogden
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Elevated Incidences of Antimicrobial Resistance and Multidrug Resistance in the Maumee River (Ohio, USA), a Major Tributary of Lake Erie. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050911. [PMID: 33923266 PMCID: PMC8146589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maumee River, the major tributary in the western basin of Lake Erie, serves as one of major sources of freshwater in the area, supplying potable, recreational, and industrial water. In this study we collected water samples from four sites in the Maumee River Bay between 2016–2017 and E. coli was isolated, enumerated, and analyzed for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR). Strikingly, 95% of the total isolates were found to be resistant to at least one antibiotic. A very high resistance to the drugs cephalothin (95.3%), ampicillin (38.3%), tetracycline (8.8%), gentamicin (8.2%), ciprofloxacin (4.2%), cefoperazone (4%), and sulfamethoxazole (1.5%) was observed within isolates from all four sampling sites. Percentages of AMR and MDR was consistently very high in the summer and fall months, whereas it was observed to be lowest in the winter. A remarkably high number of the isolates were detected to be MDR—95% resistant to ≥1 antibiotic, 43% resistant to ≥2 antibiotics, 15% resistant to ≥3 antibiotics, 4.9% resistant to ≥4 antibiotic and 1.2% resistant to ≥5 antibiotics. This data will serve in better understanding the environmental occurrence and dissemination of AMR/MDR in the area and assist in improving and establishing control measures.
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Mirnezami M, Ranjbar R, Niakan M, Ahmadi MH. Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistance and Class 1 and 2 Integrons in Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:282-287. [PMID: 33680029 PMCID: PMC7758018 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobial compounds in E. coli strains is increasing. Integrons are mobile genetic elements that lead to the spread and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons as well as the antimicrobial resistance in E.coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total of 100 clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) were collected from patients having UTIs. These strains were identified using biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria were determined in accordance with the standard method recommended by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). The presence of class 1 and 2 integrons was determined by PCR method. The most frequent antibiotic resistance was observed to ampicillin (72%), co-trimoxazole (66%), and nalidixic acid (62%). The highest sensitivity was seen to amikacine (11%) and gentamicin (20%). The multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 80% of E. coli isolates. 70% and 3% of E. coli isolate possessed class 1 and 2 integrons, respectively. Our data suggest that the antimicrobial resistance to some antibiotics as well as the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons is very high in E. coli strains. Moreover, class 1 integrons are correlated with resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, and nalidixic acid. Therefore, it is very important to monitor integron-induced drug resistance, especially class 1 integron, in order to control the urinary tract infections causing by MDR E.coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Mirnezami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institure Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Niakan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Tsunoda R, Usui M, Tagaki C, Fukuda A, Boonla C, Anomasiri W, Sukpanyatham N, Akapelwa ML, Nakajima C, Tamura Y, Suzuki Y. Genetic characterization of coliform bacterial isolates from environmental water in Thailand. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:722-728. [PMID: 33468426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In contrast to the study in other part of the world, information about characteristics of plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in Enterobacteriaceae derived from environmental water in tropical Asian countries including Thailand is limited. This study, therefore, aimed to gain insight into genetic information of antimicrobial resistance in environmental water in Thailand. METHODS Coliform bacteria were isolated from environmental water collected at 20 locations in Thailand and identified. Then, susceptibility profiles to ampicillin, cefazoline, cefotaxime, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid were assessed. In addition, antimicrobial resistant genes integrons, and replicon types were analyzed. And furthermore, plasmids carrying blaTEM and tetM were identified by S1-PFGE analysis and confirmed transmissibility by transconjugation experiments. RESULTS In 130 coliform bacteria isolated, 89 were resistant to cefazoline while 41 isolates were susceptible. Cefazoline-resistant coliform bacteria were found to be significantly resistant to cefotaxime and tetracycline as compared to susceptible isolates. Hence, blaTEM and tetM correlating with β-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline, respectively, were analyzed found to co-localize on the IncFrepB plasmids in isolates from pig farms' wastewater by S1-PFGE analysis. And furthermore, transmissibility of the plasmids was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained in this study suggested that ARGs in coliform bacteria may have been spreading on the farm via IncFrepB plasmids. Hence, appropriate use of antimicrobials and good hygiene management on the farm are required to prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Tsunoda
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan.
| | - Chie Tagaki
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Akira Fukuda
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Chanchai Boonla
- Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilai Anomasiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nop Sukpanyatham
- Quality Vet Product Co., Ltd, Klongsamwa District, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mwangala Lonah Akapelwa
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Sassi HP, van Ogtrop F, Morrison CM, Zhou K, Duan JG, Gerba CP. Sediment re-suspension as a potential mechanism for viral and bacterial contaminants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1398-1405. [PMID: 32705931 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1796118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteria tend to occur in higher concentrations and survive longer in aquatic sediments than suspended in the water column. Re-suspension of these organisms can result in a significant degradation of overlying water quality. Additionally, the re-suspension of microbial pathogens in artificial irrigation canals could endanger the consumption of fresh and ready-to-eat produce. Irrigation water has been implicated in numerous fresh produce outbreaks over the last 30 years. This study aimed to quantify the proportions of bacterial and viral re-suspension from sediment in a recirculating flume with varying velocities. MS2 coliphage and Escherichia coli were found to re-suspend at rates that were not significantly different, despite organism size differences. However, E. coli re-suspension rates from sand and clay were significantly different. This suggests that likely sediment-associated particles were recovered with the organisms attached. Similar re-suspension rates are hypothesized to be due to the dynamics of sediment transport, rather than that of the organisms themselves. This study also indicated that the re-suspension of sediment at very low velocities (e.g., less than 10 cm/s), could impact the microbiological quality of the overlaying water. Results from this study conclude that sediment could be a viable mechanism for irrigation water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Sassi
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Center, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Floris van Ogtrop
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina M Morrison
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Center, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kang Zhou
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer G Duan
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Center, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Hleba L, Hlebová M, Kováčik A, Šmehýl P, Hricáková N, Petrová J, Shariati MA, Čuboň J. Escherichia coli as a carrier of tetracyclines and penicillins resistance in wild pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1201-1209. [PMID: 32539543 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1777050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals like pheasant seem to be a good source of information about human activities. Therefore, the wild pheasants and relative stable appendix microcenosis were selected for antibiotic resistance testing. Penicillin resistance by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and tetracyclines resistance by genetic methods using specific primers were tested. Differences between tetracycline and penicillin resistance were detected. Results showed high prevalence of resistant Escherichia coli isolated from wild pheasant appendix. E. coli isolated from wild pheasant appendix carried plasmids for penicillins and tetracyclines resistance where they were responsible for enzymatic degradation of penicillin and carried genes for regulating efflux pumps for tetracyclines. Results showed that tetracyclines and penicillins resistance is widespread between wild pheasants with a carrier as Escherichia coli isolated from relative stable microcenosis of appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Hleba
- Faculty of biotechnology and food sciences, Department of microbiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Hlebová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Kováčik
- Faculty of biotechnology and food sciences, Department of animal physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Peter Šmehýl
- Faculty of agrobiology and food resources, Department of poultry science and farm animal husbandry, Slovak university of agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Hricáková
- Faculty of biotechnology and food sciences, Department of microbiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jana Petrová
- Faculty of biotechnology and food sciences, Department of microbiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology of Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Juraj Čuboň
- Faculty of biotechnology and food sciences, Department of Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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Cho S, Nguyen HAT, McDonald JM, Woodley TA, Hiott LM, Barrett JB, Jackson CR, Frye JG. Genetic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from a Mixed-Use Watershed in Northeast Georgia, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193761. [PMID: 31591305 PMCID: PMC6801870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the role of surface water in the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria, water samples were collected quarterly from 2015 to 2016 from a mixed-use watershed in Georgia. In our previous study, 496 Escherichia coli were isolated from surface water, out of which, 34 isolates were resistant to antimicrobials. For the current study, these 34 AR E. coli were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, AR gene detection, plasmid replicon typing, class I integron detection, and multi-locus sequence typing. Genes were identified as conferring resistance to azithromycin (mph(A)); β-lactams (blaCMY, blaCTX, blaTEM); chloramphenicol (floR); streptomycin (strA, strB); sulfisoxazole (sul1, sul2); tetracycline (tetA, tetB, tetC); and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (dhfr5, dhfr12). Five ciprofloxacin- and/or nalidixic-resistant isolates contained point mutations in gyrA and/or parC. Most of the isolates (n = 28) carried plasmids and three were positive for class I integrons. Twenty-nine sequence types (ST) were detected, including three epidemic urinary-tract-infection-associated ST131 isolates. One of the ST131 E. coli isolates exhibited an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype and carried blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the emergence of an ESBL-producing E. coli ST131 from environmental water in the USA, which poses a potential risk to human health through the recreational, agricultural, or municipal use of this natural resource. This study identified E. coli with AR mechanisms to commonly used antimicrobials and carrying mobile genetic elements, which could transfer AR genes to other bacteria in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Hoang Anh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- (Present) Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jacob M McDonald
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Southeast Coast Network, National Park Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Tiffanie A Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Lari M Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - John B Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Charlene R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Kaushik M, Kumar S, Kapoor RK, Gulati P. Integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in water-borne pathogens: threat detection and risk assessment. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:679-692. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kaushik
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Rajeev Kr. Kapoor
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
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Kaushik M, Khare N, Kumar S, Gulati P. High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Integrons inEscherichia coliIsolated from Urban River Water, India. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:359-370. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kaushik
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Neha Khare
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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Firoozeh F, Mahluji Z, Khorshidi A, Zibaei M. Molecular characterization of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in clinical multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:59. [PMID: 30976386 PMCID: PMC6440154 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to characterize class 1,2 and 3 integrons in clinical MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Kashan, Iran. Methods One hundred-eighty one Klebsiella pneumoniae were recovered from clinical specimens during November 2013 to October 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for detection of MDR strains. Of the 181 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 146 (80.7%) of isolates were isolated from nosocomial infected patients and 150 (82.9%) identified as MDR isolates. The PCR amplification was used to show presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons among MDR strains. The PCR method and sequencing were used for evaluation of cassette content of integrons. Results Of the MDR K. pneumoniae isolates, 150 (100%) and 55 (36.7%) carried intI1 and intI2 genes, respectively. None of the MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carried class 3 integrons. Amplification of conserved segment (CS) of class 1 and class 2 integrons revealed 10 different arrays including: No. cassette; dfrA5, dfrA30; aadA2; aadA2, dfrA12; dfrA17, aadA5, aadA4; dfrA5, dfrA30, aadA2; dfrA5, dfrA30, aadA2, dfrA12, dfrA5, dfrA30, dfrA17, aadA5, aadA4; aadA2, aadA2, dfrA12; dfrA5, dfrA30, aadA2, aadA2, dfrA12 and 4 arrays including: No. cassette; aadA1; dfrA1-sat1; aadA1, dfrA1-sat1, respectively. Conclusions The finding of present study revealed a high prevalence of integrons especially class 1 among MDR K. pneumoniae isolates from nosocomial infections in Kashan, which led to rapid extension of MDR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Firoozeh
- 1Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mahluji
- 2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- 2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- 3Evidence-based Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,4Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
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Prevalence of Integrons and Insertion Sequences in ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Different Sources in Navarra, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102308. [PMID: 30347800 PMCID: PMC6209886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria among human and environmental sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and patterns of integrons and insertion sequences of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different sources in Navarra, northern Spain. A total of 150 isolates coming from food products, farms and feeds, aquatic environments, and humans (healthy people and hospital inpatients), were analyzed. PCRs were applied for the study of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons (intI1, intI2, and intI3), as well as for the determination of insertion sequences (IS26, ISEcp1, ISCR1, and IS903). Results show the wide presence and dissemination of intI1 (92%), while intI3 was not detected. It is remarkable, the prevalence of intI2 among food isolates, as well as the co-existence of class 1 and class 2 (8% of isolates). The majority of isolates have two or three IS elements, with the most common being IS26 (99.4%). The genetic pattern IS26⁻ISEcp1 (related with the pathogen clone ST131) was present in the 22% of isolates (including human isolates). In addition, the combination ISEcp1⁻IS26⁻IS903⁻ISCR1 was detected in 11 isolates being, to our knowledge, the first study that describes this genetic complex. Due to the wide variability observed, no relationship was determined among these mobile genetic elements and β-lactam resistance. More investigations regarding the genetic composition of these elements are needed to understand the role of multiple types of integrons and insertion sequences on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes among different environments.
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Taggar G, Rehman MA, Yin X, Lepp D, Ziebell K, Handyside P, Boerlin P, Diarra MS. Antimicrobial-Resistant E. coli from Surface Waters in Southwest Ontario Dairy Farms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1068-1078. [PMID: 30272802 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Untreated surface waters can be contaminated with a variety of bacteria, including , some of which can be pathogenic for both humans and animals. Therefore, such waters need to be treated before their use in dairy operations to mitigate risks to dairy cow health and milk safety. To understand the molecular ecology of , this study aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in recovered from untreated surface water sources of dairy farms. Untreated surface water samples ( = 240) from 15 dairy farms were collected and processed to isolate . A total of 234 isolates were obtained and further characterized for their serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Of the 234 isolates, 71.4% were pan-susceptible, 23.5% were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes, and 5.1% were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes. Whole genome sequence analysis of 11 selected multidrug-resistant isolates revealed AMR genes including and that confer resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins, as well as a variety of plasmids (mainly of the replicon type) and class 1 integrons. Phylogenetic and comparative genome analysis revealed a genetic relationship between some of the sequenced and Shiga toxin-producing O157:H7 (STEC), which warrants further investigation. This study shows that untreated surface water sources contain antimicrobial-resistant which may serve as a reservoir of AMR that could be disseminated through horizontal gene transfer. This is another reason why effective water treatment before usage should be routinely done on dairy farm operations.
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17
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Presence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents Utilized as Water Reuse for Irrigation. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Antibiotic Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production of Escherichia coli Isolated from Irrigation Waters in Selected Urban Farms in Metro Manila, Philippines. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Bundale S, Begde D, Pillai D, Gangwani K, Nashikkar N, Kadam T, Upadhyay A. Novel aromatic polyketides from soil Streptomyces spp.: purification, characterization and bioactivity studies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Hossain S, De Silva BCJ, Wimalasena SHMP, Pathirana HNKS, Dahanayake PS, Heo GJ. Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Class 1 Integron Gene Cassette Arrays in Motile Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Goldfish (Carassius auratus). Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1217-1225. [PMID: 29420133 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are opportunistic pathogens related to multiple infectious diseases in ornamental fishes. In the present study, the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, and integrons of 65 goldfish-borne Aeromonas spp. were evaluated. The isolates were identified as A. hydrophila (n = 30), A. veronii (n = 32), and A. punctata (n = 3) by gyrB sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates designated that most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (100.00%), nalidixic acid (100.00%), ampicillin (98.46%), tetracycline (92.31%), rifampicin (86.15%), and cephalothin (61.54%) and each of the isolates showed multiple antimicrobial resistance phenotype (resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). PCR amplification of antimicrobial resistance genes revealed that the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrS, was the most prevalent (73.85%) among the isolates. The other antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in the following proportions: qnrB (26.15%), aac(6')-Ib-cr (4.60%), tetA (16.92%), tetE (21.54%), aac(6')-Ib (29.23%), and aphAI-IAB (7.69%). The IntI gene was found in 64.62% isolates, and four class 1 integron gene cassette profiles (incomplete dfrA1, catB3-aadA1, dfrA1-orfC, and qacE2-orfD) were identified. These data suggest that goldfish-borne Aeromonas spp. serve as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Pasan Sepala Dahanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Korea
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Li Y, Yang L, Fu J, Yan M, Chen D, Zhang L. Genotyping and high flux sequencing of the bacterial pathogenic elements - integrons. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:22-25. [PMID: 29306009 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regarded as a common genetic element responsible for horizontal gene transfer and wide spread of antimicrobial resistance among a large variety of bacteria, integrons are commonly distributed and considered as a determinant in the acquisition and evolution of virulence and antibiotic resistance. To date, the surveillances of integrons have been widely conducted in clinic, community even husbandry. For exact and accurate integron screening, as well as resistant cassettes, reliable monitoring methods is need. Current methods applied on integron screening are mainly conducted by the screening of integrases, followed by the detection of various gene cassettes inserted into integrons. PCR and PCR-related methods (such as RFLP) are mainly employed under such circumstances. Matured LAMP and Sequencing technology have lowered cost and dramatically increased throughput in integron screening and possessed the advantages in similarity analysis of mutated resistant cassettes. This review focused on the classification and characterization of integrons, antimicrobial resistance of integron and genotyping methods for integrons. In methodology, PCR, LAMP and Sequencing technology were mainly introduced for the screening of various classes' integrons and the detection of resistant gene cassettes. Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus were selected as typical integron-positive clinical and environmental pathogens screened with three methods mentioned above. With the surveillance of the occurrence of integron and resistance gene cassettes conducted in South China, the review also summarized the occurrence, pathogenicity and virulence mediated by integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Muxia Yan
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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Integrons in Enterobacteriaceae: diversity, distribution and epidemiology. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:167-176. [PMID: 29038087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems that allow efficient capturing of exogenous genes and ensure their expression. Various classes of integrons possessing a wide variety of gene cassettes are ubiquitously distributed in enteric bacteria worldwide. The epidemiology of integrons associated multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is rapidly evolving. In the past two decades, the incidence of integrons in enteric bacteria has increased drastically with evolution of multiple gene cassettes, novel gene arrangements and complex chromosomal integrons such as Salmonella genomic islands. This review focuses on the distribution, versatility, spread and global trends of integrons among important members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Shigella and Salmonella, which are known to cause infections globally. Such a comprehensive understanding of integron-associated antibiotic resistance, their role in the spread of such resistance traits and their clinical relevance especially with regard to each genus individually is paramount to contain the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
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23
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Rizk DE, El-Mahdy AM. Emergence of class 1 to 3 integrons among members of Enterobacteriaceae in Egypt. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:50-56. [PMID: 28942177 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the role of integrons as the main contributor to multidrug resistance worldwide, their prevalence in Egypt is still underestimated. In this work, we announce the emergence of class 2 and 3 integrons among Enterobacteriacae isolates from Mansoura University Hospitals. Ninety-three clinical isolates were obtained from different clinical sources, among which 70% of E. coli, 94.8% of K. pneumoniae and 85.7% of Enterobacter spp. were assigned to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Subsequently, the occurrence of class 1-3 integrons was confirmed by multiplex PCR. Class 1 integron was the most predominant being harbored by 42.8%, 90% and 25% of MDR E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. isolates, respectively. This was followed by class 2 and 3 integrons which were, for the first time, reported in these hospitals. Also, coexistence of integrons 1and 2 was revealed in 36.9% of integron positive isolates. A significant association was noticed only between resistance to gentamicin and integron prevalence among MDR E. coli isolates (P = 0.02). In conclusion, this work represents the first report for detection of class 2 and 3 integrons, beside the previously detected class 1 integrons. This highlights the high incidence of integrons among MDR Enterobacteriacae isolates which indicates the selective pressure of antibiotics in these hospitals. Moreover, this study confirms the possibility of the use of integrons as markers for MDR identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina E Rizk
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Areej M El-Mahdy
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Paraoan CEM, Rivera WL, Vital PG. Detection of Class I and II integrons for the assessment of antibiotic and multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from agricultural irrigation waters in Bulacan, Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:306-313. [PMID: 28277085 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1281647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated irrigation water may greatly affect not only the quality of produce but also the people exposed to it. In this study, agricultural irrigation waters in Bulacan, Philippines were assessed and found to be contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) ranging from 0.58 to 4.51 log10 CFU/mL. A total of 79 isolates of E. coli were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying the uidA gene and were tested for phenotypic resistance using 10 antimicrobials through the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Forty-six isolates (58.22%) were noted to be multidrug resistant (MDR) with high resistance rate to cephalothin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, this study also examined the prevalence of Class I and II integrons accounting to 67.39% and 17.39%, respectively, of the MDR E. coli strains using multiplex PCR. The results imply that the agricultural water used in Bulacan is contaminated with the fecal material of man or other animals present in the area, and the presence of MDR bacteria, which pose a potential threat to individuals in these areas, is alarming. In addition, detection of integrons could be a good marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Lastly, this study could develop strategies for the proper management of farming sites leading to the detection of food-borne pathogens and prevention of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cielo Emar M Paraoan
- a Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines , Diliman, Quezon City , Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- a Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines , Diliman, Quezon City , Philippines
- b Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines , Diliman, Quezon City , Philippines
| | - Pierangeli G Vital
- a Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines , Diliman, Quezon City , Philippines
- b Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines , Diliman, Quezon City , Philippines
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Singh T, Das S, Ramachandran VG, Wani S, Shah D, Maroof KA, Sharma A. Distribution of Integrons and Phylogenetic Groups among Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Children <5 Years of Age in Delhi, India. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:561. [PMID: 28443072 PMCID: PMC5385330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrons by means of horizontal gene transfer carry multidrug resistance genes (MDR) among bacteria, including E. coli. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles and the genes associated with them, to gain insights in the distribution of phylogroups, prevalence, and characterization of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons among Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolates, from children upto 5 years of age from Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India. A total of 120 E. coli isolates, including 80 from diarrheagenic E. coli (cases) and 40 from healthy isolates (controls) were recruited in this study. After isolation of E. coli, screening for EPEC was done by conventional multiplex PCR. Antibiotic suseptibility test was performed using disk diffusion method and further confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) by E-test. The presence and characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes were performed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Phylogeny determination was carried out by quadruplex PCR. EPEC strains were found in 64 of the 80 diarrheagenic cases, out of which 38 were MDR. In the 40 healthy controls, 23 were found to be EPEC strain, out of which only 2 were MDR. Amongst 80 diarrheagenic cases, class 1 integron were observed in 43 isolates, class 2 integron in 12 isolates and 9 isolates were found with co-existence of both. Similarly, in healthy controls; class 1 integron in 9 and class 2 integron in 7 isolates were observed with co-existence in 3 isolates. None of the isolates included class 3 integron. The dfr was the most commonly identified gene cassette within the integron-positive isolates. Phylogenetic studies showed considerable representation of phylogroup B2 in both diarrheagenic cases and healthy controls. This study reiterates the importance of class 1 integron predominantly for acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes among EPEC isolates. Furthermore, it also ascertains the possible association between multidrug resistance and presence of integrons. Approximately 91% of isolates were easily assigned to their respective phylogroups. Assessment of the relationship between antibiotic resistance and dominant phylogroups detected was also attempted. This study also highlights the increased burden of antimicrobial resistance in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Singh
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Shukla Das
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - V G Ramachandran
- Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India.,Department of Minimal Access and Bariatric Surgery, Fortis Flt. Rajan Dhall HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Sayim Wani
- Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India.,Department of Minimal Access and Bariatric Surgery, Fortis Flt. Rajan Dhall HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Dheeraj Shah
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Khan A Maroof
- Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Sardarjung HospitalNew Delhi, India
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Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in coliform water isolates. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:823-831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kheiri R, Akhtari L. Antimicrobial resistance and integron gene cassette arrays in commensal Escherichia coli from human and animal sources in IRI. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:40. [PMID: 27582900 PMCID: PMC5006490 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human and animal intestinal tract harbors a complex community of microbes which enables bacteria to inherit antibiotic resistance genes. The aims of this study were to investigate clonality, antimicrobial resistance, prevalence and gene cassette arrays of class I and II integrons among commensal Escherichia coli from human and animals. Methods A total of 200 E. coli isolates from human, chicken, cattle, and sheep were isolated followed by phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing and detection of class I and II integrons gene cassettes arrays. The clonal relationship of the isolates were analyzed by (GTG)5-PCR. Results Of 200 isolates, 136 isolates were multi drug resistance (MDR) including 47, 40, 31 and 18 isolates from chicken, human, cattle and sheep, respectively. Class I integron was detected in 50, 38, 6 and 16 %, while class II was detected in 26, 8, 0 and 4 % of chicken, human, cattle and sheep isolates, respectively. Variable regions were amplified and sequenced. Cassette arrays in class I integrons were: dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, aadA1, dfrA17 aadA1, aadA22, aadB–aadA2 and dfrA12–orfF–aadA2, and for class II, dfrA1-sat-aadA1, and sat-sat1-aadA1 were detected. Six class I and three class II positive strains did not produce any amplicons for variable region. Integron-positive isolates showed higher rate of resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole, especially in chicken isolates which were fed antibiotics. Low similarity and great genetic diversity of class I and II integrons carrying isolates indicated no clonal relation. Conclusions Integrons encoding for antibiotic resistance are significantly present among non-pathogenic commensal E. coli, especially from the hosts medicated by antibiotics. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics will increase the numbers of multiple drug resistant isolates and integrons prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Kheiri
- Molecular Microbiology, Quality Control Office, Alborz Province Water and Wastewater Company, Karaj, Alborz Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Leili Akhtari
- Water Treatment Plant, Tehran Water and Wastewater Supply and Treatment Company, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Patterson SK, Singer RS. Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Community DNA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:172-81. [PMID: 16617698 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many methods are used to detect antibiotic resistance genes in samples. The objective of the study reported here was to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of community DNA with fecal culturing for detecting antibiotic resistance genes in cattle samples. In the laboratory-based portion of this study, known concentrations of an Escherichia coli strain with 3 antibiotic resistance genes ( cmy-2, flo, and cat) were added to feces from dairy cattle. These genes were used to assess the effect of various primer pairs, chromosomally versus plasmid-encoded genes, and gene copy number on the sensitivity of PCR amplification. Gene-specific PCR amplification was performed on the community DNA extracted from the feces. Feces were cultured for the inoculated strain. In the field-based portion of the study, 80 cattle fecal samples of unknown gene status were compared by use of similar methods. Culture and PCR amplification from community DNA extractions produced variable results, and this variability was most noticeable at dilutions that approached the detection limit of the assay. Typically, PCR amplification had a higher sensitivity than did culture for detecting the gene of interest. However, the sensitivity of culture was improved by plating on selective media containing antibiotics. The community DNA approach enables assessment of bacterial communities in complex samples such as feces, a task that can be prohibitive by budget or time constraints associated with culture methods. Through a strategic combination of culture and community DNA approaches, the relationship between specific selection pressures and the persistence and dissemination of specific resistance genes can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Patterson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA
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Muziasari WI, Pärnänen K, Johnson TA, Lyra C, Karkman A, Stedtfeld RD, Tamminen M, Tiedje JM, Virta M. Aquaculture changes the profile of antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic element associated genes in Baltic Sea sediments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw052. [PMID: 26976842 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used in aquaculture and they can change the environmental resistome by increasing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Sediment samples were collected from two fish farms located in the Northern Baltic Sea, Finland, and from a site outside the farms (control). The sediment resistome was assessed by using a highly parallel qPCR array containing 295 primer sets to detect ARGs, mobile genetic elements and the 16S rRNA gene. The fish farm resistomes were enriched in transposon and integron associated genes and in ARGs encoding resistance to antibiotics which had been used to treat fish at the farms. Aminoglycoside resistance genes were also enriched in the farm sediments despite the farms not having used aminoglycosides. In contrast, the total relative abundance values of ARGs were higher in the control sediment resistome and they were mainly genes encoding efflux pumps followed by beta-lactam resistance genes, which are found intrinsically in many bacteria. This suggests that there is a natural Baltic sediment resistome. The resistome associated with fish farms can be from native ARGs enriched by antibiotic use at the farms and/or from ARGs and mobile elements that have been introduced by fish farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Windi I Muziasari
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Pärnänen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, ON L8S 4L8, Canada Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA-ARS National Animal Disease Center, IA 50010, USA
| | - Christina Lyra
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Karkman
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Manu Tamminen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - James M Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Deng Y, Bao X, Ji L, Chen L, Liu J, Miao J, Chen D, Bian H, Li Y, Yu G. Resistance integrons: class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 26487554 PMCID: PMC4618277 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As recently indiscriminate abuse of existing antibiotics in both clinical and veterinary treatment leads to proliferation of antibiotic resistance in microbes and poses a dilemma for the future treatment of such bacterial infection, antimicrobial resistance has been considered to be one of the currently leading concerns in global public health, and reported to widely spread and extended to a large variety of microorganisms. In China, as one of the currently worst areas for antibiotics abuse, the annual prescription of antibiotics, including both clinical and veterinary treatment, has approaching 140 gram per person and been roughly estimated to be 10 times higher than that in the United Kingdom, which is considered to be a potential area for the emergence of “Super Bugs”. Based on the integrons surveillance in Guangzhou, China in the past decade, this review thus aimed at summarizing the role of integrons in the perspective of both clinical setting and environment, with the focus on the occurrence and prevalence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xuerui Bao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Agro-products Processing, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jian Miao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Huawei Bian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
| | - Guangchao Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
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Adesoji AT, Ogunjobi AA, Olatoye IO. Molecular characterization of selected multidrug resistant Pseudomonas from water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:39. [PMID: 26328550 PMCID: PMC4557310 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, including multidrug resistant (MDR) pseudomonads, is an important environmental health problem associated with drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) worldwide. There is paucity of data on the molecular characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes and their mode of transfer among pseudomonads from DWDS located in resource-challenged areas such as southwestern Nigeria. Methods MDR pseudomonads (n = 22) were selected from a panel of 296 different strains that were isolated from treated and untreated water in six DWDS located across southwest Nigeria. Primarily, the isolated pseudomonads strains were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and antibiotic-resistance testing was completed using agar breakpoints assays. The final panel of strains of resistant to more than three classes of antibiotics (i.e. MDR), were further characterized by PCR genotyping, Sanger sequencing, and plasmid profiling. Results Pseudomonad resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin ranged from 22.7 to 54.6 % while resistance to tetracycline, ceftiofur and sulphamethoxazole ranged from 40.9 to 77.3 %. The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were tet(A) (31.8 % of isolates), sul1 (31.8 %), blaTEM (40.9 %) and aph(3″)c (36.4 %). Class 1 integron sequences were evident in 27.3 % of isolates and they harbored genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA2, aadA1), trimethoprim (dfrA15, dfr7) and sulphonamide (sul1) while the plasmid ranged between 22 and 130 kb. Conclusions Pseudomonas spp, isolated from these DWDS possess resistance genes and factors that are of public and environmental health significance. Therefore, has the potential of contributing to the global scourge of resistance genes transfer in human, animals and environments, thereby, useful in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele T Adesoji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Isaac O Olatoye
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Structural Diversity of Class 1 Integrons in Multiresistant Strains of Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients in a Hospital in Mexico City. Curr Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Adel El-Sokkary MM, Abdelmegeed ES. Characterisation of Class 1 Integron among <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolated from Mansoura University Hospitals in Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.54025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cristóbal-Azkarate J, Dunn JC, Day JMW, Amábile-Cuevas CF. Resistance to antibiotics of clinical relevance in the fecal microbiota of Mexican wildlife. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107719. [PMID: 25233089 PMCID: PMC4169449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a growing number of reports of antibiotic resistance (ATBR) in bacteria living in wildlife. This is a cause for concern as ATBR in wildlife represents a potential public health threat. However, little is known about the factors that might determine the presence, abundance and dispersion of ATBR bacteria in wildlife. Here, we used culture and molecular methods to assess ATBR in bacteria in fecal samples from howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) and felids (jaguars, Panthera onca; pumas, Puma concolor; jaguarundis, Puma yagouaroundi; and ocelots, Leopardus pardalis) living freely in two regions of the Mexican state of Veracruz under different degrees of human influence. Overall, our study shows that ATBR is commonplace in bacteria isolated from wildlife in southeast Mexico. Most of the resistances were towards old and naturally occurring antibiotics, but we also observed resistances of potential clinical significance. We found that proximity to humans positively affected the presence of ATBR and that ATBR was higher in terrestrial than arboreal species. We also found evidence suggesting different terrestrial and aerial routes for the transmission of ATBR between humans and wildlife. The prevalence and potential ATBR transfer mechanisms between humans and wildlife observed in this study highlight the need for further studies to identify the factors that might determine ATBR presence, abundance and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob C. Dunn
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M. W. Day
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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35
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Gerzova L, Videnska P, Faldynova M, Sedlar K, Provaznik I, Cizek A, Rychlik I. Characterization of microbiota composition and presence of selected antibiotic resistance genes in carriage water of ornamental fish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103865. [PMID: 25084116 PMCID: PMC4118911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
International trade with ornamental fish is gradually recognized as an important source of a wide range of different antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this study we therefore characterized the prevalence of selected antibiotic resistance genes in the microbiota found in the carriage water of ornamental fish originating from 3 different continents. Real-time PCR quantification showed that the sul1 gene was present in 11 out of 100 bacteria. tet(A) was present in 6 out of 100 bacteria and strA, tet(G), sul2 and aadA were present in 1-2 copies per 100 bacteria. Class I integrons were quite common in carriage water microbiota, however, pyrosequencing showed that only 12 different antibiotic gene cassettes were present in class I integrons. The microbiota characterized by pyrosequencing of the V3/V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes consisted of Proteobacteria (48%), Bacteroidetes (29.5%), Firmicutes (17.8%), Actinobacteria (2.1%) and Fusobacteria (1.6%). Correlation analysis between antibiotic resistance gene prevalence and microbiota composition verified by bacterial culture showed that major reservoirs of sul1 sul2, tet(A), tet(B) tet(G), cat, cml, bla, strA, aacA, aph and aadA could be found among Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria with representatives of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae and Comamonadaceae being those most positively associated with the tested antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karel Sedlar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Provaznik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Analysis of the structure of bacteria communities and detection of resistance genes of quinolones from pharmaceutical wastewater. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Chan MC, Chiu SK, Hsueh PR, Wang NC, Wang CC, Fang CT. Risk factors for healthcare-associated extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: a case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85973. [PMID: 24465819 PMCID: PMC3897568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDRAB) is a serious threat to hospitalized patients. From 2008 to 2010, surveillance detected 25 hospital-acquired infection (HAI) cases caused by XDRAB at a medical center in Taipei. The site of XDRAB infection was bloodstream (n = 8), urinary tract (n = 12), lower respiratory tract (n = 3), surgical site (n = 1), and cardiovascular (n = 1). The isolates were resistant to all currently available antibiotics except for colistin. The XDRAB isolates are genetically diverse, shown by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, but 23 of 25 harbored class 1 integron with a 2.3-kb gene cassette. Most of these isolates carry OXA-23 (n = 21) and OXA-51-like carbapenemase genes (n = 25). To identify the risk factors, a case-control study was conducted. The 25 cases were compared with 100 controls randomly selected from hospitalized patients without XDRAB-HAIs, matched by the onset date, ward, and age, at a ratio of 1∶4. Prior use of imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam or fourth-generation cephalosporins (adjusted OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.03–10.2, P = 0.04) and >30 days bed-ridden (adjusted OR: 6.0, 95% CI: 1.3–27.6, P = 0.02) were found to be the independent risk factors for XDRAB-HAIs. These findings highlight that, even in the absence of clonal dissemination, XDRAB can emerge under the selective pressure of broad-spectrum antibiotics and causes subsequent HAIs in compromised hosts. An appropriate response to the XDRAB threat therefore should include a component of prudent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics active against gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chin Chan
- Infection Control Office, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kang Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Chi Wang
- Infection Control Office, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CTF); (CCW)
| | - Chi-Tai Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CTF); (CCW)
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Uyaguari MI, Scott GI, Norman RS. Abundance of class 1-3 integrons in South Carolina estuarine ecosystems under high and low levels of anthropogenic influence. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 76:77-84. [PMID: 24095050 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of human activity on the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria throughout coastal estuarine ecosystems is not well characterized. It has been suggested that laterally transferred genetic agents, such as integrons, play a role in the spread of resistant bacteria throughout ecosystems. This study compares the distribution of three integron classes throughout a coastal estuarine ecosystem. To determine integron distribution patterns, DNA was extracted from sediment and water collected at seven sites throughout two estuaries with different levels of anthropogenic input and integrons analyzed using quantitative PCR. The data show that while all three integron classes are present, the relative abundance is different, with class 2 integrons significantly elevated in areas of high anthropogenic input and class 1 integrons elevated in areas of low input. Our results provide a foundation for using integron gene distribution as a biomarker of urban impact on antibiotic resistance gene flow and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I Uyaguari
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Odumosu BT, Adeniyi BA, Chandra R. Analysis of integrons and associated gene cassettes in clinical isolates of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Southwest Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013; 12:29. [PMID: 24143920 PMCID: PMC3842740 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbours integrons and other mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons, which easily disseminate antibiotic resistance genes among clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Methodology Plasmid extraction of 54 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa was carried out by alkaline lysis method; and plasmid size estimation was done by using E. coli V517 standard plasmid marker. Fifty-four clinical strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated from 5 hospitals in 3 Southwestern states of Nigeria between March and September 2010. Plasmid extraction of isolates was carried out by alkaline lysis method; and plasmid size estimation was done by using E. coli V517 standard plasmid marker. PCR amplification for the 3 classes of resistance integrons, and gene cassette characterization were carried out using specific primers and by sequencing of PCR products. Conjugal mating of the integron positive P. aeruginosa strains with E. coli DH5α was performed to demonstrate transferability of integrons and gene cassettes. Result Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA revealed that all the 54 P. aeruginosa harboured 1–4 plasmids with sizes ranging from 2.2 – >58 kb. Class 1 integron was identified in 31 (57%) strains; but none of them carried class 2 and class 3 integrons. High prevalence of aadA gene conferring resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin was detected in the strains positive for class 1 integron. Sequencing of the 1.6 kb and 1.2 kb amplified band of gene cassettes revealed the presence of aadA6-orfD and aadA13 respectively. Conclusion This study demonstrates the presence of plasmids and integrons harbouring resistance gene cassettes, which may collectively constitute an efficient system for dissemination of resistance genes in P. aeruginosa. Disturbingly, the rapid and unabated spread of class 1 integron-associated multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa in Southwest Nigeria may greatly hamper successful treatment of infections caused by such strains. This necessitates the establishment of functional antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele T Odumosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Shehabi AA, Odeh JF, Fayyad M. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Class 1 Integrons Found inEscherichia coliIsolates from Human Stools and Drinking Water Sources in Jordan. J Chemother 2013; 18:468-72. [PMID: 17127221 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2006.18.5.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Escherichia coli isolates from human stools showed mostly higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and significant rates of resistance (32%-67%, P<0.05) than Escherichia coli water isolates in Jordan, as follows: ampicillin (67% vs 28%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (67% vs 28%) nalidixic acid (63% vs 20%), cefuroxime (32% vs 4%), gentamicin (32% vs 17%), norfloxacin (32% vs 12%) and tetracycline (33% vs 16%). The prevalence of integron integrase genes (Intl1) in these isolates was also significantly higher in patients' stools (67%, P <0.05) than in water (36%), but the distribution of Sul 1/Sul 2 or both in association with postive Intl1 and resistance to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole was not significantly higher (74% versus 62%, P <0.05) in isolates from stool and water. Plasmid profiles of representative multiresistant E. coli isolates from both sources indicated the presence of two common plasmids (49,25 kb) in 11/12 (91.6%), and all E. coli transconjugants were positive for class 1 integron markers (Intl 1, Sul 1 and Sul2) and mostly associated with three transferable drug-resistant determinants to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. These results indicate that class 1 integrons with conjugative R-plasmids are common and transferable among commensal antimicrobial multiresistant E. coli isolated from human feces and drinking water sources in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shehabi
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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Ramírez Castillo FY, Avelar González FJ, Garneau P, Márquez Díaz F, Guerrero Barrera AL, Harel J. Presence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in the San Pedro River located in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:147. [PMID: 23785356 PMCID: PMC3683621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of surface waters in developing countries is a great concern. Treated and untreated wastewaters have been discharged into rivers and streams, leading to possible waterborne infection outbreaks and may represent a significant dissemination mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, the water quality of San Pedro River, the main river and pluvial collector of the Aguascalientes State, Mexico was assessed. Thirty sample locations were tested throughout the River. The main physicochemical parameters of water were evaluated. Results showed high levels of fecal pollution as well as inorganic and organic matter abundant enough to support the heterotrophic growth of microorganisms. These results indicate poor water quality in samples from different locations. One hundred and fifty Escherichia coli were collected and screened by PCR for several virulence genes. Isolates were classified as either pathogenic (n = 91) or commensal (n = 59). The disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antibiotics. Fifty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 30.6% were multi-resistant. Eighteen E. coli strains were quinolone resistant of which 16 were multi-resistant. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected in 12 isolates. Mutations at the Ser-83→Leu and/or Asp-87→Asn in the gyrA gene were detected as well as mutations at the Ser-80→Ile in parC. An E. coli microarray (Maxivirulence V 3.1) was used to characterize the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes profiles of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla TEM, sulI, sulII, dhfrIX, aph3 (strA), and tet (B) as well as integrons were found in fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance E. coli strains. The presence of potential pathogenic E. coli and antibiotic resistance in San Pedro River such as FQ resistant E. coli could pose a potential threat to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Y Ramírez Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México
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Varela AR, Manaia CM. Human health implications of clinically relevant bacteria in wastewater habitats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3550-3569. [PMID: 23508533 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to reflect on the multiple roles of bacteria in wastewater habitats with particular emphasis on their harmful potential for human health. Indigenous bacteria promote a series of biochemical and metabolic transformations indispensable to achieve wastewater treatment. Some of these bacteria may be pathogenic or harbour antibiotic resistance or virulence genes harmful for human health. Several chemical contaminants (heavy metals, disinfectants and antibiotics) may select these bacteria or their genes. Worldwide studies show that treated wastewater contain antibiotic resistant bacteria or genes encoding virulence or antimicrobial resistance, evidencing that treatment processes may fail to remove efficiently these bio-pollutants. The contamination of the surrounding environment, such as rivers or lakes receiving such effluents, is also documented in several studies. The current state of the art suggests that only some of antibiotic resistance and virulence potential in wastewater is known. Moreover, wastewater habitats may favour the evolution and dissemination of new resistance and virulence genes and the emergence of new pathogens. For these reasons, additional research is needed in order to obtain a more detailed assessment of the long-term effects of wastewater discharges. In particular, it is important to measure the human and environmental health risks associated with wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Varela
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Farkas A, Butiuc-Keul A, Ciatarâş D, Neamţu C, Crăciunaş C, Podar D, Drăgan-Bularda M. Microbiological contamination and resistance genes in biofilms occurring during the drinking water treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:932-938. [PMID: 23247295 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are the predominant mode of microbial growth in drinking water systems. A dynamic exchange of individuals occurs between the attached and planktonic populations, while lateral gene transfer mediates genetic exchange in these bacterial communities. Integrons are important vectors for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The presence of class 1 integrons (intI1, qac and sul genes) was assessed in biofilms occurring throughout the drinking water treatment process. Isolates from general and specific culture media, covering a wide range of environmental bacteria, fecal indicators and opportunistic pathogens were tested. From 96 isolates tested, 9.37% were found to possess genetic determinants of putative antimicrobial resistance, and these occurred in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Class 1 integron integrase gene was present in 8.33% of bacteria, all positive for the qacEΔ1 gene. The sul1 gene was present in 3.12% of total isolates, representing 37.5% of the class 1 integron positive cells. The present study shows that biofilm communities in a drinking water treatment plant are a reservoir of class 1 integrons, mainly in bacteria that may be associated with microbiological contamination. Eight out of nine integron bearing strains (88.8%) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing as either enteric bacteria or species that may be connected to animal and anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Farkas
- Someş Water Company, 79 21 December 1989 Boulevard, 400604 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria between intermingled ecological niches: the interface between humans, animals and the environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:278-94. [PMID: 23343983 PMCID: PMC3564142 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial agents has been claimed to be the driving force for the emergence and spread of microbial resistance. However, several studies have reported the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in populations exposed to low levels of antimicrobial drugs or even never exposed. For many pathogens, especially those organisms for which asymptomatic colonization typically precedes infection (e.g., Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli), the selective effects of antimicrobial use can only be understood if we considerer all biological and environmental pathways which enable these bacteria, and the genes they carry, to spread between different biomes. This ecological framework provides an essential perspective for formulating antimicrobial use policies, precisely because it encompasses the root causes of these problems rather than merely their consequences.
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Homedes N, Ugalde A. Mexican Pharmacies and Antibiotic Consumption at the US-Mexico Border. SOUTHERN MED REVIEW 2012; 5:9-19. [PMID: 23532456 PMCID: PMC3606934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study antibiotic dispensing to US and Mexican residents, at Mexican pharmacies at the US-Mexico border, and the pharmacy clerks' capability to promote appropriate use. METHODS The site selected was Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua (pop. 1.2 million) separated from El Paso, Texas (pop. 800,000) by the Rio Grande River. A convenience sample of 32 pharmacies located near the international bridges, major shopping centers, and interior neighborhoods was selected. Pharmacy clients were interviewed (n=230) and 152 interactions between clients and pharmacy clerks were observed. Information was obtained about education and pharmaceutical training of 113 clerks working in 25 pharmacies. A senior pharmacy clerk in each of the 25 pharmacies was interviewed and asked for their recommendations to clients presenting two clinical scenarios and seven diagnoses. FINDINGS Professionally trained pharmacists only spend a few hours a week in some pharmacies. Clerks' education levels are very low; some have only completed primary education. There is no required pharmaceutical training and their knowledge about pharmaceuticals comes mostly from representatives of the pharmaceutical industry. Clerks' knowledge of antibiotics, the most frequently sold class of medicines (65% without prescription), is very limited. Clients trust pharmacy clerks and tend to follow their advice. CONCLUSIONS The findings raise concerns about dispensing of antibiotics at Mexican border pharmacies and antibiotic overuse due to lack of control. Because inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to increased resistance, pharmacy clerks should receive independent training to dispense antibiotics and promote their appropriate use.
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Stalder T, Barraud O, Casellas M, Dagot C, Ploy MC. Integron involvement in environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:119. [PMID: 22509175 PMCID: PMC3321497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing problem and a public health issue. In recent decades, various genetic mechanisms involved in the spread of resistance genes among bacteria have been identified. Integrons - genetic elements that acquire, exchange, and express genes embedded within gene cassettes (GC) - are one of these mechanisms. Integrons are widely distributed, especially in Gram-negative bacteria; they are carried by mobile genetic elements, plasmids, and transposons, which promote their spread within bacterial communities. Initially studied mainly in the clinical setting for their involvement in antibiotic resistance, their role in the environment is now an increasing focus of attention. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth analysis of recent studies of antibiotic-resistance integrons in the environment, highlighting their potential involvement in antibiotic-resistance outside the clinical context. We will focus particularly on the impact of human activities (agriculture, industries, wastewater treatment, etc.).
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Diversity of integron- and culture-associated antibiotic resistance genes in freshwater floc. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4367-72. [PMID: 22467502 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00405-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically important antibiotic resistance genes were detected in culturable bacteria and class 1 integron gene cassettes recovered from suspended floc, a significant aquatic repository for microorganisms and trace elements, across freshwater systems variably impacted by anthropogenic activities. Antibiotic resistance gene cassettes in floc total community DNA differed appreciably in number and type from genes detected in bacteria cultured from floc. The number of floc antibiotic resistance gene cassette types detected across sites was positively correlated with total (the sum of Ag, As, Cu, and Pb) trace element concentrations in aqueous solution and in a component of floc readily accessible to bacteria. In particular, concentrations of Cu and Pb in the floc component were positively correlated with floc resistance gene cassette diversity. Collectively, these results identify suspended floc as an important reservoir, distinct from bulk water and bed sediment, for antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments ranging from heavily impacted urban sites to remote areas of nature reserves and indicate that trace elements, particularly Cu and Pb, are geochemical markers of resistance diversity in this environmental reservoir. The increase in contamination of global water supplies suggests that aquatic environments will become an even more important reservoir of clinically important antibiotic resistance in the future.
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Beta-lactams resistance and presence of class 1 integron in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from untreated hospital effluents in Brazil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 102:73-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Oberlé K, Capdeville MJ, Berthe T, Budzinski H, Petit F. Evidence for a complex relationship between antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli: from medical center patients to a receiving environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1859-68. [PMID: 22216912 DOI: 10.1021/es203399h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant fecal bacteria (E. coli) in water along a medical center-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum (4 km). A multiresidue chemical analysis methodology, using solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, was performed to detect whether low levels of contamination by 34 antibiotics were related to antibiotic resistance of E. coli and antibiotic use. The contamination of water by antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant E. coli decreased along the continuum. Although amoxicillin was predominantly prescribed, only ofloxacin (1 ng·L(-1)) and sulfamethoxazole (4 ng·L(-1)) persisted in the river. At the retirement home, in the medical center, even though no tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole were consumed, the highest occurrences of antibiotic resistance were in classes of quinolones (42.0%), sulfonamides (24.0%), tetracyclines (38.0%), and penicillins (38.0%), mainly due to the presence of multiple antibiotic-resistance genes on class 1 integrons. Along the continuum, the occurrence of E. coli resistant to antibiotics and those carrying class 1 integrons decreased in water samples (p-value <0.001). Interestingly, in the river, only persistent antibiotic compounds (ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole) were found, but they did not correspond to the major resistances (tetracycline, amoxicillin) of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Oberlé
- Université de Rouen, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, FED SCALE 4116, UFR des Sciences, IRESE, place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan cedex, France.
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Bashir S, Sarwar Y, Ali A, Mohsin M, Saeed MA, Tariq A, Haque A. Multiple drug resistance patterns in various phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic E.coli isolated from Faisalabad region of Pakistan. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1278-83. [PMID: 24031752 PMCID: PMC3768734 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was the phylogenetic characterization of local clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli with respect to drug resistance. A total of 59 uropathogenic E. coli responsible for community acquired urinary tract infections were included in this study. A triplex PCR was employed to segregate each isolate into four different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). Drug resistance was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The drugs used were ampicillin, aztreonam, cefixime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cephradine among β-lactam group; amikacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin among aminoglycosides; nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin from quinolones; trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, and tetracycline. Among 59 uropathogenic E. coli isolates majority belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (50%) where as 19% each belonged to groups A and B1, and 12% to group D. All the isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Most effective drugs against Group A, B1, and B2 were gentamicin, amikacin and cefixime; ceftriaxone and quinolones; and ceftriaxone and amikacin, respectively. Group D isolates were found to be highly resistant to all drugs. Our results have shown emergence of MDR isolates among uropathogenic E. coli with dominance of phylogenetic group B2. However, it was found that group D isolates were though less frequent, more drug resistant as compared with group B2. Groups A and B1 were relatively uncommon. Amikacin, ceftriaxone and gentamicin were the most effective drugs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Bashir
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , P. O. Box, 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad , Pakistan
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