1
|
Le Xuan A, Hsu FY, Hsueh PR, Lin WH, Chen HH, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Antimicrobial resistance profile in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from diseased pigs in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024; 57:660-664. [PMID: 38670815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) isolates from diseased pigs in Taiwan (2015-2020). Among 272 isolates, florfenicol (96.7%), enrofloxacin (96.3%), doxycycline (91.2%), gentamicin (84.6%), and tiamulin (80.5%) exhibited high resistance. 99.3% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 97.8% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. This study illustrated that S. Choleraesuis isolates exhibited high resistance to antimicrobials currently used in the Taiwanese swine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Le Xuan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City 49000, Viet Nam
| | - Feng-Yang Hsu
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Han Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma J, An N, Li W, Liu M, Li S. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of gene cassettes from class 1 integrons in Salmonella strains. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36069773 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolates is a global concern and has been attributed to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans and animals. Integrons are mobile gene elements closely related to bacterial drug resistance. Among them, class 1 integrons containing various resistance gene cassettes could play an important role in disseminating and maintaining antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates.Hypothesis. Salmonella class 1 integrons have a relationship with Salmonella drug resistance.Aim. This study aims to investigate the distribution of class 1 integrons and their variable regional molecular characteristics, as well as the diversity of the promoters and drug sensitivity among Salmonella strains.Methodology. A total of 111 Salmonella strains, collected between 2018 and 2020, underwent fully automated bacterial identification using the VITEK 2 Compact system and an antibiotic sensitivity test. PCR was employed to screen class 1 integrase genes (IntI1) and integron variable regions, while promoter type and variable region gene cassette characteristics were determined using sequencing analysis.Results. A total of 24 IntI1-positive strains were detected in 111 Salmonella strains. Moreover, IntI1-positive strains exhibited statistically significant resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin compared to integron-negative strains (P<0.05). The multidrug resistance rate of IntI1-positive strains was significantly higher than that of negative strains. Variable regions were observed in 6 of the 24 IntI1-positive strains. Four gene cassettes were detected, namely dfrA17-aadA5, dfrA12-aadA2, aadA22 and aar-3-dfrA27. Finally, 3 types of class 1 integron variable region promoters were identified in 24 strains, including PcW, PcH1 and PcWTGN-10; they are all relatively weak promoters.Conclusion. The integron and the drug resistance genes carried by integron have a certain relationship with drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Clinical Laboratory of Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen Street, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Na An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wanxiang Li
- Clinical Laboratory of Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen Street, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Mi Liu
- Clinical Laboratory of Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen Street, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shirong Li
- Clinical Laboratory of Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen Street, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium in chicken using PCR for virulence factor hipO and invA genes (Saudi Arabia). Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229774. [PMID: 34519329 PMCID: PMC8458795 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium are the leading causes of bacterial food contamination in chicken carcasses. Contamination is particularly associated with the slaughtering process. The present study isolated C. jejuni and S. typhimurim from fifty chicken carcass samples, all of which were acquired from different companies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The identification of C. jejuni was performed phenotypically by using a hippurate test and genetically using a polymerase chain reaction with primers for 16S rRNA and hippurate hydrolase (hipO gene). For the dentification of S. typhimurim, a serological Widal test was carried out using serum anti-S. typhimurium antibodies. Strains were genetically detected using invA gene primers. The positive isolates for C. jejuni showed a specific molecular size of 1448 bp for 16S rRNA and 1148 bp for hipO genes. However, the positive isolates of the invA gene exhibited a specific molecular size at 244 bp using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Comparing sequencing was performed with respect to the invA gene and the BLAST nucleotide isolates that were identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain ST45, thereby producing a similarity of 100%. The testing identified C.jejuni for hippuricase, GenBank: Z36940.1. While many isolates of Salmonella spp. that contained the invA gene were not necessarily identified as S. typhimurim, the limiting factor for the Widal test used antiS. typhimurum antibodies. The multidrug resistance (MDR) of C. jejuni isolates in chickens was compared with the standard C. jejuni strain ATCC 22931. Similarly, S. typhimurium isolates were compared with the standard S. typhimurium strain ATCC 14028.
Collapse
|
4
|
Poomchuchit S, Kerdsin A, Chopjitt P, Boueroy P, Hatrongjit R, Akeda Y, Tomono K, Nuanualsuwan S, Hamada S. Fluoroquinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from slaughtered pigs in Thailand. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34319224 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The emergence and spread of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) serovars resistant to fluoroquinolones and third- and higher-generation cephalosporins is a matter of great concern. Antimicrobial-resistant NTS is increasingly being discovered in humans, animals, food animals, food products, and agricultural environments. Pigs are considered a major reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. warrant further surveillance and characterization for a better understanding of the bacteria isolated from animals.Aim. NTS isolated from pork from slaughterhouses across Thailand were characterized in terms of their serovars; resistance to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems; and antimicrobial resistance genes.Methodology. A total of 387 NTS isolates, collected from slaughtered pigs in ten provinces across Thailand between 2014 and 2015, were characterized based on their serovars, antimicrobial resistance genes, and susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems.Results. Among all NTS isolates, S. enterica serovar Rissen was predominant. Antimicrobial resistance was exhibited in 93/387 isolates (24 %). Although 24 (6.2 %) isolates were susceptible to all the tested antimicrobials, they were found to possess β-lactamase genes, such as bla TEM, bla SHV, or bla CTX-M. Mobilized colistin-resistant genes (mcr) and resistance to colistin were not observed in any tested isolate. Carbapenem resistance was detected in ten isolates (10.7 %); however, bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48-like, and bla IMP were not present. Among the 93 antimicrobial-resistant isolates, 87.1 % showed fluoroquinolone resistance with the quinolone resistance gene (qnrS) combined with topoisomerase genes parC (T57S) or gyrA (S83E/Y and D124E/G) substitutions, or topoisomerase gene substitutions alone.Conclusion. We found high fluoroquinolone resistance rates among the NTS isolates from pigs from slaughterhouses. The fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism in NTS was associated with the combination of qnrS and substitutions in gyrA, parC, or both. To prevent the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant NTS between animals and humans, continuous monitoring, surveillance, and regulation of Salmonella in the pork supply chain are pivotal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleepon Poomchuchit
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Japan-Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Japan-Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in a multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate from an infant with acute diarrhea in China. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:13-18. [PMID: 33212253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica is a major global concern. Recent findings suggest that colistin as a last resort treatment for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria is seriously threatened by the report of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in China. METHODS A total of 827 S. Typhimurium isolates were recovered from 4 cities of China, including Henan, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Hubei provinces. Subsequently, mcr-1 presence was identified by PCR screening. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution using a 96-well microtiter plate. Plasmid conjugation transfer experiments were conducted using Escherichia coli J53 as the recipient. RESULTS Only one mcr-1 positive strain from the stool sample of an infant with acute diarrhea was isolated. Apart from colistin, the mcr-1-positive isolate showed co-resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, gentamicin, and cefotaxime revealing a multidrug-resistant phenotype. This strain harbored mcr-1 on a 227 kb IncHI2 plasmid, termed pJZ26, which could be transferred to E. coli J53. In addition to mcr-1, pJZ26 coharbored other resistance genes, including aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, fosA, floR, sul2, and blaCTX-M-14. Compared with p2474-MCR1 and pHYEC7-IncHI2, pJZ26 contains an additional 4.6 kb fragment harboring the resistance gene tet(A) and its regulator tetR located on TnAs1 transposable element, which could mediate resistance to tetracycline. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that the fact the mcr-1-harboring plasmid pJZ26 has a high potential to disseminate the mcr-1 gene and further challenge the clinical treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Gallas N, Khadraoui N, Hotzel H, Tomaso H, El-Adawy H, Neubauer H, Belghouthi K, Ghedira K, Gautam HK, Kumar B, Laouini D, Zarrouk S, Abbassi MS, Aissa RB. Quinolone resistance among Salmonella Kentucky and Typhimurium isolates in Tunisia: first report of Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 in Africa and qnrB19 in Tunisia. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:807-818. [PMID: 32780929 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Characterization of quinolone-resistant Salmonella Kentucky and Typhimurium isolates in Tunisia from various sources, detection of some plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and the genetic relatedness. METHODS A total of 1404 isolates of S. Kentucky (n = 1059)/S. Typhimurium (n = 345) from various sources from all over Tunisia were tested for quinolone resistance by disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were determined. Quinolone-resistant isolates were screened for plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance genes (qnrA,qnrB,qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes were detected by PCR and DNA sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were accomplished for isolates harbouring plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance genes. RESULTS According to our selection criteria (NAL = resistance phenotype; CIP = resistant with diameter 0, or intermediate), only 63 S. Kentucky/41 S. Typhimurium isolates were investigated: 49% (5/104) were multidrug resistant. Two S. Typhimurium isolates harboured qnrB19 with different PFGE profiles. A mutation was detected in the gyrA gene for each of these two isolates. MLST revealed the presence of ST313 and ST34, an endemic sequence type. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the presence of quinolone multidrug-resistant Salmonella in humans and animals in Tunisia. This is the first report of S. Typhimurium ST34 in Africa and qnrB19 in Tunisia. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report that describes not only the current epidemiological situation of the quinolone resistance in S. Kentucky and Typhimurium isolated from various sources and regions in Tunisia, but also, the genetic resistance determinants associated with phenotypic antibiotic resistance and the molecular mechanisms of their quinolone-resistance. Also, we provide the first report of S. Typhimurium ST34 in Africa, and the first report of qnrB19 in Salmonella in Tunisia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Al-Gallas
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens - Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafar Al-Batin (UHB), City Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Khadraoui
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens - Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - H Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - H Tomaso
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - H El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - H Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - K Belghouthi
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens - Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - K Ghedira
- Group of Bioinformatics and Mathematical Modeling, Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H K Gautam
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - B Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - D Laouini
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT), Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Zarrouk
- Genomics Platform, Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT), Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M S Abbassi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Insitute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - R B Aissa
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens - Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, PFGE and MLST characterization of Salmonella in swine mesenteric lymph nodes. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:105024. [PMID: 32417637 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated 250 animals from 25 different processing lots, processed in four slaughterhouses in São Paulo state, Brazil for the presence of Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes (10 g sample of each animal) and characterized the antibiotics resistance profile, the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis - PFGE and Multi Locus Sequence Typing - MLST profiles of selected strains. The pathogen was present in 36.4% (n = 91, CL 95% 30.4-43.4) of samples and 72% (n = 18, CL 95% 50.6-87.9%) of the analyzed lots. The main serovars were S. Typhimurium (n = 23), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 1.4,5,12:i:- (n = 17), followed by S. Infantis (n = 12) and S. Havana (n = 11). Twenty-eight strains (30%) were classified as other serovars. Sixty-eight percent of the strains were resistant to Streptomycin and tetracycline, followed by ampicillin and sulphonamides (62.6%), chloramphenicol (56.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41.8%) and nalidixic acid (40.7%). The antibiotics with lower resistance rates were cephalothin and aztreonam (both with 3.3% resistant), and ceftriaxone and cefepime (both with 7.7%). Multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) accounted for 70.3% of the isolates. Eight strains were submitted to MLST: four S. Typhimurium and one S.1.4,5,12:i:-, all belonging to the ST 19, two Salmonella Infantis, belonging to the ST 32 and one S. Derby, belonging to ST 40. Twenty-one isolates with different antibiotics resistance profiles from the most prevalent serovars were selected for PFGE analysis. Serovar S. Typhimurium (n = 11) revealed 4 pulsotypes and 1 cluster and S. 1.4,5,12:i:- (n = 10) revealed 5 pulsotypes and 4 clusters. The high prevalence of the pathogen, with its high rates of antibiotics resistance and belonging to genetic groups that are often associated with disease in humans, shows that the production chain of pork is a potential source of infection in salmonellosis cases. Therefore, effective preventive measures for pathogen control are needed to reduce the risk of foodborne diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou J, Liu Y, Shen T, Chen L, Zhang C, Cai K, Liao C, Wang C. Antimicrobial activity of the antibacterial peptide PMAP-36 and its analogues. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
9
|
Koide K, Kongsoi S, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. WQ-3810 exerts high inhibitory effect on quinolone-resistant DNA gyrase of Salmonella Typhimurium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2249-2256. [PMID: 31382821 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1650634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of WQ-3810 on DNA gyrase was assayed to evaluate the potential of WQ-3810 as a candidate drug for the treatment of quinolone resistant Salmonella Typhymurium infection. The inhibitory effect of WQ-3810, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was compared by accessing the drug concentration that halves the enzyme activity (IC50) of purified S. Typhimurium wildtype and mutant DNA gyrase with amino acid substitution at position 83 or/and 87 in subunit A (GyrA) causing quinolone resistance. As a result, WQ-3810 reduced the enzyme activity of both wildtype and mutant DNA gyrase at a lower concentration than ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Remarkably, WQ-3810 showed a higher inhibitory effect on DNA gyrase with amino acid substitutions at position 87 than with that at position 83 in GyrA. This study revealed that WQ-3810 could be an effective therapeutic agent, especially against quinolone resistant Salmonella enterica having amino acid substitution at position 87.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharma J, Kumar D, Hussain S, Pathak A, Shukla M, Prasanna Kumar V, Anisha P, Rautela R, Upadhyay A, Singh S. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes characterization of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from retail chicken meat shops in Northern India. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Koide K, Kongsoi S, Ouchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Antibacterial Activity of DC-159a AgainstSalmonellaTyphimurium. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:14-22. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yuki Ouchi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eguale T, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Nana I, Gebreyes WA, Gunn JS, Engidawork E. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal Salmonella strains isolated from humans and food animals in central Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:766-776. [PMID: 29984468 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the common causes of food-borne bacterial illnesses. The primary sources of human nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection are food animals. This study characterized temporally and spatially related Salmonella isolated during April 2013 to March 2014 from faeces of diarrhoeic human patients in Addis Ababa (n = 68) and food animals (n = 84) in Addis Ababa and surrounding districts (dairy cattle, n = 30; slaughtered cattle, n = 20; poultry, n = 26; swine n = 8). Isolates were serotyped, page typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant Salmonella serovars isolated from food animals were S. Saintpaul (38.1%), S. Typhimurium (17.9%) and S. Kentucky (9.5%), whereas in humans, S. Typhimurium (39.7%), S. Virchow (30.9%) and S. Kottbus (10.3%) were frequently isolated. Resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and cephalothin was higher in animal isolates than human isolates, and mean number of antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant was significantly higher in isolates from cattle and poultry compared to those from humans (p < 0.05). All S. Kentucky isolated from animals and humans were multidrug resistant (MDR) with shared resistance phenotype (AmpCfCipTeSuSNa). Although this study involved small sample size and was not able to show clear epidemiological linkage among isolates from various sources, genotyping by PFGE analysis demonstrated circulation of closely related genotypes of S. Virchow, S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky among humans and food animals. Detection of related Salmonella isolates from humans and animals, the high MDR status of isolates from animals and close proximity of farms and human residential areas in the absence of appropriate biosecurity present major public health problem. Integrated surveillance of Salmonella serovars in humans and animals and implementation of appropriate hazard analysis and pathogen control strategies along critical points of the food chain from farm to table is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ismael Nana
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mucosal IgA and IFN-γ + CD8 T cell immunity are important in the efficacy of live Salmonella enteria serovar Choleraesuis vaccines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46408. [PMID: 28406162 PMCID: PMC5390296 DOI: 10.1038/srep46408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis, a disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella strains which can be transmitted from swine to humans, is one of the leading public health problems around the world. Paratyphoid of swine is controlled by vaccinating swine with Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) live vaccine strain C500 in China. Although the vaccine has good prophylactic efficacy, the mechanism of immunogenicity is unclear. Using a C500-derived paratyphoid thermo-stable live vaccine (PTSL vaccine), we demonstrated that the PTSL vaccine induces strong primary and memory immune responses in piglets. Mucosal IgA and IFN-γ+/CD8+ T cells induced by the PTSL vaccine play key roles in the protection of the host from Salmonella infection. Our findings have important implications on the development of new and improved vaccines against salmonellosis and using live-attenuated Salmonella as vaccine carriers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao X, Zhong J, Wei C, Lin CW, Ding T. Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable State in Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28421064 PMCID: PMC5378802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a unique state in which a number of bacteria respond to adverse circumstances, was first discovered in 1982. Unfortunately, it has been reported that many foodborne pathogens can be induced to enter the VBNC state by the limiting environmental conditions during food processing and preservation, such as extreme temperatures, drying, irradiation, pulsed electric field, and high pressure stress, as well as the addition of preservatives and disinfectants. After entering the VBNC state, foodborne pathogens will introduce a serious crisis to food safety and public health because they cannot be detected using conventional plate counting techniques. This review provides an overview of the various features of the VBNC state, including the biological characteristics, induction and resuscitation factors, formation and resuscitation mechanisms, detection methods, and relationship to food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Junliang Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Chii-Wann Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates: First identification of a plasmid carrying qnrD or oqxAB in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 50:214-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
Eguale T, Birungi J, Asrat D, Njahira MN, Njuguna J, Gebreyes WA, Gunn JS, Djikeng A, Engidawork E. Genetic markers associated with resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from humans and animals in central Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:13. [PMID: 28105330 PMCID: PMC5240271 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials are commonly used for treatment of infections caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and other pathogens. Resistance to these classes of antimicrobials has increased significantly in the recent years. However, little is known on the genetic basis of resistance to these drugs in Salmonella isolates from Ethiopia. Methods Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams (n = 43) were tested for genes encoding for beta-lactamase enzymes, and those resistant to quinolones (n = 29) for mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) as well as plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes using PCR and sequencing. Results Beta-lactamase genes (bla) were detected in 34 (79.1%) of the isolates. The dominant bla gene was blaTEM, recovered from 33 (76.7%) of the isolates, majority being TEM-1 (24, 72.7%) followed by TEM-57, (10, 30.3%). The blaOXA-10 and blaCTX-M-15 were detected only in a single S. Concord human isolate. Double substitutions in gyrA (Ser83-Phe + Asp87-Gly) as well as parC (Thr57-Ser + Ser80-Ile) subunits of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) were detected in all S. Kentucky isolates with high level resistance to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Single amino acid substitutions, Ser83-Phe (n = 4) and Ser83-Tyr (n = 1) were also detected in the gyrA gene. An isolate of S. Miami susceptible to nalidixic acid but intermediately resistant to ciprofloxacin had Thr57-Ser and an additional novel mutation (Tyr83-Phe) in the parC gene. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes investigated were not detected in any of the isolates. In some isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and/or nalidixic acid, no mutations in QRDR or PMQR genes were detected. Over half of the quinolone resistant isolates in the current study 17 (58.6%) were also resistant to at least one of the beta-lactam antimicrobials. Conclusion Acquisition of blaTEM was the principal beta-lactamase resistance mechanism and mutations within QRDR of gyrA and parC were the primary mechanism for resistance to quinolones. Further study on extended spectrum beta-lactamase and quinolone resistance mechanisms in other gram negative pathogens is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Josephine Birungi
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moses N Njahira
- ICIPE-African Insect Science for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Njuguna
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH 432101214 USA
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie J, Yi S, Zhu J, Li P, Liang B, Li H, Yang X, Wang L, Hao R, Jia L, Wu Z, Qiu S, Song H. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Investigation of H2S-Negative Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis Isolates in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139115. [PMID: 26431037 PMCID: PMC4592067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a highly invasive pathogen of swine that frequently causes serious outbreaks, in particular in Asia, and can also cause severe invasive disease in humans. In this study, 21 S. Choleraesuis isolates, detected from 21 patients with diarrhea in China between 2010 and 2011, were found to include 19 H2S-negative S. Choleraesuis isolates and two H2S-positive isolates. This is the first report of H2S-negative S. Choleraesuis isolated from humans. The majority of H2S-negative isolates exhibited high resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, ticarcillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but only six isolates were resistant to norfloxacin. In contrast, all of the isolates were sensitive to cephalosporins. Fifteen isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. In norfloxacin-resistant isolates, we detected mutations in the gyrA and parC genes and identified two new mutations in the parC gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) analysis were employed to investigate the genetic relatedness of H2S-negative and H2S-positive S. Choleraesuis isolates. PFGE revealed two groups, with all 19 H2S-negative S. Choleraesuis isolates belonging to Group I and H2S-positive isolates belonging to Group II. By MLST analysis, the H2S-negative isolates were all found to belong to ST68 and H2S-positive isolates belong to ST145. By CRISPR analysis, no significant differences in CRISPR 1 were detected; however, one H2S-negative isolate was found to contain three new spacers in CRISPR 2. All 19 H2S-negative isolates also possessed a frame-shift mutation at position 760 of phsA gene compared with H2S-positive isolates, which may be responsible for the H2S-negative phenotype. Moreover, the 19 H2S-negative isolates have similar PFGE patterns and same mutation site in the phsA gene, these results indicated that these H2S-negative isolates may have been prevalent in China. These findings suggested that surveillance should be increased of H2S-negative S. Choleraesuis in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shengjie Yi
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- Xiangya Basic Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jiangong Zhu
- Clinical Diagnostic Center, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030800, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (SQ)
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (SQ)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Le Hello S. Salmonella : une bactérie multi-résistante aux antibiotiques dans nos assiettes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antinf.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Trends in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in Salmonella enterica isolates from humans in Belgium, 2009 to 2013. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:544-52. [PMID: 25385108 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04203-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella received 16,544 human isolates of Salmonella enterica between January 2009 and December 2013. Although 377 different serotypes were identified, the landscape is dominated by S. enterica serovars Typhimurium (55%) and Enteritidis (19%) in a ratio which is inverse to European Union averages. With outbreaks of Salmonella serotypes Ohio, Stanley, and Paratyphi B variant Java as prime examples, 20 serotypes displayed significant fluctuations in this 5-year period. Typhoid strains account for 1.2% of Belgian salmonellosis cases. Large-scale antibiotic susceptibility analyses (n = 4,561; panel of 12 antibiotics) showed declining resistance levels in S. Enteritis and Typhimurium isolates for 8 and 3 tested agents, respectively. Despite low overall resistance to ciprofloxacin (4.4%) and cefotaxime (1.6%), we identified clonal lineages of Salmonella serotypes Kentucky and Infantis displaying rising resistance against these clinically important drugs. Quinolone resistance is mainly mediated by serotype-specific mutations in GyrA residues Ser83 and Asp87 (92.2% not wild type), while an additional ParC_Ser80Ile mutation leads to ciprofloxacin resistance in 95.5% S. Kentucky isolates, which exceeds European averages. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) alleles qnrA1 (n = 1), qnrS (n = 9), qnrD1 (n = 4), and qnrB (n = 4) were found in only 3.0% of 533 isolates resistant to nalidixic acid. In cefotaxime-resistant isolates, we identified a broad range of Ambler class A and C β-lactamase genes (e.g., bla(SHV-12), blaTEM-52, bla(CTX-M-14), and bla(CTX-M-15)) commonly associated with members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. In conclusion, resistance to fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime remains rare in human S. enterica, but clonal resistant serotypes arise, and continued (inter)national surveillance is mandatory to understand the origin and routes of dissemination thereof.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tseng CS, Yen YC, Chang CC, Hsu YM. Polymorphism of gene cassette promoter variants of class 1 integron harbored in S. Choleraesuis and Typhimurium isolated from Taiwan. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2014; 4:20. [PMID: 25520933 PMCID: PMC4264977 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-014-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrons, mobile genetic units, capture and incorporate antibiotic resistance gene cassette by site-specific recombination. Class 1 integrons are widespread and associated with dispersion of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria. The expression of gene cassette in Class 1 can vary, based on the Pc promoter but seldom from another promoter hiding downstream of Pc, called P2. To probe distribution and prevalence of gene cassette promoter variants, we analyzed 169 S. Choleraesuis and 191 S. Typhimurium isolates from humans and animals, finding 95.27% occurrence of integrin among S. Choleraesuis, 83.25% among S. Typhimurium. PCR-RFLP analysis identified four promoters (PcS+P2, PcWTGN-10+P2, PcH1+P2, and PcWTGN-10+P2-GGG) in said integron-positive isolates; major types in S. Choleraesuis and S. Typhimurium were PcS+P2 and PcWTGN-10+P2, respectively. Likewise, β-galactosidase assay rated promoter strength of variants by transcriptional fusion constructs to show extended -10 promoter (TGn/-10 promoter) in Pc and three-nucleotide insertion (GGG) between -35 and -10 region of P2 improving promoter strength of gene cassette.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sian Tseng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Yen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Osman KM, Marouf SH, Zolnikov TR, AlAtfeehy N. Isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in day-old ducklings in Egypt. Pathog Glob Health 2013; 108:37-48. [PMID: 24548159 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Importing day-old ducklings (DOD) unknowingly infected with non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) may be associated with disease risk. Domestic and international trade may enhance this risk. Salmonella enterica serovars, their virulence genes combinations and antibiotic resistance, garner attention for their potentiality to contribute to the adverse health effects on populations throughout the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of imported versus domestic DOD as potential carriers of NTS. The results confirm the prevalence of salmonellosis in imported ducklings was 18·5% (25/135), whereas only 12% (9/75) of cases were determined in the domestic ducklings. Fourteen serovars (Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella kisii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella gaillac, Salmonella uno, Salmonella eingedi, Salmonella shubra, Salmonella bardo, Salmonella inganda, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella stanley, Salmonella virchow, Salmonella haifa, and Salmonella anatum) were isolated from the imported ducklings, whereas only S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. virchow, and S. shubra were isolated from the domestic ducklings. The isolated Salmonella serovars were 100% susceptible to only colistin sulphate and 100% resistant to lincomycin. The 14 Salmonella serovars were screened for 11 virulence genes (invA, avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, sopB, gipA, sodC1, sopE1, spvC, and bcfC) by PCR. The invA, sopB, and bcfC genes were detected in 100% of the Salmonella serovars; alternatively, the gipA gene was absent in all of the isolated Salmonella serovars. The 11 virulent genes were not detected in either of S. stanley or S. haifa serovars. The results confirm an association between antibiotic resistance and virulence of Salmonella in the DOD. This study confirms the need for a country adherence to strict public health and food safety regimes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
New foodborne pathogens continue to emerge, and the globalization of the food supply means that the safety of our food depends on policies and practices in many countries. Public health surveillance of foodborne bacterial pathogens depends on culture, isolation, and subtyping. New diagnostic strategies that bypass culture threaten public health surveillance in the short-term but offer the potential for more refined and rapid outbreak detection in the future. Infectious disease clinicians play a critical role in diagnosis and reporting because they may be the first to suspect a new problem and often link clinical and public health communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Braden
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop C-09, 1600 Clifton Road Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liao CH, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Decline in Ciprofloxacin-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerovar Choleraesuis in Taiwan, 2001–2011: Figure 1. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1357-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Vlieghe ER, Phe T, De Smet B, Veng CH, Kham C, Bertrand S, Vanhoof R, Lynen L, Peetermans WE, Jacobs JA. Azithromycin and ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella bloodstream infections in Cambodian adults. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1933. [PMID: 23272255 PMCID: PMC3521708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica is a frequent cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) in Asia but few data are available from Cambodia. We describe Salmonella BSI isolates recovered from patients presenting at Sihanouk Hospital Centre of Hope, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (July 2007–December 2010). Methodology Blood was cultured as part of a microbiological prospective surveillance study. Identification of Salmonella isolates was performed by conventional methods and serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibilities were assessed using disk diffusion, MicroScan and E-test macromethod. Clonal relationships were assessed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis; PCR and sequencing for detection of mutations in Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and presence of qnr genes. Principal Findings Seventy-two Salmonella isolates grew from 58 patients (mean age 34.2 years, range 8–71). Twenty isolates were identified as Salmonella Typhi, 2 as Salmonella Paratyphi A, 37 as Salmonella Choleraesuis and 13 as other non-typhoid Salmonella spp. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was present in 21 of 24 (87.5%) patients with S. Choleraesuis BSI. Five patients (8.7%) had at least one recurrent infection, all with S. Choleraesuis; five patients died. Overall, multi drug resistance (i.e., co-resistance to ampicillin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol) was high (42/59 isolates, 71.2%). S. Typhi displayed high rates of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (18/20 isolates, 90.0%), while azithromycin resistance was very common in S. Choleraesuis (17/24 isolates, 70.8%). Two S. Choleraesuis isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer. Conclusions and Significance Resistance rates in Salmonella spp. in Cambodia are alarming, in particular for azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. This warrants nationwide surveillance and revision of treatment guidelines. Salmonella enterica is a bacterium that causes important morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in tropical low-resource settings. Over the past two decades, increasing rates of resistance for the commonly available oral antibiotics have been reported in Salmonella spp., especially from South(east) Asia. As microbiology laboratories are extremely scarce in Cambodia, data on the presence and resistance of Salmonella spp. in this country are limited. The authors describe the different types and antibiotic resistance of 72 Salmonella isolates from blood cultures sampled in 58 adult Cambodian patients with fever. The most common serovars were Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Choleraesuis. The latter serovar causes illness in pigs, and may occasionally infect humans through contact with contaminated animals or environments, especially those with decreased immunity. The authors noted resistance for the first line oral antibiotics in nearly three quarters of all Salmonella isolates. In addition, 90% of all S. Typhi had decreased susceptibility for ciprofloxacin, while around 70% of S. Choleraesuis showed resistance to azithromycin. These results seriously limit the treatment options for typhoid fever and other invasive Salmonella infections and warrant nationwide surveillance of antibiotic resistance. This is the first report to describe such high rates of azithromycin resistance in Salmonella enterica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika R. Vlieghe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (ERV); (JAJ)
| | - Thong Phe
- Sihanouk Hospital Centre of Hope (SHCH), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Birgit De Smet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chhun H. Veng
- Sihanouk Hospital Centre of Hope (SHCH), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chun Kham
- Sihanouk Hospital Centre of Hope (SHCH), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- Belgian Reference Center for Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raymond Vanhoof
- Belgian Reference Center for Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lut Lynen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jan A. Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (ERV); (JAJ)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Prevalence of quinolone resistance and mutations in the topoisomerase genes in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates from Serbia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:455-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Gu Y, Xu X, Lin L, Ren X, Cui X, Hou X, Cui S. Functional characterization of quinolone-resistant mechanisms in a lab-selected Salmonella enterica typhimurium mutant. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 19:15-20. [PMID: 23013383 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation has been widely accepted between quinolone resistance and topoisomerase point mutations in quinolone resistance determination regions (QRDRs). Acquirement of point mutations in QRDRs usually increases the microbial resistance to both nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones. The quinolone-resistant mechanisms accumulated in a lab-selected mutant were characterized through the construction of isogenic mutants using phage λ Red recombinase system and phage P22. The function of a quinolone-resistant mechanism that increased resistance to fluoroquinolones, but decreased resistance to nalidixic acid was fully characterized. A previous reported point mutation in ParC (G78D) was identified in the lab-selected mutant LT2-128. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of isogenic mutants showed that acquirement of this point mutation in the host with topoisomerase mutations in GyrA could increase 8- to 32-fold fluoroquinolones MICs, but decrease eight-fold nalidixic acid MICs. Multiple-resistant mechanisms, such as the overexpressed effluxes, were accumulated besides the point mutations in QRDRs in LT2-128 during the mutant selection process. Through biological costs comparison among isogenic mutants, we found the biological cost in LT2-128 was not from the mutations in QRDRs, instead it was from other mutations accumulated during the mutant selection process, such as the mechanisms related to constitutively overexpressed effluxes. Mutation in ParC (G78D) was responsible for the increased resistance to fluoroquinolones, but decreased resistance to nalidixic acid. The existence of this mechanism demonstrated mutations in ParC could play different roles in nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Gu
- Department of Microbiology, 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hsu YM, Tang CY, Lin H, Chen YH, Chen YL, Su YH, Chen DS, Lin JH, Chang CC. Comparative study of class 1 integron, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline (ACSSuT) and fluoroquinolone resistance in various Salmonella serovars from humans and animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 36:9-16. [PMID: 22963790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 499 Salmonella isolates including 9 serovars from humans and various animal hosts were collected to compare prevalence of integron and antimicrobial resistance. The integron and gene cassette were detected by PCR, and then the gene cassette type was further determined by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by disk diffusion method. The positivity percentage of class 1 integron and the diversity of gene cassettes carried by integron were quite different in various Salmonella serovars, especially comparing those from animals to humans. After sequencing and RFLP analysis, it was identified eight gene cassette types. The gene cassette type D carrying ampicillin/streptomycin resistance genes was the most common one (42.2%) in the integron-positive isolates. More diversity of gene cassette types was identified in humans comparing to that in animals. Several gene cassette types were identified for the first time in some Salmonella serovars. In this study, 31.5% (157/499) of the isolates were multi-resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ACSSuT). S. Choleraesuis isolates with the cassette type A1, but S. Typhimurium isolates with the cassette type E1, were frequently associated with ACSSuT-resistant (80.6% and 72.7%, respectively). There was a significant association between the presence of class 1 integron and quinolone resistance in S. Choleraesuis isolates, but not in S. Typhimurium. Our findings imply that transmission efficiency of various gene cassettes through the integron could be different in various Salmonella serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tsai MH, Wu SR, Lee HY, Chen CL, Lin TY, Huang YC, Chiu CH. Recognition of mechanisms involved in bile resistance important to halting antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:151-7. [PMID: 22743016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a global public health problem that complicates antimicrobial therapy. As an enteric pathogen, Salmonella must endure the presence of bile in the intestinal tract during the course of infection. In this study, we sought to identify Salmonella genes necessary for bile resistance and to investigate their association with antimicrobial resistance. Four genes related to bile resistance were identified, namely rfaP, rfbK, dam and tolC. The first three genes are involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and tolC is associated with an efflux pump. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed increased susceptibility to polymyxin B and ciprofloxacin in rfaP and tolC mutants of Salmonella, respectively. Genetic analysis of 45 clinical isolates of NTS revealed that all isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥0.125 mg/L) were associated with point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes. The efflux pump also played a role, as evidenced by the reduction in fluoroquinolone resistance when the TolC efflux pump was inhibited by Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide, a competitive efflux pump inhibitor. Based on these results, we conclude that an intact membrane structure and the efflux pump system provide mechanisms enabling NTS to resist bile. Caution should be taken when using ciprofloxacin and polymyxin B to treat Salmonella enteric infection, as resistance to these agents involves the same mechanisms. Addition of an efflux pump inhibitor to fluoroquinolones may be an effective strategy to deal with the increasing resistance in NTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Low SYY, Ong CWM, Hsueh PR, Tambyah PA, Yeo TT. Neisseria gonorrhoeae paravertebral abscess. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 17:93-7. [PMID: 22578237 DOI: 10.3171/2012.4.spine11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors present the case of an isolated gonococcal paravertebral abscess with an epidural component in a 42-year-old man. A primary epidural abscess of the spine is a rare condition and is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In this report, the authors present their therapeutic decisions and review the relevant literature on disseminated gonococcal infection in a patient presenting with an epidural abscess. A 42-year-old Indonesian man was admitted with symptoms of neck and upper back pain and bilateral lower-limb weakness. Clinical examination was unremarkable apart from tenderness over the lower cervical spine. Postgadolinium T1-weighted MRI of the cervical and thoracic spine demonstrated an enhancing lesion in the right paraspinal and epidural soft tissue at C-6 to T1-2, in keeping with a spinal epidural abscess. The patient underwent laminectomy of C-7 and T-1 with abscess drainage. Tissue cultures subsequently grew Neisseria gonorrhoeae that was resistant to quinolones by genotyping. Upon further questioning, the patient admitted to unprotected sexual intercourse with commercial sex workers. Further investigations showed that he was negative for other sexually transmitted infections. Postoperatively, he received a course of beta-lactam antibiotics with good recovery. Clinicians should be aware of this unusual disseminated gonococcal infection manifested in any patient with the relevant risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y Y Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute; 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Luo Y, Li J, Meng Y, Ma Y, Hu C, Jin S, Zhang Q, Ding H, Cui S. Joint Effects of Topoisomerase Alterations and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone-Resistant Determinants inSalmonella entericaTyphimurium. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:1-5. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Changqin Hu
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shaohong Jin
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Department of Food Science, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ju MS, Kang ZW, Jung JH, Cho SB, Kim SH, Lee YJ, Hong CH, Pak SI, Hahn TW. Genotyping, Phage Typing, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Pigs, Cattle, and Humans. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.1.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
34
|
beta-Lactam resistance in salmonella strains isolated from retail meats in the United States by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System between 2002 and 2006. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7624-30. [PMID: 19854922 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01158-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ampicillin-resistant (Amp(r)) Salmonella enterica isolates (n = 344) representing 32 serotypes isolated from retail meats from 2002 to 2006 were tested for susceptibility to 21 other antimicrobial agents and screened for the presence of five beta-lactamase gene families (bla(CMY), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(OXA), and bla(CTX-M)) and class 1 integrons. Among the Amp(r) isolates, 66.9% were resistant to five or more antimicrobials and 4.9% were resistant to 10 or more antimicrobials. Coresistance to other beta-lactams was noted for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (55.5%), ceftiofur (50%), cefoxitin (50%), and ceftazidime (24.7%), whereas less than 5% of isolates were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam (4.9%), cefotaxime (3.5%), ceftriaxone (2%), and aztreonam (1.2%). All isolates were susceptible to cefepime, imipenem, and cefquinome. No Salmonella producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was found in this study. Approximately 7% of the isolates displayed a typical multidrug-resistant (MDR)-AmpC phenotype, with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, plus resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, and ceftiofur and with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC > or = 4 microg/ml). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results showed that several MDR clones were geographically dispersed in different types of meats throughout the five sampling years. Additionally, 50% of the isolates contained bla(CMY), 47% carried bla(TEM-1), and 2.6% carried both genes. Only 15% of the isolates harbored class I integrons carrying various combinations of aadA, aadB, and dfrA gene cassettes. The bla(CMY), bla(TEM), and class 1 integrons were transferable through conjugation and/or transformation. Our findings indicate that a varied spectrum of coresistance traits is present in Amp(r) Salmonella strains in the meat supply of the United States, with a continued predominance of bla(CMY) and bla(TEM) genes in beta-lactam-resistant isolates.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lynne AM, Dorsey LL, David DE, Foley SL. Characterisation of antibiotic resistance in host-adapted Salmonella enterica. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:169-72. [PMID: 19356907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Dublin, Choleraesuis and Pullorum are host-adapted serovars that cause disease primarily in cattle, swine and poultry, respectively. In addition, serovars Dublin and Choleraesuis are important human pathogens that are disproportionately associated with severe invasive infections that require antimicrobial therapy. Because of the potential increased emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, isolates of 42 S. enterica serovars Dublin, Choleraesuis and Pullorum were characterised to evaluate resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of resistance genes and integrons, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid analysis were carried out to characterise the isolates. Seventy-nine percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial agents tested, whilst 38% of the isolates were resistant to six or more antimicrobial agents. Resistance was most commonly detected to tetracycline (64%), streptomycin (57%) and kanamycin (52%). Overall, when resistance was seen, a corresponding resistance gene was detected 86.7% of the time. The results of this study indicate that antimicrobial resistance is a major concern in serovars Dublin and Choleraesuis isolates owing to the presence of multidrug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Lynne
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee MF, Chen YH, Peng CF. Molecular characterisation of class 1 integrons in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from southern Taiwan. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
37
|
Lin CC, Chen TH, Wang YC, Chang CC, Hsuan SL, Chang YC, Yeh KS. Analysis of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella strains from swine, chicken, and their carcasses in Taiwan and detection of parC resistance mutations by a mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR. J Food Prot 2009; 72:14-20. [PMID: 19205458 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One hundred thirty-three Salmonella strains isolated from the viscera of swine, chicken, and carcasses of swine and chicken in Taiwan from 2004 to 2006 were identified to serotype level and analyzed for their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. In total, 76 (57%) strains of the Salmonella isolates exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, having MICs ranging from 16 to 64 microg/ml. DNA sequence analysis revealed that mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA (Ser83Phe, Asp87Gly or Asp87Asn), parC (Ser80Arg, or Ser80Ile or Glu84Lys), and parE (Ser458Pro) genes were associated with the Salmonella strains that demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. A mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)-PCR was developed to identify mutations in parC at codons 80 and 84. Specific PCR products were only recovered from ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella strains but not from the susceptible strains. MAMA-PCR targeting the mutations in parC correlated with what DNA sequencing revealed. In conclusion, monitoring ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella from animal sources should be performed on a regular basis. MAMA-PCR targeting parC could provide a fast method for those laboratories interested in quickly characterizing the resistance profile and with little access to DNA sequencing facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Joshi R, Janagama H, Dwivedi HP, Senthil Kumar TMA, Jaykus LA, Schefers J, Sreevatsan S. Selection, characterization, and application of DNA aptamers for the capture and detection of Salmonella enterica serovars. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 23:20-8. [PMID: 19049862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific pre-analytical sample processing methods are needed to enhance our ability to detect and quantify food borne pathogens from complex food and environmental samples. In this study, DNA aptamers were selected and evaluated for the capture and detection of Salmonella enterica serovar. Typhimurium. A total of 66 candidate sequences were enriched against S. Typhimurium outer membrane proteins (OMPs) with counter-selection against Escherichia coli OMPs and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Specificity of the selected aptamers was evaluated by gel-shift analysis against S. Typhimurium OMP. Five Salmonella-specific aptamer candidates were selected for further characterization. A dilution-to-extinction capture protocol using pure cultures of S. Typhimurium further narrowed the field to two candidates (aptamers 33 and 45) which showed low-end detection limits of 10-40CFU. DNase protection assays applied to these aptamers confirmed sequence-specific binding to S. Typhimurium OMP preparations, while South-Western blot analysis combined with mass spectrometry identified putative membrane proteins as targets for aptamer binding. Aptamer 33 was bound to magnetic beads and used for the capture of S. Typhimurium seeded into whole carcass chicken rinse samples, followed by detection using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In a pull-down assay format, detection limits were 10(1)-10(2)CFU S. Typhimurium/9mL rinsate, while in a recirculation format, detection limits were 10(2)-10(3)CFU/25mL rinsate. Reproducible detection at <10(1)S. typhimurium CFU/g was also achieved in spike-and-recovery experiments using bovine feces. The pull-down analysis using aptamer 33 was validated on 3 naturally infected chicken litter samples confirming their applicability in the field. This study demonstrates the applicability of Salmonella specific aptamers for pre-analytical sample processing as applied to food and environmental sample matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Joshi
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fatal community-acquired pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila and fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis bacteraemia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:189-90. [PMID: 18993035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Hung CC, Hung MN, Hsueh PR, Chang SY, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Sun HY, Huang YT, Lo YC, Hsiao CF, Chang SC. Risk of Recurrent Nontyphoid Salmonella Bacteremia in HIV-Infected Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and an Increasing Trend of Fluoroquinolone Resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:e60-7. [PMID: 17682981 DOI: 10.1086/520681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of recurrent nontyphoid Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia and trends of antimicrobial resistance of NTS remain unknown in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS Ninety-three patients who received a diagnosis of NTS bacteremia from June 1994 through June 2006 were prospectively followed up. Incidence of recurrent NTS bacteremia was compared between the pre-HAART era (June 1994-March 1997) and the HAART era (April 1997-June 2006). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was compared among the NTS isolates obtained in the pre-HAART era, the early HAART era (April 1997-June 2002), and the late HAART era (July 2002-June 2006). RESULTS Compared with patients enrolled in the pre-HAART era, patients who received HAART had an incidence of recurrent NTS bacteremia that was significantly reduced by 96%; the incidence of recurrent NTS bacteremia was 2.56 cases per 100 person-years in the HAART era, compared with 70.56 cases per 100 person-years in the pre-HAART era (rate ratio, 0.036; 95% confidence interval, 0.012-0.114; P<.001). In the HAART era, the incidence of recurrent NTS bacteremia did not increase among patients receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis for <or=30 days (1.69 cases per 100 person-years), compared with among patients receiving fluoroquinolones for >30 days (3.95 cases per 100 person-years), with a rate ratio of 0.43 (95% confidence interval, 0.07-2.58). Although resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol decreased, the proportion of NTS isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones increased from 0% in the pre-HAART era to 6.2% in the early HAART era and 34.2% in the late HAART era (P=.002). CONCLUSIONS The risk of recurrent NTS bacteremia decreased significantly in the HAART era, although NTS isolates obtained from HIV-infected patients were increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kulwichit W, Chatsuwan T, Unhasuta C, Pulsrikarn C, Bangtrakulnonth A, Chongthaleong A. Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:501-2. [PMID: 17552113 PMCID: PMC2725919 DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.061059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wanla Kulwichit
- Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and †World Health Organization National Salmonella and Shigella Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanittha Chatsuwan
- Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and †World Health Organization National Salmonella and Shigella Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chudaachhara Unhasuta
- Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and †World Health Organization National Salmonella and Shigella Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Anan Chongthaleong
- Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and †World Health Organization National Salmonella and Shigella Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Weill FX, Bertrand S, Guesnier F, Baucheron S, Grimont PA, Cloeckaert A. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Kentucky in travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1611-2. [PMID: 17176589 PMCID: PMC3290958 DOI: 10.3201/eid1210.060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Axel Cloeckaert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang YC, Yeh KS, Chang CC, Hsuan SL, Chen TH. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella sp. in carcasses. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:351-2. [PMID: 17080579 PMCID: PMC3373084 DOI: 10.3201/eid1202.050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Wang
- National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Antibiotics are used worldwide in human medicine and agriculture. In many cases the use of antibiotics is unnecessary or questionable. Consumption of antibiotics is linked to bacterial resistance. In hospitals, most common resistant bacteria include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Gram-negative rods including Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vancomycin intermediate and resistant S. aureus, described just recently, represent a new treatment challenge. In the community, penicillin and macrolide-resistant pneumococci developed several decades ago and are now present all over the world. More recently, community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus has become a problem in several countries causing skin infections but also severe diseases. Resistance to co-trimoxazole in Escherichia coli has changed empirical treatment of urinary tract infections, one of the most common causes of the visit to the physician's office. Several reports and studies trying to limit the use of antibiotics have shown that antimicrobial resistance of bacteria can be reversed, but in general the problem is far from being solved. World Health Assembly and the European Community Council have recognized the problem of antibiotic resistance as a priority. The relationship between agricultural use of antimicrobials and antibacterial resistance in humans should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Beović
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li Q, Skyberg JA, Fakhr MK, Sherwood JS, Nolan LK, Logue CM. Antimicrobial susceptibility and characterization of Salmonella isolates from processed bison carcasses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3046-9. [PMID: 16598016 PMCID: PMC1449034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.4.3046-3049.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventeen Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar isolates recovered from bison were found to possess a range of virulence genes and resistance to tetracycline, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin simultaneously. A 1-kb class 1 integron containing the aadA1 gene was identified in all isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis found that all isolates were closely related, indicating the possibility of cross-contamination during processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongzhen Li
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, 130 A Van Es Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Weill FX, Guesnier F, Guibert V, Timinouni M, Demartin M, Polomack L, Grimont PAD. Multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium from humans in France (1993 to 2003). J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:700-8. [PMID: 16517842 PMCID: PMC1393144 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.700-708.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes (R types), the phage types and XbaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types, the genes coding for resistance to beta-lactams and to quinolones, and the class 1 integrons among a representative sample of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates collected from humans in 2002 through the French National Reference Center for Salmonella (NRC-Salm) network. The trends in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance of serotype Typhimurium were reviewed by using NRC-Salm data from 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2003. In 2002, 3,998 isolates of serotype Typhimurium were registered at the NRC-Salm among 11,775 serotyped S. enterica isolates (34%). The most common multiple antibiotic resistance pattern was resistance to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and spectinomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSpSuTe R type), with 156 isolates (48.8%). One isolate resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins due to the production of TEM-52 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was detected (0.3%), and one multidrug-resistant isolate was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC > 32 mg/liter). We found that 57.2% of the isolates tested belonged to the DT104 clone. The main resistance pattern of DT104 isolates was R type ACSSpSuTe (83.2%). However, evolutionary changes have occurred within DT104, involving both loss (variants of Salmonella genomic island 1) and acquisition of genes for drug resistance to trimethoprim or to quinolones. PFGE profile X1 was the most prevalent (74.5%) among DT104 isolates, indicating the need to use a more discriminatory subtyping method for such isolates. Global data from the NRC-Salm suggested that DT104 was the main cause of multidrug resistance in serotype Typhimurium from humans from at least 1997 to 2003, with a roughly stable prevalence during this period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Michael GB, Butaye P, Cloeckaert A, Schwarz S. Genes and mutations conferring antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella: an update. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1898-914. [PMID: 16716631 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to various classes of antimicrobial agents has been encountered in many bacteria of medical and veterinary relevance. Particular attention has been paid to zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella. Over the years, various studies have reported the presence of genes and mutations conferring resistance to antimicrobial agents in Salmonella isolates. This review is intended to provide an update on what is currently known about the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geovana Brenner Michael
- Institut für Tierzucht, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL), Höltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Giraud E, Baucheron S, Cloeckaert A. Resistance to fluoroquinolones in Salmonella: emerging mechanisms and resistance prevention strategies. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1937-44. [PMID: 16714137 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We review the current state of knowledge about the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that mediate quinolone resistance in Salmonella. They include modifications of topoisomerase targets, increased efflux activity and the recently described topoisomerase protection by the plasmid-encoded Qnr protein. We discuss what factors may determine the order of implementation of these various mechanisms in a particular strain, and what strategies could be used to combat resistance, from the inhibition of mutagenesis mechanisms to counteracting, during fluoroquinolone treatment, of resistance mechanisms already set in the infecting strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Giraud
- UMR INRA-ENVN Chimiothérapie Aquacole et Environnement, La Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kariuki S, Revathi G, Kariuki N, Kiiru J, Mwituria J, Muyodi J, Githinji JW, Kagendo D, Munyalo A, Hart CA. Invasive multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa: zoonotic or anthroponotic transmission? J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:585-591. [PMID: 16585646 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Africa, multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and high mortality in children under 5 years of age, second in importance only to pneumococcal disease. The authors studied NTS isolates from paediatric admissions at two hospitals in Nairobi, Kenya, and followed the index cases to their homes, where rectal swabs and stools from parents and siblings, and from animals in close contact, were obtained. The majority of NTS obtained from cases were Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (106 out of 193; 54.9%) and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (64; 33.2%), a significant proportion (34.2%) of which were multiply resistant to three or more antibiotics, including ampicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. Only 23.4% of NTS were fully susceptible to all 10 antibiotics tested. Of the 32 NTS obtained from contacts (nine adults and 23 children) at the homes of index cases, 21 (65.6%) isolates were similar by antibiotic-susceptibility profiles and plasmid content, and their XbaI- and SpeI-digested chromosomal DNA patterns were indistinguishable from those of the corresponding index cases. Only three out of 180 (1.7%) samples from environmental sources, including animals, soil, sewers and food, contained NTS matching those from corresponding index cases. The carriage of NTS in an asymptomatic population was represented by 6.9% of human contacts from 27 out of 127 homes sampled. This population of carriers may represent an important reservoir of NTS that would play a significant role in the epidemiology of community-acquired NTS bacteraemia in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kariuki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Genito-Urinary Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gunturu Revathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kenyatta National Hospital, PO Box 20723, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nyambura Kariuki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kenyatta National Hospital, PO Box 20723, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Mwituria
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Muyodi
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane W Githinji
- Central Veterinary Investigations Laboratory, PO Private Bag, Kabete, Kenya
| | - Dorothy Kagendo
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Agnes Munyalo
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C Anthony Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Genito-Urinary Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| |
Collapse
|