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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic analyses of Rotaviruses Circulating in Municipal Sewage and Sewage-Polluted River Waters in Durban Area, South Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09598-z. [PMID: 38914870 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Globally, rotavirus continues to be the leading etiology of severe pediatric gastroenteritis, and transmission of the disease via environmental reservoirs has become an emerging concern in developing countries. From August to October 2021, a total of 69 samples comprising 48 of raw and treated sewage, and 21 surface waters, were collected from four Durban wastewater treatment plants (DWWTP), and effluent receiving rivers, respectively. Rotaviruses recovered and identified from the samples were subjected to sequencing, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis. Of the 65 (94.2%) rotavirus-positive samples, 33.3% were from raw sewage, 16% from activated sludge, 15.9% from final effluents, and 29.0% were from the receiving river samples. A total of 49 G and 41 P genotypes were detected in sewage while 15 G and 22 P genotypes were detected in river samples. G1 genotype predominated in sewage (24.5%) followed by G3 (22.4%), G2 (14.3%), G4 (12.2%), G12 (10.2%), G9 (8.2%), and G8 (6.1%). Similarly, G1 predominated in river water samples (33.3%) and was followed by G2, G4 (20.0% each), G3, and G12 (13.3% each). Rotavirus VP4 genotypes P[4], P[6], and P[8] accounted for 36.6%, 29.3%, and 9.8%, respectively, in sewage. Correspondingly, 45.5%, 31.8%, and 13.6% were detected in river samples. The G and P genotypes not identified by the methods used were 2.1% versus 24.3% and 0.1% versus 9.1% for sewage and river water samples, respectively. Sequence comparison studies indicated a high level of nucleotide identity in the G1, G2, G3, G4, G8 VP7, and P[4], P[6], and P[8] VP4 gene sequences between strains from the environment and those from patients in the region. This is the first environmental-based study on the G and P genotypes diversity of rotavirus in municipal wastewater and their receiving rivers in this geographical region. The high similarity between environmental and clinical rotavirus strains suggests both local circulation of the virus and potential exposure risks. In addition, it highlights the usefulness of sewage surveillance as an additional tool for an epidemiological investigation, especially in populations that include individuals with subclinical or asymptomatic infections that are precluded in case-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Arome Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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Nuzhat S, Alam B, Hasan SMT, Shaima SN, Chisti MJ, Faruque ASG, Das R, Ahmed T. Are young and older children with diarrhea presenting in the same way? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300882. [PMID: 38739609 PMCID: PMC11090295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea is a global health problem. More than a quarter of diarrhoeal deaths occur among children less than five years. Different literatures analyzed presentation and outcomes of less than five diarrhoeal children. The world has made remarkable progress in reducing child mortality. So, older children are growing in number. Our aim was to identify clinical differentials and variations of pathogens among younger (less than five) and older (five to nine years) diarrhoeal children. METHOD Data were extracted from the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system (DDSS) of Dhaka Hospital (urban site) and Matlab Hospital (rural site) of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh for the period of January 2012 to December 2021. Out of 28,781 and 12,499 surveillance patients in Dhaka and Matlab Hospital, 614 (2.13%) and 278 (2.22%) children were five to nine-years of age, respectively. Among under five children, 2456 from Dhaka hospital and 1112 from Matlab hospital were selected randomly for analysis (four times of five to nine years age children, 1:4). RESULTS Vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydrating diarrhoea were significantly higher in older children in comparison to children of less than five years age (p-value <0.05) after adjusting study site, gender, antibiotic use before hospitalization, diarrhoeal duration < 24 hours, intake of oral rehydration fluid at home, parental education, WASH practice and history of cough. Vibrio. cholerae, Salmonella, and Shigella were the common fecal pathogen observed among older children compared to under five after adjusting for age, gender and study site. CONCLUSION Although percentage of admitted diarrhoeal children with five to nine years is less than under five years children but they presented with critical illness with different diarrhoeal pathogens. These observations may help clinicians to formulate better case management strategies for children of five to nine years that may reduce morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharika Nuzhat
- Clinical and Laboratory Services, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baharul Alam
- Clinical and Laboratory Services, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Tafsir Hasan
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamsun Nahar Shaima
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Clinical and Laboratory Services, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. S. G. Faruque
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Das
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA, United States of America
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Office of the Executive Director, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sharif N, Sharif N, Khan A, Azpíroz ID, Diaz RM, Díez IDLT, Parvez AK, Dey SK. Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus in Bangladesh during pre-vaccination period, 1973-2023: a meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289032. [PMID: 38077390 PMCID: PMC10704141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus infection is a major cause of mortality among children under 5 years in Bangladesh. There is lack of integrated studies on rotavirus prevalence and genetic diversity during 1973 to 2023 in Bangladesh. Methods This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence, genotypic diversity and seasonal distribution of rotavirus during pre-vaccination period in Bangladesh. This study included published articles on rotavirus A, rotavirus B and rotavirus C. We used Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar for published articles. Selected literatures were published between 1973 to 2023. Results This study detected 12431 research articles published on rotavirus. Based on the inclusion criteria, 29 of 75 (30.2%) studies were selected. Molecular epidemiological data was taken from 29 articles, prevalence data from 29 articles, and clinical symptoms from 19 articles. The pooled prevalence of rotavirus was 30.1% (95% CI: 22%-45%, p = 0.005). Rotavirus G1 (27.1%, 2228 of 8219) was the most prevalent followed by G2 (21.09%, 1733 of 8219), G4 (11.58%, 952 of 8219), G9 (9.37%, 770 of 8219), G12 (8.48%, 697 of 8219), and G3 (2.79%, 229 of 8219), respectively. Genotype P[8] (40.6%, 2548 of 6274) was the most prevalent followed by P[4] (12.4%, 777 of 6274) and P[6] (6.4%, 400 of 6274), respectively. Rotavirus G1P[8] (19%) was the most frequent followed by G2P [4] (9.4%), G12P[8] (7.2%), and G9P[8], respectively. Rotavirus infection had higher odds of occurrence during December and February (aOR: 2.86, 95% CI: 2.43-3.6, p = 0.001). Discussion This is the first meta-analysis including all the studies on prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and genetic diversity of rotavirus from 1973 to 2023, pre-vaccination period in Bangladesh. This study will provide overall scenario of rotavirus genetic diversity and seasonality during pre-vaccination period and aids in policy making for rotavirus vaccination program in Bangladesh. This work will add valuable knowledge for vaccination against rotavirus and compare the data after starting vaccination in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmul Sharif
- Department of Mathematics, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Khan
- Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Irma Domínguez Azpíroz
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Arecibo, PR, United States
- Universidad de La Romana, La Romana, Dominican Republic
| | - Raquel Martínez Diaz
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito, Bié, Angola
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, Mexico
| | | | | | - Shuvra Kanti Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Khakha SA, Varghese T, Giri S, Durbin A, Tan GS, Kalaivanan M, Prasad JH, Kang G. Whole-genome characterization of common rotavirus strains circulating in Vellore, India from 2002 to 2017: emergence of non-classical genomic constellations. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:44. [PMID: 37730725 PMCID: PMC10510252 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the most common etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis among young children, even after vaccine introduction in low-income countries. A whole-genome classification representing the 11 RV genes, was introduced for surveillance and characterization of RVs. This study characterized the common circulating strains in Vellore, India from 2002 to 2017 to understand rotavirus strain diversity and evolution using Whole genome sequencing (WGS) carried out on Illumina MiSeq. The 89% (92% of Wa-like, 86% of DS-1-like) of strains had classical constellations, while reassortant constellations were seen in 11% (8% of Wa-like, 14% of DS-1-like) of the strains. The rare E6-NSP4 in combination with DS-1 like G1P[8] and the emergence of the OP-354 subtype of P[8] were identified. Phylogenetics of RV strains revealed multiple subtypes circulating in the past 15 years, with strong evidence of animal to human gene transmission among several strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shainey Alokit Khakha
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Tintu Varghese
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Alan Durbin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Maheswari Kalaivanan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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Das R, Nasrin S, Palit P, Sobi RA, Sultana AA, Khan SH, Haque MA, Nuzhat S, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Chisti MJ. Vibrio cholerae in rural and urban Bangladesh, findings from hospital-based surveillance, 2000-2021. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6411. [PMID: 37076586 PMCID: PMC10115832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With more than 100,000 cases estimated each year, Bangladesh is one of the countries with the highest number of people at risk for cholera. Moreover, Bangladesh is formulating a countrywide cholera-control plan to satisfy the GTFCC (The Global Task Force on Cholera Control) Roadmap's goals. With a particular focus on cholera trends, variance in baseline and clinical characteristics of cholera cases, and trends in antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae, we used data from facility-based surveillance systems from icddr,b's Dhaka, and Matlab Hospitals from years 2000 to 2021. Female patients comprised 3,553 (43%) in urban and 1,099 (51.6%) in rural sites. Of the cases and most patients 5,236 (63.7%) in urban and 1,208 (56.7%) in the rural site were aged 15 years and more. More than 50% of the families belonged to the poor and lower-middle-class; in 2009 (24.4%) were in urban and in 1,791 (84.2%) were in rural sites. In the urban site, 2,446 (30%) of households used untreated drinking water, and 702 (9%) of families disposed of waste in their courtyard. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk of cholera has significantly increased due to waste disposal in the courtyard and the boiling of water has a protective effect against cholera. Rotavirus (9.7%) was the most prevalent co-pathogen among the under-5 children in both sites. In urban sites, the percentage of V. cholerae along with co-existing ETEC and Campylobacter is changing in the last 20 years; Campylobacter (8.36%) and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (7.15%) were the second and third most prevalent co-pathogens. Shigella (1.64%) was the second most common co-pathogen in the rural site. Azithromycin susceptibility increased slowly from 265 (8%) in 2006-2010 to 1485 (47.8%) in 2016-2021, and erythromycin susceptibility dropped substantially over 20 years period from 2,155 (98.4%) to 21 (0.9%). Tetracycline susceptibility decreased in the urban site from 2051 (45.9%) to 186 (4.2%) and ciprofloxacin susceptibility decreased from 2,581 (31.6%) to 1,360 (16.6%) until 2015, then increased 1,009 (22.6%) and 1,490 (18.2%) in 2016-2021, respectively. Since 2016, doxycycline showed 902 (100%) susceptibility. Clinicians need access to up-to-date information on antimicrobial susceptibility for treating hospitalized patients. To achieve the WHO-backed objective of eliminating cholera by 2030, the health systems need to be put under a proper surveillance system that may help to improve water and sanitation practices and deploy oral cholera vaccines strategically.
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Grants
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- 1992-011 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Sabiha Nasrin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rukaeya Amin Sobi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Al-Afroza Sultana
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sharika Nuzhat
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - A S G Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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Epidemiology of Group A rotavirus in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:29-38. [PMID: 35380357 PMCID: PMC8980207 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rodents and shrews live in close proximity to humans and have been identified as important hosts of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to detect Group A rotavirus (RVA) and its potential risk factors in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh. We captured 417 small mammals from 10 districts with a high degree of contact between people and domestic animals and collected rectal swab samples between June 2011 and October 2013. We tested the swab samples for RVA RNA, targeting the NSP3 gene segment using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Overall, RVA prevalence was the same (6.7%) in both rodents and shrews. We detected RVA RNA in 5.3% of Bandicota bengalensis (4/76; 95% CI: 1.4-12.9), 5.1% of B. indica (4/79; 95% CI: 1.4-12.4), 18.2% of Mus musculus (4/22; 95% CI: 5.2-40.3), 6.7% of Rattus rattus (6/90; 95% CI: 2.5-13.9), and 6.7% of Suncus murinus (10/150; 95% CI: 3.2-11.9). We found significantly more RVA in males (10.4%; OR: 3.4; P = 0.007), animals with a poor body condition score (13.9%; OR: 2.7; P = 0.05), during wet season (8.3%; OR: 4.1; P = 0.032), and in urban land gradients (10.04%; OR: 2.9; P = 0.056). These findings form a basis for understanding the prevalence of rotaviruses circulating among rodents and shrews in this region. We recommend additional molecular studies to ascertain the genotype and zoonotic potential of RVA circulating in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh.
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Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis: A surveillance study among urban and rural children over 20 years in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277574. [PMID: 36409683 PMCID: PMC9678309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance against shigellosis is increasingly alarming. However, evidence-based knowledge gaps regarding the changing trends of shigellosis in Bangladesh exist due to the scarcity of longitudinal data on antimicrobial resistance. Our study evaluated the last 20 years antimicrobial resistance patterns against shigellosis among under-5 children in the urban and rural sites of Bangladesh. Data were extracted from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of Dhaka Hospital (urban site) and Matlab Hospital (rural site) of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) between January 2001 and December 2020. We studied culture-confirmed shigellosis cases from urban Dhaka Hospital (n = 883) and rural Matlab Hospital (n = 1263). Since 2001, a declining percentage of shigellosis in children observed in urban and rural sites. Moreover, higher isolation rates of Shigella were found in the rural site [1263/15684 (8.1%)] compared to the urban site [883/26804 (3.3%)] in the last 20 years. In both areas, S. flexneri was the predominant species. The upward trend of S. sonnei in both the study sites was statistically significant after adjusting for age and sex. WHO-recommended 1st line antibiotic ciprofloxacin resistance gradually reached more than 70% in both the urban and rural site by 2020. In multiple logistic regression after adjusting for age and sex, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, mecillinam, ceftriaxone, and multidrug resistance (resistance to any two of these four drugs) among under-5 children were found to be increasing significantly (p<0.01) in the last 20 years in both sites. The study results underscore the importance of therapeutic interventions for shigellosis by appropriate drugs based on their current antibiogram for under-5 children. These observations may help policymakers in formulating better case management strategies for shigellosis.
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Factors associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea in children under five in Bangladesh: An urban-rural comparison. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273862. [PMID: 36018895 PMCID: PMC9417038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in young children worldwide. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea in children under five years of age in urban and rural Bangladesh. Methods The study analyzed data from 7,758 children under five who presented with rotavirus diarrhea to Dhaka (urban) and Matlab (rural) hospital of icddr,b during 2009–2018, and were enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System. Cases were defined as children having rotavirus isolated in stool specimens presented with dehydrating diarrhea. Controls were children infected with rotavirus have no dehydration. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify the factors associated with dehydrating diarrhea. Results Among the rotavirus-infected children, 1,784 (34%) in Dhaka and 160 (6%) in Matlab had diarrhea with some or severe dehydration. The female children and age group 24–59 months age was found to be at higher risk of dehydration compared to 6–11 months age. In the multivariable logistic regression model, maternal illiteracy, vomiting, the onset of diarrhea less than 24 hours prior to presenting to the hospital, monsoon months, stunting, and wasting were significantly associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea among children aged 0–59 months in Dhaka. In Matlab, monthly income, duration less than 24 hours prior to attending the hospital, and wasting had an independent significant association with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea episodes. Conclusions Considering factors diversity, educating parents and proper counselling by health care personnel during diarrhea, could lessen the severity of dehydration and the number of hospital visits later on by eliminating the modifiable risk factors among the children, which needs further studies.
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Asare EO, Al-Mamun MA, Sarmin M, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T, Pitzer VE. The influence of demographic and meteorological factors on temporal patterns of rotavirus infection in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212727. [PMID: 35673869 PMCID: PMC9174722 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To quantify the potential impact of rotavirus vaccines and identify strategies to improve vaccine performance in Bangladesh, a better understanding of the drivers of pre-vaccination rotavirus patterns is required. We developed and fitted mathematical models to 23 years (1990-2012) of weekly rotavirus surveillance data from Dhaka with and without incorporating long-term and seasonal variation in the birth rate and meteorological factors. We performed external model validation using data between 2013 and 2019 from the regions of Dhaka and Matlab. The models showed good agreement with the observed age distribution of rotavirus cases and captured the observed shift in seasonal patterns of rotavirus hospitalizations from biannual to annual peaks. The declining long-term trend in the birth rate in Bangladesh was the key driver of the observed shift from biannual to annual winter rotavirus patterns. Meteorological indices were also important: a 1°C, 1% and 1 mm increase in diurnal temperature range, surface water presence and degree of wetness were associated with a 19%, 3.9% and 0.6% increase in the transmission rate, respectively. The model demonstrated reasonable predictions for both Dhaka and Matlab, and can be used to evaluate the impact of rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh against changing patterns of disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest O. Asare
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Mamun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. S. G. Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Virginia E. Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Uddin Ahmed N, Khair A, Hassan J, Khan MAHNA, Rahman AKMA, Hoque W, Rahman M, Kobayashi N, Ward MP, Alam MM. Risk factors for bovine rotavirus infection and genotyping of bovine rotavirus in diarrheic calves in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264577. [PMID: 35213667 PMCID: PMC8880881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is considered the leading cause of calf diarrhea worldwide, including Bangladesh. In this study we aimed to identify risk factors for BRV infection and determine the G and P genotypes of BRV strains in diarrheic calves. Fecal samples were collected from 200 diarrheic calves in three districts between January 2014 and October 2015. These samples were screened to detect the presence of BRV using rapid test-strips BIO K 152 (RTSBK). The RTSBK positive samples were further tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the silver staining technique to detect rotavirus dsRNA. Risk factors were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The G and P genotypes of BRV were determined by RT-PCR and sequencing. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the neighbor-joining method using CLC sequence viewer 8.0. About 23% of the diarrheic calves were BRV positive. The odds of BRV infection were 3.8- (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.0–14.7) and 3.9-times (95% CI:1.1–14.2) higher in Barisal and Madaripur districts, respectively, than Sirrajganj. The risk of BRV infection was 3.1-times (95% CI: 1.5–6.5) higher in calves aged ≤ 5 weeks than those aged >5 weeks. Moreover, the risk of BRV infection was 2.6-times (95% CI:1.1–5.8) higher in crossbred (Holstein Friesian, Shahiwal) than indigenous calves. G6P[11] was the predominant genotype (94.4%), followed by G10P[11] (5.6%). The BRV G6 strains were found to be closest (98.9–99.9%) to Indian strains, and BRV G10 strains showed 99.9% identities with Indian strain. The VP4 gene of all P[11] strains showed >90% identities to each other and also with Indian strains. The most frequently identified BRV genotype was G6P[11]. About 23% of calf diarrhea cases were associated with BRV. To control disease, high-risk areas and younger crossbred calves should be targeted for surveillance and management. The predominant genotype could be utilized as the future vaccine candidate or vaccines with the dominant genotype should be used to control BRV diarrhea in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Khair
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Warda Hoque
- Infectious Diseases Division, Virology Laboratory, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, Virology Laboratory, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Md. Mahbub Alam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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11
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Prusty JBK, Choudhury J, Akhila G, Dash M, Mohanty MD, Peddu SP. Clinical Profile and Characterization of Rotavirus Strains in Under-Five Children with Diarrhea: A Hospital-Based Study from Eastern Odisha, India. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Diarrheal diseases are one of the most common causes of hospitalization in children under five. Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in younger children, and the prevalence decreases rapidly with increasing age. The objective of the study was to estimate the burden of rotavirus infection in acute gastroenteritis among under-five children admitted to a tertiary care hospital in eastern Odisha, for the clinical profile and identity of the prevalent strains.
Methods This was a prospective observational study linked to the National Rotavirus Surveillance Network (NRSN), where 720 under-five children with diarrhea were enrolled. In total, 675 stool samples of eligible candidates were sent for rotavirus isolation, and identification of strains was done by identifying VP7 (G-type) and VP4 (P-type) genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Results Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage, and continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Rotavirus was detected in 256 (37.92%) samples. Males outnumbered females. The most common affected age group was 7 to 12 months, followed by 13 to 18 months. G3P[8] was the most prevalent strain in this study.
Conclusion Children between the age of 7 and 18 months were most vulnerable to rotavirus infection. The most prevalent strain varies from one region to another and continuous surveillance is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bikrant Kumar Prusty
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jasashree Choudhury
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goolla Akhila
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mrutunjay Dash
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mamata Devi Mohanty
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sai Praveen Peddu
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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12
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Hasan SMT, Das S, Faruque ASG, Khan AI, Clemens JD, Ahmed T. Taking care of a diarrhea epidemic in an urban hospital in Bangladesh: Appraisal of putative causes, presentation, management, and deaths averted. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009953. [PMID: 34780462 PMCID: PMC8629377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In April 2018, a diarrhea epidemic broke out in Dhaka city and adjoining areas, which continued through May. The Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), a dedicated diarrheal disease hospital, had a large upsurge in patient visits during the epidemic. An enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of this epidemic may help health-related professionals better prepare for such events in the future. This study examined the microbial etiology and non-pathogen factors associated with diarrhea during the epidemic. The study also evaluated the patients’ presentation and clinical course and estimated the potential mortality averted by treating patients during the epidemic. Methodology/Principal findings Data from the patients who were treated at Dhaka Hospital during the diarrhea epidemic between April 2 and May 12, 2018 and were enrolled into the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) at icddr,b were compared with the DDSS-enrolled patients treated during the seasonally-matched periods in the flanking years using logistic regression. icddr,b Dhaka Hospital treated 29,212 diarrheal patients during the 2018 epidemic period (and 25,950 patients per comparison period on average). Vibrio cholerae was the most common pathogen isolated (7,946 patients; 27%) and associated with diarrhea during the epidemic (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.0). The interaction of Vibrio cholerae with ETEC (AOR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3–5.9) or Campylobacter (AOR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1–5.1) was associated with further increased odds of diarrhea during the epidemic. In children under five years old, rotavirus was the most common pathogen (2,029 patients; 26%). Those who were adolescents (AOR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3–3.1) and young adults (AOR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4–2.5) compared to children younger than five years, resided within a 10 km radius of Dhaka Hospital (AOR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2) compared to those living outside 20 km, borrowed money or relied on aid to pay for the transport to the hospital (AOR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.0), used tap water (AOR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4–2.4) for drinking compared to tubewell water, and disposed of the solid waste directly outside the house (AOR 4.0, 95% CI: 2.7–5.9) were more likely to present with diarrhea during the epidemic. During the epidemic, patients were more likely to present with severe dehydration (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3–2.0) and require inpatient admission (OR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.9–3.3), intravenous rehydration (OR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4–2.1), and antibiotics (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.8–2.7). The in-hospital case fatality rate was low (13 patients; 0.04%), and the hospital averted between 12,523 and 17,265 deaths during the epidemic. Conclusions/Significance Vibrio cholerae played the primary role in the 2018 diarrhea epidemic in Dhaka. Campylobacter, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and rotavirus had a secondary role. Adolescents and adults, residents of the metropolitan area, and those who were relatively poor and lacked safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices comprised the most vulnerable groups. Despite the increased disease severity during the epidemic, the case fatality rate was less than 0.1%. icddr,b Dhaka Hospital saved as many as 17,265 lives during the epidemic. We analyzed records of patients presenting during a diarrhea epidemic in 2018 to the world’s largest diarrhea treatment hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Patients presenting during the epidemic and the non-epidemic periods were compared at multiple levels. We found that Vibrio cholerae played a crucial role in the diarrhea epidemic. Campylobacter, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and rotavirus had a secondary role. Adolescents and adults, residents of the Dhaka metropolitan area, and those who were relatively poor and lacked safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices were more vulnerable to the epidemic. Patients had increased disease severity during the epidemic, but the death rate was extremely low in the hospital. icddr,b Dhaka Hospital saved several thousand lives by taking care of diarrhea patients during the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Tafsir Hasan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Subhasish Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. S. G. Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Azharul Islam Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John D. Clemens
- Office of the Executive Director, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Office of the Executive Director, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sarker MHR, Moriyama M, Rahman MM, Das SK, Uzzaman MN, Das J, Uddin A, Banu S, Khan SH, Shahid ASMSB, Shahunja KM, Chisti MJ, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T. Characteristics of Rotavirus, ETEC, and Vibrio Cholerae Among Under 2-year Children Attending an Urban Diarrheal Disease Hospital in Bangladesh. J Prim Care Community Health 2021; 12:21501327211049118. [PMID: 34632833 PMCID: PMC8512248 DOI: 10.1177/21501327211049118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on comparative clinical and host characteristics of under-2
children with watery diarrhea caused by rotavirus, Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Vibrio cholerae
as single pathogens is lacking. We sought to investigate the
sociodemographic, clinical, and host characteristics of under-2 children
hospitalized due to these pathogens. Methodology We conducted a hospital-based case-control study using the icddr,b Diarrheal
Diseases Surveillance System. Children of either sex, <2 years with
diarrhea, who attended the hospital during 2014 to 2018, constituted the
study population. Stool specimens having a single pathogen like rotavirus,
ETEC, or Vibrio cholerae constituted the cases and stool
specimens having no detectable common enteropathogens comprised the
controls. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was done where control
was the reference group. Results A total of 14 889 patients were enrolled, 6939 of whom were under-2 children,
and 5245 (76%) constituted our study population. Among them 48% (n = 2532),
3% (n = 148) and 1% (n = 49) had rotavirus, ETEC, and Vibrio
cholera, respectively. A control group (diarrhea without these
3 or Shigella, Salmonella,
Aeromonas) accounted for 48% (n = 2516). In multinomial
regression model, children with rotavirus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.36;
95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.19-1.55) less often presented with
dehydrating diarrhea compared to those with ETEC (aOR, 1.54; 95% CI,
1.05-2.26) and cholera (aOR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.11-4.57). Rotavirus diarrhea
was associated (aOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.07-1.46) with those who received
antimicrobials prior to hospital admission and protectively associated with
drinking tap water (aOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.95); however, ETEC diarrhea
had protective association (aOR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.92) with children who
received antimicrobials prior to hospital admission and was associated with
drinking tap water (aOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.19-2.66). Use of intravenous fluid
was associated with cholera (aOR, 10.36; 95% CI, 4.85-22.16) and had
protective association with rotavirus episodes (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI,
0.45-0.91). Conclusions Clinical presentations and host characteristics of rotavirus, ETEC, and
Vibrio cholerae diarrhea differed from each other and
the information may be helpful for clinicians for better understanding and
proper management of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibur Rahman Sarker
- Hiroshima University, Hiroshima,
Japan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Md Nazim Uzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jui Das
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia
| | - Aftab Uddin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shakila Banu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu SMSB Shahid
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Nutrition and
Clinical Services Division (NCSD), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani Mohakhali,
Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Abu S. G. Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal
Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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14
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Parvin I, Shahid ASMSB, Das S, Shahrin L, Ackhter MM, Alam T, Khan SH, Chisti MJ, Clemens JD, Ahmed T, Sack DA, Faruque ASG. Vibrio cholerae O139 persists in Dhaka, Bangladesh since 1993. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009721. [PMID: 34473699 PMCID: PMC8443037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a multi-country Asian outbreak of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 which started in 1992, it is rarely detected from any country in Asia and has not been detected from patients in Africa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We extracted surveillance data from the Dhaka and Matlab Hospitals of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) to review trends in isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Bangladesh. Data from the Dhaka Hospital is a 2% sample of > 100,000 diarrhoeal patients treated annually. Data from the Matlab Hospital includes all diarrhoeal patients who hail from the villages included in the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Vibrio cholerae O139 was first isolated in Dhaka in 1993 and had been isolated every year since then except for a gap between 2005 and 2008. An average of thirteen isolates was detected annually from the Dhaka Hospital during the last ten years, yielding an estimated 650 cases annually at this hospital. During the last ten years, cases due to serogroup O139 represented 0.47% of all cholera cases; the others being due to serogroup O1. No cases with serogroup O139 were identified at Matlab since 2006. Clinical signs and symptoms of cholera due to serogroup O139 were similar to cases due to serogroup O1 though more of the O139 cases were not dehydrated. Most isolates of O139 remained sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin, but they became resistant to erythromycin starting in 2009. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 continues to cause typical cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irin Parvin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Subhasish Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lubaba Shahrin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Mahmuda Ackhter
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John D. Clemens
- Office of the Executive Director, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Office of the Executive Director, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David A. Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DAS); (ASGF)
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (DAS); (ASGF)
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15
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Simwaka J, Seheri M, Mulundu G, Kaonga P, Mwenda JM, Chilengi R, Mpabalwani E, Munsaka S. Rotavirus breakthrough infections responsible for gastroenteritis in vaccinated infants who presented with acute diarrhoea at University Teaching Hospitals, Children's Hospital in 2016, in Lusaka Zambia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246025. [PMID: 33539399 PMCID: PMC7861525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Zambia, before rotavirus vaccine introduction, the virus accounted for about 10 million episodes of diarrhoea, 63 000 hospitalisations and 15 000 deaths in 2015, making diarrhoea the third leading cause of death after pneumonia and malaria. In Zambia, despite the introduction of the vaccine acute diarrhoea due to rotaviruses has continued to affect children aged five years and below. This study aimed to characterise the rotavirus genotypes which were responsible for diarrhoeal infections in vaccinated infants aged 2 to 12 months and to determine the relationship between rotavirus strains and the severity of diarrhoea in 2016. Methods Stool samples from infants aged 2 to 12 months who presented to the hospital with acute diarrhoea of three or more episodes in 24 hours were tested for group A rotavirus. All positive specimens that had enough sample were genotyped using reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). A 20-point Vesikari clinical score between 1–5 was considered as mild, 6–10 as moderate and greater or equal to 11 as severe. Results A total of 424 stool specimens were tested of which 153 (36%, 95% CI 31.5% to 40.9%) were positive for VP6 rotavirus antigen. The age-specific rotavirus infections decreased significantly (p = 0.041) from 2–4 months, 32.0% (49/118) followed by a 38.8% (70/181) infection rate in the 5–8 months’ category and subsequently dropped in the infants aged 9–12 months with a positivity rate of 27.2%. 38.5% of infants who received a single dose, 34.5% of those who received a complete dose and 45.2% (19/42) of the unvaccinated tested positive for rotavirus. The predominant rotavirus genotypes included G2P[6] 36%, G1P[8] 32%, mixed infections 19%, G2P[4] 6%, G1P[6] 4% and G9P[6] 3%. Discussion and conclusion Results suggest breakthrough infection of heterotypic strains (G2P[6] (36%), homotypic, G1P[8] (32%) and mixed infections (19%) raises concerns about the effects of the vaccination on the rotavirus diversity, considering the selective pressure that rotavirus vaccines could exert on viral populations. This data indicates that the rotavirus vaccine has generally reduced the severity of diarrhoea despite the detection of the virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Simwaka
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mapaseka Seheri
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Gina Mulundu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kaonga
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jason M. Mwenda
- Department of Virology, Diarrhoea Pathogens Research Unit and WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, South African Medical Research Council, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Evans Mpabalwani
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sody Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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16
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Reslan L, Mishra N, Finianos M, Zakka K, Azakir A, Guo C, Thakka R, Dbaibo G, Lipkin WI, Zaraket H. The origins of G12P[6] rotavirus strains detected in Lebanon. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33331815 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The G12 rotaviruses are an increasingly important cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. Seven human G12P[6] rotavirus strains were detected in stool samples from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in Lebanon during a 2011-2013 surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture-based high-throughput viral-sequencing method, and further characterized based on phylogenetic analyses with global RVA and vaccine strains. Based on the complete genomic analysis, all Lebanese G12 strains were found to have Wa-like genetic backbone G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetically, these strains fell into two clusters where one of them might have emerged from Southeast Asian strains and the second one seems to have a mixed backbone between North American and Southeast Asian strains. Further analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to available vaccine strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the complete genome-based characterization of G12P[6] emerging in Lebanon. Additional studies will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of G12 rotaviruses spreading in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Reslan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Marc Finianos
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kimberley Zakka
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amanda Azakir
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Riddhi Thakka
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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Giri S, Kumar CPG, Khakha SA, Chawla-Sarkar M, Gopalkrishna V, Chitambar SD, Ray P, Venkatasubramanian S, Borkakoty BJ, Roy S, Bhat J, Dwibedi B, Das P, Paluru V, Ramani S, Babji S, Arora R, Mehendale SM, Gupte MD, Kang G. Diversity of rotavirus genotypes circulating in children < 5 years of age hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in India from 2005 to 2016: analysis of temporal and regional genotype variation. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:740. [PMID: 33036575 PMCID: PMC7547507 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From 2016, the Government of India introduced the oral rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization schedule. Currently, two indigenously developed vaccines (ROTAVAC, Bharat Biotech; ROTASIIL, Serum Institute of India) are included in the Indian immunization program. We report the rotavirus disease burden and the diversity of rotavirus genotypes from 2005 to 2016 in a multi-centric surveillance study before the introduction of vaccines. Methods A total of 29,561 stool samples collected from 2005 to 2016 (7 sites during 2005–2009, 3 sites from 2009 to 2012, and 28 sites during 2012–2016) were included in the analysis. Stools were tested for rotavirus antigen using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Genotyping was performed on 65.8% of the EIA positive samples using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify the G (VP7) and P (VP4) types. Multinomial logistic regression was used to quantify the odds of detecting genotypes across the surveillance period and in particular age groups. Results Of the 29,561 samples tested, 10,959 (37.1%) were positive for rotavirus. There was a peak in rotavirus positivity during December to February across all sites. Of the 7215 genotyped samples, G1P[8] (38.7%) was the most common, followed by G2P[4] (12.3%), G9P[4] (5.8%), G12P[6] (4.2%), G9P[8] (4%), and G12P[8] (2.4%). Globally, G9P[4] and G12P[6] are less common genotypes, although these genotypes have been reported from India and few other countries. There was a variation in the geographic and temporal distribution of genotypes, and the emergence or re-emergence of new genotypes such as G3P[8] was seen. Over the surveillance period, there was a decline in the proportion of G2P[4], and an increase in the proportion of G9P[4]. A higher proportion of mixed and partially typed/untyped samples was also seen more in the age group 0–11 months. Conclusions This 11 years surveillance highlights the high burden of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in Indian children < 5 years of age before inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in the national programme. Regional variations in rotavirus epidemiology were seen, including the emergence of G3P[8] in the latter part of the surveillance. Having pre-introduction data is important to track changing epidemiology of rotaviruses, particularly following vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shainey Alokit Khakha
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Subarna Roy
- National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vijayachari Paluru
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sudhir Babji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.,Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Mohan D Gupte
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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18
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Zhou X, Wang YH, Pang BB, Chen N, Kobayashi N. Surveillance of Human Rotavirus in Wuhan, China (2011-2019): Predominance of G9P[8] and Emergence of G12. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100810. [PMID: 33023203 PMCID: PMC7600066 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. To learn the shift of genotypes and genetic characteristics of Rotavirus A (RVA) causing diarrhea in children and adults, a hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus was conducted in Wuhan, China from June 2011 through May 2019, and representative virus strains were phylogenetically analyzed. Among a total of 6733 stool specimens collected from both children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, RVA was detected in 25.5% (1125/4409) and 12.3% (285/2324) of specimens, respectively. G9P[8] was the most common genotype (74.5%), followed by G1P[8] (8.7%), G2P[4] (8.4%), and G3P[8] (7.3%), with G9P[8] increasing rapidly during the study period. The predominant genotype shifted from G1P[8] to G9P[8] in 2012-2013 epidemic season. G12P[6] strain RVA/Human-wt/CHN/Z2761/2019/G12P[6] was detected in April 2019 and assigned to G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T2-E1-H1 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VP7, VP4, VP6, VP3, NSP1, NSP2, and NSP5 genes of Z2761 clustered closely with those of Korean G12P[6] strain CAU_214, showing high nucleotide identities (98.0-98.8%). The NSP3 gene of Z2761 was closely related to those of G2P[4] and G12P[6] rotaviruses in Asia. All the eleven gene segments of Z2761 kept distance from those of cocirculating G9P[8], G1P[8], and G3P[8] strains detected in Wuhan during this study period. This is the first identification of G12 rotavirus in China. It is deduced that Z2761 is a reassortant having DS-1-like NSP3 gene in the background of G12P[6] rotavirus genetically close to CAU_214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
| | - Yuan-Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 86-27-85801763
| | - Bei-Bei Pang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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19
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Islam A, Hossain ME, Rostal MK, Ferdous J, Islam A, Hasan R, Miah M, Rahman M, Rahman MZ, Daszak P, Epstein JH. Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Rotavirus A in Fruit Bats in Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:398-405. [PMID: 32876756 PMCID: PMC7464061 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the primary cause of acute dehydrating diarrhea in human and numerous animal species. Animal-to-human interspecies transmission is one of the evolutionary mechanisms driving rotavirus strain diversity in humans. We screened fresh feces from 416 bats (201 Pteropus medius, 165 Rousettus leschenaultii and 50 Taphozous melanopogon) for RVA using rRT-PCR. We detected a prevalence of 7% (95% CI 3.5-10.8) and 2% (95% CI 0.4-5.2) in P. medius and R. leschenaultii, respectively. We did not detect RVA in the insectivorous bat (T. melanopogon). We identified RVA strains similar to the human strains of G1 and G8 based on sequence-based genotyping, which underscores the importance of including wildlife species in surveillance for zoonotic pathogens to understand pathogen transmission and evolution better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, Suite 17, New York, NY, 10001, USA
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Melinda K Rostal
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, Suite 17, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, Suite 17, New York, NY, 10001, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ausraful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, Suite 17, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Jonathan H Epstein
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, Suite 17, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
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20
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El-Senousy WM, Abu Senna ASM, Mohsen NA, Hasan SF, Sidkey NM. Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Rotavirus Common Genotypes Showed High Prevalence of Common P Genotypes in Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:99-117. [PMID: 32279222 PMCID: PMC7224034 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of human rotavirus group A common G and P genotypes in human Egyptian stool specimens and raw sewage samples to determine the most common genotypes for future vaccine development. From 1026 stool specimens of children with acute diarrhea and using nested RT-PCR, 250 samples (24.37%) were positive for human rotavirus group A. Using multiplex RT-PCR, rotavirus common P and G genotypes were detected as 89.20% and 46.40% of the positive clinical specimens respectively. This low percentage of common G genotypes frequency may affect the efficiency of the available live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines [Rotarix® (human rotavirus G1P[8]) and RotaTeq® (reassortant bovine-human rotavirus G1-4P[5] and G6P[8])], however the percentage of clinical specimens which were negative for common G genotypes but positive for P[8] genotype was 12.00%. From 24 positive raw sewage samples for rotavirus group A VP6 collected from Zenin and El-Gabal El-Asfar wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 21 samples (87.50%) were typeable for common P genotypes while 13 samples (54.17%) were typeable for common G genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of a VP8 partial gene of 45 P-typeable clinical isolates and 20 P-typeable raw sewage samples showed high similarity to reference strains and the majority of mutations were silent and showed lower to non-significant similarity with the two vaccine strains. This finding is useful for determining the most common antigens required for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled M El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division and Food-Borne Viruses Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amel S M Abu Senna
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yossuf Abbas st., Nasr city, P.O. 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Mohsen
- Pediatrics Department, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy st, P.O. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham F Hasan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yossuf Abbas st., Nasr city, P.O. 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Sidkey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yossuf Abbas st., Nasr city, P.O. 11754, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Parvin I, Shahunja KM, Khan SH, Alam T, Shahrin L, Ackhter MM, Sarmin M, Dash S, Rahman MW, Shahid ASMSB, Golam Faruque AS, Ahmed T, Chisti MJ. Changing Susceptibility Pattern of Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolates to Commonly Used Antibiotics in the Largest Diarrheal Disease Hospital in Bangladesh during 2000-2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:652-658. [PMID: 32458788 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of commonly used antibiotics for treating severe cholera has been compromised over time because of the reduced antibiotic susceptibility. This study aimed to describe the rate of detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 from fecal samples and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of V. cholerae O1 serotypes to commonly used antibiotics. During January 2000-December 2018, V. cholerae O1 was detected in fecal samples of 7,472 patients. Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba serotype was predominant, ranging from 60% to 86% during the period 2000-2006 except for 2003 and 2005 when the Ogawa serotype was predominant. Later on, the Ogawa serotype became predominant from 2007 to 2015, fluctuating between 52% and 100%. However, in 2016 and 2017, isolation rates declined to 2% and 1%, respectively, but surged again to 75% in 2018. Nearly 100% of V. cholerae O1 strains were sensitive to tetracycline during 2000-2004. Thereafter, a declining trend of sensitivity was observed to be continued and dropped down to < 6% during 2012-2017 and again increased to 76% in 2018. Susceptibility to azithromycin and ciprofloxacin was nearly 100%, and susceptibility to cotrimoxazole and furazolidone was 01% throughout the study period. We also found the emergence of resistance to erythromycin in 2005 and sensitivity to cotrimoxazole in 2018. Thus, the rapid decline of the sensitivity of V. cholerae O1 to tetracycline and a reversed peak after 6 years need continued monitoring and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irin Parvin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lubaba Shahrin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Mahmuda Ackhter
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sampa Dash
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Waliur Rahman
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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22
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Kanchan V, Zaman K, Aziz AB, Zaman SF, Zaman F, Haque W, Khanam M, Karim MM, Kale S, Ali SK, Goveia MG, Kaplan SS, Gill D, Khan WA, Yunus M, Singh A, Clemens JD. A randomized Phase I/II study to evaluate safety and reactogenicity of a heat-stable rotavirus vaccine in healthy adults followed by evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity in infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:693-702. [PMID: 31526218 PMCID: PMC7227685 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1664239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the safety and reactogenicity of single oral dose of heat-stable rotavirus vaccine (HSRV) in healthy adults aged 18–45 years followed by assessment of safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of three doses of HSRV in healthy infants aged 6–8 weeks at enrollment. Trial Design: Single-center randomized controlled, sequential, blinded (adults) and open-label (infants). Setting: Single site at International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Participants: Fifty eligible adults randomized in 1:1 ratio (HSRV: Placebo) followed by 50 eligible infants randomized in 1:1 ratio (HSRV: Comparator (RotaTeq®, pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant live-attenuated, rotavirus vaccine)). Intervention: Adults received either a single dose of HSRV or placebo and followed for 14 days. Infants received three doses of either HSRV or comparator with a follow-up for 28 days after each dose. Main Outcome Measures: Solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) along with any serious adverse events (SAEs) were part of the safety and reactogenicity assessment in adults and infants whereas serum anti-rotavirus IgA response rates were part of immunogenicity assessment in infants only. Post-vaccination fecal shedding of vaccine-virus rotavirus strains was also determined in adults and infants. Results: In this study, HSRV, when compared with placebo, did not result in increase in solicited adverse events (solicited AEs) in adults. In infants, HSRV had a safety profile similar to comparator vis-à-vis solicited AEs. In infants, fecal shedding of vaccine-virus strains was not detected in HSRV recipients but was observed in two comparator recipients. Percentage of infants exhibiting threefold rise in serum anti-rotavirus IgA titers from baseline to 1-month post-dose 3 in HSRV group was 88% (22/25) and 84% (21/25) in comparator group. Conclusion: HSRV was found to be generally well-tolerated in both adults and infants and immunogenic in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Kanchan
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sachin Kale
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Khalid Ali
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Davinder Gill
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Ajitpal Singh
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
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23
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Hossain MB, Rahman MS, Watson OJ, Islam A, Rahman S, Hasan R, Kafi MAH, Osmani MG, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Haider N. Epidemiology and genotypes of group A rotaviruses in cattle and goats of Bangladesh, 2009-2010. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 79:104170. [PMID: 31904556 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is recognized as a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in newborn calves and goat kids. We estimated the proportion of ruminants infected with rotavirus and identified the circulating genotypes in cattle and goats in Bangladesh. Between May 2009 and August 2010, fecal samples were collected from 520 cattle and goats presenting with diarrhea at three government veterinary hospitals in three districts of Bangladesh. All samples were screened for RVA RNA using real-time, one-step, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Of the 520 animals tested, 11.7% (61) were positive for RVA RNA, with 6.2% (15/241) and 16.5% (46/279) positivity in cattle and goats, respectively. RVA positive samples were further characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of two structural protein gene fragments, VP7 (G genotype), and VP4 (P genotype). Among 17 successfully sequenced strains, G8 (17.9%) was the most prevalent G-genotype followed by G10 (8%) and G6 (1.6%). P[1] (11.3%) was the most frequently detected P-genotype followed by P[11] (3.2%) and P[15] (1.6%). The most common VP7/VP4 combinations for cattle were G10P[11], G10P[15], and G6P[11], and for goat, G8P[1], and G10P[1]. Phylogenetic analysis of the RVA strains showed clustering with bovine and caprine strains from neighboring India. The study adds to our understanding of the genetic diversity of bovine and caprine rotavirus strains in Bangladesh. Our findings highlight the importance of rotavirus surveillance in cattle and goat populations, which may serve as a potential source for genetic reassortment and zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver J Watson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sezanur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mozaffar G Osmani
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Najmul Haider
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
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24
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Islam A, Hossain ME, Haider N, Rostal MK, Mukharjee SK, Ferdous J, Miah M, Rahman M, Daszak P, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Molecular characterization of group A rotavirus from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at human-wildlife interfaces in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:956-966. [PMID: 31765042 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is an important cause of diarrhoea in people, especially children, and animals globally. Due to the segmented nature of the RVA genome, animal RVA strains have the potential to adapt to the human host through reassortment with other co-infecting human viruses. Macaques share food and habitat with people, resulting in close interaction between these two species. This study aimed to detect and characterize RVA in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh. Faecal samples (N = 454) were collected from apparently healthy rhesus macaques from nine different sites in Bangladesh between February and March 2013. The samples were tested by one-step, real-time, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four percent of samples (n = 20; 95% CI 2.7%-6.7%) were positive for RVA. RVA positive samples were further characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of two structural protein gene fragments, VP4 (P genotype) and VP7 (G genotype). G3, G10, P[3] and P[15] genotypes were identified and were associated as G3P[3], G3P[15] and G10P[15]. The phylogenetic relationship between macaque RVA strains from this study and previously reported human strains indicates possible transmission between humans and macaques in Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection and characterization of rotaviruses in rhesus macaques in Bangladesh. These data will not only aid in identifying viral sharing between macaques, human and other animals, but will also improve the development of mitigation measures for the prevention of future rotavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Sanjoy Kumar Mukharjee
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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25
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Okitsu S, Khamrin P, Takanashi S, Thongprachum A, Hoque SA, Takeuchi H, Khan MA, Hasan SMT, Iwata T, Shimizu H, Jimba M, Hayakawa S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Molecular detection of enteric viruses in the stool samples of children without diarrhea in Bangladesh. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104055. [PMID: 31629889 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of molecular epidemiological studies reported the detection of enteric viruses in asymptomatic children. The role of these viruses in an asymptomatic infection remains unclear. This study investigated the enteric viruses in the stool samples collected from children without diarrhea. Stool samples were collected during June to October 2016, from 227 children who lived in Matlab, Bangladesh. Seventeen enteric viruses, including rotavirus A, B, and C (RVA, RVB, and RVC), norovirus GI (NoV GI), norovirus GII (NoV GII), sapovirus (SaV), adenovirus (AdV), human astrovirus (HAstV), Aichivirus (AiV), human parechovirus (HPeV), enterovirus (EV), human bocavirus (HBoV), Saffold virus (SAFV), human cosavirus (HCoSV), bufavirus (BufV), salivirus (SalV), and rosavirus (RoV), were investigated by RT-PCR method. One hundred and eighty-two (80.2%; 182/227) samples were positive for some of these viruses, and 19.8% (45/227) were negative. Among the positive samples, 46.7% (85/182) were a single infection, and 53.3% (97/182) were coinfection with multiple viruses. The HCoSV was the most prevalent virus (41.4%), followed by EV (32.2%), NoV GII (25.6%), HPeV (8.8%), RVA (6.2%), AdV (5.7%), AiV (5.3%), SAFV (4.4%), and SaV (2.6%). Each of NoV GI, HAstV, HBoV, and BufV was detected at 0.4%. However, RVB, RVC, SalV, and RoV were not detected in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that diverse HCoSV species and genotypes were circulating in Bangladesh, and four strains of species A are proposed to be new genotypes. The data indicated that non-diarrheal Bangladeshi children were asymptomatically infected with wide varieties of enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Haruko Takeuchi
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Alfazal Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M Tafsir Hasan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Sadiq A, Bostan N, Bokhari H, Matthijnssens J, Yinda KC, Raza S, Nawaz T. Molecular characterization of human group A rotavirus genotypes circulating in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan during 2015-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220387. [PMID: 31361761 PMCID: PMC6667158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children worldwide. Owing to lack of proper surveillance programs and health facilities, developing countries of Asia and Africa carry a disproportionately heavy share of the RVA disease burden. The aim of this hospital-based study was to investigate the circulation of RVA genotypes in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan in 2015 and 2016, prior to the implementation of RVA vaccine. 639 faecal samples collected from children under 10 years of age hospitalized with AGE were tested for RVA antigen by ELISA. Among 171 ELISA positive samples, 143 were successfully screened for RT-PCR and sequencing. The prevalence of RVA was found to be 26.8% with the highest frequency (34.9%) found among children of age group 6-11 months. The most predominant circulating genotypes were G3P[8] (22.4%) followed by G12P[6] (20.3%), G2P[4] (12.6%), G1P[8] (11.9%), G9P[6] (11.9%), G3P[4] (9.1%), G1P[6] (4.2%), G9P[8] (4.2%), and G3P[6] (0.7%). A single mixed genotype G1G3P[8] was also detected. The findings of this study provide baseline data, that will help to assess if future vaccination campaigns using currently available RVA vaccine will reduce RVA disease burden and instigate evolutionary changes in the overall RVA biology. The high prevalence of RVA infections in Pakistan require to improve and strengthen the surveillance and monitoring system for RVA. This will provide useful information for health authorities in planning public health care strategies to mitigate the disease burden caused by RVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saqlain Raza
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Nawaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Emergence of G12P[6] rotavirus strains among hospitalised children with acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Northern Brazil, following introduction of a rotavirus vaccine. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2107-2117. [PMID: 31144039 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Species A rotavirus still remains a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Globally, six genotypes (G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]) account for >90% of circulating strains; however, genotype G12 in combination with P[6] or P[9] has been detected at increasing rates. We sought to broaden our knowledge about the rotavirus strains circulating during the early post-vaccine-introduction period. Stool samples were obtained from children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Northern Brazil, from May 2008 to May 2011 and examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. A total of 122 out of the original 1076 rotavirus strains were judged to be non-typeable in the first analysis and were therefore re-examined. G2P[4] was the most prevalent genotype (58.0%), followed by G1P[8] (16.9%), and G12P[6] (7.5%). G12P[6] strains were identified at similar rates during the first (2.5%) and second (3.9%) years, and the rate jumped to 15.6% in the third year. Analysis of VP7 sequences of the G12P[6] strains showed that they belonged to lineage III. In addition, co-circulating G12P[6] strains displaying long and short RNA patterns were found to belong to the Wa-like and DS-1-like constellation, respectively. Additional unusual circulating strains G12P[9] and G3P[9] were also identified. This hospital-based study showed a high prevalence of G12P[6] strains in the third year of surveillance. Our results highlight the need for continuous longitudinal monitoring of circulating rotavirus strains after introduction of rotavirus vaccines in Brazil and elsewhere.
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Tavakoli Nick S, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A, Hosseini SM. Human rotavirus in Iran; molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity and recent updates on vaccine advances. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:98-109. [PMID: 31191833 PMCID: PMC6536013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus is the predominant pathogen causing gastroenteritis in infants and children younger than 5 years of age globally. Before introduction and implementation of rotavirus vaccine, more than frothy percent of all caused acute gastroenteritis hospitalization and nearly half a million deaths per year was occurred due to Rotavirus infection mostly in the low-income countries. Rotaviruses are divided in G and P genotypes, based on two genomic segments' nucleotide sequences VP7 and VP4, respectively. Currently, 27 G and 37 P types have been described; among them G1 to G4 and G9 and P[8], P[4], and P[6] genotypes are the most prevalent circulating rotavirus strains globally. Molecular epidemiological surveys revealed that G1P[8] is the predominant genotype in Iran, although other genotypes have also been reported. Rotavirus vaccine was recommended by the World Health Organization as a necessary part of national childhood immunization programs in 2009. Rotarix (monovalent) and RotaTeq (pantavalent) are two oral vaccines that have been available in more than one hundred countries around the world to control the viral infection and reduce the cases of diarrheal diseases. This article provides a review of frequency, molecular epidemiology and current situation of Rotavirus genetic diversity Iran. In addition, recent advances in rotavirus vaccine research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and microbial biotechnology, Faculty of life Sciences and biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and microbial biotechnology, Faculty of life Sciences and biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Almalki SSR. Circulating rotavirus G and P strains post rotavirus vaccination in Eastern Mediterranean Region. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:755-766. [PMID: 30106412 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.8.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect changes in circulating strains of rotavirus in the Eastern Mediterranean Region post rotavirus immunization drive. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library and specific database website (Nutrition and Food Sciences) for relevant articles. Our search included websites of a number of relevant organizations in addition to gray literature search. Of the 2198 articles found, we included only 35 studies after excluding irrelevant, ineligible, duplicated, and very low-quality papers. RESULTS Thirty pre-vaccination studies reported frequent rotavirus strains among children below 5 years of age. G1P[8] has been identified as the most dominant type prior to vaccination in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. Five post-vaccination studies conducted in 3 countries (Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Yemen) illustrated that G1P[8] is the most prevalent strain in Saudi Arabia, and the incidence of G2P[4] has increased from 21.6% to 33.3%. In Yemen, G1P[4] is the most prevalent strain (87.5%), followed by G9P[8] (57%) and G1P[8] (18.5%). Furthermore, in Yemen, G9P[8] were the most prevalent strains accounting to 57% and 14% in G9P[4], post vaccination. Finally, in Morocco, G1P[8] was not reported 3 years post vaccination; however, incidence of G9P[8] was reported at 67% and G2P[4] at 33%. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus circulating strain prevalence in EMR countries has changed post vaccination, and G9P[8], G2P[4], and G9P[4] have become more dominant. Proportion of rotavirus strains in these countries after vaccination has significantly reduced. There is an increase in circulating strain G2P[4] in the post-vaccination period, which needs further monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaia S R Almalki
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al Baha University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Satter SM, Aliabadi N, Gastañaduy PA, Haque W, Mamun A, Flora MS, Zaman K, Rahman M, Heffelfinger JD, Luby SP, Gurley ES, Parashar UD. An update from hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children in Bangladesh, July 2012 to June 2017. Vaccine 2018; 36:7811-7815. [PMID: 29793894 PMCID: PMC9169511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In preparation for the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine into the routine immunization program of Bangladesh in 2018, we report data and highlight evolving genotypes from five years of active hospital-based rotavirus surveillance which began in July 2012. METHODS We enrolled and collected fresh stool from every fourth child < 5 years admitted with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) at 8 participating surveillance hospitals. Rotavirus infections were detected by enzyme immune assay. Twenty-five percent of rotavirus isolates were genotyped using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found that 64% (4832/7562) of children < 5 years of age admitted with AGE had evidence of rotavirus infection. The majority (57%) of patients with rotavirus infection were <12 months of age. The most common strains were G1P[8] (43%), G12P[8] (15%) and G9P[8] (9%); 11% of children had mixed infection.G3P[8], which has not been reported in Bangladesh since 2001, was documented for the first time in our surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS The high burden of rotavirus-associated hospitalizations highlights the potential value of rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh. Continued surveillance is important for monitoring the impact of vaccination as well as monitoring evolving genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Negar Aliabadi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | | | - Meerjady S Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Stephen P Luby
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, USA
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Haque W, Haque J, Barai D, Rahman S, Moni S, Hossain ME, Faruque ASG, Ahmed S, Zaman K, Rahman M. Distribution of rotavirus genotypes in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2012–2016: Re-emergence of G3P[8] after over a decade of interval. Vaccine 2018; 36:6393-6400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Islamuddin M, Khan WH, Gupta S, Tiku VR, Khan N, Akdag AI, Chaudhary S, Upadhyay A, Kumar P, Ghatwala G, Ray P. Surveillance and genetic characterization of rotavirus strains circulating in four states of North Indian children. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:253-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rotavirus infection among hospitalized children under five years of age with acute watery diarrhea in Sri Lanka. Vaccine 2018; 36:7846-7850. [PMID: 29945833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute watery diarrhoea among children and is vaccine preventable. The aim of this hospital-based sentinel surveillance was to study the prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of rotavirus infections and to describe rotavirus genotype distribution patterns among children under five years of age hospitalized for acute watery diarrhea during the period of 2009-2016. METHODS Prospective, sentinel hospital-based surveillance was conducted in Lady Ridgeway Hospital (LRH) from 2009 to 2016. Stool samples of children admitted with acute watery diarrhea were tested by rotavirus antigen detection 'ProSpecT' Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) at Department of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo. Specimens that tested positive for rotavirus were further analyzed at the Regional Reference Laboratory (RRL) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO)-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network (GRSN) to determine the genotype of strains by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of the 6090 children with diarrhea admitted, 1801 (29.5%) had stools taken and tested. In years with at least 11 months of data (2010 and 2013) rotavirus was detected in 36.5% (228/624) of specimens. Genotype G1P[8] was the most common genotype detected throughout the surveillance period (30.1%; 123/408) with G2P [8], G9P[8] and G3P[8] also detected. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus is a common cause of pediatric diarrhea hospitalizations in Sri Lanka. National introduction of rotavirus vaccine could reduce the burden of pediatric diarrhea.
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Increasing predominance of G8P[8] species A rotaviruses in children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2010-2013. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2165-2178. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Seasonality and within-subject clustering of rotavirus infections in an eight-site birth cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 2018. [PMID: 29534766 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving understanding of the pathogen-specific seasonality of enteric infections is critical to informing policy on the timing of preventive measures and to forecast trends in the burden of diarrhoeal disease. Data obtained from active surveillance of cohorts can capture the underlying infection status as transmission occurs in the community. The purpose of this study was to characterise rotavirus seasonality in eight different locations while adjusting for age, calendar time and within-subject clustering of episodes by applying an adapted Serfling model approach to data from a multi-site cohort study. In the Bangladesh and Peru sites, within-subject clustering was high, with more than half of infants who experienced one rotavirus infection going on to experience a second and more than 20% experiencing a third. In the five sites that are in countries that had not introduced the rotavirus vaccine, the model predicted a primary peak in prevalence during the dry season and, in three of these, a secondary peak during the rainy season. The patterns predicted by this approach are broadly congruent with several emerging hypotheses about rotavirus transmission and are consistent for both symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus episodes. These findings have practical implications for programme design, but caution should be exercised in deriving inferences about the underlying pathways driving these trends, particularly when extending the approach to other pathogens.
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Afrad MH, Avzun T, Haque J, Haque W, Hossain ME, Rahman AR, Ahmed S, Faruque ASG, Rahman MZ, Rahman M. Detection of enteric- and non-enteric adenoviruses in gastroenteritis patients, Bangladesh, 2012-2015. J Med Virol 2018; 90:677-684. [PMID: 29244212 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Limited data exist on HAdVs molecular epidemiology associated with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh. We describe the genetic diversity and epidemiology of HAdVs among hospitalized diarrhea patients, including HAdV genotypes, clinical symptoms, and co-infecting enteric pathogens. Stool samples were collected from ongoing diarrhea surveillance during 2012-2015. HAdV was detected using PCR and genotyped by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Detailed socio-demographic and clinical information regarding each individual was recorded such as duration of diarrhea, dehydration status, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and severity. Of 871 fecal specimens, HAdV DNA was detected in 93 (10.7%). Among them 56% were co-infected with other known enteric viral and bacterial pathogens and 31.6% had severe gastroenteritis. The majority (55%) of HAdV positives were children <5 years of age. Two main clinical symptoms in HAdV infected patients were diarrhea and vomiting. HAdVs were detected throughout the year with low prevalence in winter (November-January). Five HAdV species (A, B, C, D, and F) including 17 different genotypes were identified during the study period, with enteric HAdV species F (HAdV-40/41) being the most dominant. However, non-enteric HAdV were also detected in substantial proportion of specimens (15% species C, 15% species D, 10.8% species A, and 4.3% species B). Our study demonstrates high genetic diversity of HAdVs including enteric and non-enteric HAdVs among diarrhea patients and provides a foundation for further clarification of the role of non-enteric HAdVs in diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokibul Hassan Afrad
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Avzun
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahurul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Warda Haque
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afm Rajibur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnawaz Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine demand: considering Bangladesh chapter through the book of global disease burden. Infection 2017; 46:15-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Almeida TNV, de Sousa TT, da Silva RA, Fiaccadori FS, Souza M, Badr KR, de Paula Cardoso DDD. Phylogenetic analysis of G1P[8] and G12P[8] rotavirus A samples obtained in the pre- and post-vaccine periods, and molecular modeling of VP4 and VP7 proteins. Acta Trop 2017; 173:153-159. [PMID: 28606817 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduction in morbimortality rates for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) by Rotavirus A (RVA) has been observed after the introduction of vaccines, however the agent continues to circulate. The present study described the genomic characterization of the 11 dsRNA segments of two RVA samples G1P[8] obtained in the pre- and post-vaccination periods and one of G12P[8] sample (post-vaccine), compared to Rotarix™ vaccine. Analysis by molecular sequencing of the samples showed that the three samples belonged to genogroup I. In addition, the analysis of VP7 gene revealed that the samples G1 (pre-vaccine), G1 (post-vaccine) and G12 were characterized as lineages II, I and III, respectively. Regarding to VP4 and NSP4 gene it was observed that all samples belonged to lineage III, whereas for VP6 gene, the sample of the pre- and post-vaccine belonged to the lineage IV and I, respectively. Considering the VP7 gene, it was observed high nucleotide and amino acid identity for the two G1 samples when compared to Rotarix™ vaccine and lesser identity for the G12 sample. In relation to antigenic epitope of VP7 greater modifications were observed for the G12 sample in the 7-2 epitope that was confirmed by molecular modeling. On the other hand, for VP4, some changes in the 8-1 and 8-3 antigenic epitopes was observed for the three samples. This data could be interpreted as a low selective pressure exerted by vaccination in relation to G1P[8] samples and lesser protection in relation to G12P[8]. Thus, the continuous monitoring of RVA circulating samples remains important.
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Dhital S, Sherchand JB, Pokhrel BM, Parajuli K, Shah N, Mishra SK, Sharma S, Kattel HP, Khadka S, Khatiwada S, Parajuli N, Rijal B. Molecular epidemiology of Rotavirus causing diarrhea among children less than five years of age visiting national level children hospitals, Nepal. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:101. [PMID: 28388889 PMCID: PMC5385007 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotaviruses are the major cause of diarrhea among the infants and young children all over the world causing over 500,000 deaths and 2.4 million hospitalizations each year. In Nepal Rotavirus infection positivity rates ranges from 17.0 to 39.0% among children less than 5 years. However, little is known about the molecular genotypes of Rotavirus prevailing. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of Rotavirus gastroenteritis and determine the genotypes of Rotavirus among children less than 5 years. Methods The cross sectional study was conducted from January to November 2014 among children less than 5 years old visiting Kanti Children’s Hospital and Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Rotavirus antigen detection was performed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using ProSpecT Rotavirus Microplate Assay. Among the Rotavirus antigen positive samples, 59 samples were used for Rotavirus RNA extraction. Multiplex PCR was performed to identify G type comprising G1-G4, G8-G10 and G12 and P type comprising P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], P[10], and P[11]. Results A total of 717 diarrheal stool samples were collected from patients ranging from 10 days to 59 months of age. Rotavirus antigen positive was found among (N = 164)22.9% of patients. The highest number of the diarrhea was seen in January. Molecular analysis of Rotavirus genotypes revealed that the predominant G-Type was G12 (36%) followed by G9 (31%), G1 (21%), G2 (8.6%). The predominant P- type was P6 (32.8%) followed by P8 (31%), P10 (14.8%), P4 (14.8%). A total of seven G/P type combinations were identified the most common being G12P [6] (35.8%), G1P [8] (15.1%), G9P [8] (15.1%). Conclusion Rotavirus diarrhea is, mostly affecting children from 7 to 24 months in Nepal, mostly occurring in winter. The circulating genotypes in the country are found to be primarily unusual genotypes and predominance of G12P[6]. It is recommended to conduct genotyping of Rotavirus on large samples before starting vaccination in the country. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0858-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Dhital
- National Public Health Laboratory, HIV Reference Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | - Bharat Mani Pokhrel
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keshab Parajuli
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shyam Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sangita Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hari Prasad Kattel
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sundar Khadka
- National Public Health Laboratory, HIV Reference Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Narayan Parajuli
- Department of Microbiology, ManMohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basistha Rijal
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Zaman K, Sack DA, Neuzil KM, Yunus M, Moulton LH, Sugimoto JD, Fleming JA, Hossain I, Arifeen SE, Azim T, Rahman M, Lewis KDC, Feller AJ, Qadri F, Halloran ME, Cravioto A, Victor JC. Effectiveness of a live oral human rotavirus vaccine after programmatic introduction in Bangladesh: A cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002282. [PMID: 28419095 PMCID: PMC5395158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccines are now globally recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), but in early 2009 WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization reviewed available data and concluded that there was no evidence for the efficacy or effectiveness of a two-dose schedule of the human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; Rotarix) given early at 6 and 10 wk of age. Additionally, the effectiveness of programmatic rotavirus vaccination, including possible indirect effects, has not been assessed in low-resource populations in Asia. METHODS AND FINDINGS In Bangladesh, we cluster-randomized (1:1) 142 villages of the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System to include two doses of HRV with the standard infant vaccines at 6 and 10 wk of age or to provide standard infant vaccines without HRV. The study was initiated November 1, 2008, and surveillance was conducted concurrently at Matlab Diarrhoea Hospital and two community treatment centers to identify children less than 2 y of age presenting with acute rotavirus diarrhea (ARD) through March 31, 2011. Laboratory confirmation was made by enzyme immunoassay detection of rotavirus antigen in stool specimens. Overall effectiveness of the HRV vaccination program (primary objective) was measured by comparing the incidence rate of ARD among all children age-eligible for vaccination in villages where HRV was introduced to that among such children in villages where HRV was not introduced. Total effectiveness among vaccinees and indirect effectiveness were also evaluated. In all, 6,527 infants were age-eligible for vaccination in 71 HRV villages, and 5,791 in 71 non-HRV villages. In HRV villages, 4,808 (73.7%) infants received at least one dose of HRV. The incidence rate of ARD was 4.10 cases per 100 person-years in non-HRV villages compared to 2.8 per 100 person-years in HRV villages, indicating an overall effectiveness of 29.0% (95% CI, 11.3% to 43.1%). The total effectiveness of HRV against ARD among vaccinees was 41.4% (95% CI, 23.2% to 55.2%). The point estimate for total effectiveness was higher against ARD during the first year of life than during the second (45.2% versus 28.9%), but estimates for the second year of life lacked precision and did not reach statistical significance. Indirect effects were not detected. To check for bias in presentation to treatment facilities, we evaluated the effectiveness of HRV against acute diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; it was 4.0% (95% CI, -46.5% to 37.1%), indicating that bias likely was not introduced. Thirteen serious adverse events were identified among recipients of HRV, but none were considered related to receipt of study vaccine. The main limitation of this study is that it was an open-label study with an observed-only control group (no placebo). CONCLUSIONS The two-dose HRV rotavirus vaccination program significantly reduced medically attended ARD in this low-resource population in Asia. Protection among vaccinees was similar to that in other low-resource settings. In low-resource populations with high rotavirus incidence, large-scale vaccination across a wide population may be required to obtain the full benefit of rotavirus vaccination, including indirect effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00737503.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David A. Sack
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lawrence H. Moulton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Sugimoto
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Ilias Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Azim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Andrea J. Feller
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Elizabeth Halloran
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Biostatistics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John C. Victor
- PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Monavari SHR, Hadifar S, Mostafaei S, Miri A, Keshavarz M, Babaei F, Moghoofei M. Epidemiology of Rotavirus in the Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Glob Infect Dis 2017; 9:66-72. [PMID: 28584458 PMCID: PMC5452554 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.205173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is associated with increased risk for severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence rate of rotavirus from different parts of Iran and provide an overall relative frequency (RF) for Iran. We performed a systematic literature review from several databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, OVID, MAG IRAN, IranMedex, and Iranian Scientific Information Database. We searched the following keywords: "rotavirus," "rotavirus infection," "acute gastroenteritis," "diarrhea," "children," "infant," and "Iran." The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of rotavirus with the application of meta-analysis. We selected 43 researches out of 1147 for our study. From all the samples, the pooled estimate of prevalence (95% confidence interval) =39.9% (0.396%-0.409%) were rotavirus positive. It should be noted that rotavirus infection's RF varied from 6.4% to 79.3% in Birjand and Tehran Provinces, respectively. Thereupon, it is divergent in different studies. According to our study result, rotavirus RF has a wide range in Iran and is associated with diarrhea in children. Thus, further researches should be taken to minimize the emergence and transmission of rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Miri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hospital-based Surveillance for Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Among Young Children in Bangladesh: Defining the Potential Impact of a Rotavirus Vaccine Program. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:168-172. [PMID: 27798545 PMCID: PMC5242217 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In anticipation of introduction of a rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program of Bangladesh, active hospital-based surveillance was initiated to provide prevaccine baseline data on rotavirus disease. METHODS Children 5 years of age and younger admitted with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) (≥3 watery or looser-than-normal stools or ≥1 episode of forceful vomiting) at 7 hospitals throughout Bangladesh were identified. Clinical information and stool specimens were collected from every 4th patient. Specimens were tested for rotavirus antigen by enzyme immunoassays; 25% of detected rotaviruses were genotyped. RESULTS From July 2012 to June 2015, rotavirus was detected in 2432 (64%) of 3783 children hospitalized for AGE. Eight enrolled children died, including 4 (50%) who were rotavirus positive. Rotavirus was detected year-round in Bangladesh with peak detection rates of >80% during November-February. Most (86%) rotavirus AGE cases were 6-23 months of age. Sixty-nine percent of children with rotavirus had severe disease (Vesikari score, ≥11). Among 543 strains genotyped, G1P[8] (31%) and G12P[8] (29%) were the most common. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus is a major cause of morbidity in Bangladeshi children, accounting for nearly two-thirds of AGE hospitalizations. These data highlight the potential value of rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh, and will be the key for future measurement of vaccine impact.
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Nakagomi T, Do LP, Agbemabiese CA, Kaneko M, Gauchan P, Doan YH, Jere KC, Steele AD, Iturriza-Gomara M, Nakagomi O, Cunliffe NA. Whole-genome characterisation of G12P[6] rotavirus strains possessing two distinct genotype constellations co-circulating in Blantyre, Malawi, 2008. Arch Virol 2016; 162:213-226. [PMID: 27718073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A strains detected in diarrhoeal children commonly possess any one of the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9, with a recent increase in G12 detection globally. G12P[6] strains possessing short RNA (DS-1-like) and long RNA (Wa-like) migration patterns accounted for 27 % of the strains circulating in Blantyre, Malawi, between 2007 and 2008. To understand how the G12P[6] strains with two distinct genetic backgrounds emerged in Malawi, we conducted whole-genome analysis of two long-RNA and two short-RNA strains. While the former had a typical Wa-like genotype constellation of G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, the latter was found to have G12-P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M1-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2: a VP3 gene mono-reassortant on the DS-1-like backbone. Phylogenetic and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses showed that the short-RNA G12P[6] strains were generated around 2006 by reassortment between an African Wa-like G12P[6] strain donating three genes (the VP7, VP4, and VP3 genes) and a G2P[4] strain similar to the one circulating in Thailand or the United States of America that donated the remaining eight genes. On the other hand, the long-RNA strains were generated as a result of reassortment events within Wa-like G12 and non-G12 strains commonly circulating in Africa; only the VP4 gene was from a Malawian G8P[6] strain. In conclusion, this study uncovered the evolutionary pathways through which two distinct G12P[6] strains emerged in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - L P Do
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C A Agbemabiese
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - M Kaneko
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - P Gauchan
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Y H Doan
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K C Jere
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A D Steele
- Vaccines and Immunization, PATH, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.,MRC Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, MEDUNSA, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Iturriza-Gomara
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - O Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N A Cunliffe
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Saikruang W, Khamrin P, Malasao R, Kumthip K, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Complete genome analysis of a rare G12P[6] rotavirus isolated in Thailand in 2012 reveals a prototype strain of DS-1-like constellation. Virus Res 2016; 224:38-45. [PMID: 27565028 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a major cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. G12 RVA detection is currently increasing and has been reported from many countries around the world. However, few studies have reported whole genome sequences of G12 RVAs. In the present study, the complete genome sequence of a G12P[6] RVA strain (RVA/Human-wt/THA/CMHN49-12/2012/G12P[6]) detected in a stool sample from a child with acute gastroenteritis in 2012 in Thailand was analyzed. In the CMHN49-12 strain, all genome segments had a DS-1-like backbone: G12-P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 indicates that it is most likely the prototype strain of G12P[6] with a DS-1-like genotype constellation. Based on a Bayesian evolutionary analysis of VP7 nucleotide sequence, G12 RVA strains reported previously from Thailand during the period of 2007-2012 could be divided into 3 clusters, indicating that they originated from at least 3 different ancestral G12 strains. The evolutionary rate of G12 calculated by Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis indicated that the nucleotide substitution rate of G12 was 1.11×10(-3) mutations/site/year. The finding of a G12P[6] RVA possessing a DS-1-like backbone provides insights into the evolution of global G12 RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilaiporn Saikruang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Malasao
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Malnutrition Is Associated with Protection from Rotavirus Diarrhea: Evidence from a Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2568-74. [PMID: 27510830 PMCID: PMC5035411 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00916-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea and death among infants and children globally, particularly in communities of the developing world. While numerous studies have described the complex relationships among infectious diarrhea, growth faltering, and poverty, the impact of nutritional status on susceptibility to rotavirus diarrhea is not well understood. In a longitudinal study conducted over the first 3 years of life among 626 slum-dwelling infants enrolled at birth in Dhaka, Bangladesh, we observed that common measures of healthy growth and development were positively associated with a risk of symptomatic rotavirus infection. This finding runs counter to the idea that improving childhood nutrition will implicitly decrease the incidence of symptomatic infection by enteric pathogens. As childhood nutrition improves worldwide, rotavirus infection may remain a public health challenge, making universal vaccination of even greater importance.
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46
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Heylen E, Zeller M, Ciarlet M, Lawrence J, Steele D, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Human P[6] Rotaviruses From Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia Are Closely Related to Those of Human P[4] and P[8] Rotaviruses Circulating Worldwide. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1039-49. [PMID: 27471320 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P[6] rotaviruses have been circulating with a high prevalence in African and, to a more limited extent, Asian countries, but they have not been highly prevalent in other parts of the world. METHODS To investigate the genomic relationship between African and Asian human P[6] rotaviruses and P[4] and P[8] rotaviruses circulating worldwide, we sequenced 39 P[6] strains, collected in Ghana, Mali, Kenya and Bangladesh, providing the largest data set of P[6] rotavirus genomes isolated in low-income countries or anywhere else in the world that has been published thus far. RESULTS Overall, the data indicate that the genetic backbone of human P[6] strains from the low-income countries are similar to those of P[4] or P[8] strains circulating worldwide. CONCLUSIONS The observation that gene segment 4 is the main differentiator between human P[6] and non-P[6] strains suggests that the VP4 spike protein is most likely one of the main reasons preventing the rapid spread of P[6] strains to the rest of the world despite multiple introductions. These observations reinforce previous findings about the receptor specificity of P[6] rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Heylen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
| | - Max Ciarlet
- Vaccines-Clinical Research Department, Merck, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jody Lawrence
- Vaccines-Clinical Research Department, Merck, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Duncan Steele
- Vaccines and Immunization, PATH, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Belgium
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Tanmoy AM, Ahmed ASMNU, Arumugam R, Hossain B, Marzan M, Saha S, Arifeen SE, Baqui AH, Black RE, Kang G, Saha SK. Rotavirus Surveillance at a WHO-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Site in Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study to Integrate Two Surveillance Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153582. [PMID: 27096958 PMCID: PMC4838211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) currently coordinates rotavirus diarrhea and invasive bacterial disease (IBD) surveillance at 178 sentinel sites in 60 countries. However, only 78 sites participate in both surveillance systems using a common sentinel site. Here, we explored the feasibility of extending a WHO-IBD surveillance platform to generate data on the burden of rotaviral diarrhea and its epidemiological characteristics to prepare the countries to measure the impact of rotaviral vaccine. A six-month (July to December, 2012) surveillance, managed by IBD team, collected stool samples and clinical data from under-five children with acute watery diarrhea at an IBD sentinel site. Samples were tested for rotavirus antigen by ELISA and genotyped by PCR at the regional reference laboratory (RRL). Specimens were collected from 79% (n = 297) of eligible cases (n = 375); 100% of which were tested for rotavirus by ELISA and 54% (159/297) of them were positive. At RRL, all the cases were confirmed by PCR and genotyped (99%; 158/159). The typing results revealed the predominance of G12 (40%; 64/159) genotype, followed by G1 (31%; 50/159) and G9 (19%; 31/159). All in all, this exploratory surveillance collected the desired demographic and epidemiological data and achieved almost all the benchmark indicators of WHO, starting from enrollment number to quality assurance through a number of case detection, collection, and testing of specimens and genotyping of strains at RRL. The success of this WHO-IBD site in achieving these benchmark indicators of WHO can be used by WHO as a proof-of-concept for considering integration of rotavirus surveillance with WHO-IBD platforms, specifically in countries with well performing IBD site and no ongoing rotavirus surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mohammad Tanmoy
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - ASM Nawshad Uddin Ahmed
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh Arumugam
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Belal Hossain
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Marzan
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shampa Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah H. Baqui
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Black
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Samir Kumar Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Differential and enhanced response to climate forcing in diarrheal disease due to rotavirus across a megacity of the developing world. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4092-7. [PMID: 27035949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518977113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of climate forcing in the population dynamics of infectious diseases has typically been revealed via retrospective analyses of incidence records aggregated across space and, in particular, over whole cities. Here, we focus on the transmission dynamics of rotavirus, the main diarrheal disease in infants and young children, within the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh. We identify two zones, the densely urbanized core and the more rural periphery, that respond differentially to flooding. Moreover, disease seasonality differs substantially between these regions, spanning variation comparable to the variation from tropical to temperate regions. By combining process-based models with an extensive disease surveillance record, we show that the response to climate forcing is mainly seasonal in the core, where a more endemic transmission resulting from an asymptomatic reservoir facilitates the response to the monsoons. The force of infection in this monsoon peak can be an order of magnitude larger than the force of infection in the more epidemic periphery, which exhibits little or no postmonsoon outbreak in a pattern typical of nearby rural areas. A typically smaller peak during the monsoon season nevertheless shows sensitivity to interannual variability in flooding. High human density in the core is one explanation for enhanced transmission during troughs and an associated seasonal monsoon response in this diarrheal disease, which unlike cholera, has not been widely viewed as climate-sensitive. Spatial demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental heterogeneity can create reservoirs of infection and enhance the sensitivity of disease systems to climate forcing, especially in the populated cities of the developing world.
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Azaran A, Makvandi M, Samarbafzadeh A, Neisi N, Hoseinzadeh M, Rasti M, Teymurirad M, Teimoori A, Varnaseri M, Makvandi K. Study on Rotavirus Infection and Its Genotyping in Children Below 5 Years in South West Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 26:e2080. [PMID: 27307959 PMCID: PMC4904489 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Human rotaviruses are the most important agents for severe dehydrating diarrhea in children below 5 years old. Rotaviruses (RV) is a serious public health problem in developing and developed countries. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection and their genotypes in children younger than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in Ahvaz, Iran. Materials and Methods For this study, 200 stool samples from children below 5 years of age with acute diarrhea were collected between October 2011 and March 2012. Initially all stool samples were tested for rotavirus antigen by ELISA, and positive samples were confirmed by RT-PCR targeting the VP6 rotavirus gene. Determination of rotavirus genotypes was carried out by performing RT-PCR for G and P types. Altogether, 15 samples were sequenced. Results Out of 200 stool samples, 100 (50%) had rotavirus antigen detected by ELISA and 73 (36.5%) were found positive by RT-PCR. Of the rotavirus strains identified, only 63 (86.3%) were positive for both VP7 and VP4 while 10 (13.7%) strains were found nontypeable. Rotavirus infection accounts for 36.5% of gastroenteritis cases in samples from symptomatic children. The most prevalent rotavirus genotypes were G1P [8] (80%) followed by G2P [4] (20%). Conclusions Our results suggest that group A rotavirus is a major pathogene of acute diarrhea in Ahvaz city. The genotypes circulating are similar with those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azarakhsh Azaran
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Manoochehr Makvandi, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran; Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6113738313, Fax: +98-6113738313, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Samarbafzadeh
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Niloofar Neisi
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Hoseinzadeh
- Aboozar Children’s Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rasti
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Majid Teymurirad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mehran Varnaseri
- Department of Infectious, Razi Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Kamyar Makvandi
- School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Zaman K, Fleming JA, Victor JC, Yunus M, Bari TIA, Azim T, Rahman M, Mowla SMN, Bellini WJ, McNeal M, Icenogle JP, Lopman B, Parashar U, Cortese MM, Steele AD, Neuzil KM. Noninterference of Rotavirus Vaccine With Measles-Rubella Vaccine at 9 Months of Age and Improvements in Antirotavirus Immunity: A Randomized Trial. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1686-93. [PMID: 26823338 PMCID: PMC4857472 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The burden of rotavirus morbidity and mortality is high in children aged <5 years in developing countries, and evaluations indicate waning protection from rotavirus immunization in the second year. An additional dose of rotavirus vaccine may enhance the immune response and lengthen the period of protection against disease, but coadministration of this dose should not interfere with immune responses to concurrently given vaccines. Methods. A total of 480 9-month-old participants from Matlab, Bangladesh, were enrolled in a study with a primary objective to establish noninferiority of concomitant administration of measles-rubella vaccine (MR) and a third dose of human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; MR + HRV), compared with MR given alone. Secondary objectives included noninferiority of rubella antibody seroconversion and evaluating rotavirus IgA/IgG seroresponses in MR + HRV recipients. Results. Two months after vaccination, 75.3% and 74.3% of MR + HRV and MR recipients, respectively, had seroprotective levels of measles virus antibodies; 100.0% and 99.6%, respectively, showed anti–rubella virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroprotection. In the MR + HRV group, antirotavirus immunoglobulin A and IgG seropositivity frequencies before vaccination (52.7% and 66.3%, respectively) increased to 69.6% and 88.3% after vaccination. Conclusions. Vaccine-induced measles and rubella antibody responses are not negatively affected by concomitant administration of HRV. The HRV dose increases antirotavirus serum antibody titers and the proportion of infants with detectable antirotavirus antibody. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01700621.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tasnim Azim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Lopman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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