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Souci L, Denesvre C. Interactions between avian viruses and skin in farm birds. Vet Res 2024; 55:54. [PMID: 38671518 PMCID: PMC11055369 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the avian viruses that infect the skin of domestic farm birds of primary economic importance: chicken, duck, turkey, and goose. Many avian viruses (e.g., poxviruses, herpesviruses, Influenza viruses, retroviruses) leading to pathologies infect the skin and the appendages of these birds. Some of these viruses (e.g., Marek's disease virus, avian influenza viruses) have had and/or still have a devasting impact on the poultry economy. The skin tropism of these viruses is key to the pathology and virus life cycle, in particular for virus entry, shedding, and/or transmission. In addition, for some emergent arboviruses, such as flaviviruses, the skin is often the entry gate of the virus after mosquito bites, whether or not the host develops symptoms (e.g., West Nile virus). Various avian skin models, from primary cells to three-dimensional models, are currently available to better understand virus-skin interactions (such as replication, pathogenesis, cell response, and co-infection). These models may be key to finding solutions to prevent or halt viral infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Souci
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Virus Aviaires, UMR1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val-de-Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Virus Aviaires, UMR1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val-de-Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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2
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Gaide N, Crispo M, Jbenyeni A, Bleuart C, Delverdier M, Vergne T, Le Loc’h G, Guérin JL. Validation of an RNAscope assay for the detection of avian influenza A virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:500-506. [PMID: 37334770 PMCID: PMC10467460 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231182385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is an acute viral disease associated with high mortality and great economic losses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a common diagnostic and research tool for the demonstration of avian influenza A virus (AIAV) antigens within affected tissues, supporting etiologic diagnosis and assessing viral distribution in both naturally and experimentally infected birds. RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) has been used successfully for the identification of a variety of viral nucleic acids within histologic samples. We validated RNAscope ISH for the detection of AIAV in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. RNAscope ISH targeting the AIAV matrix gene and anti-IAV nucleoprotein IHC were performed on 61 FFPE tissue sections obtained from 3 AIAV-negative, 16 H5 HPAIAV, and 1 low pathogenicity AIAV naturally infected birds, including 7 species sampled between 2009 and 2022. All AIAV-negative birds were confirmed negative by both techniques. All AIAVs were detected successfully by both techniques in all selected tissues and species. Subsequently, H-score comparison was assessed through computer-assisted quantitative analysis on a tissue microarray comprised of 132 tissue cores from 9 HPAIAV-infected domestic ducks. Pearson correlation of r = 0.95 (0.94-0.97), Lin concordance coefficient of ρc = 0.91 (0.88-0.93), and Bland-Altman analysis indicated high correlation and moderate concordance between the 2 techniques. H-score values were significantly higher with RNAscope ISH compared to IHC for brain, lung, and pancreatic tissues (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, our results indicate that RNAscope ISH is a suitable and sensitive tool for in situ detection of AIAV in FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manuela Crispo
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Adam Jbenyeni
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Bleuart
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Timothée Vergne
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc’h
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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3
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Spackman E. A Review of the Stability of Avian Influenza Virus in Materials from Poultry Farms. Avian Dis 2023; 67:229-236. [PMID: 39126409 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is widespread among poultry and wild waterfowl. The severity of the disease is variable and the highly pathogenic form can rapidly kill numerous avian species. Understanding the stability of AIV infectivity in different substrates in the environment of poultry facilities is critical to developing processes to effectively decontaminate or safely dispose of potentially contaminated material. This review aims to compile the current information on the stability of AIV in materials from poultry farms that cannot be disinfected with chemicals or fumigants: water, litter/bedding, soil, feed, feathers, carcasses/meat, manure/feces, and eggs. There are still important gaps in the data, but available data will inform risk assessments, biosecurity, and procedures to dispose of potentially contaminated material. Among the parameters and conditions reported, temperature is a nearly universal factor where, regardless of substrate, the virus will inactivate faster under a given set of conditions as the temperature increases, and freeze-thaw cycles can facilitate virus inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, 30605, USA,
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4
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Gaide N, Foret-Lucas C, Figueroa T, Vergne T, Lucas MN, Robertet L, Souvestre M, Croville G, Le Loc'h G, Delverdier M, Guérin JL. Viral tropism and detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in feathers of ducks and geese. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5928. [PMID: 33723295 PMCID: PMC7960704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza viruses (HPAIVs) display a tissue pantropism, which implies a possible spread in feathers. HPAIV detection from feathers had been evaluated for H5N1 or H7N1 HPAIVs. It was suggested that viral RNA loads could be equivalent or higher in samples of immature feather compared to tracheal (TS) or cloacal swabs (CS). We investigated the suitability of feathers for the detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAIV in ducks and geese field samples. In the six H5N8 positive flocks that were included in this study, TS, CS and immature wing feathers were taken from at least 10 birds. Molecular loads were then estimated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targetting H5 and M genes. In all flocks, viral loads were at least equivalent between feather and swab samples and in most cases up to 103 higher in feathers. Bayesian modelling confirmed that, in infected poultry, RT-qPCR was much more likely to be positive when applied on a feather sample only (estimated sensitivity between 0.89 and 0.96 depending on the positivity threshold) than on a combination of a tracheal and a cloacal swab (estimated sensitivity between 0.45 and 0.68 depending on the positivity threshold). Viral tropism and lesions in feathers were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Epithelial necrosis of immature feathers and follicles was observed concurrently with positive viral antigen detection and leukocytic infiltration of pulp. Accurate detection of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIVs in feather samples were finally confirmed with experimental H5N8 infection on 10-week-old mule ducks, as viral loads at 3, 5 and 7 days post-infection were higher in feathers than in tracheal or cloacal swabs. However, feather samples were associated with lower viral loads than tracheal swabs at day 1, suggesting better detectability of the virus in feathers in the later course of infection. These results, based on both field cases and experimental infections, suggest that feather samples should be included in the toolbox of samples for detection of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses, at least in ducks and geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Foret-Lucas
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Timothée Vergne
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lucas
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Luc Robertet
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Marie Souvestre
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Croville
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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Biotic concerns in generating molecular diagnosis matrixes for 4 avian viruses with emphasis on Marek's disease virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113708. [PMID: 31351169 PMCID: PMC7119753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The great advance in the field of diagnosis of avian viruses is reflecting the highly sophisticated molecular assays of the human and general virology in providing highly sensitive and fast methods of diagnosis. The present review will discuss the biotic factors and the complexities that became evident with the evolution of the novel molecular diagnostic assays with emphasis on 4 avian viruses, chicken anemia, infectious laryngotracheitis, turkey meningoencephalitis, but mainly on Marek's disease virus. To create a biologically meaningful diagnosis, attention should be dedicated to various biotic factors and not only of the diagnostic assay. Included among the important factors are, (a) the sample examined and the sampling strategy, (b) the outcomes of the pathogen amplification ex vivo, (c) the sampling time and its reflection on the disease diagnosis, (d) the impact of simultaneous multiple virus-infections regarding the ability to demonstrate all pathogens and inter- and intra-interactions between the pathogens. A concerted consideration of the relevant factors and the use of advanced molecular diagnostic assay would yield biologically significant diagnosis in real-time that would beneficiate the poultry industry.
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Horigan V, Gale P, Adkin A, Brown I, Clark J, Kelly L. A qualitative risk assessment of cleansing and disinfection requirements after an avian influenza outbreak in commercial poultry. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:691-699. [PMID: 31474117 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1655707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. During an avian influenza (AI) outbreak in the United Kingdom, the joint aim of the poultry industry and the Government is to eliminate and prevent the spread of infection, through control measures based on the current European Union (EU) Council Directive (2005/94/EC). An essential part of these measures is the cleansing and disinfection (C&D) of infected premises.2. This risk assessment assessed the differences in re-infection in a repopulated flock if the EU Directive is interpreted to permit secondary C&D to be undertaken either with or without dismantling complex equipment. The assessment estimated the probability of virus survival on different types of equipment in a depopulated contaminated poultry house before and after preliminary and secondary C&D procedures. A risk matrix spreadsheet tool was used to carry out the assessment and concluded that, provided secondary C&D is carried out with due diligence (i.e. carried out to a defined code of practice as agreed by both industry and policymakers), the risk of re-infection from equipment is negligible, both with and without dismantling complex equipment in all farm types considered.3. By considering the equipment types individually, the assessment identified those areas of the house which may still contain viable virus post-preliminary C&D and on which attention should be focussed during secondary C&D. The generic risk pathway and matrix spreadsheet tool have the potential to be used for other pathogens and species, given appropriate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Horigan
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - P Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - A Adkin
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - I Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - J Clark
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - L Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Graaf A, Ulrich R, Maksimov P, Scheibner D, Koethe S, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder T. A viral race for primacy: co-infection of a natural pair of low and highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza viruses in chickens and embryonated chicken eggs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:204. [PMID: 30514922 PMCID: PMC6279742 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection in poultry caused devastating mortality and economic losses. HPAIV of subtypes H5 and H7 emerge from precursor viruses of low pathogenicity (LP) by spontaneous mutation associated with a shift in the susceptibility of the endoproteolytic cleavage site of the viral hemagglutinin protein from trypsin- to furin-like proteases. A recently described natural pair of LP/HP H7N7 viruses derived from two spatio-temporally linked outbreaks in layer chickens was used to study how a minority of mutated HP virions after de novo generation in a single host might gain primacy. Co-infection experiments in embryonated eggs and in chickens were conducted to investigate amplification, spread and transmissionof HPAIV within a poultry population that experiences concurrent infection by an antigenically identical LP precursor virus. Simultaneous LPAIV co-infection (inoculum dose of 106 egg-infectious dose 50% endpoint (EID50)/0.5 mL) withincreasing titers of HPAIV from 101 to 105.7 EID50/0.5 mL) had a significant impeding impact on HP H7 replication, viral excretion kinetics, clinical signs and histopathological lesions (in vivo) and on embryo mortality (in ovo). LP/HP co-infected chickens required a hundredfold higher virus dose (HPAIV inoculum of 105 EID50) compared to HPAIV mono-infection (HPAIV inoculum of 103 EID50) to develop overt clinical signs, mortality and virus spread to uninfected sentinels. Escape and spread of HP phenotypes after de novo generation in an index host may therefore be highly precarious due to significant competition with co-circulating LP precursor virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany.
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Park S, Ko YS, Lee SJ, Lee C, Woo K, Ko G. Inactivation of influenza A virus via exposure to silver nanoparticle-decorated silica hybrid composites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27021-27030. [PMID: 30014367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IFV-A) is one of the main cause of seasonal flu and can infect various of host species via the reassortment of segmented RNA genomes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been known as excellent antiviral agent against IFV. However, the use of free AgNPs has several major drawbacks, including the inherent aggregation among AgNPs and unwanted cytotoxic or genotoxic damages for human body via inhalation or ingestion. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of our novel ~ 30-nm-diameter AgNP-decorated silica hybrid composite (Ag30-SiO2; ~ 400 nm in diameter) for IFV-A inactivation. Ag30-SiO2 particles can inhibit IFV-A effectively in a clear dose-dependent manner. However, when real-time RT-PCR assay was used, merely 0.5-log10 reduction of IFV-A was observed at both 5 and 20 °C. Moreover, even after 1 h of exposure to Ag30-SiO2 particles, more than 80% of hemagglutinin (HA) damage and 20% of neuraminidase (NA) activities had occurred, and the infection of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells by IFV-A was reduced. The results suggested that the major antiviral mechanism of Ag30-SiO2 particles is the interaction with viral components located at the membrane. Therefore, Ag30-SiO2 particles can cause nonspecific damage to various IFV-A components and be used as an effective method for inactivating IFV-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seon Ko
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungja Woo
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Stoute S, Crossley B, Shivaprasad HL. Study of an Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 in Commercial Pekin Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in California. Avian Dis 2018; 62:101-108. [PMID: 29620470 DOI: 10.1637/11773-112017-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A February 2015 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 in a flock of commercial Pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in California was investigated in detail. Approximately 17,349 five-wk-old ducks experienced an increased mortality from a normal of eight birds per day to 24, 18, 24, 33, and 61 birds per day, respectively, in the last 5 days prior to flock depopulation. Clinically, there was decreased water and feed consumption, and approximately 1.0% of the affected flock exhibited neurologic signs. Necropsy of five clinically ill ducks revealed pale, patchy areas on the epicardium in two birds, pale foci of necrosis in the liver of one bird, and airsacculitis in three birds. Histopathology revealed multifocal nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, myositis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and glossitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed avian influenza virus (AIV) nucleoprotein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of various cells in the aforementioned organs, as well as in the skin and feathers. Eight of the 10 sera samples tested were positive for avian influenza antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion serology. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs taken from 15 birds, as well as from the lungs, livers, pancreas, and spleen, were positive for AIV by real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT) PCR. AIV was isolated and typed as Eurasian lineage HPAI H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA. Extensive surveillance of birds for AIV around the 10-km zone did not reveal any additional cases. Ducks on the affected premises were humanely euthanatized by foam and composted in-house, the houses were heated to 57 C for 4 days, and swabs were taken periodically from the compost to ensure negativity for AIV by rRT-PCR. The compost and litter were then removed, and the house was pressure cleaned, disinfected, and repopulated approximately 120 days after euthanatization of the ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stoute
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Beate Crossley
- B California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- C California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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10
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamura K, Mase M. Survival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Tissues Derived from Experimentally Infected Chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00604-17. [PMID: 28625993 PMCID: PMC5541213 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00604-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a severe threat to the poultry industry since its emergence in 1996. The carcass or tissues derived from infected birds may present the risk of the virus spreading to humans, animals, and the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated the survival of the virus in feather, muscle, and liver tissues collected from six chickens (Gallus gallus) experimentally infected with HPAI H5N1 virus. The tissues were stored at +4°C or +20°C, and viral isolation was performed at different times for 360 days. The maximum periods for viral survival were observed in samples stored at +4°C in all tissue types and were 240 days in feather tissues, 160 days in muscle, and 20 days in liver. The viral infectivity at +20°C was maintained for a maximum of 30 days in the feather tissues, 20 days in muscle, and 3 days in liver. The viral inactivation rates partly overlapped in the feather and muscle tissues at the two temperatures. The virus was inactivated rapidly in the liver. Our experimental results indicate that the tissue type and temperature can greatly influence the survival of HPAI H5N1 virus in the tissues of infected chickens.IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype can cause massive losses of poultry, and people need to handle a large number of chicken carcasses contaminated with the virus at outbreak sites. This study evaluated how long the virus can keep its infectivity in the three types of tissues derived from chickens infected with the virus. Our experimental results indicate that the virus can survive in tissues for a specific period of time depending on the tissue type and temperature. Our results are valuable for better understanding of viral ecology in the environment and for reducing the risk of the virus spreading via bird tissues contaminated with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Davidson I, Raibstein I, Altory-Natour A, Simanov M, Khinich Y. Development of duplex dual-gene and DIVA real-time RT-PCR assays and use of feathers as a non-invasive sampling method for diagnosis of Turkey Meningoencephalitis Virus. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:256-264. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1256471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Israel Raibstein
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Michael Simanov
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yevgeny Khinich
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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12
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Nuradji H, Bingham J, Payne J, Harper J, Lowther S, Wibawa H, Long NT, Meers J. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus in Feathers. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:226-233. [PMID: 27581388 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816666608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus causes high mortality of infected birds, with infection in multiple organs, including in feathers. Feathers have been proposed as samples for diagnosis of HPAI infection in birds, and this study is part of a broader investigation validating the use of feathers for diagnostic purposes. To understand and characterize the morphological basis for feather infection, sections from 7 different skin tracts of ducks and chickens infected with 3 different clades of H5N1 HPAI virus from Indonesia and Vietnam were examined histologically. Results showed that in ducks, lesions and viral antigen were mainly detected in the epidermis of feathers and follicles, whereas in chickens, they were mostly found in the dermis of these structures. Abundant viral antigen was found in nearly all the feathers examined from chickens, and there was no apparent difference between virus isolates or skin tracts in the proportion of feathers that were antigen positive. By immunohistochemistry, the majority of feathers from most skin tracts from ducks infected with a Vietnamese H5N1 HPAI virus contained abundant levels of viral antigen, while few feathers were antigen positive from ducks infected with 2 Indonesian viruses. These results support and inform the use of feathers for diagnostic detection of H5N1 HPAI virus in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nuradji
- 1 CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,2 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,3 Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - J Bingham
- 1 CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Payne
- 1 CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Harper
- 1 CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Lowther
- 1 CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Wibawa
- 1 CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,2 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,4 Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - N T Long
- 5 Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - J Meers
- 2 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Baatartsogt T, Bui VN, Trinh DQ, Yamaguchi E, Gronsang D, Thampaisarn R, Ogawa H, Imai K. High antiviral effects of hibiscus tea extract on the H5 subtypes of low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1405-1411. [PMID: 27193820 PMCID: PMC5059367 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral neuraminidase inhibitors are widely used as synthetic anti-influenza drugs for the
prevention and treatment of influenza. However, drug-resistant influenza A virus variants,
including H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), have been reported.
Therefore, the discovery of novel and effective antiviral agents is warranted. We screened
the antiviral effects of 11 herbal tea extracts (hibiscus, black tea, tencha, rosehip tea,
burdock tea, green tea, jasmine tea, ginger tea, lavender tea, rose tea and oak tea)
against the H5N1 HPAIV in vitro. Among the tested extracts, only the
hibiscus extract and its fractionated extract (frHibis) highly and rapidly reduced the
titers of all H5 HPAIVs and low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) used in the pre-treatment tests
of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were inoculated with a mixture of the virus
and the extract. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that anti-H5 monoclonal antibodies
could not bind to the deformed H5 virus particles pretreated with frHibis. In
post-treatment tests of MDCK cells cultured in the presence of frHibis after infection
with H5N1 HPAIV, the frHibis inhibited viral replication and the expression of viral
antigens and genes. Among the plants tested, hibiscus showed the most prominent antiviral
effects against both H5 HPAIV and LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugsbaatar Baatartsogt
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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14
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Lee DH, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Park JK, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Nahm SS, Kwon YK, Lee SW, Song CS. Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus replication in feathers of infected chickens. J Vet Sci 2016; 17:115-7. [PMID: 27051348 PMCID: PMC4808636 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) cause systemic diseases in chickens with high mortality. However, little is known about persistence of NDVs in contaminated tissues from infected birds. In this study, we examined viral replication in the feather pulp of chickens inoculated with viscerotropic velogenic NDV (vvNDV) genotype VII. Reverse transcription real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate viral persistence in the samples. vvNDV was detected in the oropharynx and cloaca and viral antigens were detected in the feathers, suggesting that feathers act as sources of viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Anyang 14089, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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15
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Nuradji H, Bingham J, Lowther S, Wibawa H, Colling A, Long NT, Meers J. A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:704-15. [PMID: 26462759 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715611443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs have been widely used for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI virus) in birds. Previous studies have shown that the feather calamus is a site of H5N1 virus replication and therefore has potential for diagnosis of avian influenza. However, studies characterizing the value of feathers for this purpose are not available, to our knowledge; herein we present a study investigating feathers for detection of H5N1 virus. Ducks and chickens were experimentally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to 1 of 3 clades (Indonesian clades 2.1.1 and 2.1.3, Vietnamese clade 1). Different types of feathers and oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were compared by virus isolation. In chickens, virus was detected from all sample types: oral and cloacal swabs, and immature pectorosternal, flight, and tail feathers. During clinical disease, the viral titers were higher in feathers than swabs. In ducks, the proportion of virus-positive samples was variable depending on viral strain and time from challenge; cloacal swabs and mature pectorosternal feathers were clearly inferior to oral swabs and immature pectorosternal, tail, and flight feathers. In ducks infected with Indonesian strains, in which most birds did not develop clinical signs, all sampling methods gave intermittent positive results; 3-23% of immature pectorosternal feathers were positive during the acute infection period; oropharyngeal swabs had slightly higher positivity during early infection, while feathers performed better during late infection. Our results indicate that immature feathers are an alternative sample for the diagnosis of HPAI in chickens and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harimurti Nuradji
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Sue Lowther
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Axel Colling
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Ngo Thanh Long
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
| | - Joanne Meers
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Nuradji, Bingham, Lowther, Wibawa, Colling)School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Nuradji, Wibawa, Meers)Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Nuradji)Disease Investigation Centre Region IV Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Wibawa)Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Long)
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16
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamura K, Yamada M, Mase M. Corneal Opacity in Domestic Ducks Experimentally Infected With H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:65-76. [PMID: 26123230 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815591077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Domestic ducks can be a key factor in the regional spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in Asia. The authors performed experimental infections to examine the relationship between corneal opacity and H5N1 HPAI virus infection in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhyncha var domestica). A total of 99 domestic ducks, including 3 control birds, were used in the study. In experiment 1, when domestic ducks were inoculated intranasally with 2 H5N1 HPAI viruses, corneal opacity appeared more frequently than neurologic signs and mortality. Corneal ulceration and exophthalmos were rare findings. Histopathologic examinations of the eyes of domestic ducks in experiment 2 revealed that corneal opacity was due to the loss of corneal endothelial cells and subsequent keratitis with edema. Influenza viral antigen was detected in corneal endothelial cells and some other ocular cells by immunohistochemistry. Results suggest that corneal opacity is a characteristic and frequent finding in domestic ducks infected with the H5N1 HPAI virus. Confirming this ocular change may improve the detection rate of infected domestic ducks in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M Yamada
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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Simms L, Jeggo M. Avian influenza from an ecohealth perspective. ECOHEALTH 2014; 11:4-14. [PMID: 24763945 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand and better control AI outbreaks, not only is it necessary to understand the biology of influenza viruses but also the natural history of the hosts in which these viruses multiply and the different environments in which the hosts and viruses interact. This includes the anthropogenic factors that have influenced where, whether and how avian influenza (AI) viruses can replicate and transmit between wild birds and poultry, and between poultry and mammals, including factors influencing uptake and application of appropriate control and preventive measures for AI. This disease represents one of the best examples of the need for a 'One Health' approach to understand and tackle disease with an increasing need to comprehend and unravel the environmental and ecology drivers that affect the virus host interactions. This forum piece seeks to bring together these aspects through a review of recent outbreaks and how a deeper understanding of all three aspects, the virus, the host and the environment, can help us better manage future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les Simms
- , PMB 24, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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18
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Bertran K, Dolz R, Majó N. Pathobiology of avian influenza virus infection in minor gallinaceous species: a review. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:9-25. [PMID: 24467281 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.876529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can vary greatly among bird species. Chickens and turkeys are major avian species that, like ducks, have been extensively studied for avian influenza. To a lesser extent, minor avian species such as quail, partridges, and pheasants have also been investigated for avian influenza. Usually, such game fowl species are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic AIVs and may consistently spread both highly pathogenic AIVs and low-pathogenic AIVs. These findings, together with the fact that game birds are considered bridge species in the poultry-wildlife interface, highlight their interest from the transmission and biosecurity points of view. Here, the general pathobiological features of low-pathogenic AIV and highly pathogenic AIV infections in this group of avian species have been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- a Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Spain
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19
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Nakamura K, Ito M, Nakamura T, Yamamoto Y, Yamada M, Mase M, Imai K. Pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in vaccinated chickens: pathogenicity of isolated virus and vaccine effect on challenge of its virus. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:31-6. [PMID: 23966012 PMCID: PMC3979954 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Newcastle disease (ND) virus, isolated from ND outbreak in
vaccinated chickens, was evaluated through experiments. The pathogenicity indexes (mean
death time (MDT); 58 hr, intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI); 1.7 and intravenous
pathogenicity index (IVPI); 2.51) indicated that the ND virus was velogenic. The ND virus
caused lymphocytic necrosis in the spleen with fibrinous exudation and proliferation of
macrophages, sinusoidal fibrin exudation in the liver, proliferation of macrophages in the
lung, lymphocytic necrosis and depletion in the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils and
thymus, necrosis of bone marrow, tracheitis, conjunctivitis and necrosis of feather
epithelial cells in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Immunohistochemically, ND virus
antigens were seen in the lesions mentioned above. The ND virus could not induce the
encephalitis and pancreatitis that were observed in the natural case of ND in vaccinated
chickens. There was no clinical disease in vaccinated chickens after the challenge of the
ND virus. In diluted ND vaccine experiments, chickens vaccinated with a high dilution of
vaccine and then challenged with the ND virus showed clinical sign and mortality with
pancreatic focal necrosis. Vaccine diluted with fresh tap water had no effect on
protection against the challenge of the ND virus. This study suggests that improper
vaccination may be involved in outbreaks of ND in vaccinated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuyasu Nakamura
- National Institute of Animal Health,3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamura K, Yamada M, Mase M. Pathogenesis in Eurasian Tree Sparrows Inoculated with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Experimental Virus Transmission from Tree Sparrows to Chickens. Avian Dis 2013; 57:205-13. [DOI: 10.1637/10415-101012-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Bertran K, Dolz R, Busquets N, Gamino V, Vergara-Alert J, Chaves AJ, Ramis A, Abad FX, Höfle U, Majó N. Pathobiology and transmission of highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in European quail (Coturnix c. coturnix). Vet Res 2013; 44:23. [PMID: 23537387 PMCID: PMC3640924 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
European quail (Coturnix c. coturnix) may share with Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) its potential as an intermediate host and reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIV). To elucidate this question, European quail were experimentally challenged with two highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) (H7N1/HP and H5N1/HP) and one low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) (H7N2/LP). Contact animals were also used to assess the viral transmission among birds. Severe neurological signs and mortality rates of 67% (H7N1/HP) and 92% (H5N1/HP) were observed. Although histopathological findings were present in both HPAIV-infected groups, H5N1/HP-quail displayed a broader viral antigen distribution and extent of microscopic lesions. Neither clinical nor pathological involvement was observed in LPAIV-infected quail. Consistent long-term viral shedding and effective transmission to naive quail was demonstrated for the three studied AIV. Drinking water arose as a possible transmission route and feathers as a potential origin of HPAIV dissemination. The present study demonstrates that European quail may play a major role in AI epidemiology, highlighting the need to further understand its putative role as an intermediate host for avian/mammalian reassortant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Spain.
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Pawar SD, Kale SD, Rawankar AS, Koratkar SS, Raut CG, Pande SA, Mullick J, Mishra AC. Avian influenza surveillance reveals presence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry during 2009-2011 in the West Bengal State, India. Virol J 2012; 9:151. [PMID: 22867041 PMCID: PMC3488339 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction More than 70 outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 have been reported in poultry in the western and north-eastern parts of India. Therefore, in view of the recent HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry, active AI surveillance encompassing wild, resident, migratory birds and poultry was undertaken during 2009–2011 in the State of West Bengal. Methods A total of 5722 samples were collected from West Bengal; 3522 samples (2906 fecal droppings + 616 other environmental samples) were from migratory birds and 2200 samples [1604 tracheal, cloacal swabs, environmental samples, tissue samples + 596 blood (serum)] were from domestic ducks and poultry. All tracheal, cloacal and environmental samples were processed for virus isolation. Virus isolates were detected using hemagglutination assay and identified using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial region of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes was done. Intravenous pathogenicity index assays were performed in chickens to assess pathogenicity of AI virus isolates. Serum samples were tested for detection of antibodies against AI viruses using HI assay. Results A total of 57 AI H9N2, 15 AI H4N6 and 15 Newcastle Disease (NDV) viruses were isolated from chickens, from both backyard and wet poultry markets; AI H4N6 viruses were isolated from backyard chickens and domestic ducks. Characterization of AI H9N2 and H4N6 viruses revealed that they were of low pathogenicity. Domestic ducks were positive for antibodies against H5 and H7 viruses while chickens were positive for presence of antibodies against AI H9N2 and NDV. Conclusions In the current scenario of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in West Bengal, this report shows presence of low pathogenic AI H9N2 and H4N6 viruses in chickens and domestic ducks during the period 2009–2011. This is the first report of isolation of H4N6 from India. Antibodies against AI H5 and H7 in ducks highlight the probable role of domestic ducks in the transmission of AI viruses. Human infections of H9N2 have been reported from China and Hong Kong. This necessitates implementation of prevention and control measures to limit the spread of AI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh D Pawar
- National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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Chmielewski R, Swayne DE. Avian influenza: public health and food safety concerns. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012; 2:37-57. [PMID: 22129374 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a disease or asymptomatic infection caused by Influenzavirus A. AI viruses are species specific and rarely cross the species barrier. However, subtypes H5, H7, and H9 have caused sporadic infections in humans, mostly as a result of direct contact with infected birds. H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus causes a rapid onset of severe viral pneumonia and is highly fatal (60% mortality). Outbreaks of AI could have a severe economic and social impact on the poultry industry, trade, and public health. Surveillance data revealed that H5N1 HPAI has been detected in imported frozen duck meat from Asia, and on the surface and in contaminated eggs. However, there is no direct evidence that AI viruses can be transmitted to humans via the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Implementing management practices that incorporate biosecurity principles, personal hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection protocols, as well as cooking and processing standards, are effective means of controlling the spread of the AI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revis Chmielewski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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24
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Gutiérrez RA, Sorn S, Nicholls JM, Buchy P. Eurasian Tree Sparrows, risk for H5N1 virus spread and human contamination through Buddhist ritual: an experimental approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28609. [PMID: 22164310 PMCID: PMC3229601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus has dramatically spread throughout Southeast Asia since its first detection in 1997. Merit Release Birds, such as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, are believed to increase one's positive karma when kissed and released during Buddhist rituals. Since these birds are often in close contact with both poultry and humans, we investigated their potential role in the spread of H5N1 virus. Methodology/Principal Findings Seven series of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the possible interactions between inoculated and exposed birds, including sparrow/sparrow, sparrow/chicken, duck/sparrow. Daily and post-mortem samples collected were tested for H5N1 virus by real-time RT-PCR and egg inoculation. When directly inoculated, Eurasian Tree Sparrows were highly susceptible to the H5N1 virus, with a fatality rate approaching 100% within 5 days post-inoculation. Although transmission of fatal infection between sparrows did not occur, seroconversion of the exposed birds was observed. Up to 100% chickens exposed to inoculated sparrows died of H5N1 infection, depending on the caging conditions of the birds, while a fatality rate of 50% was observed on sparrows exposed to infected ducks. Large quantities of H5N1 virus were detected in the sparrows, particularly in their feathers, from which infectious particles were recovered. Conclusions/Significance Our study indicates that under experimental conditions, Eurasian Tree Sparrows are susceptible to H5N1 infection, either by direct inoculation or by contact with infected poultry. Their ability to transmit H5N1 infection to other birds is also demonstrated, suggesting that the sparrows may play a role in the dissemination of the virus. Finally, the presence of significant quantities of H5N1 virus on sparrows' feathers, including infectious particles, would suggest that Merit Release Birds represent a risk for human contamination in countries where avian influenza virus is circulating and where this religious ritual is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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Chmielewski RA, Beck JR, Swayne DE. Thermal inactivation of avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus in a fat-free egg product. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1161-8. [PMID: 21740719 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus, low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus, virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) and low-virulent Newcastle disease virus (lNDV) can be present on the eggshell surface, and HPAI viruses and vNDV can be present in the internal contents of chicken eggs laid by infected hens. With the increase in global trade, egg products could present potential biosecurity problems and affect international trade in liquid and dried egg products. Therefore, the generation of survival curves to determine decimal reduction times (D(T)-values) and change in heat resistance of the viruses (z(D)-value) within fat-free egg product could provide valuable information for development of risk reduction strategies. Thermal inactivation studies using A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2) HPAI virus resulted in D(55)-, D(56)-, D(56.7)-, D(57)-, D(58)-, and D(59)-values of 18.6, 8.5, 3.6, 2.5, 0.4, and 0.4 min, respectively. The z(D)-value was 4.4 °C. LPAI virus A/chicken/New York/13142/94 (H7N2) had D(55)-, D(56.7)-, D(57)-, D(58)-, D(59)-, and D(60)-values of 2.9, 1.4, 0.8, 0.7, 0.7, and 0.5 min, respectively, and a z-value of 0.4 °C. vNDV avian paramyxoviruses of serotype 1 (AMPV-1)/chicken/California/212676/2002 had D(55)-, D(56)-, D(56.7)-, D(57)-, D(58)-, and D(59)-values of 12.4, 9.3, 6.2, 5, 3.7, and 1.7 min, respectively. The z(D)-value was 4.7 °C. lNDV AMPV-1/chicken/United States/B1/1948 had D(55)-, D(57)-, D(58)-, D(59)-, D(61)-, and D(63)-values of 5.3, 2.2, 1.1, 0.55, 0.19, and 0.17 min, respectively, and a z(D)-value of 1.0 °C. Use of these data in developing egg pasteurization standards for AI and NDV-infected countries should allow safer trade in liquid egg products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revis A Chmielewski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Bertran K, Pérez-Ramírez E, Busquets N, Dolz R, Ramis A, Darji A, Abad FX, Valle R, Chaves A, Vergara-Alert J, Barral M, Höfle U, Majó N. Pathogenesis and transmissibility of highly (H7N1) and low (H7N9) pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa). Vet Res 2011; 42:24. [PMID: 21314907 PMCID: PMC3045332 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was carried out in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in order to study clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral distribution in tissues and viral shedding. Birds were infected with a HPAIV subtype H7N1 (A/Chicken/Italy/5093/1999) and a LPAIV subtype H7N9 (A/Anas crecca/Spain/1460/2008). Uninoculated birds were included as contacts in both groups. In HPAIV infected birds, the first clinical signs were observed at 3 dpi, and mortality started at 4 dpi, reaching 100% at 8 dpi. The presence of viral antigen in tissues and viral shedding were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRRT-PCR), respectively, in all birds infected with HPAIV. However, neither clinical signs nor histopathological findings were observed in LPAIV infected partridges. In addition, only short-term viral shedding together with seroconversion was detected in some LPAIV inoculated animals. The present study demonstrates that the red-legged partridge is highly susceptible to the H7N1 HPAIV strain, causing severe disease, mortality and abundant viral shedding and thus contributing to the spread of a potential local outbreak of this virus. In contrast, our results concerning H7N9 LPAIV suggest that the red-legged partridge is not a reservoir species for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Gilbert M, Newman SH, Takekawa JY, Loth L, Biradar C, Prosser DJ, Balachandran S, Subba Rao MV, Mundkur T, Yan B, Xing Z, Hou Y, Batbayar N, Natsagdorj T, Hogerwerf L, Slingenbergh J, Xiao X. Flying over an infected landscape: distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 risk in South Asia and satellite tracking of wild waterfowl. ECOHEALTH 2010; 7:448-58. [PMID: 21267626 PMCID: PMC3166606 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus persists in Asia, posing a threat to poultry, wild birds, and humans. Previous work in Southeast Asia demonstrated that HPAI H5N1 risk is related to domestic ducks and people. Other studies discussed the role of migratory birds in the long distance spread of HPAI H5N1. However, the interplay between local persistence and long-distance dispersal has never been studied. We expand previous geospatial risk analysis to include South and Southeast Asia, and integrate the analysis with migration data of satellite-tracked wild waterfowl along the Central Asia flyway. We find that the population of domestic duck is the main factor delineating areas at risk of HPAI H5N1 spread in domestic poultry in South Asia, and that other risk factors, such as human population and chicken density, are associated with HPAI H5N1 risk within those areas. We also find that satellite tracked birds (Ruddy Shelduck and two Bar-headed Geese) reveal a direct spatio-temporal link between the HPAI H5N1 hot-spots identified in India and Bangladesh through our risk model, and the wild bird outbreaks in May-June-July 2009 in China (Qinghai Lake), Mongolia, and Russia. This suggests that the continental-scale dynamics of HPAI H5N1 are structured as a number of persistence areas delineated by domestic ducks, connected by rare transmission through migratory waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gilbert
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP160/12, Av FD Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Rabinowitz P, Perdue M, Mumford E. Contact variables for exposure to avian influenza H5N1 virus at the human-animal interface. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:227-38. [PMID: 19486500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus continues to cause infections in both avian and human populations, the specific zoonotic risk factors remain poorly understood. This review summarizes available evidence regarding types of contact associated with transmission of H5N1 virus at the human-animal interface. A systematic search of the published literature revealed five analytical studies and 15 case reports describing avian influenza transmission from animals to humans for further review. Risk factors identified in analytical studies were compared, and World Health Organization-confirmed cases, identified in case reports, were classified according to type of contact reported using a standardized algorithm. Although cases were primarily associated with direct contact with sick/unexpectedly dead birds, some cases reported only indirect contact with birds or contaminated environments or contact with apparently healthy birds. Specific types of contacts or activities leading to exposure could not be determined from data available in the publications reviewed. These results support previous reports that direct contact with sick birds is not the only means of human exposure to avian influenza H5N1 virus. To target public health measures and disease awareness messaging for reducing the risk of zoonotic infection with avian influenza H5N1 virus, the specific types of contacts and activities leading to transmission need to be further understood. The role of environmental virus persistence, shedding of virus by asymptomatic poultry and disease pathophysiology in different avian species relative to human zoonotic risk, as well as specific modes of zoonotic transmission, should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rabinowitz
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Persistence of avian influenza virus (H5N1) in feathers detached from bodies of infected domestic ducks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5496-9. [PMID: 20581177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00563-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) continues to cause mortality in poultry and wild bird populations at a panzootic scale. However, little is known about its persistence in contaminated tissues derived from infected birds. We investigated avian influenza virus (H5N1) persistence in feathers detached from bodies of infected ducks to evaluate their potential risk for environmental contamination. Four-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated with different clades of avian influenza virus (H5N1). Feathers, drinking water, and feces were collected on day 3 postinoculation and stored at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C. Viral persistence in samples was investigated for 360 days by virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR. Infectious viruses persisted for the longest period in feathers, compared with drinking water and feces, at both 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Viral infectivity persisted in the feathers for 160 days at 4 degrees C and for 15 days at 20 degrees C. Viral titers of 10(4.3) 50% egg infectious doses/ml or greater were detected for 120 days in feathers stored at 4 degrees C. Viral RNA in feathers was more stable than the infectivity. These results indicate that feathers detached from domestic ducks infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) can be a source of environmental contamination and may function as fomites with high viral loads in the environment.
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Can preening contribute to influenza A virus infection in wild waterbirds? PLoS One 2010; 5:e11315. [PMID: 20593026 PMCID: PMC2892510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds in the Orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are the main reservoir hosts perpetuating the genetic pool of all influenza A viruses, including pandemic viruses. High viral loads in feces of infected birds permit a fecal-oral route of transmission. Numerous studies have reported the isolation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from surface water at aquatic bird habitats. These isolations indicate aquatic environments have an important role in the transmission of AIV among wild aquatic birds. However, the progressive dilution of infectious feces in water could decrease the likelihood of virus/host interactions. To evaluate whether alternate mechanisms facilitate AIV transmission in aquatic bird populations, we investigated whether the preen oil gland secretions by which all aquatic birds make their feathers waterproof could support a natural mechanism that concentrates AIVs from water onto birds' bodies, thus, representing a possible source of infection by preening activity. We consistently detected both viral RNA and infectious AIVs on swabs of preened feathers of 345 wild mallards by using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus-isolation (VI) assays. Additionally, in two laboratory experiments using a quantitative real-time (qR) RT-PCR assay, we demonstrated that feather samples (n = 5) and cotton swabs (n = 24) experimentally impregnated with preen oil, when soaked in AIV-contaminated waters, attracted and concentrated AIVs on their surfaces. The data presented herein provide information that expands our understanding of AIV ecology in the wild bird reservoir system.
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Busquets N, Abad FX, Alba A, Dolz R, Allepuz A, Rivas R, Ramis A, Darji A, Majó N. Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in infected chickens: feather as a suitable sample for diagnosis. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2307-13. [PMID: 20484562 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.021592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of an ideal sample is a vital element in early detection of influenza infection. Rapid identification of infectious individuals or animals is crucial not only for avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance programmes, but also for treatment and containment strategies. This study used a combination of quantitative real-time RT-PCR with an internal positive control and a cell-titration system to examine the presence of virus in different samples during active experimental AIV infection and its persistence in the infected carcasses. Oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs as well as feather pulp and blood samples were collected from 15-day-old chicks infected with H7N1 highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) and the kinetics of virus shedding during active infection were evaluated. Additionally, several samples (muscle, skin, brain, feather pulp and oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs) were examined to assess the persistence of virus in the HPAIV-infected carcasses. Based on the results, feather pulp was found to be the best sample to detect and isolate HPAIV from infected chicks from 24 h after inoculation onwards. Kinetic studies on the persistence of virus in infected carcasses revealed that tissues such as muscle could potentially transmit infectious virus for 3 days post-mortem (p.m.), whilst other tissues such as skin, feather pulp and brain retained their infectivity for as long as 5-6 days p.m. at environmental temperature (22-23 degrees C). These results strongly favour feather as a useful sample for HPAIV diagnosis in infected chickens as well as in carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Busquets
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Löndt BZ, Núñez A, Banks J, Alexander DJ, Russell C, Richard-Löndt AC, Brown IH. The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010; 4:17-25. [PMID: 20021503 PMCID: PMC4941950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses have recently displayed increased virulence for wild waterfowl. Objectives To study the effect of host age on the shedding and tissue dissemination of a HPAI H5N1 virus in infected Pekin ducks. Methods Pekin ducks in two age‐matched groups (n = 18), 8 and 12 weeks old (wo) were each infected with 106 EID50/0·1 ml of HPAI A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (H5N1, clade 2·2). Each day for 5 days, birds were monitored clinically, and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs collected, before three birds from each group were selected randomly for post‐mortem examination. Tissue samples were collected for examination by real‐time RT‐PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Severe clinical signs, including incoordination and torticollis were observed in the 8 wo group resulting in 100% mortality by 4 dpi. Mild clinical signs were observed in the 12 wo group with no mortality. Real‐time RT‐PCR and IHC results demonstrated the systemic spread of H5N1 virus in birds of both age groups. Higher levels of virus shedding were detected in oropharyngeal swabs than in cloacal swabs, with similar levels of shedding detected in both age groups. Variations in level and temporal dissemination of virus within tissues of older ducks, and the presence of the virus in brain and heart were observed, which coincided with the appearance of clinical signs preceding death in younger birds. Conclusions These results are consistent with reports of natural infections of wild waterfowl and poultry possibly indicating an age‐related association with dissemination and clinical outcome in ducks following infection with H5N1 HPAI virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Z Löndt
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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YAMAMOTO Y, NAKAMURA K, YAMADA M, ITO T. Zoonotic risk for influenza A (H5N1) infection in wild swan feathers. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 71:1549-51. [PMID: 19959912 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whooper swans naturally infected with avian influenza virus (H5N1) to evaluate the possible zoonotic risk of swan feathers. Viruses were isolated from feather calami. Immunohistochemical testing revealed that virus antigens were present in the feather epidermis and feather follicle wall epidermis of some feathers. RT-PCR and genetic sequencing using paraffin sections of swan feathers confirmed the presence of avian influenza virus (H5N1) in the feather tissue. These results indicate that the feathers could have the risk for zoonotic infection from infected wild swans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu YAMAMOTO
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Trampel DW, Zack JT, Clouse TL, Bickett-Weddle DA, Brown GB, Rao VS, Hurd HS, Garris GI, Roth JA. A federal and state transport plan for movement of eggs and egg products from commercial egg production premises in a high-pathogenicity avian influenza control area. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:1412-9. [PMID: 20001773 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.12.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell W Trampel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Davidson I. Diverse uses of feathers with emphasis on diagnosis of avian viral infections and vaccine virus monitoring. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2009000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beato MS, Capua I, Alexander DJ. Avian influenza viruses in poultry products: a review. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:193-200. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450902912200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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van Riel D, van den Brand JMA, Munster VJ, Besteboer TM, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Pathology and virus distribution in chickens naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H7N7) During the 2003 outbreak in The Netherlands. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:971-6. [PMID: 19429981 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0215-k-bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The largest recorded outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the subtype H7N7 occurred in The Netherlands in 2003. We describe the immunohistochemical and histopathologic findings of 3 chickens naturally infected during this outbreak. Influenza virus antigen occurred in endothelial cells and mononuclear cells of all tissues examined and occurred in parenchymal cells of heart, lung, kidney, pancreas, and trachea, often associated with multifocal inflammation and necrosis. These findings are consistent with the acute stage of highly pathogenic avian influenza from other subtypes. In the severely edematous wattle skin, most endothelial cells contained virus antigen, while in all other tissues virus antigen was only detected in a few endothelial cells. Virus histochemistry showed that this H7N7 virus attached to more endothelial cells in wattle skin than in other vascular beds. This might explain, at least partly, the tropism of the virus and the associated severity of lesions in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Riel
- Erasmus MC, Department of Virology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamura K, Okamatsu M, Miyazaki A, Yamada M, Mase M. Detecting avian influenza virus (H5N1) in domestic duck feathers. Emerg Infect Dis 2008. [PMID: 18826847 PMCID: PMC2609858 DOI: 10.3201/1410.080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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39
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamura K, Okamatsu M, Miyazaki A, Yamada M, Mase M. Detecting avian influenza virus (H5N1) in domestic duck feathers. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1671-2. [PMID: 18826847 DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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40
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Animal health and welfare aspects of avian influenza and the risk of its introduction into the EU poultry holdings - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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