1
|
Rivas M, Pichel M, Colonna M, Casanello AL, Alconcher LF, Galavotti J, Principi I, Araujo SP, Ramírez FB, González G, Pianciola LA, Mazzeo M, Suarez Á, Oderiz S, Ghezzi LFR, Arrigo DJ, Paladini JH, Baroni MR, Pérez S, Tamborini A, Chinen I, Miliwebsky ES, Goldbaum F, Muñoz L, Spatz L, Sanguineti S. Surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli associated bloody diarrhea in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:345-354. [PMID: 37301652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS) infection is endemic, and reliable data about prevalence and risk factors have been available since 2000. However, information about STEC-associated bloody diarrhea (BD) is limited. A prospective study was performed during the period October 2018-June 2019 in seven tertiary-hospitals and 18 referral units from different regions, aiming to determine (i) the frequency of STEC-positive BD cases in 714 children aged 1-9 years of age and (ii) the rate of progression of bloody diarrhea to HUS. The number and regional distribution of STEC-HUS cases in the same hospitals and during the same period were also assessed. Twenty-nine (4.1%) of the BD patients were STEC-positive, as determined by the Shiga Toxin Quik Chek (STQC) test and/or the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay. The highest frequencies were found in the Southern region (Neuquén, 8.7%; Bahía Blanca, 7.9%), in children between 12 and 23 month of age (8.8%), during summertime. Four (13.8%) cases progressed to HUS, three to nine days after diarrhea onset. Twenty-seven STEC-HUS in children under 5 years of age (77.8%) were enrolled, 51.9% were female; 44% were Stx-positive by STQC and all by mPCR. The most common serotypes were O157:H7 and O145:H28 and the prevalent genotypes, both among BD and HUS cases, were stx2a-only or -associated. Considering the endemic behavior of HUS and its high incidence, these data show that the rate of STEC-positive cases is low among BD patients. However, the early recognition of STEC-positive cases is important for patient monitoring and initiation of supportive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rivas
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Pichel
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Colonna
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura F Alconcher
- Hospital Interzonal "Dr. José Penna", Av. Laínez 2401, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Galavotti
- Hospital Interzonal "Dr. José Penna", Av. Laínez 2401, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iliana Principi
- Hospital de Niños "Dr. Humberto Notti", Av. Bandera de los Andes 2603, M5521 Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sofía Pérez Araujo
- Hospital de Niños "Dr. Humberto Notti", Av. Bandera de los Andes 2603, M5521 Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia B Ramírez
- Hospital Provincial Neuquén Dr. Castro Rendón, Buenos Aires 450, Q8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Gladys González
- Hospital Provincial Neuquén Dr. Castro Rendón, Buenos Aires 450, Q8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Luis A Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Gregorio Martínez 65, Q8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Melina Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central, Gregorio Martínez 65, Q8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Ángela Suarez
- Hospital De Niños "Sor María Ludovica", Calle 14 1631 entre 65 y 66, B1904CSI La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Oderiz
- Hospital De Niños "Sor María Ludovica", Calle 14 1631 entre 65 y 66, B1904CSI La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lidia F R Ghezzi
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199AB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Arrigo
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199AB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José H Paladini
- Hospital Dr. Orlando Alassia, Mendoza 4151, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María R Baroni
- Hospital Dr. Orlando Alassia, Mendoza 4151, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Susana Pérez
- Hospital "Dr. Lucio Molas", Raúl B. Díaz Pilcomayo, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Ana Tamborini
- Hospital "Dr. Lucio Molas", Raúl B. Díaz Pilcomayo, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Isabel Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth S Miliwebsky
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Goldbaum
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Muñoz
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Linus Spatz
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Sanguineti
- Inmunova S.A., Av. 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivero MA, Krüger A, Rodríguez EM, Signorini Porchietto ML, Lucchesi PMA. Seropositivity to Shiga toxin 2 among Argentinian urban and rural residents. Association with sociodemographic and exposure factors. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:e30-e37. [PMID: 34969078 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are enteric pathogens that cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Ruminants, especially cattle, are their main reservoir. This study describes the seroepidemiology of STEC in rural and urban populations in Argentina, a country with a high HUS incidence. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. IgG antibodies against Stx2 were detected by western blotting. RESULTS Anti-Stx2 antibodies were detected in 14.56% of serum samples, more frequently in rural (19.38%) than urban residents (12%). Seropositivity was associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Among the other variables considered, thawing homemade hamburgers before cooking them, and the lack of knowledge about HUS were also associated with seropositivity. A multivariate logistic regression analysis performed with the variables that were statistically significant showed that only the SES index remained significant. As SES was measured based on several variables, we further analyzed each one of them and found that the lack of a high education level was statistically associated with seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS The present findings have implications for STEC prevention efforts, highlighting the importance of considering SES and risks factors linked to different SES levels when targeting consumer-level public health interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alejandra Rivero
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Mario Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Paula María Alejandra Lucchesi
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ray R, Singh P. Prevalence and Implications of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Farm and Wild Ruminants. Pathogens 2022; 11:1332. [PMID: 36422584 PMCID: PMC9694250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen that causes human gastrointestinal infections across the globe, leading to kidney failure or even death in severe cases. E. coli are commensal members of humans and animals' (cattle, bison, and pigs) guts, however, may acquire Shiga-toxin-encoded phages. This acquisition or colonization by STEC may lead to dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial community of the host. Wildlife and livestock animals can be asymptomatically colonized by STEC, leading to pathogen shedding and transmission. Furthermore, there has been a steady uptick in new STEC variants representing various serotypes. These, along with hybrids of other pathogenic E. coli (UPEC and ExPEC), are of serious concern, especially when they possess enhanced antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, etc. Recent studies have reported these in the livestock and food industry with minimal focus on wildlife. Disturbed natural habitats and changing climates are increasingly creating wildlife reservoirs of these pathogens, leading to a rise in zoonotic infections. Therefore, this review comprehensively surveyed studies on STEC prevalence in livestock and wildlife hosts. We further present important microbial and environmental factors contributing to STEC spread as well as infections. Finally, we delve into potential strategies for limiting STEC shedding and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Characterization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli from diarrhoeic patients with particular reference to production of Shiga-like toxin. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Alconcher LF, Balestracci A, Coccia PA, Suarez ADC, Ramírez FB, Monteverde ML, Perez Y Gutiérrez MG, Carlopio PM, Principi I, Estrella P, Micelli S, Leroy DC, Quijada NE, Seminara C, Giordano MI, Hidalgo Solís SB, Saurit M, Caminitti A, Arias A, Liern M, Rivas M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in Argentina: update of serotypes and genotypes and their relationship with severity of the disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2811-2817. [PMID: 33604727 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-04988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection is the most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Only few studies correlated serotypes and stx genotypes with disease severity. This study aimed to update STEC serotypes, stx genotypes, and virulence factors (eae and ehxA) in a cohort of patients with STEC-HUS and investigate whether they influence the severity of disease. METHODS In this multicentric study, children hospitalized between 2005 and 2016 with STEC-HUS confirmed by the National Reference Laboratory were included. Serotypes (O157, O145, O121, and others), stx genotypes (stx1a, stx2a, stx2c, stx2d, and others), and virulence factors were analyzed, and their association with dialysis requirement (>10 days); severe neurological, cardiovascular, and/or bowel involvement; and death was assessed. RESULTS The records of 280 patients were reviewed; 160 females, median age 21 months (IQR18m). STEC O157 was isolated in 206 (73.6%) patients, O145 in 47 (16.8%), O121 in 15 (5.4%), and other serotypes in 12 (4.2%). The stx2a/2c genotype was carried by 179 (63.9%) strains, stx2a by 94 (33.6%), stx1a/stx2a by five (1.8%), and stx1a only by two (0.7%). All strains except six harbored eae and ehxA genes. Fifty-nine (21.1%) patients had severe neurological involvement, 29 (10.4%) severe bowel injury, 14 (5%) cardiovascular involvement, 53 (18.9%) required > 10 days of dialysis, and 12 (4.3%) died. Neither serotypes nor stx genotypes detected were significantly linked to severity. CONCLUSIONS Serotype O157 and virulence stx2a/2c, eae, ehxA genotype are prevalent in Argentina, and no relationship was found between severity and serotypes and genotypes of STEC detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Alconcher
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Department, Hospital Interzonal Dr. José Penna Bahía Blanca, Las Lomas 217, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Balestracci
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Coccia
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Italiano Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angela Del C Suarez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Niños Sor María Ludovica La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia B Ramírez
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Castro Rendon Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Marta L Monteverde
- Hospital Nacional de Pediatría JP Garrahan CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Paula M Carlopio
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Illiana Principi
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Pediátrico Humberto J Notti Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia Estrella
- Dirección de Epidemiología de La Pampa - Hospital Lucio Molas, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Susana Micelli
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniela C Leroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Abrahan Piñeyro Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Saurit
- Hospital Público Materno Infantil de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Caminitti
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Provincial de Santa Fé, Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Andrea Arias
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Materno Infantil Dr. Héctor Quintana Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Miguel Liern
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Gutiérrez CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Rivas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luna M, Kamariski M, Principi I, Bocanegra V, Vallés PG. Severely ill pediatric patients with Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) who suffered from multiple organ involvement in the early stage. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:1499-1509. [PMID: 33205220 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is the main cause of pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) in Argentina. Endothelial injury is the trigger event in the microangiopathic process. The host inflammatory response to toxin and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is involved in disease pathophysiology. METHODS This retrospective study describes pediatric STEC-HUS patients with multiorgan involvement at the initial phase of disease. A retrospective study of critically ill HUS patients with evidence of E. coli infection was conducted through a period of 15 years. RESULTS Forty-four patients 35.4 ± 4.1 months were admitted to the intensive care unit for 21 ± 2 days. Mechanical ventilation was required in 41 patients, early inotropic support in 37, and 28 developed septic shock. Forty-one patients required kidney replacement therapy for 12 ± 1 days. Forty-one patients showed neurological dysfunction. Dilated cardiomyopathy was demonstrated in 3 patients, left ventricular systolic dysfunction in 4, and hypertension in 17. Four patients had pulmonary hemorrhage, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in 2. Colectomy for transmural colonic necrosis was performed in 3 patients. Thirty-seven patients were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange, and 28 patients received methylprednisolone (10 mg/kg for 3 days). Of the surviving 32 patients, neurological sequelae were seen in 11 and chronic kidney failure in 5. CONCLUSIONS Severe clinical outcome at onset suggests an amplified inflammatory response after exposure to Shiga toxin and/or E. coli LPS. STEC-HUS associated with severe neurological involvement, hemodynamic instability, and AKI requires intensive care and focused therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Luna
- Servicio de Nefrología, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Humberto Notti, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mariana Kamariski
- Servicio de Nefrología, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Humberto Notti, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Iliana Principi
- Servicio de Nefrología, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Humberto Notti, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Victoria Bocanegra
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia G Vallés
- Servicio de Nefrología, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Humberto Notti, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Non-diarrheagenic and diarrheagenic E. coli carrying supplementary virulence genes (SVG) are associated with diarrhea in children from Mexico. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104994. [PMID: 34044054 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains, including diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), are among the most important causes of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. Since these strains also colonize healthy children, additional factors leading to diarrhea remains to be discovered. We therefore conducted a comprehensive study to investigate if supplementary virulence genes (SVG) carried by DEC strains and non-DEC strains, contribute to diarrhea in Mexican children. E. coli strains were isolated from n = 317 children between 6 and 12 years, n = 114 with diarrhea and n = 203 asymptomatic children from Northwestern Mexico, PCR was used to identify SVG, then virulence score and cytotoxic assay in HT-29 cells were performed to evaluate virulence of E. coli strains. DEC prevalence was 18.6% and its presence was significantly associated with diarrhea cases. aEPEC, tEAEC, ETEC, DAEC, aEAEC, tEPEC, and EIEC pathotypes were identified. aEPEC strains were significantly associated with asymptomatic children, whereas ETEC was only identified in children with diarrhea. E. coli strains carrying colonization-related SVG and/or proteolysis-related SVG were significantly associated with diarrhea. DEC strains were associated to diarrhea if strains carried SVG ehaC, kps, nleB, and/or espC. Virulence score was significantly higher in E. coli from diarrhea cases than asymptomatic. In addition, DEC strains carrying SVG+ were more virulent, followed by non-DEC SVG+ strains, and correlated with the cytotoxicity assay. Nearly 50% of DEC strains were MDR, and ~10% were XDR. In conclusion the findings of this work provide evidence that the presence of E. coli strains (regardless if strains are DEC or non-DEC) with SVG were associated with diarrhea in Mexican children.
Collapse
|
8
|
Molina NB, Oderiz S, Vescina C, Córdoba A, Basualdo JÁ, Sparo MD. [First report of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in pediatric outpatient population with diarrhea in La Plata, Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 54:15-21. [PMID: 33875293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is a heterogeneous group of strains that presents various virulence factors and causes different diarrheal syndromes. The most studied pathotypes are enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The objective was to estimate the frequency of infection of diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes in children with diarrhea, attended at the Sor María Ludovica Hospital in La Plata, Argentina, during the period May-October 2017. E. coli pathotypes were detected by molecular amplification of eight characteristic virulence genes. The feces of 211 children (76% under 5 years) were studied. Infection with diarrheagenic E. coli was detected in 12.3% of the samples. The pathotypes were EAEC (10.43%), ETEC (1.42%, all of them positive for thermolabile toxin), EPEC (0.95%) and STEC (0.47%, positive for Shiga toxin 2). The EAEC pathotype was prevalent in children of all age groups, while ETEC, EPEC and STEC were only observed in children under 5 years of age. This study constitutes the first report of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli detection in an outpatient pediatric population with diarrhea from La Plata, using molecular amplification techniques. Broader future studies, including the characterization of the isolates with the largest number of genes, asymptomatic controls, different times of the year and population from different geographic areas will be necessary to clarify the relevance of diarrheagenic E. coli infection in children from Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Beatriz Molina
- Centro Universitario de Estudios Microbiológicos y Parasitológicos (CUDEMYP)-CIC, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián Oderiz
- Sala de Microbiología, Hospital Interzonal de Niños Sor María Ludovica, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vescina
- Sala de Microbiología, Hospital Interzonal de Niños Sor María Ludovica, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Córdoba
- Centro Universitario de Estudios Microbiológicos y Parasitológicos (CUDEMYP)-CIC, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Ángel Basualdo
- Centro Universitario de Estudios Microbiológicos y Parasitológicos (CUDEMYP)-CIC, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica Delfina Sparo
- Centro Universitario de Estudios Microbiológicos y Parasitológicos (CUDEMYP)-CIC, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Getaneh DK, Hordofa LO, Ayana DA, Tessema TS, Regassa LD. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and associated factors in under-five children in Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246024. [PMID: 33508023 PMCID: PMC7842931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the most potent zoonotic pathogens that causes mild diarrhea and leads to hemolytic uremic syndrome or death. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of E. coli O157:H7 related to diarrhea among under-five children with acute diarrhea. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was carried out in 2018 on 378 under-five-year children recruited randomly from hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Stool specimens were collected and processed using enrichment, differential and selective medium. Among isolates, E. coli O157:H7 was confirmed using latex test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, England). Factors associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression. Associations were reported by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea was 15.3% (95%CI: 11.8-19.5). The E. coli O157:H7 infection was positively associated with rural residence (AOR;3.75, 95%CI:1.26-11.20), consumption of undercooked meat (AOR;3.95, 95%CI: 1.23-12.67), raw vegetables and/or fruit juice (AOR;3.37, 95%CI:1.32-8.62), presence of bloody diarrhea (AOR;4.42, 95% CI:1.78-10.94), number of under-five children in a household (AOR;7.16, 95%CI: 2.90-17.70), presence of person with diarrhea in a household (AOR;4.22, 95% CI: 1.84-12.69), owning domestic animal (AOR;3.87, 95% CI: 1.48-10.12) and uneducated mother (AOR;3.14, 95%CI: 1.05-9.42). CONCLUSION The Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea among under-five children is relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. The E. coli infection was associated with sanitation and hygiene in a household. Thus, education focused on food cooking and handling, child care, and household sanitation associated with animal manure in rural resident children are helpful in.
Collapse
|
10
|
Brusa V, Costa M, Padola NL, Etcheverría A, Sampedro F, Fernandez PS, Leotta GA, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beef consumption in Argentina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242317. [PMID: 33186398 PMCID: PMC7665811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was <10-15, 5.4x10-8 and 3.5x10-8, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases was 0, 28 and 4, respectively. Risk of infection and HUS probability were sensitive to the type of abattoir, the application or not of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for STEC (HACCP-STEC), stx prevalence in carcasses and trimmings, storage conditions from the abattoir to retailers and home, the joint consumption of salads and beef products, and cooking preference. The QMRA results showed that the probability of HUS was higher if beef cuts (1.7x) and ground beef (1.2x) were from carcasses provided by abattoirs not applying HACCP-STEC. Thus, the use of a single sanitary standard that included the application of HACCP-STEC in all Argentinean abattoirs would greatly reduce HUS incidence. The average number of annual HUS cases estimated by the QMRA (n = 32) would explain about 10.0% of cases in children under 15 years per year in Argentina. Since other routes of contamination can be involved, including those not related to food, further research on the beef production chain, other food chains, person-to-person transmission and outbreak studies should be conducted to reduce the impact of HUS on the child population of Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Pablo S. Fernandez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L. Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea–(INTA–CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mollaei M, Abbasi A, Hassan ZM, Pakravan N. The intrinsic and extrinsic elements regulating inflammation. Life Sci 2020; 260:118258. [PMID: 32818542 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a sophisticated biological tissue response to both extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli. Although the pathological aspects of inflammation are well appreciated, there are still rooms for understanding the physiological functions of the inflammation. Recent studies have focused on mechanisms, context and the role of physiological inflammation. Besides, there have been progress in the comprehension of commensal microbiota, immunometabolism, cancer and intracellular signaling events' roles that impact on the regulation of inflammation. Despite the fact that inflammatory responses are vital through tissue damage, understanding the mechanisms to turn off the finished or unnecessary inflammation is crucial for restoring homeostasis. Inflammation seems to be a smart process that acts like two edges of a sword, meaning that it has both protective and deleterious consequences. Knowing both edges and the regulation processes will help the future understanding and therapy for various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
| | - A Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - Z M Hassan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - N Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alconcher LF, Rivas M, Lucarelli LI, Galavotti J, Rizzo M. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in household members of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:427-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Tomat D, Soazo M, Verdini R, Casabonne C, Aquili V, Balagué C, Quiberoni A. Evaluation of an WPC edible film added with a cocktail of six lytic phages against foodborne pathogens such as enteropathogenic and Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
van den Brink W, van Bilsen J, Salic K, Hoevenaars FPM, Verschuren L, Kleemann R, Bouwman J, Ronnett GV, van Ommen B, Wopereis S. Current and Future Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Inflammatory Dynamics in Metabolic Disorders. Front Nutr 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31508422 PMCID: PMC6718105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders have a large impact on global health, especially in Western countries. An important hallmark of metabolic disorders is chronic low-grade inflammation. A key player in chronic low-grade inflammation is dysmetabolism, which is defined as the inability to keep homeostasis resulting in loss of lipid control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Although often not yet detectable in the circulation, chronic low-grade inflammation can be present in one or multiple organs. The response to a metabolic challenge containing lipids may magnify dysfunctionalities at the tissue level, causing an overflow of inflammatory markers into the circulation and hence allow detection of early low-grade inflammation. Here, we summarize the evidence of successful application of metabolic challenge tests in type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and unhealthy aging. We also review how metabolic challenge tests have been successfully applied to evaluate nutritional intervention effects, including an "anti-inflammatory" mixture, dark chocolate, whole grain wheat and overfeeding. Additionally, we elaborate on future strategies to (re)gain inflammatory flexibility. Through epigenetic and metabolic regulation, the inflammatory response may be trained by regular mild and metabolic triggers, which can be understood from the perspective of trained immunity, hormesis and pro-resolution. New strategies to optimize dynamics of inflammation may become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem van den Brink
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van Bilsen
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Femke P. M. Hoevenaars
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | | | - Ben van Ommen
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barril PA, Soto SA, Jaureguiberry MV, Gottardi G, Bascur I, Leotta GA, Oteiza JM. Microbiological risk characterization in butcher shops from the province of Neuquen, Patagonia Argentina. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
-
- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeffs E, Williman J, Martin N, Brunton C, Walls T. The epidemiology of non-viral gastroenteritis in New Zealand children from 1997 to 2015: an observational study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:18. [PMID: 30611241 PMCID: PMC6321731 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute gastroenteritis is a substantial cause of hospitalization in children. Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium are gastrointestinal pathogens that are notifiable in New Zealand (NZ). The impact of these infections in the pediatric population has not yet been analyzed. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological trends in disease notifications and hospital admissions due to non-viral gastroenteritis in NZ children. Methods In this population-based descriptive study, age-specific and age-standardized notification and hospital admission rates were analyzed from 1997-to-2015 for Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, ETEC, Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in children < 15 years of age. Variations in disease by gender, age, ethnicity and geography were described. Results From 1997-to-2015 there were 74,454 notifications (57.6% male) and 3192 hospitalizations (56.4% male) due to non-viral gastroenteritis in NZ children aged < 15 years. There was an overall trend towards a reduction in disease notifications and hospitalizations, however each disease showed a unique pattern of change over time. Campylobacter was the pathogen most frequently notified, accounting for 51.7% of notifications and 43.4% of hospitalizations. The hospitalization-to-notification ratios were, from highest to lowest, Salmonella typhi (1:1.09), Shigella (1:4.0), ETEC (1:7.81), nontyphoidal Salmonella (1:13.1), Campylobacter (1:27.8), Yersinia (1:29.2), Cryptosporidium (1,33.4), and Giardia (1,72.5). Compared to females, male notification rates were approximately 40% higher for Campylobacter, 25% higher for Giardia and Yersinia, and 15% higher for Cryptosporidium and nontyphoidal Salmonella (p < 0.001). Notification rates were highest in children 1–4 years, with the exceptions of nontyphoidal Salmonella, Salmonella typhi and Yersinia. Notification rates for nontyphoidal Salmonella and Yersinia were highest in children < 1 year, and for Salmonella typhi those aged 5–9 years. Children < 1 year were most likely to be hospitalized. Conclusions The incidence of non-viral gastroenteritis in NZ children reduced during the 19-year period considered. The burden of disease was highest in the community, with only a small percentage of cases requiring hospitalization. This study provides important insight into the non-viral causes of gastroenteritis in NZ children and how environmental influences and changes in food safety practices may have helped to reduce the burden of these diseases in children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6229-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jeffs
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Williman
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Martin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Cheryl Brunton
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Tony Walls
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Devleesschauwer B, Pires SM, Young I, Gill A, Majowicz SE. Associating sporadic, foodborne illness caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli with specific foods: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e235. [PMID: 31364553 PMCID: PMC6625202 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are a significant public health issue, with foodborne transmission causing >1 million illnesses worldwide each year. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registry # CRD42017074239), to determine the relative association of different food types with sporadic illnesses caused by STEC. Searches were conducted from 01 August to 30 September 2017, using bibliographic and grey literature databases, websites and expert consultation. We identified 22 case-control studies of sporadic STEC infection in humans, from 10 countries within four World Health Organization subregions, from 1985 to 2012. We extracted data from 21 studies, for 237 individual measures in 11 food categories and across three status types (raw or undercooked, not raw and unknown). Beef was the most significant food item associated with STEC illness in the Americas and Europe, but in the Western Pacific region, chicken was most significant. These findings were not significantly moderated by the raw or cooked status of the food item, nor the publication year of the study. Data from the African, South-East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean subregions were lacking and it is unclear whether our results are relevant to these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S. M. Pires
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I. Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - A. Gill
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. E. Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tomat D, Casabonne C, Aquili V, Balagué C, Quiberoni A. Evaluation of a novel cocktail of six lytic bacteriophages against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in broth, milk and meat. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:434-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
20
|
Browne AS, Midwinter AC, Withers H, Cookson AL, Biggs PJ, Marshall JC, Benschop J, Hathaway S, Haack NA, Akhter RN, French NP. Molecular Epidemiology of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on New Zealand Dairy Farms: Application of a Culture-Independent Assay and Whole-Genome Sequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00481-18. [PMID: 29752274 PMCID: PMC6029106 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00481-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New Zealand has a relatively high incidence of human cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), with 8.9 STEC cases per 100,000 people reported in 2016. Previous research showed living near cattle and contact with cattle feces as significant risk factors for STEC infections in humans in New Zealand, but infection was not linked to food-associated factors. During the 2014 spring calving season, a random, stratified, cross-sectional study of dairy farms (n = 102) in six regions across New Zealand assessed the prevalence of the "Top 7" STEC bacteria (serogroups O157, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) in young calves (n = 1,508), using a culture-independent diagnostic test (PCR/MALDI-TOF). Twenty percent (306/1,508) of calves on 75% (76/102) of dairy farms were positive for at least one of the "Top 7" STEC bacteria. STEC carriage by calves was associated with environmental factors, increased calf age, region, and increased number of calves in a shared calf pen. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ρ) indicated strong clustering of "Top 7" STEC-positive calves for O157, O26, and O45 serogroups within the same pens and farms, indicating that if one calf was positive, others in the same environment were likely to be positive as well. This finding was further evaluated with whole-genome sequencing, which indicated that a single E. coli O26 clonal strain could be found in calves in the same pen or farm, but different strains existed on different farms. This study provides evidence that would be useful for designing on-farm interventions to reduce direct and indirect human exposure to STEC bacteria.IMPORTANCE Cattle are asymptomatic carriers of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) bacteria that can cause bloody diarrhea and kidney failure in humans if ingested. New Zealand has relatively high numbers of STEC cases, and contact with cattle feces and living near cattle are risk factors for human infection. This study assessed the national prevalence of STEC in young dairy cattle by randomly selecting 102 farms throughout New Zealand. The study used a molecular laboratory method that has relatively high sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional methods. "Top 7" STEC was found in 20% of calves on 75% of the farms studied, indicating widespread prevalence across the country. By examining the risk factors associated with calf carriage, potential interventions that could decrease the prevalence of "Top 7" STEC bacteria at the farm level were identified, which could benefit both public health and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen Withers
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- EpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- EpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nigel P French
- EpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Importance of case age in the purported association between phylogenetics and hemolytic uremic syndrome in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1550-1555. [PMID: 29914582 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the largest cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Previous studies proposed that HUS risk varies across the E. coli O157:H7 phylogenetic tree (hypervirulent clade 8), but the role of age in the association is unknown. We determined phylogenetic lineage of E. coli O157:H7 isolates from 1160 culture-confirmed E. coli O157:H7 cases reported in Washington State, 2004-2015. Using generalised estimating equations, we tested the association between phylogenetic lineage and HUS. Age was evaluated as an effect modifier. Among 1082 E. coli O157:H7 cases with both phylogenetic lineage and HUS status (HUS n = 76), stratified analysis suggested effect modification by age. Lineages IIa and IIb, relative to Ib, did not appear associated with HUS in children 0-9-years-old. For cases 10-59-years-old, lineages IIa and IIb appeared to confer increased risk of HUS, relative to lineage Ib. The association reversed in ⩾60-year-olds. Results were similar for clade 8. Phylogenetic lineage appears to be associated with HUS risk only among those ⩾10-years-old. Among children <10, the age group most frequently affected, lineage does not explain progression to HUS. However, lineage frequency varied across age groups, suggesting differences in exposure and/or early disease manifestation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tanaro JD, Pianciola LA, D'Astek BA, Piaggio MC, Mazzeo ML, Zolezzi G, Rivas M. Virulence profile of Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated from surface water in cattle breeding areas. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:484-490. [PMID: 29500840 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a worldwide concern. Cattle are their main reservoir and may contaminate watercourses through manure. We characterized a collection of 38 STEC O157:H7 strains isolated from surface water in feedlots areas (puddles inside pens formed after the rainfall or by spill around drinking troughs, and small water courses and lagoons, formed by runoff). Nineteen (50·0%) strains harboured stx2a /stx2c genes, 18 (47·4%) stx2c and one stx1a /stx2c . All strains harboured eae, ehxA, rfbO157 and fliCH7 genes, and the putative virulence determinants ECSP_0242, ECSP_2687 and ECSP_3620. All isolates tested as Lineage I/II by lineage-specific polymorphism assay-6. Nineteen (50%) belonged to the high virulent clade 8. The q21 allele was found in all strains and q933 /q21 alleles in 17 (44·7%). By XbaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 29 strains were grouped into seven clusters. Four clusters grouped isolates from distant places separated by 150-250 km. This may be related to vectors, like birds, involved in their spread. Otherwise, three clusters contained isolates recovered at same places with intervals of 1-9 months. This could be explained by the high environmental persistence of STEC O157:H7. These strains recovered from surface water showed similar genotypes to those found in the bovine reservoir and in human diseases, and could be linked to the high incidence of haemolytic uremic syndrome in Argentina. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The challenge for the growing global demand for food is to find sustained production strategies without collateral effects. Intensive livestock operations generate large volumes of manure that can contaminate a finite resource, the water. This study shows how water contaminated by confined feeding operations can transport dangerous pathogens and warns to pay more attention to control and sanitation systems to prevent this type of pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Tanaro
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad De Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Argentina
| | - L A Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - B A D'Astek
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Piaggio
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad De Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Argentina
| | - M L Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - G Zolezzi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tomat D, Balagué C, Aquili V, Verdini R, Quiberoni A. Resistance of phages lytic to pathogenicEscherichia colito sanitisers used by the food industry and in home settings. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Tomat
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Área de Bacteriología; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Claudia Balagué
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Área de Bacteriología; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Virginia Aquili
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Área de Bacteriología; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Roxana Verdini
- Instituto de Química Rosario (UNR - CONICET); Suipacha 570 2000 Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Andrea Quiberoni
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Instituto de Lactología Industrial (UNL - CONICET); Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lorenz SC, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Kotewicz ML, Fischer M, Kase JA. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O145:H25 and O145:H28 reveal distinct evolutionary paths and marked variations in traits associated with virulence & colonization. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:183. [PMID: 28830351 PMCID: PMC5567499 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O145 are among the top non-O157 serogroups associated with severe human disease worldwide. Two serotypes, O145:H25 and O145:H28 have been isolated from human patients but little information is available regarding the virulence repertoire, origin and evolutionary relatedness of O145:H25. Hence, we sequenced the complete genome of two O145:H25 strains associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and compared the genomes with those of previously sequenced O145:H28 and other EHEC strains. Results The genomes of the two O145:H25 strains were 5.3 Mbp in size; slightly smaller than those of O145:H28 and other EHEC strains. Both strains contained three nearly identical plasmids and several prophages and integrative elements, many of which differed significantly in size, gene content and organization as compared to those present in O145:H28 and other EHECs. Furthermore, notable variations were observed in several fimbrial gene cluster and intimin types possessed by O145:H25 and O145:H28 indicating potential adaptation to distinct areas of host colonization. Comparative genomics further revealed that O145:H25 are genetically more similar to other non-O157 EHEC strains than to O145:H28. Conclusion Phylogenetic analysis accompanied by comparative genomics revealed that O145:H25 and O145:H28 evolved from two separate clonal lineages and that horizontal gene transfer and gene loss played a major role in the divergence of these EHEC serotypes. The data provide further evidence that ruminants might be a possible reservoir for O145:H25 but that they might be impaired in their ability to establish a persistent colonization as compared to other EHEC strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1094-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Lorenz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, MD, 20740, USA. .,University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Michael L Kotewicz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Molecular Biology, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Markus Fischer
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julie A Kase
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brusa V, Restovich V, Galli L, Teitelbaum D, Signorini M, Brasesco H, Londero A, García D, Padola NL, Superno V, Sanz M, Petroli S, Costa M, Bruzzone M, Sucari A, Ferreghini M, Linares L, Suberbie G, Rodríguez R, Leotta GA. Isolation and characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from beef carcasses, cuts and trimmings of abattoirs in Argentina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183248. [PMID: 28829794 PMCID: PMC5568767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several foods contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with human diseases. Some countries have established microbiological criteria for non-O157 STEC, thus, the absence of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, and O145 in sprouts from the European Union or ground beef and beef trimmings from the United States is mandatory. While in Argentina screening for O26, O103, O111, O145 and O121 in ground beef, ready-to-eat food, sausages and vegetables is mandatory, other countries have zero-tolerance for all STEC in chilled beef. The aim of this study was to provide data on the prevalence of non-O157 STEC isolated from beef processed in eight Argentinean cattle slaughterhouses producing beef for export and local markets, and to know the non-O157 STEC profiles through strain characterization and genotypic analysis. Samples (n = 15,965) from 3,205 beef carcasses, 9,570 cuts and 3,190 trimmings collected between March and September 2014 were processed in pools of five samples each. Pools of samples (n = 3,193) from 641 carcasses, 1,914 cuts and 638 trimming were analyzed for non-O157 STEC isolation according to ISO/CEN 13136:2012. Of these, 37 pools of carcasses (5.8%), 111 pools of cuts (5.8%) and 45 pools of trimmings (7.0%) were positive for non-O157 STEC. STEC strains (n = 200) were isolated from 193 pools of samples. The most prevalent serotypes were O174:H21, O185:H7, O8:H19, O178:H19 and O130:H11, and the most prevalent genotypes were stx2c(vh-b) and stx2a/saa/ehxA. O103:H21 strain was eae-positive and one O178:H19 strain was aggR/aaiC-positive. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC in beef carcasses reported here was low. None of the non-O157 STEC strains isolated corresponded to the non-O157 STEC serotypes and virulence profiles isolated from human cases in Argentina in the same study period. The application of microbiological criteria for each foodstuff should be determined by risk analysis in order to have a stringent monitoring system. Likewise, zero-tolerance intervention measures should be applied in beef, together with GMP and HACCP. Further, collaborative efforts for risk assessment, management and communication are extremely important to improve the safety of foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Viviana Restovich
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - David Teitelbaum
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- CONICET—EEA Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hebe Brasesco
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Londero
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego García
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CONICET, CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Valeria Superno
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CONICET, CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sandra Petroli
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bruzzone
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Sucari
- Centro Estudios Infectológicos “Dr. Daniel Stamboulian”, División Alimentos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Ferreghini
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Linares
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán Suberbie
- SENASA–Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez
- Instituto de Economía (CICPES, INTA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Torres AG. Escherichia coli diseases in Latin America-a 'One Health' multidisciplinary approach. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2966471. [PMID: 28158404 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and evolution of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains associated with animal and human infections continues being a topic of active investigation in recent years. Latin America has responded to this thread establishing the Latin American Coalition for Escherichia coli Research (LACER), a multidisciplinary group of scientists applying principles of the One Health initiative. LACER is integrating animal, human and environmental health for the mutual benefit of all, while reducing the impact of human disease. Here, I depict the usefulness of this approach by providing three examples from several priority areas in E. coli research and comparing them to the activities performed by LACER, which are enhancing collaborative efforts in biomedical research and providing a translational platform to connect with epidemiological studies and public health policy makers. The manuscript concludes with a brief historical description regarding the establishment of LACER, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between health professionals of different international organizations and not only across one specific country, to effectively combat current and future E. coli infections. The benefits of utilizing 'One Health' concepts in the establishment of LACER should encourage other professionals studying zoonotic or environmentally acquired human infections to implement effective international collaborations to combat common problems.
Collapse
|
27
|
Transmission pathways for sporadic Shiga-toxin producing E. coli infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
Post-infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by specific pathogens in patients with no identifiable HUS-associated genetic mutation or autoantibody. The majority of episodes is due to infections by Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC). This chapter reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of STEC-HUS, including bacterial-derived factors and host responses. STEC disease is characterized by hematological (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), renal (acute kidney injury) and extrarenal organ involvement. Clinicians should always strive for an etiological diagnosis through the microbiological or molecular identification of Stx-producing bacteria and Stx or, if negative, serological assays. Treatment of STEC-HUS is supportive; more investigations are needed to evaluate the efficacy of putative preventive and therapeutic measures, such as non-phage-inducing antibiotics, volume expansion and anti-complement agents. The outcome of STEC-HUS is generally favorable, but chronic kidney disease, permanent extrarenal, mainly cerebral complication and death (in less than 5 %) occur and long-term follow-up is recommended. The remainder of this chapter highlights rarer forms of (post-infectious) HUS due to S. dysenteriae, S. pneumoniae, influenza A and HIV and discusses potential interactions between these pathogens and the complement system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis F. Geary
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mohammed AN, Abdel-Latef GK, Abdel-Azeem NM, El-Dakhly KM. Ecological study on antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria transmitted by flies in cattle farms. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3889-96. [PMID: 27245073 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Flies were qualitatively and quantitatively monitored on both livestock animals and the surrounding environment to investigate their role as a potential carrier for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of zoonotic importance in cattle farms. This was done by the use of visual observations and animal photography; meanwhile, in the surrounding environment, flies were collected using sticky cards and then microscopically identified. Representative fly samples were cultured for bacterial isolation, biochemical identification, and then tested against common 12 antibiotics. The total average of dipterous flies in examined farms was 400.42 ± 6.2. Culicoides biting midges were the most common existing species (70.01 %) followed by house flies, stable flies, and mosquitoes (18.31, 7.74, and 3.91 %, respectively) at X (2) = 9.0, P < 0.05. The most predominant bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (22.6 %), Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter (17.3 % each), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (14.7 %), Klebsiella sp. (8 %), Salmonella spp. (6.7 %), and Shigella spp. and Proteus spp. (6.7 % each). The tested bacterial isolates were resistant to variant antibiotics used. S. aureus exhibited 100 % resistance to colistine. However, E. coli revealed 92.9 and 78.6 % resistance against tetracycline and colistine, respectively. Both Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were 100 % resistant to penicillin, and Klebsiella sp. had 100 % resistance to tetracycline. In conclusion, Culicoides biting midges and house flies could be considered as a potential carrier for multi-drug-resistant bacteria of zoonotic importance. Furthermore, cows' environment has an essential role in propagation and wide spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa N Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Gihan K Abdel-Latef
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Abdel-Azeem
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Khaled Mohamed El-Dakhly
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli transmission in Ireland: a review of notified outbreaks, 2004-2012. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:917-26. [PMID: 26384128 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are significant for their low infectious dose, their potential clinical severity and the frequency with which they generate outbreaks. To describe the relative importance of different outbreak transmission routes for VTEC infection in Ireland, we reviewed outbreak notification data for the period 2004-2012, describing the burden and characteristics of foodborne, waterborne, animal contact and person-to-person outbreaks. Outbreaks where person-to-person spread was reported as the sole transmission route accounted for more than half of all outbreaks and outbreaks cases, most notably in childcare facilities. The next most significant transmission route was waterborne spread from untreated or poorly treated private water supplies. The focus for reducing incidence of VTEC should be on reducing waterborne and person-to-person transmission, by publicizing Health Service Executive materials developed for consumers on private well management, and for childcare facility managers and public health professionals on prevention of person-to-person spread.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tomat D, Balagué C, Casabonne C, Verdini R, Quiberoni A. Resistance of foodborne pathogen coliphages to thermal and physicochemical treatments applied in food manufacture. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Protective efficacy and pharmacokinetics of human/mouse chimeric anti-Stx1 and anti-Stx2 antibodies in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:448-55. [PMID: 25716230 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00022-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the most frequent infectious cause of hemorrhagic colitis. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious sequela that may develop after STEC infection that can lead to renal failure and death in up to 10% of cases. STEC can produce one or more types of Stx, Stx1 and/or Stx2, and Stx1 and Stx2 are responsible for HUS-mediated kidney damage. We previously generated two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize the toxicity of Stx1 or Stx2. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of human/mouse chimeric versions of those monoclonal antibodies, named cαStx1 and cαStx2. Mice given an otherwise lethal dose of Stx1 were protected from death when injected with cαStx1 either 1 h before or 1 h after toxin injection. Additionally, streptomycin-treated mice fed the mouse-lethal STEC strain B2F1 that produces the Stx2 variant Stx2d were protected when given a dose of 0.1 mg of cαStx2/kg of body weight administered up to 72 h post-oral bacterial challenge. Since many STEC strains produce both Stx1 and Stx2 and since either toxin may lead to the HUS, we also assessed the protective efficacy of the combined MAbs. We found that both antibodies were required to protect mice from the presence of both Stx1 and Stx2. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that cαStx1 and cαStx2 had serum half-lives (t1/2) of about 50 and 145 h, respectively. We propose that cαStx1 and cαStx2, both of which have been tested for safety in humans, could be used therapeutically for prevention or treatment early in the development of HUS.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tomat D, Quiberoni A, Casabonne C, Balagué C. Phage adsorption on Enteropathogenic and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli strains: Influence of physicochemical and physiological factors. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We have reviewed the risk factors for the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC)-associated human diseases. The analysis of STEC surveillance data and trends shows differences in frequency and severity of the illnesses across countries, whereas the economic and social costs for the affected families, the community, and the health system are better estimated in developed countries. The occurrence of STEC infections is determined by the interaction of the pathogen, the reservoirs, and the biological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of the host. The main risk factors identified in earlier case-control and population-based studies were dietary behaviors and beef consumption. However, in recent years, other risky exposures have also emerged, like the consumption of raw vegetables and sprouts, working or camping in rural areas, visiting farms, and person-to-person transmission. Epidemiological changes have also been determined by the intensification of cattle production, the increase in centralized food production and distribution, and the growth in the volume of international trade of foods. The main lessons learned from recent large outbreaks are knowledge of virulence determinants of new pathogenic strains, recognition of new vehicles of infection, development of new methodologies for detecting STEC in foods and humans, improvement in food regulations and hygiene guidelines, new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of infected patients, establishment of continuous educational programs for food consumers, and enhanced cooperation and teamwork of regional and international networks.
Collapse
|
36
|
Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia Strains from Human, Animal, and Food Samples in San Luis, Argentina. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:284649. [PMID: 25177351 PMCID: PMC4142171 DOI: 10.1155/2014/284649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella spp., and Yersinia species was investigated in humans, animals, and foods in San Luis, Argentina. A total of 453 samples were analyzed by culture and PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility of all the strains was studied, the genomic relationships among isolates of the same species were determined by PFGE, and the potencial virulence of Y. enterocolitica strains was analyzed. Yersinia species showed higher prevalence (9/453, 2.0%, 95% CI, 0.7–3.3%) than STEC (4/453, 0.9%, 95% CI, 0–1.8%) and Salmonella spp. (3/453, 0.7%, 95% CI, 0–1.5%). Y. enterocolitica and Y. intermedia were isolated from chicken carcasses (6/80, 7.5%, 95% CI, 1.5–13.5%) and porcine skin and bones (3/10, 30%, 95% CI, 0–65%). One STEC strain was recovered from human feces (1/70, 1.4%, 95% CI, 0–4.2%) and STEC stx1/stx2 genes were detected in bovine stools (3/129, 2.3%, 95% CI, 0–5.0%). S. Typhimurium was isolated from human feces (1/70, 1.4%, 95% CI, 0–4.2%) while one S. Newport and two S. Gaminara strains were recovered from one wild boar (1/3, 33%, 95% CI, 0–99%). The knowledge of prevalence and characteristics of these enteropathogens in our region would allow public health services to take adequate preventive measures.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
US public health laboratories began reporting Escherichia coli O157 isolates to CDC in 1996. We describe temporal and geographical patterns of isolates reported from 1996 to 2011 and demographics of persons whose specimens yielded isolates. We calculated annual E. coli O157 isolation rates/100 000 persons by patient's state of residence, county of residence, age, and sex using census data. The average annual isolation rate was 0·84. The average isolation rate in northern states (1·52) was higher than in southern states (0·43). Counties with ⩾76% rural population had a lower isolation rate (0·67) than counties with ⩽25%, 26-50%, and 51-75% rural populations (0·81, 0·92, and 0·81, respectively). The highest isolation rate (3·19) was in children aged 1-4 years. Infections were seasonal with 49% of isolates collected during July to September. Research into reasons for higher incidence in northern states and for seasonality could guide strategies to prevent illnesses.
Collapse
|
38
|
Comparison of 2 proposed MLVA protocols for subtyping non-O157:H7 verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:328-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
39
|
Relevance of biofilms in the pathogenesis of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:607258. [PMID: 24324376 PMCID: PMC3845835 DOI: 10.1155/2013/607258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the relationships among biofilm formation, cellular stress and release of Shiga toxin (Stx) by three different clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. The biofilm formation was determined using crystal violet stain in tryptic soy broth or thioglycollate medium with the addition of sugars (glucose or mannose) or hydrogen peroxide. The reactive oxygen species (ROSs) were detected by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) determined by the Griess assay. In addition, the activities of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were studied. For the cytotoxicity studies, Vero cells were cultured with Stx released of STEC biofilms. The addition of sugars in both culture mediums resulted in an increase in biofilm biomass, with a decrease in ROS and RNI production, low levels of SOD and CAT activity, and minimal cytotoxic effects. However, under stressful conditions, an important increase in the antioxidant enzyme activity and high level of Stx production were observed. The disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance and its effect on the production and release of Stx evaluated under different conditions of biofilm formation may contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of biofilms in the pathogenesis of STEC infection.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gomez SA, Abrey-Recalde MJ, Panek CA, Ferrarotti NF, Repetto MG, Mejías MP, Fernández GC, Vanzulli S, Isturiz MA, Palermo MS. The oxidative stress induced in vivo by Shiga toxin-2 contributes to the pathogenicity of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:463-72. [PMID: 23607458 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli infections and is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy that leads to haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. Renal or neurological sequelae are consequences of irreversible tissue damage during the acute phase. Stx toxicity and the acute inflammatory response raised by the host determine the development of HUS. At present there is no specific therapy to control Stx damage. The pathogenic role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on endothelial injury has been largely documented. In this study, we investigated the in-vivo effects of Stx on the oxidative balance and its contribution to the development of HUS in mice. In addition, we analysed the effect of anti-oxidant agents as therapeutic tools to counteract Stx toxicity. We demonstrated that Stx induced an oxidative imbalance, evidenced by renal glutathione depletion and increased lipid membrane peroxidation. The increased ROS production by neutrophils may be one of the major sources of oxidative stress during Stx intoxication. All these parameters were ameliorated by anti-oxidants reducing platelet activation, renal damage and increasing survival. To conclude, Stx generates a pro-oxidative state that contributes to kidney failure, and exogenous anti-oxidants could be beneficial to counteract this pathogenic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Gomez
- Servicio de Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS 'Dr Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jaros P, Cookson AL, Campbell DM, Besser TE, Shringi S, Mackereth GF, Lim E, Lopez L, Dufour M, Marshall JC, Baker MG, Hathaway S, Prattley DJ, French NP. A prospective case-control and molecular epidemiological study of human cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in New Zealand. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:450. [PMID: 24079470 PMCID: PMC3854066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and related non-O157 STEC strains are enteric pathogens of public health concern worldwide, causing life-threatening diseases. Cattle are considered the principal hosts and have been shown to be a source of infection for both foodborne and environmental outbreaks in humans. The aims of this study were to investigate risk factors associated with sporadic STEC infections in humans in New Zealand and to provide epidemiological information about the source and exposure pathways. Methods During a national prospective case–control study from July 2011 to July 2012, any confirmed case of STEC infection notified to regional public health units, together with a random selection of controls intended to be representative of the national demography, were interviewed for risk factor evaluation. Isolates from each case were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophage insertion (SBI) typing. Results Questionnaire data from 113 eligible cases and 506 controls were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Statistically significant animal and environmental risk factors for human STEC infections were identified, notably 'Cattle livestock present in meshblock’ (the smallest geographical unit) (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.04–3.42), 'Contact with animal manure’ (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.12–3.90), and 'Contact with recreational waters’ (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.30–6.70). No food-associated risk factors were identified as sources of STEC infection. E. coli O157:H7 caused 100/113 (88.5%) of clinical STEC infections in this study, and 97/100 isolates were available for molecular analysis. PFGE profiles of isolates revealed three distinctive clusters of genotypes, and these were strongly correlated with SBI type. The variable 'Island of residence’ (North or South Island of New Zealand) was significantly associated with PFGE genotype (p = 0.012). Conclusions Our findings implicate environmental and animal contact, but not food, as significant exposure pathways for sporadic STEC infections in humans in New Zealand. Risk factors associated with beef and dairy cattle suggest that ruminants are the most important sources of STEC infection. Notably, outbreaks of STEC infections are rare in New Zealand and this further suggests that food is not a significant exposure pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Jaros
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tomat D, Migliore L, Aquili V, Quiberoni A, Balagué C. Phage biocontrol of enteropathogenic and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in meat products. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:20. [PMID: 23761050 PMCID: PMC3674477 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten bacteriophages were isolated from faeces and their lytic effects assayed on 103 pathogenic and non-pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Two phages (DT1 and DT6) were selected based on their host ranges, and their lytic effects on pathogenic E. coli strains inoculated on pieces of beef were determined. We evaluated the reductions of viable cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxigenic E. coli strains on meat after exposure to DT6 at 5 and 24°C for 3, 6, and 24 h and the effect of both phages against an enteropathogenic E. coli strain. Significant viable cell reductions, compared to controls without phages, at both temperatures were observed, with the greatest decrease taking place within the first hours of the assays. Reductions were also influenced by phage concentration, being the highest concentrations, 1.7 × 1010 plaque forming units per milliliter (PFU/mL) for DT1 and 1.4 × 1010 PFU/mL for DT6, the most effective. When enteropathogenic E. coli and Shiga toxigenic E. coli (O157:H7) strains were tested, we obtained viable cell reductions of 0.67 log (p = 0.01) and 0.77 log (p = 0.01) after 3 h incubation and 0.80 log (p = 0.01) and 1.15 log (p = 0.001) after 6 h. In contrast, all nonpathogenic E. coli strains as well as other enterobacteria tested were resistant. In addition, phage cocktail was evaluated on two strains and further reductions were observed. However, E. coli bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIMs) emerged in meat assays. BIMs isolated from meat along with those isolated by using the secondary culture method were tested to evaluate resistance phenotype stability and reversion. They presented low emergence frequencies (6.5 × 10−7–1.8 × 10−6) and variable stability and reversion. Results indicate that isolated phages were stable on storage, negative for all the virulence factors assayed, presented lytic activity for different E. coli virotypes and could be useful in reducing Shiga toxigenic E. coli and enteropathogenic E. coli viable cells in meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tomat
- Área de Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tomat D, Mercanti D, Balagué C, Quiberoni A. Phage biocontrol of enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
during milk fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:3-10. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Tomat
- Área de Bacteriología; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario Argentina
| | - D. Mercanti
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Instituto de Lactología Industrial (Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas); Santa Fe Argentina
| | - C. Balagué
- Área de Bacteriología; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario Argentina
| | - A. Quiberoni
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Instituto de Lactología Industrial (Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas); Santa Fe Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang X, Taylor M, Hoang L, Ekkert J, Nowakowski C, Stone J, Tone G, Trerise S, Paccagnella A, Wong T, Galanis E. Comparison of clinical and epidemiological features of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 infections in British Columbia, 2009 to 2011. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2013; 24:e102-6. [PMID: 24489568 PMCID: PMC3905009 DOI: 10.1155/2013/932752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are major foodborne agents that have the potential to cause severe enteric illnesses and large outbreaks worldwide. Several studies found non-O157 infections to be clinically milder than O157 STEC infections. OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical and epidemiological profiles of O157 and non-O157 STEC human infections in British Columbia (BC). METHODS All STEC cases reported in BC from 2009 to 2011 by four local health authorities were included in the study. Cases were classified according to STEC serotype based on laboratory information. Information was gathered via case interview forms. Data analysis included the χ(2) test and Mann-Whitney test; P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 260 STEC cases were reported, including 154 (59.2%) O157 cases, 63 (24.2%) non-O157 cases and 43 (16.5%) STEC cases with no serotype identified. Hospitalization rate was higher and duration of hospitalization was significantly longer for O157 cases compared with non-O157 cases, but other clinical features were not significantly different. Patients with non-O157 infections were significantly more likely to have travelled outside Canada, less likely to report food exposure at social gatherings and more likely to consume bagged greens and cheese. DISCUSSION O157 is the predominant O serotype in BC and appeared to be more clinically severe than non-O157 STEC infections. However, the true incidence and severity of non-O157 remain unknown due to our current inability to detect all non-O157 cases. The present study and the literature suggest the need to identify more predictive virulence factors because serotype does not consistently predict disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby
| | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Judi Ekkert
- Interior Health, Kelowna, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Craig Nowakowski
- Vancouver Island Health, Victoria, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Jason Stone
- Fraser Health, Surrey, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Greg Tone
- Northern Health, Prince George, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Steven Trerise
- Fraser Health, Surrey, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ana Paccagnella
- British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Titus Wong
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shringi S, Schmidt C, Katherine K, Brayton KA, Hancock DD, Besser TE. Carriage of stx2a differentiates clinical and bovine-biased strains of Escherichia coli O157. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51572. [PMID: 23240045 PMCID: PMC3519850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin (Stx) are cardinal virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157). The gene content and genomic insertion sites of Stx-associated bacteriophages differentiate clinical genotypes of EHEC O157 (CG, typical of clinical isolates) from bovine-biased genotypes (BBG, rarely identified among clinical isolates). This project was designed to identify bacteriophage-mediated differences that may affect the virulence of CG and BBG. Methods Stx-associated bacteriophage differences were identified by whole genome optical scans and characterized among >400 EHEC O157 clinical and cattle isolates by PCR. Results Optical restriction maps of BBG strains consistently differed from those of CG strains only in the chromosomal insertion sites of Stx2-associated bacteriophages. Multiplex PCRs (stx1, stx2a, and stx2c as well as Stx-associated bacteriophage - chromosomal insertion site junctions) revealed four CG and three BBG that accounted for >90% of isolates. All BBG contained stx2c and Stx2c-associated bacteriophage – sbcB junctions. All CG contained stx2a and Stx2a-associated bacteriophage junctions in wrbA or argW. Conclusions Presence or absence of stx2a (or another product encoded by the Stx2a-associated bacteriophage) is a parsimonious explanation for differential virulence of BBG and CG, as reflected in the distributions of these genotypes in humans and in the cattle reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carrie Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kaya Katherine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dale D. Hancock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Molecular characterization reveals three distinct clonal groups among clinical shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O103. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2894-900. [PMID: 22718945 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00789-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is one of the most important groups of food-borne pathogens, and STEC strains belonging to the serotype O103:H2 can cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. STEC O103:non-H2 strains are also sometimes isolated from human patients, but their genetic characteristics and role in significant human enteric disease are not yet understood. Here, we investigated 17 STEC O103:non-H2 strains, including O103:H11, O103:H25, O103:HUT (UT [untypeable]), and O103:H- (nonmotile) isolated in Japan, and their characteristics were compared to those of STEC O103:H2 and other serotype STEC strains. Sequence analyses of fliC and eae genes revealed that strains possessed any of the following combinations: fliC-H2/eae-epsilon, fliC-H11/eae-beta1, and fliC-H25/eae-theta, where fliC-H2, -H11, and -H25 indicate fliC genes encoding H2, H11, and H25 flagella antigens, respectively, and eae-epsilon, -beta1, and -theta indicate eae genes encoding epsilon, beta1, and theta subclass intimins, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of seven housekeeping genes demonstrated that the O103:H11/[fliC-H11] and O103:H25/[fliC-H25] strains formed two distinct groups, different from that of the O103:H2/[fliC-H2] strains. Interestingly, a group consisting of O103:H11 strains was closely related to STEC O26:H11, which is recognized as a most important non-O157 serotype, suggesting that the STEC O103:H11 and STEC O26:H11 clones evolved from a common ancestor. The multiplex PCR system for the rapid typing of STEC O103 strains described in the present study may aid clinical and epidemiological studies of the STEC O103:H2, O103:H11, and O103:H25 groups. In addition, our data provide further insights into the high variability of STEC stains with emerging new serotypes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lloyd SJ, Ritchie JM, Rojas-Lopez M, Blumentritt CA, Popov VL, Greenwich JL, Waldor MK, Torres AG. A double, long polar fimbria mutant of Escherichia coli O157:H7 expresses Curli and exhibits reduced in vivo colonization. Infect Immun 2012; 80:914-20. [PMID: 22232190 PMCID: PMC3294650 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05945-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes food and waterborne enteric infections that can result in hemorrhagic colitis and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. Intimate adherence of the bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells is mediated by intimin, but E. coli O157:H7 also possess several other putative adhesins, including curli and two operons that encode long polar fimbriae (Lpf). To assess the importance of Lpf for intestinal colonization, we performed competition experiments between E. coli O157:H7 and an isogenic ΔlpfA1 ΔlpfA2 double mutant in the infant rabbit model. The mutant was outcompeted in the ileum, cecum, and midcolon, suggesting that Lpf contributes to intestinal colonization. In contrast, the ΔlpfA1 ΔlpfA2 mutant showed increased adherence to colonic epithelial cells in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy revealed curli-like structures on the surface of the ΔlpfA1 ΔlpfA2 mutant, and the presence of curli was confirmed by Congo red binding, immunogold-labeling electron microscopy, immunoblotting, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) measuring csgA expression. However, deletion of csgA, which encodes the major curli subunit, does not appear to affect intestinal colonization. In addition to suggesting that Lpf can contribute to EHEC intestinal colonization, our observations indicate that the regulatory pathways governing the expression of Lpf and curli are interdependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer M. Ritchie
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer L. Greenwich
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology
- Pathology
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vally H, Hall G, Dyda A, Raupach J, Knope K, Combs B, Desmarchelier P. Epidemiology of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in Australia, 2000-2010. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:63. [PMID: 22264221 PMCID: PMC3398300 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are an important cause of gastroenteritis in Australia and worldwide and can also result in serious sequelae such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). In this paper we describe the epidemiology of STEC in Australia using the latest available data. METHODS National and state notifications data, as well as data on serotypes, hospitalizations, mortality and outbreaks were examined. RESULTS For the 11 year period 2000 to 2010, the overall annual Australian rate of all notified STEC illness was 0.4 cases per 100,000 per year. In total, there were 822 STEC infections notified in Australia over this period, with a low of 1 notification in the Australian Capital Territory (corresponding to a rate of 0.03 cases per 100,000/year) and a high of 413 notifications in South Australia (corresponding to a rate of 2.4 cases per 100,000/year), the state with the most comprehensive surveillance for STEC infection in the country. Nationally, 71.2% (504/708) of STEC infections underwent serotype testing between 2001 and 2009, and of these, 58.0% (225/388) were found to be O157 strains, with O111 (13.7%) and O26 (11.1%) strains also commonly associated with STEC infections. The notification rate for STEC O157 infections Australia wide between 2001-2009 was 0.12 cases per 100,000 per year. Over the same 9 year period there were 11 outbreaks caused by STEC, with these outbreaks generally being small in size and caused by a variety of serogroups. The overall annual rate of notified HUS in Australia between 2000 and 2010 was 0.07 cases per 100,000 per year. Both STEC infections and HUS cases showed a similar seasonal distribution, with a larger proportion of reported cases occurring in the summer months of December to February. CONCLUSIONS STEC infections in Australia have remained fairly steady over the past 11 years. Overall, the incidence and burden of disease due to STEC and HUS in Australia appears comparable or lower than similar developed countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vally
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Public Health and Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gillian Hall
- Medical School, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Amalie Dyda
- South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jane Raupach
- South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Canberra, Australia
| | - Katrina Knope
- OzFoodNet, Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia
| | - Barry Combs
- OzFoodNet, Western Australian Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Masana MO, D'Astek BA, Palladino PM, Galli L, Del Castillo LL, Carbonari C, Leotta GA, Vilacoba E, Irino K, Rivas M. Genotypic characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef abattoirs of Argentina. J Food Prot 2011; 74:2008-17. [PMID: 22186039 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in carcasses and feces of 811 bovines in nine beef abattoirs from Argentina was analyzed during a period of 17 months. The feces of 181 (22.3%) bovines were positive for non-O157 STEC, while 73 (9.0%) of the carcasses showed non-O157 STEC contamination. Non-O157 STEC strains isolated from feces (227) and carcasses (80) were characterized. The main serotypes identified were O178:H19, O8:H19, O130:H11, and O113:H21, all of which have produced sporadic cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Argentina and worldwide. Twenty-two (7.2%) strains carried a fully virulent stx/eae/ehxA genotype. Among them, strains of serotypes O103:[H2], O145:NM, and O111:NM represented 4.8% of the isolates. Xba I pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern analysis showed 234 different patterns, with 76 strains grouped in 30 clusters. Nine of the clusters grouped strains isolated from feces and from carcasses of the same or different bovines in a lot, while three clusters were comprised of strains distributed in more than one abattoir. Patterns AREXSX01.0157, AREXBX01.0015, and AREXPX01.0013 were identified as 100% compatible with the patterns of one strain isolated from a hemolytic-uremic syndrome case and two strains previously isolated from beef medallions, included in the Argentine PulseNet Database. In this survey, 4.8% (39 of 811) of the bovine carcasses appeared to be contaminated with nonO157 STEC strains potentially capable of producing sporadic human disease, and a lower proportion (0.25%) with strains able to produce outbreaks of severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O Masana
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-INTA, CC. 77, B1708WAB Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Emergence of a novel Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O serogroup cross-reacting with Shigella boydii type 10. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3678-80. [PMID: 21865424 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01197-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of the isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains whose O antigens were genetically and serologically identical to those of Shigella boydii type 10, from human feces. The novel STEC O serogroup may be widespread in Japan and associated with diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis.
Collapse
|