1
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Lee CY, Zakaria Z, Selvarajah GT, Mustaffa-Kamal F, Voon KGL, Fong MWC, Ooi PT. Screening of Streptococcus suis in swine workers of selected states in Peninsular Malaysia. Vet World 2024; 17:1-7. [PMID: 38406356 PMCID: PMC10884579 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that is highly associated with contact between live pigs and raw pig material. In view of the recent reports of human infections in Malaysia, epidemiological data on the status of S. suis in the human population, especially among people working closely with pigs and/or raw pork, should be provided. The aim of this study was to detect S. suis among individuals working in the swine industry in several major pig production areas in Peninsular Malaysia. Materials and Methods Demographic information, exposure determinants, and oral swabs were collected from swine personnel, including farmers, butchers, and veterinarians. Oral swabs were subjected to bacterial isolation and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for S. suis detection. Results The study included 40 participants working in the swine industry, with a predominant representation of males (62.5%) and Malaysian Chinese individuals (60.0%) who consumed pork (92.5%). Notably, none of the participants reported consuming raw or partially cooked pork. In spite of their occupational exposure risk, none of the oral swabs showed positive results for S. suis infection. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report and detection study of S. suis using oral swabs obtained from swine personnel in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Yien Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- UPM - MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farina Mustaffa-Kamal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Gah Leong Voon
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Wai Cheng Fong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Osei EK, Mahony J, Kenny JG. From Farm to Fork: Streptococcus suis as a Model for the Development of Novel Phage-Based Biocontrol Agents. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091996. [PMID: 36146802 PMCID: PMC9501460 DOI: 10.3390/v14091996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections of livestock threaten the sustainability of agriculture and public health through production losses and contamination of food products. While prophylactic and therapeutic application of antibiotics has been successful in managing such infections, the evolution and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains along the food chain and in the environment necessitates the development of alternative or adjunct preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. Additionally, the growing consumer preference for “greener” antibiotic-free food products has reinforced the need for novel and safer approaches to controlling bacterial infections. The use of bacteriophages (phages), which can target and kill bacteria, are increasingly considered as a suitable measure to reduce bacterial infections and contamination in the food industry. This review primarily elaborates on the recent veterinary applications of phages and discusses their merits and limitations. Furthermore, using Streptococcus suis as a model, we describe the prevalence of prophages and the anti-viral defence arsenal in the genome of the pathogen as a means to define the genetic building blocks that are available for the (synthetic) development of phage-based treatments. The data and approach described herein may provide a framework for the development of therapeutics against an array of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kuffour Osei
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Food Bioscience, Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.G.K.); Tel.: +353-21-490-2730 (J.M.); +353-25-42283 (J.G.K.)
| | - John G. Kenny
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Food Bioscience, Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.G.K.); Tel.: +353-21-490-2730 (J.M.); +353-25-42283 (J.G.K.)
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3
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Xu L, Wang X, Lei Z, Zhu J, Pang Y, Liu J. Spinal canal infection caused by Streptococcus suis in human: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:369. [PMID: 35413851 PMCID: PMC9003998 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that mainly causes meningitis, sepsis, arthritis, endocarditis, and endophthalmitis in human. To the best of our knowledge, Spinal canal infection caused by Streptococcus suis has rarely been reported. Case presentation Here we report a case of spinal canal infection caused by Streptococcus suis in a 50-year-old male patient. The patient had a history of close contact with sick pigs days before disease onset. Initially he presented with headache and fever. After admission, the patient began to experience lower back pain, which led physicians to perform a lumber puncture. Meta-genomic next generation sequencing helped identify Streptococcus suis in the cerebrospinal fluid. MRI imaging indicated a spinal canal infection caused by Streptococcus suis. Conclusions Spinal canal infection is an uncommon disease of Streptococcus suis infection. This case report indicates that people presented with fever, headache and lower back pain should also be suspected as Streptococcus suis infection, especially for those who have had a history of sick pig contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihua Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Zhu Y, Zhu F, Bo L, Fang Y, Shan X. A rare case of meningitis and septicemia caused by Streptococcus suis in a woman without a history of live pig contact or eating raw pork. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2007-2012. [PMID: 34559387 PMCID: PMC8460845 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen that primarily inhabits the upper respiratory tract of pigs. Therefore, pigs that carry these pathogens are the major source of infection. Most patients are infected through contact with live pigs or unprocessed pork products and eating uncooked pork. S. Suis mainly causes sepsis and meningitis. The disease has an insidious onset and rapid progress. The patient becomes critically ill and the mortality is high. In this case report, we described a rare case of S. suis isolated from a middle-aged woman in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China, who did not have any contact with live pigs and had not eaten uncooked pork. S. Suis was isolated from both the patient’s blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), No 365 Renmin East Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), No 365 Renmin East Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Lihong Bo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), No 365 Renmin East Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yinfei Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), No 365 Renmin East Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), No 365 Renmin East Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, China
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5
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Shangab MOM, Shaikh NA. Streptococcus suis and an Incidentally Diagnosed Metastatic Colon Cancer. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/20-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic infection known to cause meningitis and sepsis, in addition to several other rare manifestations. Infection with this organism is rare in the absence of pork ingestion or a handling history.
Case presentation: The authors report the case of a 62-year-old male with no animal contact history, who presented with symptoms of urinary tract infection. It was his second infection over the course of 2 years. His urine culture was positive for Escherichia coli but his blood culture was positive for S. suis. Ultrasound of the abdomen ruled out underlying predisposing urinary pathology. However, it did show several heterogeneous liver masses with abnormal vascularity. A follow-up abdominal CT revealed a malignant neoplastic process involving the sigmoid colon with metastatic liver lesions. Colonoscopy demonstrated a fungating mass at the sigmoid colon and biopsies revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma.
Conclusion: This case suggests the possibility of associated colon cancer in patients presenting with S. suis with no explicit history of animal or pork contact. It also proposes the existence of an association between colon cancer with Streptococcus species other than bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niaz Ahmed Shaikh
- Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Ágoston Z, Terhes G, Hannauer P, Gajdács M, Urbán E. Fatal case of bacteremia caused by Streptococcus suis in a splenectomized man and a review of the European literature. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2020; 67:148-155. [PMID: 32223305 DOI: 10.1556/030.2020.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic human pathogen, which is a causative agent of invasive infections in people who are in close contact with infected pigs or contaminated pork products. It is associated with severe systemic infections, most commonly meningitis and sepsis, which may lead to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Serotype 2 is the most prevalent type in S. suis infections in humans. We have reported a case of a very rapidly proceeding fatal human S. suis infection in a splenectomized, but otherwise immunocompetent patient in Hungary. We would like to highlight the attention for this pathogen for the risk group patients, not only pig breeders, veterinarians, abattoir workers, meat processing and transport workers, butchers and cooks, that those persons who are immunocompromised including those with spleen removed, persons with diabetes mellitus, cancer and alcoholism, are also at greater risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ágoston
- 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Terhes
- 2Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hannauer
- 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márió Gajdács
- 3Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- 4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, Hungary
- 5Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, 7624, Szigeti utca 12, Pécs, Hungary
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7
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Gajdács M, Németh A, Knausz M, Barrak I, Stájer A, Mestyán G, Melegh S, Nyul A, Tóth Á, Ágoston Z, Urbán E. Streptococcus suis: An Underestimated Emerging Pathogen in Hungary? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091292. [PMID: 32847011 PMCID: PMC7570012 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, demonstrated as an etiological agent in human infections in increasing frequency, including diseases like purulent meningitis, sepsis, uveitis-endophtalmitis and arthritis. Due to the increased availability and utility of novel diagnostic technologies in clinical microbiology, more studies have been published on the epidemiology of S. suis, both in veterinary and human medicine; however, there are no comprehensive data available regarding human S. suis infections from East-Central European countries. As a part of our study, data were collected from the National Bacteriological Surveillance (NBS) system on patients who had at least one positive microbiological result for S. suis, corresponding to an 18-year study period (2002-2019). n = 74 S. suis strains were isolated from invasive human infections, corresponding to 34 patients. The number of affected patients was 1.89 ± 1.53/year (range: 0-5). Most isolates originated from blood culture (63.5%) and cerebrospinal fluid (18.9%) samples. Additionally, we present detailed documentation of three instructive cases from three regions of the country and with three distinctly different outcomes. Hungary has traditional agriculture, the significant portion of which includes the production and consumption of pork meat, with characteristic preparation and consumption customs and unfavorable epidemiological characteristics (alcohol consumption, prevalence of malignant diseases or diabetes), which have all been described as important predisposing factors for the development of serious infections. Clinicians and microbiologist need to be vigilant even in nonendemic areas, especially if the patients have a history of occupational hazards or having close contact with infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +36-62-341-330
| | - Anita Németh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál utca 2–4., 9023 Győr, Hungary; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Márta Knausz
- Microbiology Laboratory, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál utca 2–4., 9023 Győr, Hungary; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Barrak
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62–64., 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Anette Stájer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62–64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gyula Mestyán
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Szilvia Melegh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Adrienn Nyul
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Ákos Tóth
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2–6., 1097 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Ágoston
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6., 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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8
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Hlebowicz M, Jakubowski P, Smiatacz T. Streptococcus suis Meningitis: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:557-562. [PMID: 30855223 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a prevalent porcine pathogen, may sporadically cause infections in humans, and has recently emerged as a cause of zoonoses in some professionals. The aim of this article was to review available data on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnostics, and management of the most common form of S. suis infection, purulent meningitis. Literature data show that S. suis is an important etiological factor of purulent meningitis, especially in subjects being occupationally exposed to contact with pigs and/or pork meat. Owing to growing incidence of S. suis meningitis, a history of such exposure should be verified in each patient presenting with typical meningeal symptoms. Whenever S. suis was confirmed as the etiological factor of purulent meningitis, therapeutic protocol should be adjusted appropriately, to avoid patient's exposure to potentially ototoxic antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids. Considering the biphasic character of S. suis meningitis and its frequently atypical outcome, all individuals with this condition should be optimally supervised by a multidisciplinary team, including an ENT specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hlebowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Jakubowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Smiatacz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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9
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Abstract
The genus Streptococcus includes Gram-positive organisms shaped in cocci and organized in chains. They are commensals, pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Most Streptococcus species of veterinary relevance have a specific ecological niche, such as S. uberis, which is almost exclusively an environmental pathogen causing bovine mastitis. In contrast, S. suis can be considered as a true zoonotic pathogen, causing specific diseases in humans after contact with infected animals or derived food products. Finally, Streptococcus species such as S. agalactiae can be sporadically zoonotic, even though they are pathogens of both humans and animals independently. For clarification, a short taxonomical overview will be given here to highlight the diversity of streptococci that infect animals. Several families of antibiotics are used to treat animals for streptococcal infections. First-line treatments are penicillins (alone or in combination with aminoglycosides), macrolides and lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Because of the selecting role of antibiotics, resistance phenotypes have been reported in streptococci isolated from animals worldwide. Globally, the dynamic of resistance acquisition in streptococci is slower than what is experienced in Enterobacteriaceae, probably due to the much more limited horizontal spread of resistance genes. Nonetheless, transposons or integrative and conjugative elements can disseminate resistance determinants among streptococci. Besides providing key elements on the prevalence of resistance in streptococci from animals, this article will also largely consider the mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of the major types of resistance to antimicrobials encountered in the most important streptococcal species in veterinary medicine.
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10
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Wang X, Zhao J, Cai C, Tang X, Fu L, Zhang A, Han L. A Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Induced by Streptococcus suis or Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA). Front Immunol 2018; 9:2615. [PMID: 30555459 PMCID: PMC6282035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) ranks among the five most important porcine pathogens worldwide and occasionally threatens human health, particularly in people who come into close contact with pigs or pork products. An S. suis infection induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in vitro and in vivo, and the NET structure plays an essential role in S. suis clearance. However, the signaling pathway by which S. suis induces NET formation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we used a label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of mouse NET formation induced by S. suis or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a robust NET inducer. Greater than 50% of the differentially expressed proteins in neutrophils infected by S. suis showed similar changes as observed following PMA stimulation, and PKC, NADPH oxidase, and MPO were required for NET formation induced by both stimuli. Because PMA induced robust NET formation while S. suis (MOI = 2) induced only weak NET formation, the association between the inducer and NET formation was worth considering. Interestingly, proteins involved in peptidase activity showed significant differential changes in response to each inducer. Of these peptidases, MMP-8 expression was obviously decreased in response to PMA, but it was not significantly changed in response to S. suis. A subsequent study further confirmed that MMP-8 activity was inversely correlated with NET formation induced by both stimuli. Therefore, the present study provides potentially important information about the manner by which neutrophils responded to the inducers to form NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Control, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Control, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Control, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Draft Genome Sequence of Streptococcus suis Strain SsRC-1, a Human Isolate from a Fatal Case of Toxic Shock Syndrome. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/20/e00447-18. [PMID: 29773639 PMCID: PMC5958261 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00447-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an economically important pathogen in the pig industry and is also an emerging zoonotic agent responsible for severe infections in humans. Here, we report the genome sequence of S. suis strain SsRC-1. Specifically, this strain was a serotype 2 and was isolated from a human fatal case of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in Italy.
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12
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Han L, Fu L, Peng Y, Zhang A. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Signaling: Protective and Pathogenic Roles on Streptococcal Toxic-Shock-Like Syndrome Caused by Streptococcus suis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:577. [PMID: 29619033 PMCID: PMC5871666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis infections can cause septic shock, which is referred to as streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome (STSLS). The disease is characterized by a severe inflammatory response, multiple organ failure, and high mortality. However, no superantigen that is responsible for toxic shock syndrome was detected in S. suis, indicating that the mechanism underlying STSLS is different and remains to be elucidated. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), belonging to the Ig superfamily, is an activating receptor expressed on myeloid cells, and has been recognized as a critical immunomodulator in several inflammatory diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiologies. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of TREM-1 on acute infectious diseases and then highlight the crucial roles of TREM-1 on the development of STSLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- Institute for Medical Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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A fatal case of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus suis carrying tet (40) and tet (O/W/32/O), Italy. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:774-776. [PMID: 27553071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the first human fatal case of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 carrying the tetracycline efflux tet (40) gene and the tetracycline ribosomal protection tet (O/W/32/O) gene. The patient was splenectomized. The case was characterized by multi-organ dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, in accordance with the clinical parameters of STSS. More investigations are needed to improve the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of S. suis in human infection.
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Zhao J, Lin L, Fu L, Han L, Zhang A. Neutrophil extracellular Taps play an important role in clearance ofStreptococcus suis in vivo. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:228-33. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Lan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Li Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Anding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan Hubei 430070 China
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Yang C, Zhao J, Lin L, Pan S, Fu L, Han L, Jin M, Zhou R, Zhang A. Targeting TREM-1 Signaling in the Presence of Antibiotics is Effective Against Streptococcal Toxic-Shock-Like Syndrome (STSLS) Caused by Streptococcus suis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:79. [PMID: 26618144 PMCID: PMC4641895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S.suis), a major swine pathogen, is also a severe threat to human health. Infection with highly virulent strains of S. suis can cause human Streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome (STSLS), which is associated with high serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and a high mortality rate. Our previous study indicated that highly virulent S. suis infection could activate the TREM-1 signaling pathway, which promotes host clearance of S. suis during early infection. However, it remained to be elicited whether TREM-1 signaling could be a target against STSLS in the presence of antibiotic. In the present study, mice were infected with a highly virulent S. suis strain and then treated with rTREM-1 (the recombinant extracellular domain of TREM-1) to block TREM-1 signaling, antibiotics, both rTREM-1 and antibiotics, or PBS. The survival rates, clinical signs, serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and serum bacterial loads were evaluated. Treatment with rTREM-1 could aggravate the outcome of infection as described previously. Although the conventional treatment with antibiotics contributed to effective S. suis clearance, it did not improve survival significantly. In comparison, due to the reduction of the exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, treatment combined with rTREM-1 and antibiotics not only led to efficient bacterial clearance but also alleviated inflammation. In conclusion, TREM-1 signaling contributed to severe inflammatory response and benefited S. suis clearance. Therefore, blocking TREM-1 signaling could still be a target for the treatment of STSLS in the presence of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Li Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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TREM-1 signaling promotes host defense during the early stage of infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3293-301. [PMID: 26056380 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis can cause septic shock, which is characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines and a high mortality rate. Our previous study indicated that TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) was upregulated in swine spleen cells in response to S. suis infection. The role of TREM-1 signaling in enhancement of the proinflammatory response promoted us to examine its effect on the outcome of S. suis infection. In the present study, the recombinant extracellular domain of TREM-1 (rTREM-1) and an agonistic TREM-1 antibody were used to inhibit and activate TREM-1 signaling to evaluate its role in neutrophil activation, pathogen clearance, proinflammatory cytokine response, and the outcome of highly pathogenic S. suis infection in a mouse model. Blockage of TREM-1 signaling caused a more severe proinflammatory response to S. suis infection and increased the mortality rate, while its activation had the opposite effect. Blockage or activation of TREM-1 signaling lowered or raised the number of neutrophils in the blood, which correlated well with host clearance of S. suis. In conclusion, the TREM-1-mediated innate immune response played an essential role in the activation of neutrophils and S. suis clearance, which further reduced severe inflammation and finally benefited the outcome of the infection.
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Gómez-Zorrilla S, Ardanuy C, Lora-Tamayo J, Cámara J, García-Somoza D, Peña C, Ariza J. Streptococcus suis infection and malignancy in man, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1067-8. [PMID: 24856779 PMCID: PMC4036790 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.131167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Yao J, Shang K, Huang J, Ran W, Kashif J, Wang L. Overexpression of an ABC transporter and mutations of GyrA, GyrB, and ParC in contributing to high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Streptococcus suis type 2. Biosci Trends 2014; 8:84-92. [PMID: 24815385 DOI: 10.5582/bst.8.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen of zoonotic diseases. Moreover, the emergence of fluoro-quinolones (FQs) resistance in this pathogen has severe consequences for pigs and human health. In this study, the molecular mechanism of FQs resistance in S. suis type 2 (SS2) sensitive strains isolated from pigs was assessed after in vitro induction of resistance against the most frequently used FQs: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Proteome analysis, sequencing and real-time RT-PCR results strongly established an overexpression of an ABC transporter protein (other than SatAB) and topoisomerase mutations in GyrA (Ser81Arg), GyrB (Glu354Lys), and ParC (Ser79Phe) in contributing to high level ciprofloxacin resistance in SS2. Due to the overexpression of the ABC transporter, intracellular ciprofloxacin concentrations were significantly lower in the resistant strains than those of sensitive strains after 20, 35, and 60 min exposures to ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05). It was concluded that improper use of FQs is one of the main causes of the emergence of this zoonotic pathogen as a multiresistant organism against commonly used antibiotics. The existence of an efflux-like protein is an incentive to find new drug targets to avoid the spread of FQs-resistant S. suis isolates in pigs and the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
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Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e45. [PMID: 26038745 PMCID: PMC4078792 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen causing economic problems in the pig
industry. Moreover, it is a zoonotic agent causing severe infections to people in close
contact with infected pigs or pork-derived products. Although considered sporadic in the
past, human S. suis infections have been reported during the last 45 years, with
two large outbreaks recorded in China. In fact, the number of reported human cases has
significantly increased in recent years. In this review, we present the worldwide
distribution of serotypes and sequence types (STs), as determined by multilocus sequence
typing, for pigs (between 2002 and 2013) and humans (between 1968 and 2013). The methods
employed for S. suis identification and typing, the current epidemiological
knowledge regarding serotypes and STs and the zoonotic potential of S. suis are
discussed. Increased awareness of S. suis in both human and veterinary diagnostic
laboratories and further establishment of typing methods will contribute to our knowledge
of this pathogen, especially in regions where complete and/or recent data is lacking. More
research is required to understand differences in virulence that occur among S.
suis strains and if these differences can be associated with specific serotypes or
STs.
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Demar M, Belzunce C, Simonnet C, Renaux A, Abboud P, Okandze A, Marois-Créhan C, Djossou F. Streptococcus suis meningitis and bacteremia in man, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1545-6. [PMID: 23977863 PMCID: PMC3810910 DOI: 10.3201/eid1909.121872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Feng Y, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang S, Cao M, Hu D, Wang C. Streptococcus suis infection: an emerging/reemerging challenge of bacterial infectious diseases? Virulence 2014; 5:477-97. [PMID: 24667807 PMCID: PMC4063810 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a family of pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains that represents a primary health problem in the swine industry worldwide. S. suis is also an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe human infections clinically featuring with varied diseases/syndromes (such as meningitis, septicemia, and arthritis). Over the past few decades, continued efforts have made significant progress toward better understanding this zoonotic infectious entity, contributing in part to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying its high pathogenicity. This review is aimed at presenting an updated overview of this pathogen from the perspective of molecular epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and typing, virulence mechanism, and protective antigens contributing to its zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases & State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease; First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC); Urbana, IL USA
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Shihua Wang
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Epidemiology; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Palmieri C, Varaldo PE, Facinelli B. Streptococcus suis, an Emerging Drug-Resistant Animal and Human Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:235. [PMID: 22275909 PMCID: PMC3223616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen, has been receiving growing attention not only for its role in severe and increasingly reported infections in humans, but also for its involvement in drug resistance. Recent studies and the analysis of sequenced genomes have been providing important insights into the S. suis resistome, and have resulted in the identification of resistance determinants for tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, antifolate drugs, streptothricin, and cadmium salts. Resistance gene-carrying genetic elements described so far include integrative and conjugative elements, transposons, genomic islands, phages, and chimeric elements. Some of these elements are similar to those reported in major streptococcal pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae and share the same chromosomal insertion sites. The available information strongly suggests that S. suis is an important antibiotic resistance reservoir that can contribute to the spread of resistance genes to the above-mentioned streptococci. S. suis is thus a paradigmatic example of possible intersections between animal and human resistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Palmieri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy
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Zhang A, Yang M, Hu P, Wu J, Chen B, Hua Y, Yu J, Chen H, Xiao J, Jin M. Comparative genomic analysis of Streptococcus suis reveals significant genomic diversity among different serotypes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:523. [PMID: 22026465 PMCID: PMC3227697 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent. Serotypes 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14 and 1/2 are the most prevalent serotypes of this pathogen. However, almost all studies were carried out on serotype 2 strains. Therefore, characterization of genomic features of other serotypes will be required to better understand their virulence potential and phylogenetic relationships among different serotypes. Results Four Chinese S. suis strains belonging to serotypes 1, 7, 9 and 1/2 were sequenced using a rapid, high-throughput approach. Based on the 13 corresponding serotype strains, including 9 previously completed genomes of this bacterium, a full comparative genomic analysis was performed. The results provide evidence that (i) the pan-genome of this species is open and the size increases with addition of new sequenced genomes, (ii) strains of serotypes 1, 3, 7 and 9 are phylogenetically distinct from serotype 2 strains, but all serotype 2 strains, plus the serotype 1/2 and 14 strains, are very closely related. (iii) all these strains, except for the serotype 1 strain, could harbor a recombinant site for a pathogenic island (89 K) mediated by conjugal transfer, and may have the ability to gain the 89 K sequence. Conclusions There is significant genomic diversity among different strains in S. suis, and the gain and loss of large amount of genes are involved in shaping their genomes. This is indicated by (i) pairwise gene content comparisons between every pair of these strains, (ii) the open pan-genome of this species, (iii) the observed indels, invertions and rearrangements in the collinearity analysis. Phylogenetic relationships may be associated with serotype, as serotype 2 strains are closely related and distinct from other serotypes like 1, 3, 7 and 9, but more strains need to be sequenced to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan (430070), China
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Hu P, Yang M, Zhang A, Wu J, Chen B, Hua Y, Yu J, Chen H, Xiao J, Jin M. Comparative genomics study of multi-drug-resistance mechanisms in the antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus suis R61 strain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24988. [PMID: 21966396 PMCID: PMC3180280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis infections are a serious problem for both humans and pigs worldwide. The emergence and increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. suis strains pose significant clinical and societal challenges. RESULTS In our study, we sequenced one multi-drug-resistant S. suis strain, R61, and one S. suis strain, A7, which is fully sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the R61 strain is phylogenetically distinct from other S. suis strains, and the genome of R61 exhibits extreme levels of evolutionary plasticity with high levels of gene gain and loss. Our results indicate that the multi-drug-resistant strain R61 has evolved three main categories of resistance. CONCLUSIONS Comparative genomic analysis of S. suis strains with diverse drug-resistant phenotypes provided evidence that horizontal gene transfer is an important evolutionary force in shaping the genome of multi-drug-resistant strain R61. In this study, we discovered novel and previously unexamined mutations that are strong candidates for conferring drug resistance. We believe that these mutations will provide crucial clues for designing new drugs against this pathogen. In addition, our work provides a clear demonstration that the use of drugs has driven the emergence of the multi-drug-resistant strain R61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hu
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anding Zhang
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Hua
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JX); (MJ)
| | - Meilin Jin
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JX); (MJ)
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Fluoroquinolone efflux in Streptococcus suis is mediated by SatAB and not by SmrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5850-60. [PMID: 21930876 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00498-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen. With the lack of an effective vaccine, antibiotics remain the main tool to fight infections caused by this pathogen. We have previously observed a reserpine-sensitive fluoroquinolone (FQ) efflux phenotype in this species. Here, SatAB and SmrA, two pumps belonging to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) and the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), respectively, have been analyzed in the fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolate BB1013. Genes encoding these pumps were overexpressed either constitutively or in the presence of ciprofloxacin in this strain. These genes could not be cloned in plasmids in Escherichia coli despite strong expression repression. Finally, site-directed insertion of smrA and satAB in the amy locus of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome using ligated PCR amplicons allowed for the functional expression and study of both pumps. Results showed that SatAB is a narrow-spectrum fluoroquinolone exporter (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin), susceptible to reserpine, whereas SmrA was not involved in fluoroquinolone resistance. Chromosomal integration in Bacillus is a novel method for studying efflux pumps from Gram-positive bacteria, which enabled us to demonstrate the possible role of SatAB, and not SmrA, in fluoroquinolone efflux in S. suis.
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Chander Y, Oliveira SR, Goyal SM. Identification of the tet(B) resistance gene in Streptococcus suis. Vet J 2011; 189:359-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hoa NT, Chieu TTB, Nghia HDT, Mai NTH, Anh PH, Wolbers M, Baker S, Campbell JI, Chau NVV, Hien TT, Farrar J, Schultsz C. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated determinants in Streptococcus suis isolated from humans in southern Vietnam, 1997-2008. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:6. [PMID: 21208459 PMCID: PMC3022717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults in Vietnam. Systematic data on the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of S. suis strains isolated from human cases are lacking. We studied antimicrobial resistance and associated resistance determinants in S. suis isolated from patients with meningitis in southern Vietnam. Methods S. suis strains isolated between 1997 and 2008 were investigated for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents. Strains were screened for the presence and expression of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance determinants and the association of tet(M) genes with Tn916- like transposons. The localization of tetracycline resistance gene tet(L) was determined by pulse field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting. Results We observed a significant increase in resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, which was concurrent with an increase in multi-drug resistance. In tetracycline resistance strains, we identified tet(M), tet(O), tet(W) and tet(L) and confirmed their expression. All tet(M) genes were associated with a Tn916-like transposon. The co-expression of tet(L) and other tetracycline resistance gene(s) encoding for ribosomal protection protein(s) was only detected in strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline of ≥ 64 mg/L Conclusions We demonstrated that multi-drug resistance in S. suis causing disease in humans in southern Vietnam has increased over the 11-year period studied. We report the presence and expression of tet(L) in S. suis strains and our data suggest that co-expression of multiple genes encoding distinct mechanism is required for an MIC ≥ 64 mg/L to tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo T Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Papatsiros VG, Vourvidis D, Tzitzis AA, Meichanetsidis PS, Stougiou D, Papaioannou D. Streptococcus suis: an important zoonotic pathogen for human � prevention aspects. Vet World 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.216-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Different genetic elements carrying the tet(W) gene in two human clinical isolates of Streptococcus suis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:631-6. [PMID: 21115784 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00965-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic support for tet(W), an emerging tetracycline resistance determinant, was studied in two strains of Streptococcus suis, SsCA and SsUD, both isolated in Italy from patients with meningitis. Two completely different tet(W)-carrying genetic elements, sharing only a tet(W)-containing segment barely larger than the gene, were found in the two strains. The one from strain SsCA was nontransferable, and aside from an erm(B)-containing insertion, it closely resembled a genomic island recently described in an S. suis Chinese human isolate in sequence, organization, and chromosomal location. The tet(W)-carrying genetic element from strain SsUD was transferable (at a low frequency) and, though apparently noninducible following mitomycin C treatment, displayed a typical phage organization and was named ΦSsUD.1. Its full sequence was determined (60,711 bp), the highest BLASTN score being Streptococcus pyogenes Φm46.1. ΦSsUD.1 exhibited a unique combination of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes. Besides tet(W), it contained a MAS (macrolide-aminoglycoside-streptothricin) fragment with an erm(B) gene having a deleted leader peptide and a cadC/cadA cadmium efflux cassette. The MAS fragment closely resembled the one recently described in pneumococcal transposons Tn6003 and Tn1545. These resistance genes found in the ΦSsUD.1 phage scaffold differed from, but were in the same position as, cargo genes carried by other streptococcal phages. The chromosome integration site of ΦSsUD.1 was at the 3' end of a conserved tRNA uracil methyltransferase (rum) gene. This site, known to be an insertional hot spot for mobile elements in S. pyogenes, might play a similar role in S. suis.
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Yang W, Cai X, Hao Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Xing R, Gu J, Li C, Yue X, Yuan C, Zhang M, Cui L, Hua X, Yang Z. Characterization of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 blood infections using RT-qPCR to quantify glutamate dehydrogenase copy numbers. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 83:326-9. [PMID: 20869401 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study characterized the dynamic distribution of bacteria in the blood of pigs infected with Streptococcus suis serotype 2 using specific primers and a TaqMan probe designed to amplify the highly conserved S. suis serotype 2 glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene sequences. Gene copy numbers were used to determine the concentration of bacteria in the blood of infected pigs over time using established TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR methodologies (RT-qPCR). The results showed that the detection limit of the RT-qPCR was 10 GDH gene copies. The advantages of utilizing this approach are the high levels of specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. Bacteria were detected in the blood of infected pigs after 24 h post infection and S. suis GDH gene copies in the experimental group were highest (10(4.15)) on day 7 post infection. Data presented in this report demonstrate that the TaqMan RT-qPCR detection method can be used to characterize the dynamic changes occurring during S. suis serotype 2 blood infections in Bama minipigs thereby facilitating research associated with defining pathogenic mechanisms associated with this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Yang
- College of Animal science and Animal medicine, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Huhhot 010018, China
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Gottschalk M, Xu J, Lecours MP, Grenier D, Fittipaldi N, Segura M. Streptococcus suis Infections in Humans: What is the prognosis for Western countries? (Part II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gottschalk M, Xu J, Calzas C, Segura M. Streptococcus suis: a new emerging or an old neglected zoonotic pathogen? Future Microbiol 2010; 5:371-91. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Streptococcus suis are considered a global and an economical problem in the swine industry. Moreover, S. suis is an agent of zoonosis that afflicts people in close contact with infected pigs or pork-derived products. Although sporadic cases of S. suis infections in humans (mainly meningitis) have been reported during the last 40 years, a large outbreak due to this pathogen emerged in the summer of 2005 in China. The severity of the infection in humans during the outbreak, such as a shorter incubation time, more rapid disease progression and higher rate of mortality, attracted a lot of attention from the scientific community and the general press. In fact, the number of publications on S. suis (including the number of reported human cases) has significantly increased during recent years. In this article we critically review the present knowledge on S. suis infection in humans, we discuss the hypotheses that may explain the 2005 outbreak and the repercussion of such an episode on the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Streptococcus suis Research Laboratory & International Reference Laboratory for S. suis Serotyping, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping Disrict, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cynthia Calzas
- Laboratory of Immunology & Streptococcus suis Research Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Chhour KL, Hinds LA, Jacques NA, Deane EM. An observational study of the microbiome of the maternal pouch and saliva of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, and of the gastrointestinal tract of the pouch young. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 156:798-808. [PMID: 19833775 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.031997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Marsupial mammals, born in an extremely atricial state with no functional immune system, offer a unique opportunity to investigate both the developing microbiome and its relationship to that of the mother and the potential influence of this microbiome upon the development of the immune system. In this study we used a well-established marsupial model animal, Macropus eugenii, the tammar wallaby, to document the microbiome of three related sites: the maternal pouch and saliva, and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the young animal. We used molecular-based methods, targeting the 16S rDNA gene to determine the bacterial diversity at these study sites. In the maternal pouch, 41 unique phylotypes, predominantly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, were detected, while in the saliva, 48 unique phylotypes were found that predominantly belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria. The GIT of the pouch young had a complex microbiome of 53 unique phylotypes, even though the pouch young were still permanently attached to the teat and had only been exposed to the external environment for a few minutes immediately after birth while making their way from the birth canal to the maternal pouch. Of these 53 phylotypes, only nine were detected at maternal sites. Overall, the majority of bacteria isolated were novel species (<97 % identity to known 16S rDNA sequences), and each study site (i.e. maternal pouch and saliva, and the GIT of the pouch young) possessed its own unique microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Ly Chhour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lyn A Hinds
- CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Jacques
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Deane
- The Chancelry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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