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Yared S, Gebresilassie A, Aklilu E, Abdulahi E, Kirstein OD, Gonzalez-Olvera G, Che-Mendoza A, Bibiano-Marin W, Waymire E, Lines J, Lenhart A, Kitron U, Carter T, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Building the vector in: construction practices and the invasion and persistence of Anopheles stephensi in Jigjiga, Ethiopia. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e999-e1005. [PMID: 38056970 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is a major vector of malaria in Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, and its recent invasion into Africa poses a major threat to malaria control and elimination efforts on the continent. The mosquito is well adapted to urban environments, and its presence in Africa could potentially lead to an increase in malaria transmission in cities. Most of the knowledge about An stephensi ecology in Africa has been generated from studies conducted during the rainy season, when vectors are most abundant. Here, we provide evidence from the peak of the dry season in the city of Jigjiga in Ethiopia, and report An stephensi immature stages infesting predominantly in water reservoirs made to support construction operations (ie, in construction sites or associated with brick-manufacturing businesses). Political and economic changes in Ethiopia (particularly the Somali Region) have fuelled an unprecedented construction boom since 2018 that, in our opinion, has been instrumental in the establishment, persistence, and propagation of An stephensi via the year-round availability of perennial larval habitats associated with construction. We argue that larval source management during the dry season might provide a unique opportunity for focused control of An stephensi in Jigjiga and similar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Yared
- Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Aklilu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elyas Abdulahi
- Population, Resources and Environmental Economics, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gabriela Gonzalez-Olvera
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Wilbert Bibiano-Marin
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
| | | | - Jo Lines
- London School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tamar Carter
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Wako, TX, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
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2
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Kleinerman G, Melloul S, Chaim L, Mergy SE, Kaufman RG, Dagan N, Nachum-Biala Y, Kitaichik S, Gross S, Astman N, Baneth G. Detection of Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum in cats during an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniosis in Southern Israel. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 98:102006. [PMID: 37356168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of Leishmania spp. infection was studied in stray cats in two military bases in Southern Israel during a cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) human outbreak caused by Leishmania major. Human CL cases increased from 0/100 in 2008 to 1.28/100 in 2022 in camp #1, and from 0.17/100 in 2008 to 6.4/100 in 2022, in camp #2. Eight out of 29 cats sampled were Leishmania-seropositive (28 %) and 7/29 (24 %) were internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) PCR-positive, out of which four (14 %) were positive for L. major and three (10 %) for L. infantum. Five positive-cats had skin lesions including ulcers, alopecia and scabs, and five had eye lesions. This is the first report of L. major infection in cats in Israel and one of the first descriptions in felines worldwide. A larger cohort of cats and vector studies are necessary to determine if felids may act as reservoirs or sentinels of human L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kleinerman
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Sivan Melloul
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Lavie Chaim
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Shani E Mergy
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Roi G Kaufman
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Nufar Dagan
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Sarah Kitaichik
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Saar Gross
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel.
| | - Nadav Astman
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Tel Hashomer Camp, 5510802 Qriat Ono, Israel; Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 8436322, Israel.
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
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3
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Studentsky L, Orshan L, Akad F, Ben Avi I, Diaz D, Elbaz S, Sagi O, Zagron G, Valinsky L, Davidovich-Cohen M, Baneth G. Leishmania donovani Transmission Cycle Associated with Human Infection, Phlebotomus alexandri Sand Flies, and Hare Blood Meals, Israel 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:945-955. [PMID: 37080961 PMCID: PMC10124660 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major or L. tropica and visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum have been reported in Israel. We collected Phlebotomus spp. sand flies in the Negev desert of southern Israel to identify circulating Leishmania spp. Of 22,636 trapped sand flies, 80% were P. alexandri. We sequenced Leishmania-specific internal transcribed spacer 1 fragments and K26 genes. Of 5,019 Phlebotomus female sand flies, 2.5% were Leishmania DNA-positive; 92% of infections were L. donovani. Phylogenetic analyses showed separate clustering of L. donovani and L. infantum. P. alexandri flies positive for L. donovani harbored blood meals from European hares. Leishmania DNA isolated from a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis who lived in the survey area was identical to L. donovani from P. alexandri flies. We report circulation of L. donovani, a cause of visceral leishmaniasis, in southern Israel. Prompt diagnosis and Leishmania spp. identification are critical to prevent leishmaniasis progression.
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4
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Lipoldová M, Demant P. Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712688. [PMID: 34721380 PMCID: PMC8553003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host’s sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose-dependent, and their outcomes depend on pathogen and even on its species or subspecies. Sex may differentially affect pathology of various organs and its influence is modified by interaction of host’s hormonal status and genotype: sex chromosomes X and Y, as well as autosomal genes. In this Mini Review we summarize the major influences of sex in human infections and subsequently focus on 22 autosomal genes/loci that modify in a sex-dependent way the response to infectious diseases in mouse models. These genes have been observed to influence susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and worms. Some sex-dependent genes/loci affect susceptibility only in females or only in males, affect both sexes, but have stronger effect in one sex; still other genes were shown to affect the disease in both sexes, but with opposite direction of effect in females and males. The understanding of mechanisms of sex-dependent differences in the course of infectious diseases may be relevant for their personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Demant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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5
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Amahmid O, El Guamri Y, Zenjari K, Bouhout S, Ait Moh M, Boraam F, Ait Melloul A, Benfaida H, Bouhoum K, Belghyti D. Epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in diagnosed patients from an endemic area (central Morocco). J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:762-768. [PMID: 34475658 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis represents the most neglected tropical disease across the world. In Morocco, this disease is endemic and constitutes a major public health problem, with a national control program been implemented. The current study aimed to determine the pattern and epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in affected patients in an area covered by the CL control and prevention program (Central Morocco). A total of 161 patients suspected for cutaneous leishmaniasis were diagnosed according to WHO laboratory methods, and 82 cases were confirmed positive for CL. The reports were analysed by patients' socio-geographic status, gender and age. The number and distribution of CL lesions by location, gender and age were investigated. Overall the confirmed cases, 89 % were infected by Leishmania tropica versus 21 % for Leishmania major. Females were significantly more affected than males (p < 0.01). Children (0-15 years), especially those ≤ 7 years of age, were the most affected. For the distribution of lesions, single lesion cases were largely preponderant (70.7 %) compared to multiple lesions. Face location was significantly more frequent (62.2 %) compared to limbs (26.8 %). Face lesions were found more prevalent in children than in adults while limb lesions were highly observed in adults. The pattern of the disease is affected by many factors (e.g. environment, gender, age, etc.) and has specifics to be considered in prevention and control programs in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Amahmid
- Biology Unit, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training, CRMEF-Marrakech-Safi, Avenue Mozdalifa, P.O. Box 797, 40090 Marrakesh, Morocco.,Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Parasitology and Aquatic Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakesh, Morocco.,Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Youssef El Guamri
- Biology Unit, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training, CRMEF-Marrakech-Safi, Avenue Mozdalifa, P.O. Box 797, 40090 Marrakesh, Morocco.,Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Khalid Zenjari
- Regional Direction of Health Marrakesh-Safi, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Souad Bouhout
- Service of Parasitic Diseases, Direction of Epidemiology and Diseases Control (DELM), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ait Moh
- Regional Direction of Health Marrakesh-Safi, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Fatima Boraam
- Regional Direction of Health Marrakesh-Safi, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Ait Melloul
- Regional Laboratory of Epidemiological Diagnostic and Environmental Hygiene (LRDEHM), Marrakesh-Safi, Morocco
| | - Hilal Benfaida
- Regional Laboratory of Epidemiological Diagnostic and Environmental Hygiene (LRDEHM), Marrakesh-Safi, Morocco
| | - Khadija Bouhoum
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Parasitology and Aquatic Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Driss Belghyti
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, Kenitra, Morocco
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6
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Genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica: Unexpectedly complex distribution pattern. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105888. [PMID: 33713626 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a collection of clinical samples obtained from Syrian and Turkish patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. All obtained sequences belonged to Leishmania tropica. Combining them with those available from GenBank allowed us performing a broad-scale analysis of genetic diversity for this species. We demonstrated that L. tropica has a complex phylogeographic pattern with some haplotypes being widespread across endemic countries and others restricted to particular regions. We hypothesize that at least some of them may be associated with alternative vectors or animal reservoirs.
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7
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Kobets T, Čepičková M, Volkova V, Sohrabi Y, Havelková H, Svobodová M, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Novel Loci Controlling Parasite Load in Organs of Mice Infected With Leishmania major, Their Interactions and Sex Influence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1083. [PMID: 31231359 PMCID: PMC6566641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious health problem in many countries, and continues expanding to new geographic areas including Europe and USA. This disease, caused by parasites of Leishmania spp. and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, causes up to 1.3 million new cases each year and despite efforts toward its functional dissection and treatment it causes 20-50 thousands deaths annually. Dependence of susceptibility to leishmaniasis on sex and host's genes was observed in humans and in mouse models. Several laboratories defined in mice a number of Lmr (Leishmania major response) genetic loci that control functional and pathological components of the response to and outcome of L. major infection. However, the development of its most aggressive form, visceral leishmaniasis, which is lethal if untreated, is not yet understood. Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by infection and inflammation of internal organs. Therefore, we analyzed the genetics of parasite load, spread to internal organs, and ensuing visceral pathology. Using a new PCR-based method of quantification of parasites in tissues we describe a network-like set of interacting genetic loci that control parasite load in different organs. Quantification of Leishmania parasites in lymph nodes, spleen and liver from infected F2 hybrids between BALB/c and recombinant congenic strains CcS-9 and CcS-16 allowed us to map two novel parasite load controlling Leishmania major response loci, Lmr24 and Lmr27. We also detected parasite-controlling role of the previously described loci Lmr4, Lmr11, Lmr13, Lmr14, Lmr15, and Lmr25, and describe 8 genetic interactions between them. Lmr14, Lmr15, Lmr25, and Lmr27 controlled parasite load in liver and lymph nodes. In addition, Leishmania burden in lymph nodes but not liver was influenced by Lmr4 and Lmr24. In spleen, parasite load was controlled by Lmr11 and Lmr13. We detected a strong effect of sex on some of these genes. We also mapped additional genes controlling splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. This resulted in a systematized insight into genetic control of spread and load of Leishmania parasites and visceral pathology in the mammalian organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Kobets
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marie Čepičková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Valeriya Volkova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Havelková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Peter Demant
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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8
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Razavinasab SZ, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Babaei Z, Mohammadi MA, Salarkia E, Sharifi F, Aghaei Afshar A, Bamorovat M. Expansion of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis into rural areas of southeastern Iran: Clinical, epidemiological and phylogenetic profiles explored using 7SL high resolution melting-PCR analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1602-1610. [PMID: 30912874 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has increased remarkably in Iran and has expanded into new areas. The present study aimed to assess the emerging CL outbreak in southeastern Iran using high resolution melting-polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) and phylogenetic analysis using the 7SL RNA gene marker. A cross-sectional and analytical survey was conducted during a house-to-house census of 11,021 inhabitants in Narmashir County in southeastern Iran in 2016. The cases were detected by direct smear microscopic examination and sequencing and were characterized using the 7SL RNA gene. All age groups and sexes were equally affected. Most were single lesions (70.7%). The hands (55.2%) and face (37.9%) were the main sites of involvement. The disease was more common among illiterate persons. Sequencing and HRM-PCR revealed that Leishmania tropica (accession no. MH632168 Qale-Shahid) was the principal causative agent of anthroponotic CL (ACL) in new areas of expansion. This is the first emergence of ACL in rural areas of Narmashir County. Based on the molecular data, the causative parasite species confirmed to be L. tropica. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that a single clone of the organism derived from a single source has spread into the affected villages. Construction of a main road, population movement and recent urbanization in the area are likely the major factors associated with the establishment of this new outbreak. This study was essential to enable the planning of effective therapeutic and prophylactic measures to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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9
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Rohoušová I, Talmi-Frank D, Vlková M, Spitzová T, Rishpon K, Jaffe CL, Volf P, Baneth G, Ephros M. Serological Evaluation of Cutaneous Leishmania tropica Infection in Northern Israel. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:139-141. [PMID: 29141753 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are medically important unicellular parasites transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The World Health Organization recently highlighted the importance of reliable diagnostic tools for leishmaniasis. Our study of human infection was conducted in two endemic foci of Leishmania tropica in the Galilee region, northern Israel. Elevated anti-Leishmania antibodies were present in the majority (78.6%) of L. tropica-PCR positive individuals. Moreover, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed high sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values (ranging between 73% and 79%), thus fulfilling the basic requirement for future development of a serodiagnostic and screening tool. The anti-sand fly saliva antibodies used as biomarkers of exposure reflected the composition of the local sand fly fauna as well as the abundance of individual species. High levels of antibodies against vector salivary proteins may further indicate frequent exposure to sand flies and consequently a higher probability of Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Rohoušová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michaela Vlková
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Spitzová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Koranit Rishpon
- Department of Pediatrics, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Charles L Jaffe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Ephros
- Department of Pediatrics, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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10
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The Role of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Without "Discernible" Leishman-Donovan Bodies. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 39:890-895. [PMID: 29190217 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histopathology plays an important role in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) but Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies may not always be discernible. Recently, anti-CD1a antibody (Ab), clone MTB1, was found to decorate LD bodies immunohistochemically. OBJECTIVE Can histopathology without discernible LD bodies be used to diagnose CL, and can immunohistochemistry using anti-CD1a Ab, clone MTB1, detect LD bodies in these cases. METHODS Suspected CL lesions were studied histopathologically and immunohistochemically, and the patients' clinical files were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 196 patients with suspected CL, direct smear demonstrated LD bodies in 50 (25.5%). Of the remaining 146 patients, 118 underwent biopsy. In 56 (47.5%) patients, the hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections revealed LD bodies. In 47 (39.8%) patients, LD bodies were not discerned but the histopathology demonstrated histiocytic infiltrates with varying numbers of plasma cells along with other inflammatory cells, and negative Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff stains. This pattern was termed "histopathology consistent with leishmaniasis." The history, clinical findings, and response to anti-leishmania therapy supported the diagnosis of CL in all of them, and immunostains for CD1a, clone MTB1, detected LD bodies in 11 (23.4%) of these 47 patients. CONCLUSIONS "Histopathology consistent with CL" along with appropriate clinical findings supports the diagnosis of CL in an endemic area, and immunostains with CD1a Ab, clone MTB1, may help in the minority of the cases.
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11
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Uchida S, Oiso N, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Yanagihara S, Annoura T, Kato Y, Shirano M, Goto Y, Kawada A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Israel. J Dermatol 2018; 45:e240-e241. [PMID: 29569308 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yanagihara
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Shirano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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12
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Mosleh IM, Schönian G, Kanani K, Shadfan B. Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak in the Jordanian side of the Northern Jordan Valley. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:22-28. [PMID: 29392995 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1431191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in many foci of Jordan and the Jordanian Mid Jordan Valley (JMJV) is the most affected and the incidence is quite high. The situation in the northern part of the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley (NJJV) was different; before 2008, CL has rarely been reported from this area. From April 2008 to May 2009, passive detection followed by active detection was used to trace cases of CL from the NJJV. DNA was extracted from seven clinical isolates of Leishmania promastigotes and lesion scrapings spotted on filter papers obtained from 51 suspected CL patients living in the NJJV. The identity of the causative species of CL in the NJJV was investigated using ITS1-PCR followed by RFLP. In 2008/2009, 183 cases were clinically diagnosed of having CL in the NJJV. The parasites in five of the isolates and in 48 PCR-positive scrapings were classified as Leishmania major. In two isolates and in one PCR-positive scraping Leishmania tropica was identified. Investigations on the origin of CL cases revealed that the L. tropica cases were residents of two towns outside the NJJV. Herein, we report the clinical features, parasitological diagnosis, etiology, and the geographical distribution of CL cases from NJJV with the aim of documenting, for the first time, an outbreak in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Mosleh
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Gabrielle Schönian
- b Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene , Charité University of Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Khalil Kanani
- c Department of Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Communicable Disease Directorate , Ministry of Health , Amman , Jordan
| | - Bassam Shadfan
- c Department of Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Communicable Disease Directorate , Ministry of Health , Amman , Jordan
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Kuilder JS, Wismans PJ, Baerveldt EM, van Hellemond JJ, Melo MDM, van Genderen PJJ. Leishmania major Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in 3 Travelers Returning from Israel to the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2022-2024. [PMID: 27767930 PMCID: PMC5088023 DOI: 10.3201/eid2211.161154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005660. [PMID: 28796786 PMCID: PMC5552025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies are neglected, as they cause infectious diseases that are not on the priority list of national and international public health systems. However, the infections caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and viruses belonging to the Phlebovirus genus (family Phenuiviridae)—the most significant group of viruses transmitted by sand flies—have a relevant role for human pathology. These infections are emerging in the Mediterranean region and will likely spread in forthcoming decades, posing a complex threat to human health. Four species and 2 hybrid strains of Leishmania are pathogenic for humans in the Mediterranean Basin, with an estimated annual incidence of 239,500–393,600 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 1,200–2,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Among the phleboviruses, Toscana virus can cause neuroinvasive infections, while other phleboviruses are responsible for a typical “3-day fever”; the actual incidence of Phlebovirus infections in the Mediterranean area is unknown, although at least 250 million people are exposed. Here, we reviewed the current literature on epidemiology of sand fly–borne infections in the Mediterranean Basin, with a focus on humans. Our analysis indicates the need for increased public health activities directed to determine the disease burden of these infections as well as to improve their surveillance. Among the emerging challenges concerning sand fly–borne pathogens, the relationships between sand fly–borne protozoa and viruses should be considered in future studies, including epidemiological links between Leishmania and phleboviruses as well as the conditional capacity for these pathogens to be involved in interactions that may evolve towards increased virulence.
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Baneth G, Yasur-Landau D, Gilad M, Nachum-Biala Y. Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica: comparative findings and serology. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:113. [PMID: 28285601 PMCID: PMC5346844 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection and clinical disease associated with Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica, two common agents of human cutaneous leishmaniosis, have rarely been reported in dogs. This study describes dogs infected with these Leishmania spp. prevalent in the Middle East and North Africa, and compares the serological response of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum, L. major or L. tropica to whole promastigote antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of each species and to rK39 dipstick. RESULTS Leishmania major infection in a 5-month-old male dog was associated with alopecic and ulcerative periocular and limb skin lesions which responded to allopurinol treatment. Infection was detected by skin and blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by DNA sequencing but the dog was seronegative. Leishmania tropica infection was detected in a 3-month-old female dog co-infected with Babesia vogeli and Anaplasma platys and with no skin lesions. PCR and DNA sequencing of the blood and parasite culture were positive for L. tropica. Sera from 11 dogs infected with L. infantum, L. major or L. tropica were reactive with all three Leishmania spp. antigens except for sera from a dog with L. major infection. No significant differences were found between reactivity of dog sera to the antigen of the infecting species, or to the other Leishmania spp. antigens. Sera from dogs infected with L. infantum and L. tropica were positive with the rK39 antigen kit, while dogs with L. major infection were seronegative. CONCLUSIONS Skin lesions in L. major infected dogs from this study and previous reports (n = 2) were ulcerative and located on the muzzle, feet and foot pads and not associated with generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly. In previous L. tropica infections, skin lesions were proliferative mucocutaneous in young dogs (n = 2), or associated with widespread dermatitis, lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly in older dogs with similarity to L. infantum infection (n = 2). This study suggests that ELISA serology with whole promastigote antigen is not distinctive between L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica canine infections and that some L. major infections are not seropositive. PCR with DNA sequencing should be used to discriminate between canine infections with these three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Daniel Yasur-Landau
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Matan Gilad
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Sagi O, Berkowitz A, Codish S, Novack V, Rashti A, Akad F, Shemer-Avni Y. Sensitive Molecular Diagnostics for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx037. [PMID: 28795077 PMCID: PMC5543577 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and identification of Leishmania species is highly important for the disease management. In Israel, CL is caused mainly by Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica species. METHODS We established an easy to handle point of care lesion-swabbing, combined with a highly sensitive multiplex real time PCR (multiplex qPCR) for accurate and rapid diagnosis of Leishmania species. RESULTS Using three probes: one general for: Leishmania species, and two specific for L major, and L tropica, we screened 1783 clinical samples collected during two years. Leishmania species was found in 1086 individuals, 1008 L major, and 70 L tropica. Eight samples positive for Leishmania species only, were further tested using a second set of multiplex qPCR developed, and were found positive for Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum/donovani (2 and 6 samples, concomitantly). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the test enabled diagnostics and better treatment of Leishmania infections from the Old World (1078 samples) and the New World (8 samples), and the subtyping of the dominant strains in the region, as well as in returning travelers'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor Novack
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Aviv Rashti
- Clinical Parasitology.,Clinical Virology, and
| | - Fouad Akad
- Entomology Laboratory, Central Laboratories Jerusalem, Ministry of Health, Israel
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Orshan L, Elbaz S, Ben-Ari Y, Akad F, Afik O, Ben-Avi I, Dias D, Ish-Shalom D, Studentsky L, Zonstein I. Distribution and Dispersal of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus, the Northern Negev, Israel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004819. [PMID: 27427959 PMCID: PMC4948823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis has long been endemic in Israel. In recent years reported incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis increased and endemic transmission is being observed in a growing number of communities in regions previously considered free of the disease. Here we report the results of an intensive sand fly study carried out in a new endemic focus of Leishmania major. The main objective was to establish a method and to generate a data set to determine the exposure risk, sand fly populations' dynamics and evaluate the efficacy of an attempt to create "cordon sanitaire" devoid of active jird burrows around the residential area. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sand flies were trapped in three fixed reference sites and an additional 52 varying sites. To mark sand flies in the field, sugar solutions containing different food dyes were sprayed on vegetation in five sites. The catch was counted, identified, Leishmania DNA was detected in pooled female samples and the presence of marked specimens was noted. Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of L. major in the region was the sole Phlebotomus species in the catch. Leishmania major DNA was detected in ~10% of the pooled samples and the highest risk of transmission was in September. Only a few specimens were collected in the residential area while sand fly numbers often exceeded 1,000 per catch in the agricultural fields. The maximal travel distance recorded was 1.91km for females and 1.51km for males. The calculated mean distance traveled (MDT) was 0.75km. CONCLUSIONS The overall results indicate the presence of dense and mobile sand fly populations in the study area. There seem to be numerous scattered sand fly microsites suitable for development and resting in the agricultural fields. Sand flies apparently moved in all directions, and reached the residential area from the surrounding agricultural fields. The travel distance noted in the current work, supported previous findings that P. papatasi like P. ariasi, can have a relatively long flight range and does not always stay near breeding sites. Following the results, the width of the "cordon sanitaire" in which actions against the reservoir rodents were planned, was extended into the depth of the agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laor Orshan
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Shirly Elbaz
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yossi Ben-Ari
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fouad Akad
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ohad Afik
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ira Ben-Avi
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debora Dias
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Ish-Shalom
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Southern District, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Irina Zonstein
- Laboratory of Entomology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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Baneth G, Nachum-Biala Y, Shabat Simon M, Brenner O, Gaier S, Rojas A, Yasur-Landau D. Leishmania major infection in a dog with cutaneous manifestations. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:246. [PMID: 27160919 PMCID: PMC4862095 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania major is a main cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans in an area that stretches from India through Central Asia, the Middle East, to North and West Africa. In Israel, it is a common infection of humans with rodents as the reservoir hosts and Phlebotomus papatasi as its sand fly vector. Findings A 6 months old spayed female mixed breed dog was referred to the Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a large ulcerative dermal lesion on the muzzle, and lesions in the foot pads and left hind leg. Histopathology of a skin biopsy found chronic lymphohistiocytic dermatitis with the presence of Leishmania spp. amastigotes in the muzzle. Physical examination indicated that the dog was overall in a good clinical condition and the main findings were the skin lesions and enlarged prescapular lymph nodes. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile were within reference ranges. Serology by ELISA was positive for Leishmania spp. and PCR of the prescapular lymph node was positive by an ITS1 region PCR-high resolution melt analysis. However, the melt curve and subsequent DNA sequencing indicated that infection was caused by L. major and not L. infantum, which is the main causative agent of canine leishmaniosis in the Mediterranean region. DNA was extracted from the paraffin embedded muzzle biopsy and PCR with sequencing also indicated L. major. The dog’s young age and the absence of hyperglobulinemia and anemia were not typical of L. infantum infection. The dog was treated with allopurinol and the skin lesions improved and later disappeared when the dog was re-evaluated. Conclusions This is the first molecularly-confirmed case of L. major infection in a dog. Two previous reports of L. major in dogs originated from Saudi-Arabia and Egypt in 1985 and 1987 were confirmed by enzymatic biochemical techniques. Serology for L. infantum was positive probably due to the well documented serological cross-reactivity between Leishmania spp. Although dogs and wild carnivores are not considered main reservoirs for L. major, the possibility of clinical canine disease and their potential as secondary hosts should be investigated in areas endemic for human L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alicia Rojas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel Yasur-Landau
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Solomon M, Greenberger S, Baum S, Pavlotsky F, Barzilai A, Schwartz E. Unusual forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:1171-5. [PMID: 26347371 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania major (L. major) is common in the Middle East; however, this skin infection may be under-diagnosed when it presents atypically. OBJECTIVE To highlight the occurrence of uncommon presentations of CL that may elude diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed among patients who presented at The Sheba Medical Center between 2005 and 2014 with atypical clinical presentations of CL due to L. major. RESULTS Twelve patients with unusual clinical presentations of L. major CL were identified. All infections were acquired in L. major - endemic areas of Israel. The average age was 37 years. The average number of lesions was 2. Nine patients presented with a form that mimicked other forms of CL, such as lupoid, giant ulcer, sporotrichoid and recidivans, and three had a variant resembling other infectious skin diseases, such as erysipeloid and verruciform. All patients required systemic therapy. CONCLUSION Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major can masquerade as many other infectious and inflammatory diseases. In addition, it can mimic clinical forms of New World CL. We suggest that in endemic countries or in travellers returning from countries where L. major is endemic, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Leishmania-specific DNA should be performed routinely in cases of unusual presentations of dermatitis with a single or a few lesions, even if a diagnosis of CL was not considered by the referring clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solomon
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Greenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Baum
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - F Pavlotsky
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Schwartz
- Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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