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Hasan TN, Naqvi SS, Rehman MU, Ullah R, Ammad M, Arshad N, Ain QU, Perween S, Hussain A. Ginger ring compounds as an inhibitor of spike binding protein of alpha, beta, gamma and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2: An in-silico study. NARRA J 2023; 3:e98. [PMID: 38455706 PMCID: PMC10919719 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v3i1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The available drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVOD-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are limited. This study aimed to identify ginger-derived compounds that might neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and prevent its entry into host cells. Ring compounds of ginger were screened against spike (S) protein of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. The S protein FASTA sequence was retrieved from Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and converted into ".pdb" format using Open Babel tool. A total of 306 compounds were identified from ginger through food and phyto-databases. Out of those, 38 ring compounds were subjected to docking analysis using CB Dock online program which implies AutoDock Vina for docking. The Vina score was recorded, which reflects the affinity between ligands and receptors. Further, the Protein Ligand Interaction Profiler (PLIP) program for detecting the type of interaction between ligand-receptor was used. SwissADME was used to compute druglikeness parameters and pharmacokinetics characteristics. Furthermore, energy minimization was performed by using Swiss PDB Viewer (SPDBV) and energy after minimization was recorded. Molecular dynamic simulation was performed to find the stability of protein-ligand complex and root-mean- square deviation (RMSD) as well as root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) were calculated and recorded by using myPresto v5.0. Our study suggested that 17 out of 38 ring compounds of ginger were very likely to bind the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. Seventeen out of 38 ring compounds showed high affinity of binding with S protein of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. The RMSD showed the stability of the complex was parallel to the S protein monomer. These computer-aided predictions give an insight into the possibility of ginger ring compounds as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 worthy of in vitro investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique N. Hasan
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed S. Naqvi
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mati Ur Rehman
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College de Paris, France
| | - Rooh Ullah
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Ammad
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Narmeen Arshad
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabana Perween
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arif Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Green WD, Ferguson NM, Cori A. Inferring the reproduction number using the renewal equation in heterogeneous epidemics. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210429. [PMID: 35350879 PMCID: PMC8965414 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time estimation of the reproduction number has become the focus of modelling groups around the world as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolds. One of the most widely adopted means of inference of the reproduction number is via the renewal equation, which uses the incidence of infection and the generation time distribution. In this paper, we derive a multi-type equivalent to the renewal equation to estimate a reproduction number which accounts for heterogeneity in transmissibility including through asymptomatic transmission, symptomatic isolation and vaccination. We demonstrate how use of the renewal equation that misses these heterogeneities can result in biased estimates of the reproduction number. While the bias is small with symptomatic isolation, it can be much larger with asymptomatic transmission or transmission from vaccinated individuals if these groups exhibit substantially different generation time distributions to unvaccinated symptomatic transmitters, whose generation time distribution is often well defined. The bias in estimate becomes larger with greater population size or transmissibility of the poorly characterized group. We apply our methodology to Ebola in West Africa in 2014 and the SARS-CoV-2 in the UK in 2020-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Green
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil M. Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK,Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Cori
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Samaddar A, Gadepalli R. Response to Letter to the Editor-Viral Ribonucleic Acid Shedding and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic and Paucisymptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab114. [PMID: 34462720 PMCID: PMC8344848 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arghadip Samaddar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ravisekhar Gadepalli
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Berruga-Fernández T, Robesyn E, Korhonen T, Penttinen P, Jansa JM. Risk Assessment for the Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov) on Aircraft: A Systematic Review. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:1-51. [PMID: 34108058 PMCID: PMC8220025 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882100131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a potentially fatal respiratory disease. Although it is most common in the Arabian Peninsula, it has been exported to 17 countries outside the Middle East, mostly through air travel. The Risk Assessment Guidelines for Infectious Diseases transmitted on Aircraft (RAGIDA) advise authorities on measures to take when an infected individual travelled by air. The aim of this systematic review was to gather all available information on documented MERS-CoV cases that had travelled by air, to update RAGIDA. The databases used were PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Global Index Medicus; Google was searched for grey literature and hand searching was performed on the EU Early Warning and Response System and the WHO Disease Outbreak News. Forty-seven records were identified, describing 21 cases of MERS that had travelled on 31 flights. Contact tracing was performed for 17 cases. Most countries traced passengers sitting in the same row and the two rows in front and behind the case. Only one country decided to trace all passengers and crew. No cases of in-flight transmission were observed; thus, considering the resources it requires, a conservative approach may be appropriate when contact tracing passengers and crew where a case of MERS has travelled by air.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Berruga-Fernández
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Robesyn
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Support, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Korhonen
- Emerging, Food- and Vector-Borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. Penttinen
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Immunisation, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. M. Jansa
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Support, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O, Maraolo AE, Schafers J, Ho A. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2021; 2:e13-e22. [PMID: 33521734 PMCID: PMC7837230 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 923] [Impact Index Per Article: 307.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral load kinetics and duration of viral shedding are important determinants for disease transmission. We aimed to characterise viral load dynamics, duration of viral RNA shedding, and viable virus shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in various body fluids, and to compare SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) viral dynamics. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Europe PubMed Central, medRxiv, and bioRxiv, and the grey literature, for research articles published between Jan 1, 2003, and June 6, 2020. We included case series (with five or more participants), cohort studies, and randomised controlled trials that reported SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV infection, and reported viral load kinetics, duration of viral shedding, or viable virus. Two authors independently extracted data from published studies, or contacted authors to request data, and assessed study quality and risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tools. We calculated the mean duration of viral shedding and 95% CIs for every study included and applied the random-effects model to estimate a pooled effect size. We used a weighted meta-regression with an unrestricted maximum likelihood model to assess the effect of potential moderators on the pooled effect size. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020181914. FINDINGS 79 studies (5340 individuals) on SARS-CoV-2, eight studies (1858 individuals) on SARS-CoV, and 11 studies (799 individuals) on MERS-CoV were included. Mean duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding was 17·0 days (95% CI 15·5-18·6; 43 studies, 3229 individuals) in upper respiratory tract, 14·6 days (9·3-20·0; seven studies, 260 individuals) in lower respiratory tract, 17·2 days (14·4-20·1; 13 studies, 586 individuals) in stool, and 16·6 days (3·6-29·7; two studies, 108 individuals) in serum samples. Maximum shedding duration was 83 days in the upper respiratory tract, 59 days in the lower respiratory tract, 126 days in stools, and 60 days in serum. Pooled mean SARS-CoV-2 shedding duration was positively associated with age (slope 0·304 [95% CI 0·115-0·493]; p=0·0016). No study detected live virus beyond day 9 of illness, despite persistently high viral loads, which were inferred from cycle threshold values. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract appeared to peak in the first week of illness, whereas that of SARS-CoV peaked at days 10-14 and that of MERS-CoV peaked at days 7-10. INTERPRETATION Although SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in respiratory and stool samples can be prolonged, duration of viable virus is relatively short-lived. SARS-CoV-2 titres in the upper respiratory tract peak in the first week of illness. Early case finding and isolation, and public education on the spectrum of illness and period of infectiousness are key to the effective containment of SARS-CoV-2. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Cevik
- Division of Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
- NHS Lothian Infection Service, Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Tate
- Respiratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ollie Lloyd
- NHS Lothian Infection Service, Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jenna Schafers
- NHS Lothian Infection Service, Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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QADIR MI, MALIK S, KAZMİ AA. COVID-19'un Sosyal Etkileri: Öngörülemezliği Öngörmek. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.740470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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7
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Zheng Z, Yao Z, Wu K, Zheng J. Patient follow-up after discharge after COVID-19 pneumonia: Considerations for infectious control. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2412-2419. [PMID: 32383776 PMCID: PMC7267672 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a significant global medical issue, with a growing number of cumulative confirmed cases. However, a large number of patients with COVID-19 have overcome the disease, meeting hospital discharge criteria, and are gradually returning to work and social life. Nonetheless, COVID-19 may cause further downstream issues in these patients, such as due to possible reactivation of the virus, long-term pulmonary defects, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In this study, we, therefore, queried relevant literature concerning severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 for reference to come to a consensus on follow-up strategies. We found that strategies, such as the implementation of polymerase chain reaction testing, imaging surveillance, and psychological assessments, starting at the time of discharge, were necessary for long-term follow-up. If close care is given to every aspect of coronavirus management, we expect that the pandemic outbreak will soon be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixian Yao
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Zheng
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical Aid Team in Wuhan, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Grant R, Malik MR, Elkholy A, Van Kerkhove MD. A Review of Asymptomatic and Subclinical Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections. Epidemiol Rev 2020; 41:69-81. [PMID: 31781765 PMCID: PMC7108493 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) since 2012 has been largely characterized by recurrent zoonotic spillover from dromedary camels followed by limited human-to-human transmission, predominantly in health-care settings. The full extent of infection of MERS-CoV is not clear, nor is the extent and/or role of asymptomatic infections in transmission. We conducted a review of molecular and serological investigations through PubMed and EMBASE from September 2012 to November 15, 2018, to measure subclinical or asymptomatic MERS-CoV infection within and outside of health-care settings. We performed retrospective analysis of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections reported to the World Health Organization to November 27, 2018, to summarize what is known about asymptomatic infections identified through national surveillance systems. We identified 23 studies reporting evidence of MERS-CoV infection outside of health-care settings, mainly of camel workers, with seroprevalence ranges of 0%–67% depending on the study location. We identified 20 studies in health-care settings of health-care worker (HCW) and family contacts, of which 11 documented molecular evidence of MERS-CoV infection among asymptomatic contacts. Since 2012, 298 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported as asymptomatic to the World Health Organization, 164 of whom were HCWs. The potential to transmit MERS-CoV to others has been demonstrated in viral-shedding studies of asymptomatic MERS infections. Our results highlight the possibility for onward transmission of MERS-CoV from asymptomatic individuals. Screening of HCW contacts of patients with confirmed MERS-CoV is currently recommended, but systematic screening of non-HCW contacts outside of health-care facilities should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Correspondence to Maria D. Van Kerkhove, PhD, Department of Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Program, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (e-mail: )
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9
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Al Awaidy ST, Al Maqbali AA, Omer I, Al Mukhaini S, Al Risi MA, Al Maqbali MS, Al Reesi A, Al Busaidi M, Al Hashmi FH, Al Maqbali TK, Vaidya V, Al Risi ESA, Al Maqbali TK, Rashid AA, Al Beloshi MAH, Etemadi A, Khamis F. The first clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Oman: Time to act. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:679-686. [PMID: 32307315 PMCID: PMC7162632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is an emerging infectious disease of growing global importance. This review describes the latest MERS-CoV clusters and the first cases of nosocomial transmission within health care facilities in Oman. We have highlighted lessons learned and proposed steps to prevent healthcare-associated infections. METHODS A descriptive analysis of MERS-CoV cases was conducted between January 23 and February 16, 2019. The data from officials and other published sources used. RESULTS Thirteen laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV were reported from three simultaneous clusters from two governorates without an epidemiological link between the clusters. Two clusters were reported from North Al Batinah Governorate, with nine cases (69%) and 1 cluster from South Ash Sharqiyah Governorate with four cases (31%). In total, four deaths were reported (case fatality rate 31%). Four cases (31%) reported were household contacts from the first cluster, 3 (23%) were nosocomial transmission in health care facilities (two for first and one from the second cluster) and 7 (54%) were community-acquired cases. CONCLUSIONS The first local clusters of MERS-CoV reported with evidence suggestive of healthcare and household-associated transmission. Early diagnosis and strict implementation of infection control measures remain fundamental in preventing and managing MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iyad Omer
- Directorate Health Services, South Ash Sharqiyah Governorate, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | - Suad Al Mukhaini
- Sur Hospital, South ASharqiyah Governorate, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | | | | | - Ali Al Reesi
- Sohar Hospital, North Al Batinah Governorate, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | | | | | | | - Vidyanand Vaidya
- Directorate Health Services, North Al Batinah Governorate, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | | | | | | | | | - Arash Etemadi
- Sohar Hospital, North Al Batinah Governorate, Ministry of Health, Oman
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Al Hosani FI, Kim L, Khudhair A, Pham H, Al Mulla M, Al Bandar Z, Pradeep K, Elkheir KA, Weber S, Khoury M, Donnelly G, Younis N, El Saleh F, Abdalla M, Imambaccus H, Haynes LM, Thornburg NJ, Harcourt JL, Miao C, Tamin A, Hall AJ, Russell ES, Harris AM, Kiebler C, Mir RA, Pringle K, Alami NN, Abedi GR, Gerber SI. Serologic Follow-up of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Cases and Contacts-Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:409-418. [PMID: 29905769 PMCID: PMC7108211 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there is evidence of person-to-person transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in household and healthcare settings, more data are needed to describe and better understand the risk factors and transmission routes in both settings, as well as the extent to which disease severity affects transmission. Methods A seroepidemiological investigation was conducted among MERS-CoV case patients (cases) and their household contacts to investigate transmission risk in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Cases diagnosed between 1 January 2013 and 9 May 2014 and their household contacts were approached for enrollment. Demographic, clinical, and exposure history data were collected. Sera were screened by MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence, with results confirmed by microneutralization assay. Results Thirty-one of 34 (91%) case patients were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and did not require oxygen during hospitalization. MERS-CoV antibodies were detected in 13 of 24 (54%) case patients with available sera, including 1 severely symptomatic, 9 mildly symptomatic, and 3 asymptomatic case patients. No serologic evidence of MERS-CoV transmission was found among 105 household contacts with available sera. Conclusions Transmission of MERS-CoV was not documented in this investigation of mostly asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases and their household contacts. These results have implications for clinical management of cases and formulation of isolation policies to reduce the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.,United States Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Huong Pham
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Weber
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mary Khoury
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - George Donnelly
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naima Younis
- Department of Health-Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Feda El Saleh
- Department of Health-Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna Abdalla
- Department of Health-Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hala Imambaccus
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lia M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer L Harcourt
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Congrong Miao
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth S Russell
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron M Harris
- United States Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig Kiebler
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roger A Mir
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Negar N Alami
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glen R Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
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Ramshaw RE, Letourneau ID, Hong AY, Hon J, Morgan JD, Osborne JCP, Shirude S, Van Kerkhove MD, Hay SI, Pigott DM. A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences. Sci Data 2019; 6:318. [PMID: 31836720 PMCID: PMC6911100 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint priority pathogen, there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and its potential to infect mammals and humans. This database documents cases of MERS-CoV globally, with specific attention paid to zoonotic transmission. An initial literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus; after screening articles according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 208 sources were selected for extraction and geo-positioning. Each MERS-CoV occurrence was assigned one of the following classifications based upon published contextual information: index, unspecified, secondary, mammal, environmental, or imported. In total, this database is comprised of 861 unique geo-positioned MERS-CoV occurrences. The purpose of this article is to share a collated MERS-CoV database and extraction protocol that can be utilized in future mapping efforts for both MERS-CoV and other infectious diseases. More broadly, it may also provide useful data for the development of targeted MERS-CoV surveillance, which would prove invaluable in preventing future zoonotic spillover. Measurement(s) | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome • geographic location | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Factor Type(s) | geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) • year | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | Sample Characteristic - Location | Earth (planet) |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11108801
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ramshaw
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian D Letourneau
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amy Y Hong
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Julia Hon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julia D Morgan
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua C P Osborne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shreya Shirude
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Department of Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States. .,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Van Kerkhove MD, Alaswad S, Assiri A, Perera RA, Peiris M, El Bushra HE, BinSaeed AA. Transmissibility of MERS-CoV Infection in Closed Setting, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1802-1809. [PMID: 31423971 PMCID: PMC6759265 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate a cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases in a women-only dormitory in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in October 2015, we collected epidemiologic information, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab samples, and blood samples from 828 residents during November 2015 and December 2015-January 2016. We found confirmed infection for 19 (8 by reverse transcription PCR and 11 by serologic testing). Infection attack rates varied (2.7%-32.3%) by dormitory building. No deaths occurred. Independent risk factors for infection were direct contact with a confirmed case-patient and sharing a room with a confirmed case-patient; a protective factor was having an air conditioner in the bedroom. For 9 women from whom a second serum sample was collected, antibodies remained detectable at titers >1:20 by pseudoparticle neutralization tests (n = 8) and 90% plaque-reduction neutralization tests (n = 2). In closed high-contact settings, MERS coronavirus was highly infectious and pathogenicity was relatively low.
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13
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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the last two years: Health care workers still at risk. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:1167-1170. [PMID: 31128983 PMCID: PMC7115296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important emerging respiratory virus is the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV had been associated with a high case fatality rate especially among severe cases. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of reported MERS-CoV cases between December 2016 and January 2019, as retrieved from the World Health Organization. The aim of this study is to examine the epidemiology of reported cases and quantify the percentage of health care workers (HCWs) among reported cases. RESULTS There were 403 reported cases with a majority being men (n = 300; 74.4%). These cases were reported from Lebanon, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. HCWs represented 26% and comorbidities were reported among 71% of non-HCWs and 1.9% among HCWs (P < .0001). Camel exposure and camel milk ingestion were reported in 64% each, and the majority (97.8%) of those with camel exposures had camel milk ingestion. There were 58% primary cases and 42% were secondary cases. The case fatality rate was 16% among HCWs compared with 34% among other patients (P = .001). The mean age ± SD was 47.65 ± 16.28 for HCWs versus 54.23 ± 17.34 for non-HCWs (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS MERS-CoV infection continues to have a high case fatality rate and a large proportion of patients were HCWs. Further understanding of the disease transmission and prevention mainly in health care settings are needed.
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Elkholy AA, Grant R, Assiri A, Elhakim M, Malik MR, Van Kerkhove MD. MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:418-422. [PMID: 31056437 PMCID: PMC7102841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately half of the reported laboratory-confirmed infections of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have occurred in healthcare settings, and healthcare workers constitute over one third of all secondary infections. This study aimed to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify risk factors for death. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological data of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to the World Health Organization from September 2012 to 2 June 2018. We compared all secondary cases among healthcare workers with secondary cases among non-healthcare workers. Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for death. Results Of the 2223 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO, 415 were healthcare workers and 1783 were non-healthcare workers. Compared with non-healthcare workers cases, healthcare workers cases were younger (P < 0.001), more likely to be female (P < 0.001), non-nationals (P < 0.001) and asymptomatic (P < 0.001), and have fewer comorbidities (P < 0.001) and higher rates of survival (P < 0.001). Year of infection (2013–2018) and having no comorbidities were independent protective factors against death among secondary healthcare workers cases. Conclusion Being able to protect healthcare workers from high threat respiratory pathogens, such as MERS-CoV is important for being able to reduce secondary transmission of MERS-CoV in healthcare-associated outbreaks. By extension, reducing infection in healthcare workers improves continuity of care for all patients within healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad A Elkholy
- Infectious Hazard Management Unit, Department of Health Emergencies, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rebecca Grant
- Centre for Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Department of Infectious Hazard Management, WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohamed Elhakim
- Infectious Hazard Management Unit, Department of Health Emergencies, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamunur R Malik
- Infectious Hazard Management Unit, Department of Health Emergencies, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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15
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Kelly-Cirino C, Mazzola LT, Chua A, Oxenford CJ, Van Kerkhove MD. An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001105. [PMID: 30815285 PMCID: PMC6361340 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. A more detailed understanding of the kinetics of infection of MERS-CoV is needed in order to optimise the use of existing assays. Notably, MERS-CoV point-of-care tests are needed in order to optimise supportive care and to minimise transmission risk. However, for new test development, sourcing clinical material continues to be a major challenge to achieving assay validation. Harmonisation and standardisation of laboratory methods are essential for surveillance and for a rapid and effective international response to emerging diseases. Routine external quality assessment, along with well-characterised and up-to-date proficiency panels, would provide insight into MERS-CoV diagnostic performance worldwide. A defined set of Target Product Profiles for diagnostic technologies will be developed by WHO to address these gaps in MERS-CoV outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arlene Chua
- Department of Information, Evidence and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.,Medecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Dawson P, Malik MR, Parvez F, Morse SS. What Have We Learned About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Emergence in Humans? A Systematic Literature Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:174-192. [PMID: 30676269 PMCID: PMC6396572 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in humans in 2012. A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize current knowledge and identify critical knowledge gaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review on MERS-CoV using PRISMA guidelines. We identified 407 relevant, peer-reviewed publications and selected 208 of these based on their contributions to four key areas: virology; clinical characteristics, outcomes, therapeutic and preventive options; epidemiology and transmission; and animal interface and the search for natural hosts of MERS-CoV. RESULTS Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) was identified as the human receptor for MERS-CoV, and a variety of molecular and serological assays developed. Dromedary camels remain the only documented zoonotic source of human infection, but MERS-like CoVs have been detected in bat species globally, as well as in dromedary camels throughout the Middle East and Africa. However, despite evidence of camel-to-human MERS-CoV transmission and cases apparently related to camel contact, the source of many primary cases remains unknown. There have been sustained health care-associated human outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and South Korea, the latter originating from one traveler returning from the Middle East. Transmission mechanisms are poorly understood; for health care, this may include environmental contamination. Various potential therapeutics have been identified, but not yet evaluated in human clinical trials. At least one candidate vaccine has progressed to Phase I trials. CONCLUSIONS There has been substantial MERS-CoV research since 2012, but significant knowledge gaps persist, especially in epidemiology and natural history of the infection. There have been few rigorous studies of baseline prevalence, transmission, and spectrum of disease. Terms such as "camel exposure" and the epidemiological relationships of cases should be clearly defined and standardized. We strongly recommend a shared and accessible registry or database. Coronaviruses will likely continue to emerge, arguing for a unified "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dawson
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mamunur Rahman Malik
- 2 Infectious Hazard Management, Department of Health Emergency, World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO/EMRO), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faruque Parvez
- 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephen S Morse
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010059. [PMID: 30646565 PMCID: PMC6357155 DOI: 10.3390/v11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier, caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. This brought CoVs global attention and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at international borders. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as provides details on the pivotal structure and function of the spike proteins (S proteins) on the surface of each of these viruses. For building up more suitable animal models, we compare the current animal models recapitulating pathogenesis and summarize the potential role of host receptors contributing to diverse host affinity in various species. We outline the research still needed to fully elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of these viruses, to construct reproducible animal models, and ultimately develop countermeasures to conquer not only SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but also these emerging coronaviral diseases.
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18
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Toosy AH, O'sullivan S. An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East. FOWLER'S ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL MEDICINE CURRENT THERAPY, VOLUME 9 2019. [PMCID: PMC7152387 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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19
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MERS: Progress on the global response, remaining challenges and the way forward. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:35-44. [PMID: 30236531 PMCID: PMC7113883 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes progress in research on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) since a FAO-OIE-WHO Global Technical Meeting held at WHO Headquarters in Geneva on 25-27 September 2017. The meeting reviewed the latest scientific findings and identified and prioritized the global activities necessary to prevent, manage and control the disease. Critical needs for research and technical guidance identified during the meeting have been used to update the WHO R&D MERS-CoV Roadmap for diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines and a broader public health research agenda. Since the 2017 meeting, progress has been made on several key actions in animal populations, at the animal/human interface and in human populations. This report also summarizes the latest scientific studies on MERS since 2017, including data from more than 50 research studies examining the presence of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels.
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20
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Conzade R, Grant R, Malik MR, Elkholy A, Elhakim M, Samhouri D, Ben Embarek PK, Van Kerkhove MD. Reported Direct and Indirect Contact with Dromedary Camels among Laboratory-Confirmed MERS-CoV Cases. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080425. [PMID: 30104551 PMCID: PMC6115845 DOI: 10.3390/v10080425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are now known to be the vertebrate animal reservoir that intermittently transmits the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to humans. Yet, details as to the specific mechanism(s) of zoonotic transmission from dromedaries to humans remain unclear. The aim of this study was to describe direct and indirect contact with dromedaries among all cases, and then separately for primary, non-primary, and unclassified cases of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1 January 2015 and 13 April 2018. We present any reported dromedary contact: direct, indirect, and type of indirect contact. Of all 1125 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO during the time period, there were 348 (30.9%) primary cases, 455 (40.4%) non-primary cases, and 322 (28.6%) unclassified cases. Among primary cases, 191 (54.9%) reported contact with dromedaries: 164 (47.1%) reported direct contact, 155 (44.5%) reported indirect contact. Five (1.1%) non-primary cases also reported contact with dromedaries. Overall, unpasteurized milk was the most frequent type of dromedary product consumed. Among cases for whom exposure was systematically collected and reported to WHO, contact with dromedaries or dromedary products has played an important role in zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Conzade
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Grant
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Institut Pasteur, Centre for Global Health Research and Education, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Mamunur Rahman Malik
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 11371 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amgad Elkholy
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 11371 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Elhakim
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 11371 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dalia Samhouri
- Department of Country Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 11371 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Peter K Ben Embarek
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
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21
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Healthcare-associated infections: the hallmark of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus with review of the literature. J Hosp Infect 2018; 101:20-29. [PMID: 29864486 PMCID: PMC7114594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is capable of causing acute respiratory illness. Laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases may be asymptomatic, have mild disease, or have a life-threatening infection with a high case fatality rate. There are three patterns of transmission: sporadic community cases from presumed non-human exposure, family clusters arising from contact with an infected family index case, and healthcare-acquired infections among patients and from patients to healthcare workers. Healthcare-acquired MERS infection has become a well-known characteristic of the disease and a leading means of spread. The main factors contributing to healthcare-associated outbreaks include delayed recognition, inadequate infection control measures, inadequate triaging and isolation of suspected MERS or other respiratory illness patients, crowding, and patients remaining in the emergency department for many days. A review of the literature suggests that effective control of hospital outbreaks was accomplished in most instances by the application of proper infection control procedures. Prompt recognition, isolation and management of suspected cases are key factors for prevention of the spread of MERS. Repeated assessments of infection control and monitoring of corrective measures contribute to changing the course of an outbreak. Limiting the number of contacts and hospital visits are also important factors to decrease the spread of infection.
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22
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Al-Abdely HM, Midgley CM, Alkhamis AM, Abedi GR, Tamin A, Binder AM, Alanazi K, Lu X, Abdalla O, Sakthivel SK, Mohammed M, Queen K, Algarni HS, Li Y, Trivedi S, Algwizani A, Alhakeem RF, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Ghazal SS, Erdman DD, Assiri AM, Gerber SI, Watson JT. Infectious MERS-CoV Isolated From a Mildly Ill Patient, Saudi Arabia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy111. [PMID: 30294617 PMCID: PMC6016420 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic or mildly ill to severe respiratory illness including death. We describe isolation of infectious MERS-CoV from the upper respiratory tract of a mildly ill 27-year-old female in Saudi Arabia 15 days after illness onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire M Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Glen R Abedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison M Binder
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Senthilkumar K Sakthivel
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suvang Trivedi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sameeh S Ghazal
- Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John T Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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Paden CR, Yusof MFBM, Al Hammadi ZM, Queen K, Tao Y, Eltahir YM, Elsayed EA, Marzoug BA, Bensalah OKA, Khalafalla AI, Al Mulla M, Khudhair A, Elkheir KA, Issa ZB, Pradeep K, Elsaleh FN, Imambaccus H, Sasse J, Weber S, Shi M, Zhang J, Li Y, Pham H, Kim L, Hall AJ, Gerber SI, Al Hosani FI, Tong S, Al Muhairi SSM. Zoonotic origin and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the UAE. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:322-333. [PMID: 29239118 PMCID: PMC5893383 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, there have been a number of clusters of human-to-human transmission. These cases of human-to-human transmission involve close contact and have occurred primarily in healthcare settings, and they are suspected to result from repeated zoonotic introductions. In this study, we sequenced whole MERS-CoV genomes directly from respiratory samples collected from 23 confirmed MERS cases in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These samples included cases from three nosocomial and three household clusters. The sequences were analysed for changes and relatedness with regard to the collected epidemiological data and other available MERS-CoV genomic data. Sequence analysis supports the epidemiological data within the clusters, and further, suggests that these clusters emerged independently. To understand how and when these clusters emerged, respiratory samples were taken from dromedary camels, a known host of MERS-CoV, in the same geographic regions as the human clusters. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus genomes from six virus-positive animals were sequenced, and these genomes were nearly identical to those found in human patients from corresponding regions. These data demonstrate a genetic link for each of these clusters to a camel and support the hypothesis that human MERS-CoV diversity results from multiple zoonotic introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Paden
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science EducationOak RidgeTNUSA
| | | | | | - K. Queen
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science EducationOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Y. Tao
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Y. M. Eltahir
- Abu Dhabi Food Control AuthorityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - E. A. Elsayed
- Abu Dhabi Food Control AuthorityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - B. A. Marzoug
- Abu Dhabi Food Control AuthorityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - M. Al Mulla
- Health Authority Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - A. Khudhair
- Health Authority Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - K. A. Elkheir
- Health Authority Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Z. B. Issa
- Health Authority Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - K. Pradeep
- Health Authority Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - F. N. Elsaleh
- Health Authority Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - H. Imambaccus
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical CityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - J. Sasse
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical CityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - S. Weber
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical CityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - M. Shi
- The University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - J. Zhang
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Y. Li
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - H. Pham
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - L. Kim
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - A. J. Hall
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - S. I. Gerber
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - S. Tong
- Division of Viral DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
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24
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Hui DS, Azhar EI, Kim YJ, Memish ZA, Oh MD, Zumla A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e217-e227. [PMID: 29680581 PMCID: PMC7164784 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lethal zoonosis that causes death in 35·7% of cases. As of Feb 28, 2018, 2182 cases of MERS-CoV infection (with 779 deaths) in 27 countries were reported to WHO worldwide, with most being reported in Saudi Arabia (1807 cases with 705 deaths). MERS-CoV features prominently in the WHO blueprint list of priority pathogens that threaten global health security. Although primary transmission of MERS-CoV to human beings is linked to exposure to dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), the exact mode by which MERS-CoV infection is acquired remains undefined. Up to 50% of MERS-CoV cases in Saudi Arabia have been classified as secondary, occurring from human-to-human transmission through contact with asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals infected with MERS-CoV. Hospital outbreaks of MERS-CoV are a hallmark of MERS-CoV infection. The clinical features associated with MERS-CoV infection are not MERS-specific and are similar to other respiratory tract infections. Thus, the diagnosis of MERS can easily be missed, unless the doctor or health-care worker has a high degree of clinical awareness and the patient undergoes specific testing for MERS-CoV. The largest outbreak of MERS-CoV outside the Arabian Peninsula occurred in South Korea in May, 2015, resulting in 186 cases with 38 deaths. This outbreak was caused by a traveller with undiagnosed MERS-CoV infection who became ill after returning to Seoul from a trip to the Middle East. The traveller visited several health facilities in South Korea, transmitting the virus to many other individuals long before a diagnosis was made. With 10 million pilgrims visiting Saudi Arabia each year from 182 countries, watchful surveillance by public health systems, and a high degree of clinical awareness of the possibility of MERS-CoV infection is essential. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive update and synthesis of the latest available data on the epidemiology, determinants, and risk factors of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission of MERS-CoV, and suggest measures to reduce risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region, China
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre and Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
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25
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Saeed AAB, Abedi GR, Alzahrani AG, Salameh I, Abdirizak F, Alhakeem R, Algarni H, El Nil OA, Mohammed M, Assiri AM, Alabdely HM, Watson JT, Gerber SI. Surveillance and Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Saudi Arabia, April 2015-February 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:682-685. [PMID: 28322710 PMCID: PMC5367404 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.161793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Saudi Arabia has reported >80% of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases worldwide. During April 2015-February 2016, Saudi Arabia identified and tested 57,363 persons (18.4/10,000 residents) with suspected MERS-CoV infection; 384 (0.7%) tested positive. Robust, extensive, and timely surveillance is critical for limiting virus transmission.
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26
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Yusof MF, Queen K, Eltahir YM, Paden CR, Al Hammadi ZMAH, Tao Y, Li Y, Khalafalla AI, Shi M, Zhang J, Mohamed MSAE, Abd Elaal Ahmed MH, Azeez IA, Bensalah OK, Eldahab ZS, Al Hosani FI, Gerber SI, Hall AJ, Tong S, Al Muhairi SS. Diversity of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses in 109 dromedary camels based on full-genome sequencing, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e101. [PMID: 29116217 PMCID: PMC5717090 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified on the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and is still causing cases and outbreaks in the Middle East. When MERS-CoV was first identified, the closest related virus was in bats; however, it has since been recognized that dromedary camels serve as a virus reservoir and potential source for human infections. A total of 376 camels were screened for MERS-Cov at a live animal market in the Eastern Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE. In all, 109 MERS-CoV-positive camels were detected in week 1, and a subset of positive camels were sampled again weeks 3 through 6. A total of 126 full and 3 nearly full genomes were obtained from 139 samples. Spike gene sequences were obtained from 5 of the 10 remaining samples. The camel MERS-CoV genomes from this study represent 3 known and 2 potentially new lineages within clade B. Within lineages, diversity of camel and human MERS-CoV sequences are intermixed. We identified sequences from market camels nearly identical to the previously reported 2015 German case who visited the market during his incubation period. We described 10 recombination events in the camel samples. The most frequent recombination breakpoint was the junctions between ORF1b and S. Evidence suggests MERS-CoV infection in humans results from continued introductions of distinct MERS-CoV lineages from camels. This hypothesis is supported by the camel MERS-CoV genomes sequenced in this study. Our study expands the known repertoire of camel MERS-CoVs circulating on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities Fellow, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Clinton R Paden
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities Fellow, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Ying Tao
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mang Shi
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- IHRC Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Rabaan AA, Hinedi K. Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients. Travel Med Infect Dis 2017; 20:56-60. [PMID: 29031867 PMCID: PMC7110697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Here, we report the result of the surveillance activity in a general hospital in Saudi Arabia over a four year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS All admitted patients with community acquired pneumonia from 2012 to 2016 were tested for MERS-CoV. In addition, testing for influenza viruses was carried out starting April 2015. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 2657 patients were screened for MERS-CoV and only 20 (0.74%) tested positive. From January 2015 to December 2016, a total of 1644 patients were tested for both MERS-CoV and influenza. None of the patients tested positive for MERS-CoV and 271 (16.4%) were positive for influenza. The detected influenza viruses were Influenza A (107, 6.5%), pandemic 2009 H1N1 (n = 120, 7.3%), and Influenza B (n = 44, 2.7%). Pandemic H1N1 was the most common influenza in 2015 with a peak in peaked October to December and influenza A other than H1N1 was more common in 2016 with a peak in August and then October to December. CONCLUSIONS MERS-CoV was a rare cause of community acquired pneumonia and other viral causes including influenza were much more common. Thus, admitted patients are potentially manageable with Oseltamivir or Zanamivir therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Hinedi
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Alfaraj SH, Altuwaijri TA, Memish ZA. A cohort-study of patients suspected for MERS-CoV in a referral hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Infect 2017; 75:378-379. [PMID: 28606432 PMCID: PMC7133674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah H Alfaraj
- Corona Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Pediatric, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal A Altuwaijri
- Department of Surgery, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
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