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Xi Y, Li X, Liu L, Xiu F, Yi X, Chen H, You X. Sneaky tactics: Ingenious immune evasion mechanisms of Bartonella. Virulence 2024; 15:2322961. [PMID: 38443331 PMCID: PMC10936683 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2322961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative Bartonella species are facultative intracellular bacteria that can survive in the harsh intracellular milieu of host cells. They have evolved strategies to evade detection and degradation by the host immune system, which ensures their proliferation in the host. Following infection, Bartonella alters the initial immunogenic surface-exposed proteins to evade immune recognition via antigen or phase variation. The diverse lipopolysaccharide structures of certain Bartonella species allow them to escape recognition by the host pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, the survival of mature erythrocytes and their resistance to lysosomal fusion further complicate the immune clearance of this species. Certain Bartonella species also evade immune attacks by producing biofilms and anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing endothelial cell apoptosis. Overall, these factors create a challenging landscape for the host immune system to rapidly and effectively eradicate the Bartonella species, thereby facilitating the persistence of Bartonella infections and creating a substantial obstacle for therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on the effects of three human-specific Bartonella species, particularly their mechanisms of host invasion and immune escape, to gain new perspectives in the development of effective diagnostic tools, prophylactic measures, and treatment options for Bartonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Feichen Xiu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinchao Yi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Chenzhou NO.1 People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, ChenZhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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2
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Daughtry A, Swanson R, Adelson M, Mordechai E, Trama J. Development and Diagnostic Potential of a Novel Bartonella henselae-Specific Immunoglobulin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116381. [PMID: 38901330 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium and is the primary causative agent of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD). Although the prevalence of CSD is low in the human population, the possibility of developing multi-organ complications, especially in vulnerable individuals, remains a serious cause for concern. The immunofluorescent assay (IFA) is currently one of the most common laboratory tests for the detection of antibodies to B. henselae in serum, however, it has several disadvantages. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique offers a more quantitative, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative to conventional IFAs. Here, we report the purification of a novel bioidentical polyclonal antibody from discarded human serum for use as a standard in ELISAs against B. henselae. This novel method of antibody production overcomes the many limitations of animal-derived antibodies while also offering a more robust, reproducible, and scalable antibody production alternative for the diagnosis of CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Daughtry
- Institute for Biomarker Research, Genesis Global Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Swanson
- Venenum Biodesign, Genesis Global Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin Adelson
- Genesis Global Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eli Mordechai
- Genesis Global Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason Trama
- Institute for Biomarker Research, Genesis Global Group, Hamilton Township, New Jersey, USA.
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3
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Dong Y, Alhaskawi A, Zou X, Zhou H, Ezzi SHA, Kota VG, Abdulla MHAH, Olga A, Abdalbary SA, Lu H. Post-COVID reactivation of latent Bartonella henselae infection: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:422. [PMID: 38649899 PMCID: PMC11034019 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is caused by Bartonella henselae (B. henselae) and presents as lymphadenopathy following close contact with cats. However, in context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, clinical manifestations of CSD may vary, posing new challenges for healthcare professionals. Here we describe a case of a 54-year-old male with painful left upper arm mass, which gradually resolved until he was infected with COVID-19. The mass then rapidly progressed before admission. Meanwhile, pulmonary symptoms including pleural effusion emerged simultaneously. The cause was undetermined with routine blood culture and pathological test until the next generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed the presence of B. henselae. We believe this case is the first to report localized aggravation of CSD after COVID-19 infection and hopefully, offers treatment experience for clinicians worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmad Alhaskawi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Zhou
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Rm 706, 7/F, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Science Bldg, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sohaib Hasan Abdullah Ezzi
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #138 Tongzi po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Vishnu Goutham Kota
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 3100058, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Alenikova Olga
- Department of Neurology, Republican Research and Clinical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Skoriny, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sahar Ahmed Abdalbary
- Department of Orthopedic Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Nahda University in Beni Suef, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Moore CO, André MR, Šlapeta J, Breitschwerdt EB. Vector biology of the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:324-337. [PMID: 38458883 PMCID: PMC11168582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea, is among the most prevalent and widely dispersed vectors worldwide. Unfortunately, research on C. felis and associated pathogens (Bartonella and Rickettsia spp.) lags behind that of other vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Therefore, we aimed to review fundamental aspects of C. felis as a vector (behavior, epidemiology, phylogenetics, immunology, and microbiome composition) with an emphasis on key techniques and research avenues employed in other vector species. Future laboratory C. felis experimental infections with Bartonella, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia species/strains should examine the vector-pathogen interface utilizing contemporary visualization, transcriptomic, and gene-editing techniques. Further environmental sampling will inform the range and prevalence of C. felis and associated pathogens, improving the accuracy of vector and pathogen modeling to improve infection/infestation risk assessment and diagnostic recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte O Moore
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, North Carolina State University, NC, USA.
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Stroescu RF, Chisavu F, Steflea RM, Doros G, Bizerea-Moga TO, Vulcanescu DD, Marti TD, Boru C, Avram CR, Gafencu M. A Retrospective Analysis of Systemic Bartonella henselae Infection in Children. Microorganisms 2024; 12:666. [PMID: 38674610 PMCID: PMC11051763 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic Bartonella henselae infection, also known as cat-scratch disease (CSD), presents a diagnostic challenge due to the variability of clinical manifestations and the potential for serological cross-reactivity with other organisms. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of pediatric patients diagnosed with systemic B. henselae infection, to improve understanding and facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment. We conducted a 10-year retrospective study at the "Louis Turcanu" Children's Emergency Hospital and private clinics in Timisoara, Romania, reviewing records for confirmed cases of B. henselae infection from January 2014 to January 2024. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board. Diagnostic criteria included contact with animals, prolonged fever, hematological and/or hepatosplenic manifestations, and positive serological tests for B. henselae. Nineteen pediatric patients were identified with a median age of 8.1 years. The majority were exposed to felines (94.7%), reflecting the disease's epidemiological profile. Clinical findings highlighted fever (47.4%), lymphadenopathy (78.9%), and less frequently, abdominal pain and headache (both 10.5%). Laboratory analyses revealed a mean hemoglobin of 12.6 mg/dL, WBC count of 13.1 × 103 cells/microliter, and platelet count of 340.6 × 103 per microliter. Significant findings included elevation in ESR and CRP in 47.4% and 21.1% of patients, respectively, and high seropositivity rates for B. henselae IgM (63.2%) and IgG (94.7%). Imaging studies demonstrated widespread lymphadenopathy and occasional splenomegaly and hepatic microabscesses. All patients received antibiotic therapy, with azithromycin being the most commonly used (94.7%). Co-infections with Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Toxoplasma gondii were documented, indicating the complex infectious status of the patients. Systemic B. henselae infection in children predominantly manifests with fever and lymphadenopathy, with a significant history of exposure to felines. Laboratory and imaging findings support the diagnosis, which is further complicated by potential co-infections. Effective antibiotic therapy, primarily with azithromycin, underscores the need for comprehensive diagnostic and treatment strategies. This study emphasizes the importance of considering systemic B. henselae infection in pediatric patients with prolonged fever and contact with cats, to ensure timely and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Florina Stroescu
- Department XI of Pediatrics—1st Pediatric Discipline, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.F.S.); (R.M.S.)
- 4th Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Turcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania; (F.C.); (G.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Flavia Chisavu
- 4th Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Turcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania; (F.C.); (G.D.); (M.G.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine “Victor Babes”, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Maria Steflea
- Department XI of Pediatrics—1st Pediatric Discipline, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.F.S.); (R.M.S.)
- 4th Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Turcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania; (F.C.); (G.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Gabriela Doros
- 4th Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Turcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania; (F.C.); (G.D.); (M.G.)
- Department XI of Pediatrics—3rd Pediatric Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Teofana-Otilia Bizerea-Moga
- Department XI of Pediatrics—1st Pediatric Discipline, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.F.S.); (R.M.S.)
- 4th Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Turcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania; (F.C.); (G.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Dan Dumitru Vulcanescu
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Teodora Daniela Marti
- Department of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 310414 Arad, Romania; (T.D.M.); (C.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Emergency County Hospital, 310037 Arad, Romania
| | - Casiana Boru
- Department of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 310414 Arad, Romania; (T.D.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Cecilia Roberta Avram
- Department of Residential Training and Post-University Courses, “Vasile Goldis” Western University, 310414 Arad, Romania;
| | - Mihai Gafencu
- 4th Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Turcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania; (F.C.); (G.D.); (M.G.)
- Department XI of Pediatrics—3rd Pediatric Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Pizzuti M, Bailey P, Derrick C, Albrecht B, Carr AL, Covington EW, Deri CR, Green SB, Hayes J, Hobbs ALV, Hornback KM, Keil E, Lukas JG, Seddon M, Taylor AD, Torrisi J, Bookstaver PB. Epidemiology and treatment of invasive Bartonella spp. infections in the United States. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02177-1. [PMID: 38300353 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bartonella spp., renowned for cat-scratch disease, has limited reports of dissemination. Tissue and blood cultures have limitations in detecting this fastidious pathogen. Molecular testing (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) and cell-free DNA have provided an avenue for diagnoses. This retrospective observational multicenter study describes the incidence of disseminated Bartonella spp. and treatment-related outcomes. METHODS Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of bartonellosis via diagnosis code, serology testing of blood, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood, 16/18S tests of blood or tissue, cultures of blood or tissue, or cell-free DNA of blood or tissue from January 1, 2014, through September 1, 2021. Exclusions were patients who did not receive treatment, insufficient data on treatment course, absence of dissemination, or retinitis as dissemination. RESULTS Patients were primarily male (n = 25, 61.0%), white (n = 28, 68.3%), with mean age of 50 years (SD 14.4), and mean Charlson comorbidity index of 3.5 (SD 2.1). Diagnosis was primarily by serology (n = 34, 82.9%), with Bartonella henselae (n = 40, 97.6%) as the causative pathogen. Treatment was principally doxycycline with rifampin (n = 17, 41.5%). Treatment failure occurred in 16 (39.0%) patients, due to escalation of therapy during treatment (n = 5, 31.3%) or discontinuation of therapy due to an adverse event or tolerability (n = 5, 31.3%). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this is the largest United States-based cohort of disseminated Bartonella spp. infections to date with a reported 39% treatment failure. This adds to literature supporting obtaining multiple diagnostic tests when Bartonella is suspected and describes treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Pizzuti
- Prisma Health Richland, 5 Richland Medical Park Drive, Columbia, SC, 29203, USA.
| | - Pamela Bailey
- Prisma Health Richland, 5 Richland Medical Park Drive, Columbia, SC, 29203, USA.
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 2 Richland Medical Park Drive, Suite 205, Columbia, SC, 29203, USA.
| | - Caroline Derrick
- Prisma Health Richland, 5 Richland Medical Park Drive, Columbia, SC, 29203, USA
| | | | | | | | - Connor R Deri
- Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Seddon
- Sarasota Memorial Health Care System, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Alex D Taylor
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Kilduff S, Steinman B, Xie Y, Kiss-Farengo T, Foca M, Hayde N. Pet safety guidelines for pediatric transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14527. [PMID: 37550270 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70% (90.5 million) of United States (US) households own at least one pet. Dogs are the most common, making up about 38% of all household pets, followed by cats, which make up 25%. Other pets such as fish, birds, reptiles, and small animals such as hamsters, gerbils, and rabbits are less common household members. Pets are often considered a part of the family and there are significant medical and psychosocial benefits to pet ownership; however, the possibility of disease transmission exists related to the type of animal and infectious organism, and specific human risk factors. Immunocompromised individuals may be at increased risk of serious illness from zoonotic infections. During the transplant evaluation and routinely posttransplant, the multidisciplinary team should inquire about pet ownership and animal exposures to guide on potential risks. This review discusses the most common diseases seen in various household pets including dogs, cats, birds, fish, and some farm animals. We will also present guidelines for pet safety and include strategies to decrease the risk of infection while supporting the benefits of pet ownership after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kilduff
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Steinman
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yuping Xie
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Tomas Kiss-Farengo
- Department of Social Work, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Marc Foca
- Divison of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Hayde
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
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Stepanić M, Duvnjak S, Reil I, Hađina S, Kempf VAJ, Špičić S, Mihaljević Ž, Beck R. Epidemiology of Bartonella henselae infection in pet and stray cats in Croatia with risk factors analysis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:48. [PMID: 38303085 PMCID: PMC10832190 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats are the primary reservoirs of the bacterium Bartonella henselae, the main cause of cat-scratch disease in humans. The main vector of the bacterium is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. In southeastern Europe, data are lacking on the prevalence of B. henselae infection in cats, the strains of B. henselae involved and the risk factors associated with the infection. METHODS Blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-containing tubes from 189 domestic cats (156 pet cats and 33 stray cats) from Zagreb, the capital city of Croatia, and 10 counties throughout Croatia were cultured for Bartonella spp. Following culture, bacterial isolates were genotyped at eight loci after using PCR to amplify 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA sequences. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors for B. henselae infection in cats. RESULTS Bartonella spp. was detected in 31 cats (16.4%), and subsequent genotyping at the eight loci revealed B. henselae in all cases. Thirty complete multilocus sequence typing profiles were obtained, and the strains were identified as four sequence types that had been previously reported, namely ST5 (56.7%), ST6 (23.3%), ST1 (13.3%) and ST24 (3.3%), as well as a novel sequence type, ST33 (3.3%). The univariate analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of B. henselae infection in cats residing in coastal areas of Croatia (odds ratio [OR] 2.592, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.150-5.838; P = 0.0191) and in cats with intestinal parasites (OR 3.207, 95% CI 1.088-9.457; P = 0.0279); a significantly lower risk was identified in cats aged > 1 year (OR 0.356, 95% CI 0.161-0.787; P = 0.0247) and in cats sampled between April and September (OR 0.325, 95% CI 0.147-0.715; P = 0.005). The multivariate analysis that controlled for age showed a positive association with the presence of intestinal parasites (OR 4.241, 95% CI 1.243-14.470; P = 0.0119) and coastal residence (OR 2.567, 95% CI 1.114-5.915; P = 0.0216) implying increased risk of infection, and a negative association with sampling between April and September (OR 0.379, 95% CI 0.169-0.848; P = 0.018) implying a decreased risk of infection. After controlling for the season, an increased risk of infection remained for the coastal region (OR 2.725, 95% CI 1.200-6.186; P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Bartonella henselae is prevalent throughout Croatia and is a public health threat. Environmental and host factors can significantly affect the risk of infection, and these should be explored in more detail. The presence of intestinal parasites highlights the need to eliminate the flea vector, Ctenocephalides felis, as the most effective approach to control infections in cats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stepanić
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanja Duvnjak
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Reil
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Hađina
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene and Consulting Laboratory for Bartonella Infections, University Hospital Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silvio Špičić
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Mihaljević
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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9
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Curi ALL, de-la-Torre A, Schlaen A, Mahendradas P, Biswas J. Pediatric Posterior Infectious Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1944-1954. [PMID: 38096404 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2284990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the most important cause of infectious posterior uveitis in pediatric patients. METHODS Review of the literature. RESULTS The most important causes of infectious uveitis in pediatric patients are: cat-scratch disease, toxocariasis, tuberculosis, viral diseases and toxoplasmosis. Ocular manifestations include retinitis, neuroretinitis, choroidal granulomas, peripheral granulomas and posterior pole granulomas. CONCLUSION Infectious posterior uveitis is a challenging subject and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any posterior uveitis in children. Infectious uveitis must be excluded before initiating immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Land Curi
- Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases in Ophthalmology, National Institute of Infectious Disease - INI/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, Neurovitae Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ariel Schlaen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Derqui-Pilar, Argentina
| | | | - Jyortimay Biswas
- Uveitis and Ocular Pathology Department, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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10
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Gamble A, Olarte-Castillo XA, Whittaker GR. Backyard zoonoses: The roles of companion animals and peri-domestic wildlife. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadj0037. [PMID: 37851821 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The spillover of human infectious diseases from animal reservoirs is now well appreciated. However, societal and climate-related changes are affecting the dynamics of such interfaces. In addition to the disruption of traditional wildlife habitats, in part because of climate change and human demographics and behavior, there is an increasing zoonotic disease risk from companion animals. This includes such factors as the awareness of animals kept as domestic pets and increasing populations of free-ranging animals in peri-domestic environments. This review presents background and commentary focusing on companion and peri-domestic animals as disease risk for humans, taking into account the human-animal interface and population dynamics between the animals themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gamble
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Avaylon J, Lau K, Harter K, Mamoor A, Mehendale R, Ranasinghe L, Durant E, Bains G. Neuroretinitis as a Complication of Cat Scratch Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e45866. [PMID: 37885521 PMCID: PMC10599218 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this case report, a patient with neuroretinitis from a Bartonella henselae infection is described, and insights into methods to distinguish this type of case from more common etiologies of optic nerve edema are presented. A 21-year-old female with a history of right monocular vision loss due to amblyopia presented to the emergency department (ED) with occipital headache, fever, dizziness, nasal congestion, and painless blurry vision in the left eye for one day. A lumbar puncture found a slightly high opening pressure but no evidence of meningitis. The patient was diagnosed with a viral illness and discharged with outpatient follow-up. The patient, however, had persistent central vision loss and recurring headaches and returned to the ED. Subsequent ultrasound of the patient's optic nerve revealed significant optic nerve swelling. A new working diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension was made, and the patient was started on oral acetazolamide. On the next day, she was seen by ophthalmology, and recent scratches from her cat were noted on her arm. She tested positive for B. henselae and was started on doxycycline and rifampin. Nearly two weeks after the initial presentation, a macular star pattern, indicative of neuroretinitis, was noted on the fundoscopic exam. The patient had recovered her vision by three months later. In ED cases with unilateral vision loss, early use of point-of-care ultrasound and infection with B. henselae should always be considered. Early serology testing may be warranted to allow for earlier treatment since classic signs of neuroretinitis may not be apparent at the onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaycob Avaylon
- Clinical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, USA
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Clinical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, USA
| | - Kirk Harter
- Clinical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, USA
| | - Azaam Mamoor
- Clinical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, USA
| | | | - Leonard Ranasinghe
- Clinical Medicine, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, USA
| | - Edward Durant
- Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Central Valley, Modesto, USA
| | - Gurvijay Bains
- Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Central Valley, Modesto, USA
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12
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Hong H, Li T, Ying Y, An Q, Liu H, Liang K. Cat-scratch disease manifesting as uveitis and binocular fundus nodular lesions: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:345. [PMID: 37544996 PMCID: PMC10405493 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cat-scratch disease typically presents with various ocular manifestations such as uveitis, vitritis, retinitis, retinochoroiditis, and optic neuritis. However, fundus nodular lesions was rarely reported. In our study, we reported a case of Cat-Scratch disease with binocular fundus nodular lesions. CASE PRESENTATION An 11-year old male presented with uveitis in the right eye and bilateral fundus nodular lesions after indirect contact with unvaccinated cats. Comprehensive ancillary examinations including wide-angle fundus photography, ultrasonography, fluorescein fundus angiography, optical coherence tomography, and orbital magnetic resonance imaging were performed to elucidate the multidimensional features of the binocular lesions. Metagenomics next-generation sequencing was utilized to confirm the diagnosis of Cat-scratch disease. The patient's condition showed improvement after a 6-month combination treatment regimen involving systemic administration of doxycycline hyclate and methylprednisolone tablets, as well as local application of mydriatic and corticosteroid eye drops. CONCLUSIONS We firstly reported a case of Cat-scratch disease presenting simultaneously with uveitis and fundus nodular lesions caused by Bartonella henselae infection in a child. Timely diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids showed promising outcomes for the prognosis of these ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianxi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ye Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Kang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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13
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Sulaiman ZI, Samra H, Askar G. Cat Scratch Disease: An Unusual Case of Right Inguinal Lymphadenitis Due to Bartonella henselae. Cureus 2023; 15:e44280. [PMID: 37772236 PMCID: PMC10532035 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is caused by a bacterial infection due to Bartonella henselae and is associated with young cats and kittens. CSD commonly occurs as regional lymphadenitis in the setting of subacute regional lymphadenopathy predominantly in children and young adults. The prognosis for immunocompetent patients is favorable with complete recovery, however, immunocompromised adults can progress to life-threatening complications such as neuroretinitis, osteomyelitis, and bacillary angiomatosis. B. henselae is transmitted from cats to humans through scratching or biting when located on the cat's claws or oral cavity. In 1% of diagnosed cases, patients developed this disease without ever receiving an animal scratch. We present a case of a 29-year-old immunocompetent male developing severe right inguinal pain with concern for an incarcerated inguinal hernia. He reported exposure to a vaccinated six-month-old kitten but denied any recent scratches or bites. His infectious workup revealed right inguinal lymphadenitis on CT imaging and subsequent lymph node biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of CSD. He was treated with a short course of oral doxycycline for CSD and opioids for pain management. This case illustrates the importance of thorough complete history and physical taking even in immunocompetent patients and early recognition with prompt targeted treatment of Bartonella lymphadenitis to prevent unfavorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoheb I Sulaiman
- Infectious Diseases, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Hasan Samra
- Pathology, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Gina Askar
- Infectious Diseases, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
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14
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Liedig C, Neupane P, Lashnits E, Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG. Blood Supplementation Enhances Bartonella henselae Growth and Molecular Detection of Bacterial DNA in Liquid Culture. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0512622. [PMID: 37227273 PMCID: PMC10269525 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05126-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Bartonella, a member of the Alphaproteobacteria, are fastidious, Gram-negative, aerobic bacilli that comprise numerous species, subspecies, and genotypes. Bartonella henselae, with a worldwide distribution, infects cats, dogs, horses, humans, and other mammals. Diagnostically, direct detection of Bartonella henselae in patient blood specimens by culture or molecular methods is required to confirm infection with this bacterium. Enrichment blood culture combined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) or ddPCR enhances the sensitivity of direct detection. The addition of sheep blood to liquid culture media increased the Bartonella henselae DNA concentration compared to controls, additionally improving PCR direct detection sensitivity. IMPORTANCE This study aims to improve diagnostic detection of Bartonella henselae. Patient samples are combined with enriched bacterial cultures aimed at growing Bartonella henselae for the best possible chance at detection. However, current Bartonella growth methods could be improved. The DNA extraction method used by most laboratories should also be optimized. Sheep blood was added to increase the growth of Bartonella henselae and multiple DNA extraction methods were to be compared to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chance Liedig
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pradeep Neupane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Lashnits
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ricardo G. Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Sepúlveda-García P, Alabi A, Álvarez K, Rojas L, Mella A, Gonçalves LR, André MR, Machado RZ, Müller A, Monti G. Bartonella spp. in households with cats: Risk factors for infection in cats and human exposure. One Health 2023; 16:100545. [PMID: 37363214 PMCID: PMC10288095 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of Bartonella spp. per household in cats and the risk factors for Bartonella spp. positivity in cats and their owners from Valdivia, Chile. A total of 464 cats (distributed within 324 households) and 326 humans (control group [n = 112] and cat owner [n = 214]) distributed in 262 households were sampled. From the cat owners (n = 214), 128 humans were in households where the cat was also sampled, totaling 84 households with dual sampling. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was used for Bartonella spp. detection in blood from cats and humans, and immunofluorescent immunoassay (IFA) anti-Bartonella henselae was performed in human serum samples. Out of the total of 324 households, 20.43% presented at least one Bartonella positive cat. From the households with dual sampling, 29.7% (25/84) presented at least one qPCR-Bartonella spp. positive cat. However, Bartonella DNA was not amplified in humans, and in 7.3% (6/82) of the households was found at least one of the cat's owners exposed to B. henselae. Cats younger than one year (Odds Ratio (OR) = 5.3), non-neutered (OR 3.46), sampled at home (OR 5.82), and with improper application of tick/flea control products (OR 3.13) showed a higher risk for Bartonella spp. presence. Humans with occupational exposure involving animal contact, were more likely to exhibit B. henselae seropositivity (OR 7.5). Bartonella spp. was present in the cats a moderate number of households, but Bartonella DNA was not detected in owners' blood, inferring that there is a low risk of recent human infection in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sepúlveda-García
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Amir Alabi
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Karla Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Lisbeth Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Armin Mella
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogerio André
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ananda Müller
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6702 PB, the Netherlands
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McCormick DW, Rassoulian-Barrett SL, Hoogestraat DR, Salipante SJ, SenGupta D, Dietrich EA, Cookson BT, Marx GE, Lieberman JA. Bartonella spp. Infections Identified by Molecular Methods, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:467-476. [PMID: 36823096 PMCID: PMC9973681 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods can enable rapid identification of Bartonella spp. infections, which are difficult to diagnose by using culture or serology. We analyzed clinical test results of PCR that targeted bacterial 16S rRNA hypervariable V1-V2 regions only or in parallel with PCR of Bartonella-specific ribC gene. We identified 430 clinical specimens infected with Bartonella spp. from 420 patients in the United States. Median patient age was 37 (range 1-79) years; 62% were male. We identified B. henselae in 77%, B. quintana in 13%, B. clarridgeiae in 1%, B. vinsonii in 1%, and B. washoensis in 1% of specimens. B. quintana was detected in 83% of cardiac specimens; B. henselae was detected in 34% of lymph node specimens. We detected novel or uncommon Bartonella spp. in 9 patients. Molecular diagnostic testing can identify Bartonella spp. infections, including uncommon and undescribed species, and might be particularly useful for patients who have culture-negative endocarditis or lymphadenitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. McCormick
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
| | - Sara L. Rassoulian-Barrett
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
| | - Daniel R. Hoogestraat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
| | - Dhruba SenGupta
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
| | - Elizabeth A. Dietrich
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
| | - Brad T. Cookson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (D.W. McCormick, E.A. Dietrich, G.E. Marx)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L. Rassoulian-Barrett, D.R. Hoogestraat, S.J. Salipante, D. SenGupta, B.T. Cookson, J.A. Lieberman)
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17
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Waseem R, Seher M, Ghazal S, Shah HH, Habiba U. Cat scratch disease in a 23-year-old male-Case report. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1046666. [PMID: 36711423 PMCID: PMC9880049 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious disease that usually presents with fever, headache, loss of appetite, weight loss, tender lymphadenopathy, and other symptoms. CSD is also the most common cause of infectious lymphadenitis in children, adolescents, and young adults. This contagious disease most often results from a scratch or bite of a cat. The course of this disease depends on the patient's immune status. CSD sometimes presents as a systemic disease and leads to various disease entities. In this study, we describe the case of a 23-year-old man exhibiting fever, generalized weakness, and neck swelling. The patient was unconscious when presented to the Emergency Department. He was given at least 3-4 liters IV bolus of 0.9% normal saline, but it failed to raise the blood pressure. He was then given an inotropic drug (noradrenaline) for low blood pressure and antibiotics (azithromycin) for fever. Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology came out negative. Histopathology ruled out tuberculosis and malignancy and confirmed necrotizing/suppurative granulomatous inflammation. These features favor the diagnosis of CSD.
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18
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Okrent Smolar AL, Breitschwerdt EB, Phillips PH, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Cat scratch disease: What to do with the cat? Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 28:101702. [PMID: 36147775 PMCID: PMC9485036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cat scratch disease (CSD) frequently has ophthalmologic manifestations. The ophthalmologist's approach to treating neuroretinitis is familiar, but few eye care providers are comfortable answering the next question of “what do I do with my cat?” Published guidelines are often vague in answering the complexities of real-life conundrums that can lead patients and their doctors to believe that risk mitigation should involve removal of the animal. Here, we present demonstrative scenarios informed by clinical practice and provide updated recommendations. Observations A 10-year-old boy presented with reduced vision in the right eye. Funduscopic examination identified optic nerve head edema with subretinal fluid, and a macular star developed one week later, consistent with the diagnosis of neuroretinitis. Serology confirmed Bartonella henselae antibodies and a diagnosis of CSD. The father disclosed that the family has recently adopted three kittens, who have scratched the boy and the patient's younger sister. The physician and patient's family find themselves at a loss regarding best practices for what should be done with the kittens. Conclusions and Importance B. henselae has been detected in a variety of mammals and can be transmitted via vectors such as fleas. Even well-appearing animals can transmit the bacteria, months to years after their initial infection. Symptoms, clinical and laboratory findings will depend on bacterial load and strain virulence, as well as the physiological/immunological status of the host, with people at the extremes of age and the immunocompromised being at greater disease risk. Flea control is crucial to minimize transmission risk. Our veterinary expert (EBB) recommends testing (with serology and PCR) and treating infected animals (with doxycycline and a quinolone). Patients should be counseled to speak with their pets’ veterinarian. When addressing the concerns of our CSD patients in clinical practice, ophthalmologists should be aware of the strategies for minimizing Bartonella transmission risk, and cognizant of the One Health approach for managing zoonoses.
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Sanford AC, Ugoji AC, Evans AK, Anderson MH. A Seven-Year-Old With Cervical Lymphadenitis and Multiple Animal Exposures. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2022; 62:514-517. [PMID: 36345070 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221128662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Sanford
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Adele K Evans
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Margot H Anderson
- Tulane University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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20
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Shamshiri Z, Goudarztalejerdi A, Zolhavarieh SM, Greco G, Sazmand A, Chomel BB. Molecular detection and identification of Bartonella species in cats from Hamedan and Kermanshah, Western Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 89:101879. [PMID: 36116272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella species are emerging vector-borne zoonotic pathogens which infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Cats are the primary reservoir hosts for several zoonotic Bartonella spp., the most common being B. henselae the causative agent of cat scratch disease. Despite the important role of cats in the epidemiology of bartonellosis, there is limited information about the prevalence and species infecting cats in Iran. The aim of present study was molecular detection and identification of Bartonella species in cats from two western provinces Hamedan and Kermanshah. From December 2018 to February 2021, 87 cats (n = 26 from Hamedan, n = 61 from Kermanshah) were examined clinically, their bodies were searched for collection of ectoparasites, and cephalic or saphenous blood specimens were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood specimens and conventional PCRs targeting the rpoB, and ITS regions of Bartonella spp. were performed. Positive samples were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. Bartonella DNA was detected in 11/87 cats (12.64 %). Sequencing results revealed the presence of B. henselae in cats from Hamedan, and B. clarridgeiae and B. henselae in cats from Kermanshah. A statistical association between cat origin and the prevalence of Bartonella spp. was observed in the studied population. This study confirms for the first time the circulation of Bartonella spp. in cats in two western Iranian provinces. Prevention strategies e.g. ectoparasites control, and regular examination of pet and urban cats are suggested for minimising Bartonella infection in cats and subsequently in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shamshiri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Ali Goudarztalejerdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Masoud Zolhavarieh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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Koretz ZA, Apostolopoulou A, Chen E, Beale O, Veldkamp P, Viehman JA, Sahel JA, Chhablani J, Dansingani KK, Errera MH, Bonhomme GR. Clinical Features and Multimodal Imaging in Atypical Posterior Uveitis Secondary to Bartonella Henselae Infection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 30:2047-2054. [PMID: 34402723 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1961812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize an unusual presentation of infectious posterior uveitis using multimodal imaging, and discuss the clinical decision-making involved in diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Wide-field fundus photography, swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT), swept-source OCT angiography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography. RESULTS This patient presented with cyclical fevers and blurry vision. Fundus examination revealed bilateral optic disc edema, macular intraretinal white spots and many scattered yellow-white chorioretinal lesions. Multimodal imaging characteristics suggested that many of these lesions represent choroidal granulomas. Extensive systemic workup was only notable for borderline elevated Bartonella henselae IgG titers (1:128), however convalescent IgG titers were elevated at 38 days (1:512) supporting the diagnosis of Bartonella chorioretinitis. CONCLUSION Ocular manifestations of Bartonella henselae infection are varied and may include choroidal granulomas. Multimodal imaging characteristics may help identify etiologies of infectious uveitis. Convalescent titers are important when evaluating patients with suspected Bartonellosis, especially patients with atypical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Koretz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Apostolopoulou
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Oliver Beale
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Veldkamp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Alex Viehman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay Chhablani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kunal K Dansingani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marie-Hélène Errera
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabrielle R Bonhomme
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Li M, Yan K, Jia P, Wei E, Wang H. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing may assist diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:946849. [PMID: 36189365 PMCID: PMC9524480 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.946849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae, the pathogen that causes cat-scratch disease (CSD), is relatively rare in the clinic. CSD usually causes mild clinical manifestations, which self-heal in a matter of weeks. However, in immunocompromised patients, CSD may cause systemic disorders that can lead to critical illness. Due to the diversity of symptom signs and the lack of a golden standard for diagnosis, identifying atypical CSD in a timely manner presents a challenge. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), is a promising technology that has been widely used in the detection of pathogens in clinical infectious diseases in recent years. mNGS can detect multiple pathogens quickly and accurately from any given source. Here, we present a case of atypical CSD, which was diagnosed using mNGS. The patient manifested a fever of unknown infectious origin, and routine antibiotic treatment was ineffective. mNGS was employed to test the patient’s peripheral blood, which led to the detection of B. henselae. This was rarely seen in previous CSD reports. We surmised that the patient presented with atypical CSD and thus a targeted therapy was recommended. Crucially, the patient recovered rapidly. Based on this case study findings, we recommend that CSD should be included in the differential diagnosis for fever of unknown origin and that mNGS may be helpful in the diagnosis of CSD.
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Cute Cats, Disastrous Nightmare. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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McClung KL, Noden BH. Prevalence of selected pathogens in ectoparasites from free-roaming domestic cats in the southern Great Plains of the United States. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100764. [PMID: 36041799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia sp. and Bartonella sp. were detected in ectoparasites of free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) from a trap-neuter-release program in central Oklahoma during January and February 2020. We used polymerase chain reaction and sequencing to identify fleas containing DNA of five different pathogens: Rickettsia felis (84%), 'Candidatus R. andeanae' (8%), Bartonella henselae (32%), Bartonella clarridgeiae (36%), and Bartonella sp. (8%). Co-infections with R. felis with three Bartonella species were identified. One tick was positive for R. felis, one flea was positive for 'Candidatus R. andeanae' and one ear mite was positive for a Bartonella species. These results highlight the need for more focus on free-roaming domestic cats and their ectoparasites in the Great Plains region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L McClung
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Bruce H Noden
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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25
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Amin O, Rostad CA, Gonzalez M, Rostad BS, Caltharp S, Quincer E, Betke BA, Gottdenker NL, Wilson JJ, Shane AL, Elmontser M, Camacho-Gonzalez A, Senior T, Smith O, Anderson EJ, Yildirim I. CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE: 9 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AT A PEDIATRIC CENTER. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac426. [PMID: 36072697 PMCID: PMC9439574 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
A more complete understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features of cat scratch disease (CSD) in children could help guide patient care.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of children presenting to a tertiary pediatric hospital system in Atlanta, Georgia between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018 who had serology, PCR and/or cytopathological results consistent with a Bartonella henselae infection. We also retrospectively reviewed veterinary diagnostic results performed at the University of Georgia (UGA) from 2018-2020 to ascertain the burden of bartonellosis in companion animals within the state.
Results
We identified 304 children with CSD over 9 years with the largest proportion of diagnoses made during August (41/304, 13.5%) and September (47/304, 15.5%). The median age of child cases was 8.1 years (interquartile range (IQR) 5.4-12.1]; 156 (51.3%) were female; 242/262 (92.4%) reported feline exposure, while 55/250 (22%) reported canine exposure of those with exposure histories documented in the medical record. Although lymphadenopathy was present on physical examination in the majority of cases (78.8%), atypical presentations lacking lymphadenopathy were also common (63/304, 20.7%). Among children with radiographic imaging, 20/55 (36.4%) had splenomegaly and 21/55 (38.1%) had splenic and/or hepatic microabscesses. Among veterinary data, Bartonella seroprevalence was 12/146 (8.2%), all among canines, with a geographic distribution that spanned the state of Georgia.
Conclusion
Distinguishing clinical features of CSD included subacute regional lymphadenopathy in school-aged children in the late summer, almost all of whom had cat exposure. Atypical clinical manifestations of CSD were also commonly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Amin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Mark Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Bradley S Rostad
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Shelley Caltharp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Elizabeth Quincer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Briana A Betke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia USA
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia USA
| | - Jonathan J Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia USA
| | - Andi L Shane
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Mohnd Elmontser
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Andres Camacho-Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Tal Senior
- Department of Advanced Analytics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Oliver Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta GA , USA
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26
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Case Report: Treatment of Severe Neuroretinitis and other Sequelae Associated with Cat Scratch Disease. Optom Vis Sci 2022; 99:662-669. [PMID: 35849047 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Severe vision loss from Bartonella neuroretinitis can best be treated to improve visual outcomes with a combination of systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics. Topical ketorolac 0.5% and difluprednate 0.05% are presented as a new adjunct therapy to potentially improve visual outcomes. PURPOSE This case illustrates severe posterior pole complications that can occur with cat scratch disease disseminated to the eye. Combination therapy with antibiotics and corticosteroids results in better visual outcomes. Topical treatment might further enhance visual outcome by preventing inflammatory damage without significant immunosuppression. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old male presented with right eye vision loss. He had been hospitalized two weeks prior for optic neuritis and treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. After 3 days vision had improved from 20/200 to 20/40. After positive serology for Bartonella henselae was obtained, he was released and treated with oral rifampin, doxycycline and prednisone. Sixteen days later he regressed to 20/200 and many more ophthalmic complications were observed. After discontinuation of rifampin, oral prednisone was continued for an additional two weeks and doxycycline was continued for approximately 3 weeks. Topical drops ketorolac 0.5% BID and difluprednate 0.05% QID were used for over 6 weeks before tapering after vision returned to normal. CONCLUSIONS Bartonella neuroretinitis associated with preretinal hemorrhage, vitritis and subretinal hemorrhage can be successfully treated with a combination of systemic medications and topical drops. Monotherapy with doxycycline is effective and well tolerated. Rifampin can cause rapid metabolization and reduction in plasma levels of both prednisone and doxycycline and should be avoided with combined therapy. Oral prednisone and topical difluprednate are recommended to quell initial inflammation during the first few weeks. The anti-inflammatory effects of doxycycline and topical ketorolac used for longer duration may be beneficial in preventing tissue damage without systemic immunosuppression and result in better visual outcomes.
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27
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Billeter SA. A Review of Bartonella Infections in California-Implications for Public and Veterinary Health. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1154-1163. [PMID: 35535811 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bartonella are vector-transmitted, intracellular bacteria that infect a wide variety of blood-feeding arthropods and their vertebrate hosts. In California, more than 13 species of Bartonella have been described from companion animals, livestock, and wildlife, of which four have been associated with human disease. Infections in humans cause a range of symptoms from relatively mild to severe, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Exposure to infected domestic animals and wildlife, and their ectoparasites, may increase the risk of cross-species transmission. The objective of this review was to compile and summarize published materials on human and animal Bartonella infections in California. Medical and veterinary case reports of bartonellosis were highlighted in an effort to increase the awareness of this poorly understood and potentially under-recognized disease among healthcare professionals and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Billeter
- California Department of Public Health, Vector Borne Disease Section, 2151 Convention Center Way, Suite 226, Ontario, CA 91764, USA
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28
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Carpenter A, Waltenburg MA, Hall A, Kile J, Killerby M, Knust B, Negron M, Nichols M, Wallace RM, Behravesh CB, McQuiston JH. Vaccine Preventable Zoonotic Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities for Public Health Progress. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10070993. [PMID: 35891157 PMCID: PMC9319643 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases represent a heavy global burden, causing important economic losses, impacting animal health and production, and costing millions of human lives. The vaccination of animals and humans to prevent inter-species zoonotic disease transmission is an important intervention. However, efforts to develop and implement vaccine interventions to reduce zoonotic disease impacts are often limited to the veterinary and agricultural sectors and do not reflect the shared burden of disease. Multisectoral collaboration, including co-development opportunities for human and animal vaccines, expanding vaccine use to include animal reservoirs such as wildlife, and strategically using vaccines to interrupt complex transmission cycles is needed. Addressing zoonoses requires a multi-faceted One Health approach, wherein vaccinating people and animals plays a critical role.
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29
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Erickson TA, Ronca SE, Gunter SM, Brown EL, Hasbun R, Murray KO. Zoonotic Disease Testing Practices in Pediatric Patients with Meningitis and Encephalitis in a Subtropical Region. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050501. [PMID: 35631022 PMCID: PMC9145480 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens can cause neuroinvasive disease in children; utilization of appropriate diagnostic testing can be low, hindering diagnosis and clinical management of these cases. We must understand factors that influence healthcare providers’ decisions to order diagnostic testing. We reviewed medical charts for pediatric meningitis and encephalitis patients (90 days–18 years) between 2010 and 2017 and analyzed variables associated with testing for known neuroinvasive zoonotic pathogens in the southern United States: West Nile virus (WNV), Bartonella spp., and Rickettsia spp. Among 620 cases of meningitis and encephalitis, ~1/3 (n = 209, 34%) were tested for WNV. Fewer cases were tested for Bartonella (n = 77, 12%) and Rickettsia (n = 47, 8%). Among those tested, 14 (7%) WNV, 7 (9%) Bartonella, and 6 (13%) Rickettsia cases were identified. Factors predicting testing were similar between all agents: clinical presentation of encephalitis, focal neurologic symptoms, new onset seizure, and decreased Glasgow Coma Scale on admission. Cases with a history of arthropod contact were more likely to be tested; however, we did not see an increase in testing during the summer season, when vector exposure typically increases. While our test utilization was higher than that reported in other studies, improvement is needed to identify zoonotic causes of neuroinvasive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.A.E.); (S.M.G.)
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shannon E. Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.A.E.); (S.M.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.R.); (K.O.M.); Tel.: +1-832-824-7595 (S.E.R.)
| | - Sarah M. Gunter
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.A.E.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Eric L. Brown
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.A.E.); (S.M.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.R.); (K.O.M.); Tel.: +1-832-824-7595 (S.E.R.)
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30
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Sayed ASM, Alsaadawy RM, Ali MM, Abd El-Hamid RF, Baty RS, Elmahallawy EK. Serological and Molecular Detection of Bartonella henselae in Cats and Humans From Egypt: Current Status and Zoonotic Implications. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859104. [PMID: 35498750 PMCID: PMC9047710 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonellosis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular bacterium of genus Bartonella. The disease has a worldwide distribution and cats represent the major reservoir of this disease. Despite its global distribution, very limited previous studies have investigated the occurrence of bartonellosis in cats and their owners in Egypt. In an endeavor to explore this topic, we investigated the occurrence of Bartonella henselae (B. henselae) infection in 225 samples (blood, saliva, and claw) obtained from 75 healthy cats in Upper Egypt. These samples were routinely obtained during veterinary clinic visits. This study also involved an examination of 100 humans, including cat owners and people with a history of contact with cats. Attempted isolation and identification of B. henselae in cats were also performed. Furthermore, PCR was performed for molecular identification of B. henselae in blood samples from cats. Meanwhile, an immunofluorescent assay was performed to study the seroprevalence of B. henselae infection in humans. In this study, B. henselae could not be isolated from any of the examined blood, saliva, or claw samples from cats. Interestingly, B. henselae was identified molecularly in 8% (6/75) of blood samples from cats. The seroprevalence of B. henselae in humans was 46% and its occurrence was higher in females (46.6%) than in males (41.7%) (P = 0.748). B. henselae infection was higher among cat owners [51.4% (19/37)] than among people with a history of contact with cats [42.9% (27/63)] (P = 0.410). Infection was higher in rural regions [79.5% (31/39)] than in urban regions [24.6% (15/61)] (P < 0.001). Collectively, this data provide interesting baseline information about the occurrence of B. henselae in cats and humans in Upper Egypt, which reflects the potential zoonotic transmission of this bacterium. Future study is mandatory to explore the occurrence of B. henselae in major reservoirs in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal S. M. Sayed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Amal S. M. Sayed
| | - Reem M. Alsaadawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Magda M. Ali
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Rawhia F. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Roua Sami Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
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31
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Santibáñez S, Caruz A, Márquez-Constán J, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Márquez FJ. Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:179-182. [PMID: 35473988 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santibáñez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Oteo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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32
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Kassab I, Isada C, Azar MM, Sarsam N, Jiang M, Camelo-Piragua S, Kaul D, Malinis M. Into the Unknown: Diagnosing Mysterious Brain Lesions. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13829. [PMID: 35307917 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The case discussed involves a 49-year-old male with simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant who presented with fever, headache and was found to have multifocal brain lesion on brain imaging. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Kassab
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Isada
- Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nadine Sarsam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel Kaul
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maricar Malinis
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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33
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Jurja S, Stroe AZ, Pundiche MB, Docu Axelerad S, Mateescu G, Micu AO, Popescu R, Oltean A, Docu Axelerad A. The Clinical Profile of Cat-Scratch Disease’s Neuro-Ophthalmological Effects. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020217. [PMID: 35203980 PMCID: PMC8870711 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-scratch disease is an illness caused by Bartonella henselae that occurs as a result of contact with an infected kitten or dog, such as a bite or scratch. It is more prevalent in children and young adults, as well as immunocompromised individuals. There are limited publications examining the features of CSD in patients. As such, the purpose of this research was to assess the clinical neuro-ophthalmological consequences of CSD reported in the literature. Among the ophthalmologic disorders caused by cat-scratch disease in humans, Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, uveitis, vitritis, retinitis, retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis are the most prevalent. The neurological disorders caused by cat-scratch disease in humans include encephalopathy, transverse myelitis, radiculitis, and cerebellar ataxia. The current review addresses the neuro-ophthalmological clinical manifestations of cat-scratch disease, as described in papers published over the last four decades (1980–2022). All the data gathered were obtained from PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. The current descriptive review summarizes the most-often-encountered clinical symptomatology in instances of cat-scratch disease with neurological and ocular invasion. Thus, the purpose of this review is to increase knowledge of cat-scratch disease’s neuro-ophthalmological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Jurja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Ovidius’ University of Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania;
- County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Apostol Andrei”, Tomis Street, nr. 145, 900591 Constanta, Romania; (M.B.P.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Alina Zorina Stroe
- County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Apostol Andrei”, Tomis Street, nr. 145, 900591 Constanta, Romania; (M.B.P.); (A.D.A.)
- Department of Neurology, General Medicine Faculty, Ovidius University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-727-987-950
| | - Mihaela Butcaru Pundiche
- County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Apostol Andrei”, Tomis Street, nr. 145, 900591 Constanta, Romania; (M.B.P.); (A.D.A.)
- Surgery Department, Faculty of General Medicine, ‘Ovidius’ University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | | | - Garofita Mateescu
- Morphology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Octavian Micu
- Department of Economic Engineering in Transports, Maritime University of Constanta, Str. Mircea cel Bătrân, 104, 900663 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Raducu Popescu
- Physical Education, Sport and Kinetotherapy Department, ‘Ovidius’ University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (R.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Antoanela Oltean
- Physical Education, Sport and Kinetotherapy Department, ‘Ovidius’ University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (R.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Any Docu Axelerad
- County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Apostol Andrei”, Tomis Street, nr. 145, 900591 Constanta, Romania; (M.B.P.); (A.D.A.)
- Department of Neurology, General Medicine Faculty, Ovidius University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
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Whitehead M, Perkins R, Goulson D, Wright I. Year-round flea treatment is not required. Vet Rec 2021; 188:77-78. [PMID: 34651841 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Whitehead
- Chipping Norton Veterinary Hospital, Banbury Road, Chipping Norton, Oxon, OX7 5SY
| | - Rosemary Perkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG
| | - Ian Wright
- c/o Mount Vets, 1 Harris Street, Fleetwood, Lancashire, FY7 6QX
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Tsuneoka H, Otsuyama KI, Motoki Y, Nojima J, Nishikawa J, Ichihara K. Exploring the seasonal and regional features of cat-scratch disease on the basis of anti-Bartonella henselae IgM/IgG positive rates in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:112-115. [PMID: 34548238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the seasonal and regional features of cat-scratch disease (CSD) based on 15-years of test results for anti-Bartonella henselae IgG and IgM by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) performed as a laboratory specialized in diagnostic testing of CSD in Japan. A literature search was performed to put our findings in perspective. METHODS A total of 956 sera from patients suspected of CSD were submitted to our laboratory from nationwide. Seasonal changes in the monthly positive rates of IgG/IgM antibodies and regional distribution of the test specimens were analyzed. RESULTS The monthly positive rates of anti-B. henselae IFA of IgG and IgM were both significantly high between September and January and low between March and July. The seasonal pattern observed in this study was similar to the ones reported from US and France, which were analyzed from a clinical database (monthly incidence of CSD diagnosis) or from monthly positive rates of either B. henselae PCR or anti-B. henselae IFA. However, fluctuations in the IFA monthly positive rates in this study were more pronounced than other reports. Regarding regionality, the test specimens submitted to us for IFA were prominently more from southwestern areas than from northern/middle-northern areas of Japan. The distribution coincided well with the regional distribution of CSD case reports and with a known regional prevalence of Bartonella-species bacteremia among pet cats in Japan. CONCLUSION These epidemiological features in Japan are of relevance in the clinical diagnoses of CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Tsuneoka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichiro Otsuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yukari Motoki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Junzo Nojima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ichihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Tissue Samples from Free-Roaming Domestic Cats in the South Atlantic USA. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091221. [PMID: 34578253 PMCID: PMC8472639 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reservoir to multiple species of zoonotic pathogens, free-roaming cats (FRCs) interact with domestic and wild animals, vectors, and humans. To assess the potential for feline vector-borne pathogens to be vertically transmitted, this study surveyed ear tip and reproductive tissues of FRCs from two locations in the South Atlantic United States for Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species. We collected ovary (n = 72), uterus (n = 54), testicle (n = 74), and ear tip (n = 73) tissue from 73 cats, and fetal (n = 20) and placental (n = 19) tissue from 11 queens. Pathogen DNA was amplified utilizing qPCR, confirmed by sequencing. Cats were more frequently Bartonella henselae positive on reproductive tissues (19%, 14/73) than ear tip (5%, 4/73; p = 0.02). B. henselae was amplified from fetus (20%, 4/20) and placenta samples (11%, 2/19). Bartonella spp. infection was more common in cats from North Carolina (76%, 26/34) than Virginia (13%, 5/39; p < 0.0001). Fourteen percent (10/73) of both ear tip and reproductive tissues were positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. DNA was not amplified from any cat/tissue. These findings suggest that B. henselae preferentially infected cats' reproductive tissue and reinforces the importance of investigating the potential for B. henselae vertical transmission or induction of reproductive failure.
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Albert DM, Salman AR, Winthrop KL, Bartley GB. The Continuing Ophthalmic Challenge of Bartonella henselae. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100048. [PMID: 36247815 PMCID: PMC9559971 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusions
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Muz MN, Erat S, Mumcuoglu KY. Protozoan and Microbial Pathogens of House Cats in the Province of Tekirdag in Western Turkey. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091114. [PMID: 34578146 PMCID: PMC8466416 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic felines’ re-emerging infectious and neglected zoonotic diseases are a significant focus of global “One Health” efforts. This study aimed to rapidly diagnose 14 pathogens, including zoonoses by using PCR primers in 167 client-owned symptomatic cats, routinely accepted to the Veterinary Clinics of Tekirdag. The prevalence of pathogens investigated were as follows: Babesia canis canis (24%), Babesia microti (2.4%), Hepatozoon felis (10.8%), Cytauxzoon felis (6.6%), Bartonella henselae (40.1%), Anaplasma platys (30.5%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (7.2%), Rickettsia felis (26.3%), Borrelia burgdorferi (21%), and hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. (11.4%). There was a significant difference between the prevalence of the pathogens (χ2 = 152.26, df = 9, p < 0.001). There was also a statistical difference between the gender of the cats in terms of the prevalence of all pathogens considered together (χ2 = 4.80, df = 1, p = 0.028), where the female cats showed a higher prevalence. This was not the case for the different age groups (χ2 = 2.92, df = 1, p = 0.088). The lowest infection was observed for B. microti (p < 0.001), while the highest infection was observed for B. henselae (p < 0.01). Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium spp., Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Neoehrlichia mikurensis PCR test results were negative in all samples. In conclusion, house cats of Tekirdag are apparently highly susceptible to some neglected zoonoses important for “One Health”, and their prevalence in the region is most probably underestimated. Hence, applying PCR tests to assist fast clinic diagnosis in routine, may be an efficient option to protect the public as well as the cats from severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Necati Muz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namik Kemal, Tekirdag 59000, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Serkan Erat
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
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James S, Thozhuthumparambil KP. Cat scratch disease sepsis in an immunocompromised patient. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e239932. [PMID: 34257108 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a greater number of households have pets, the likelihood of zoonotic infections can rise too. Although in most healthy individuals these infections are self-limiting, they are more serious and can lead to adverse outcomes in the immunocompromised. There is minimal information available for the immunocompromised patient who are pet owners or on pet handling. We report a case of cat scratch disease-related sepsis in an immunocompromised patient. This case illustrates the need for a detailed history, including a pet history, in immunocompromised patients presenting with fever of unknown origin and the need for UK-based information for the immunocompromised on pet care and risks associated with having a pet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil James
- Acute Medical Unit, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Nawrocki CC, Max RJ, Marzec NS, Nelson CA. Atypical Manifestations of Cat-Scratch Disease, United States, 2005-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1438-1446. [PMID: 32568056 PMCID: PMC7323523 DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical manifestations that can be severe and difficult to diagnosis develop in 5%-20% of patients with cat-scratch disease. To clarify the epidemiology of atypical cat-scratch disease in the United States, we analyzed data from the 2005-2014 MarketScan national health insurance claims databases by using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, codes for cat-scratch disease and selected atypical manifestations: retinitis/neuroretinitis, conjunctivitis, neuritis, encephalitis, hepatosplenic disease, osteomyelitis, erythema nodosum, and endocarditis. Atypical cat-scratch disease accounted for 1.5% of all cases, resulting in an average annual incidence of 0.7 cases/100,000 population. Atypical cat-scratch disease was associated with increased risk for hospitalization (risk ratios 8.77, 95% CI 6.56-11.72) and occurred most often in female patients 10-14 years of age. Ocular (48.7%), hepatosplenic (24.6%), and neurologic (13.8%) manifestations were most common among patients. A more comprehensive understanding of atypical cat-scratch disease can improve patient diagnosis and potentially elucidate pathophysiology of the disease.
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41
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Mühldorfer-Fodor M, Fodor SG. [Atypical bacterial Infections of the Hand]. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2021; 53:302-311. [PMID: 34134162 DOI: 10.1055/a-1408-4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical infections of the hand are rare and often misdiagnosed. Delay of treatment can lead to irreversible damage, even life-threatening sepsis. The article provides a survey of some of the most frequent atypical infections and their appearance on the hand (Mykobakteria, Vibriones, Francisella, Actinomycetoma), illustrated by two case reports. Knowing the pathogenesis of the most frequent atypical infections allows considering them in the daily practice for differential diagnosis, initiate specific testing, and administer an adequate therapy at an early stage.
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Sahli J, DeLeon S. Splenic Micro-Abscesses as a Complication of Epstein-Barr Virus. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2021; 60:325-327. [PMID: 33899534 DOI: 10.1177/00099228211010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Sahli
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stephanie DeLeon
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Tram N, Cheyssac É, Toumi C, Laurent A, Bertholet-Thomas A, Viremouneix L, Bacchetta J, Ranchin B. Disseminated bartonellosis in a child with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome receiving mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy. Nephrol Ther 2021; 17:463-465. [PMID: 33985919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cat scratch disease, usually a benign infectious disease, may develop as multisystem disease with multiorgan involvement, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We report on a patient who developed disseminated bartonellosis while receiving mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy treating steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, highlighting that severe infection can be observed in those patients. Therefore, this category of patients should be cautious when having contact with kittens and receives proper prevention advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Tram
- Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France
| | - Élodie Cheyssac
- Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France
| | - Chadia Toumi
- Service des maladies infectieuses pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France
| | - Audrey Laurent
- Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France
| | - Aurélia Bertholet-Thomas
- Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France
| | - Loïc Viremouneix
- Service d'imagerie médicale, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France; Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Ranchin
- Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France.
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Abstract
Since the early 1900s, Bartonella species were known only to cause human disease resulting from very restricted geographic (bartonellosis) or environmental influences ("trench fever"). In the 1990s, and in parallel, cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis were definitively linked to Bartonella species. Subsequently, widespread use of modern diagnostic methods revealed the broad ecologic niche of this organism and greatly expanded our knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical presentations associated with this genus. A large number of reservoirs and vectors involved with Bartonella propagation and transmission to humans have been identified; cats and various arthropods remain the most well-studied to date. Though not completely understood, it appears that specific immune-modulated interactions between the infecting species and host-related factors play a major role in the observed breadth of human clinical syndromes associated with Bartonellae, the large differences in immunopathologic features of tissue samples among different syndromes and potentially the varied responses to antimicrobial therapy. Further, the clinical management for cat scratch disease in particular is quite variable among clinicians, reflecting a poor evidence base. No preventive measures have been developed beyond suggestions to avoid at-risk behavior with known vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Zangwill
- From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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45
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Okaro U, George S, Anderson B. What Is in a Cat Scratch? Growth of Bartonella henselae in a Biofilm. Microorganisms 2021; 9:835. [PMID: 33919891 PMCID: PMC8070961 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae (B. henselae) is a gram-negative bacterium that causes cat scratch disease, bacteremia, and endocarditis, as well as other clinical presentations. B. henselae has been shown to form a biofilm in vitro that likely plays a role in the establishment and persistence of the bacterium in the host. Biofilms are also known to form in the cat flea vector; hence, the ability of this bacterium to form a biofilm has broad biological significance. The release of B. henselae from a biofilm niche appears to be important in disease persistence and relapse in the vertebrate host but also in transmission by the cat flea vector. It has been shown that the BadA adhesin of B. henselae is critical for adherence and biofilm formation. Thus, the upregulation of badA is important in initiating biofilm formation, and down-regulation is important in the release of the bacterium from the biofilm. We summarize the current knowledge of biofilm formation in Bartonella species and the role of BadA in biofilm formation. We discuss the evidence that defines possible mechanisms for the regulation of the genes required for biofilm formation. We further describe the regulation of those genes in the conditions that mimic both the arthropod vector and the mammalian host for B. henselae. The treatment for persistent B. henselae infection remains a challenge; hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which this bacterium persists in its host is critical to inform future efforts to develop drugs to treat such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udoka Okaro
- Foundational Sciences Directorate, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Sierra George
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MDC7, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Burt Anderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MDC7, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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Zhou L, Kong X. Decreased visual acuity after a cat scratch. Assoc Med J 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Exposure of Domestic Cats to Three Zoonotic Bartonella Species in the United States. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030354. [PMID: 33802644 PMCID: PMC8002574 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-associated Bartonella species, which include B. henselae, B. koehlerae, and B. clarridgeiae, can cause mild to severe illness in humans. In the present study, we evaluated 1362 serum samples obtained from domestic cats across the U.S. for seroreactivity against three species and two strain types of Bartonella associated with cats (B. henselae type 1, B. henselae type 2, B. koehlerae, and B. clarridgeiae) using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Overall, the seroprevalence at the cutoff titer level of ≥1:64 was 23.1%. Seroreactivity was 11.1% and 3.7% at the titer level cutoff of ≥1:128 and at the cutoff of ≥1:256, respectively. The highest observation of seroreactivity occurred in the East South-Central, South Atlantic, West North-Central, and West South-Central regions. The lowest seroreactivity was detected in the East North-Central, Middle Atlantic, Mountain, New England, and Pacific regions. We observed reactivity against all four Bartonella spp. antigens in samples from eight out of the nine U.S. geographic regions.
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Abstract
Animal and human bite injuries are a public health burden. Dog bites outnumber cat bites, but cat bites pose the greatest risk for infection. Skin and soft tissue infections are the most frequent infectious manifestations resulting from bite injury, although invasive infection may occur through direct inoculation or dissemination through the bloodstream. Although contemporary, well-designed trials are needed to inform clinical practice, preemptive antibiotic therapy after a bite injury is warranted for injuries posing high risk for infection and for patients at risk of developing severe infection; antibiotics should target aerobic and anaerobic microbes that comprise the oral and skin flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Greene
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8116, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie A Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8116, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Tay SY, Freeman K, Baird R. Clinical Manifestations Associated with Bartonella henselae Infection in a Tropical Region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:198-206. [PMID: 33021197 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic Gram-negative Bacillus associated with self-limited regional lymphadenopathy. In recent decades, an expanding spectrum of clinical manifestations has been described, in part, due to improved diagnostics. However, updated epidemiological data are sparse. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of 31 patients with B. henselae infection over 15 years from 2005 to 2019, in the tropical Top End of Australia. Our annual disease incidence of 1.3 cases per 100,000 population is lower than that in the national database surveillances in the United States, but the hospitalization incidence of 0.9 per 100,000 population in our region is higher than those reported in the literature, with an average length of stay of 9 days. Patients were more commonly male, aboriginal, and aged less than 14 years (median age: 7 years), living in a rural setting with presentation during our monsoon season. The disease spectrum included lymph node disease (74%), organ peliosis, endocarditis, cutaneous lesions, parapharyngeal abscess, parotitis, and neurologic and ocular syndromes. Lymph node disease was far commoner in children than the more serious systemic B. henselae infections associated with adults (P = 0.074). Although no deaths were reported, significant morbidities were observed. Two endocarditis cases presented with glomerulonephritis, and hematological and neurological features mimicking vasculitis, and consequently received immunosuppressants. One case was only diagnosed after representation with serial embolic strokes. Given the heterogeneity of disease manifestations with nonspecific symptoms and significant consequences, a timely and accurate diagnosis is needed to avoid unnecessary treatments or interventions.
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50
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Santibáñez S, Caruz A, Márquez-Constán J, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Márquez FJ. Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 40:S0213-005X(20)30399-2. [PMID: 33334612 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santibáñez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Oteo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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