1
|
Harsono D, Atre S, Peterson H, Nyhan K, Garmroudi D, Davis JL, Ho W, Khoshnood K. A Scoping Review of Factors Associated with HIV Acquisition in the Context of Humanitarian Crises. AIDS Behav 2024:10.1007/s10461-024-04504-x. [PMID: 39292318 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-024-04504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Humanitarian crises-natural or human-made events that can threaten communities' health, safety, security, and well-being-may affect the HIV epidemic dynamics. Common aspects of humanitarian crises such as poverty, powerlessness, disruptions to the health systems, and social instability can contribute to a person's vulnerability to HIV infection through increased risk behaviors and limited access to health services. Guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guidelines, we conducted a scoping review of literature published in English between January 1990 and March 2022 to characterize the global evidence of modifiable and non-modifiable factors for HIV acquisition in the context of humanitarian crises. We systematically searched, screened, and synthesized literature from MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health (all accessed via Ovid), and Scopus, and also grey literature through websites of humanitarian agencies and relevant non-government organizations, the International AIDS Society's abstract databases, and Google Scholar. We considered studies presenting empirical data on HIV prevalence, incidence, or risk factors in humanitarian crises-affected populations, including refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were quantitative (n = 43, 87.8%) and cross-sectional (n = 37, 75.5%) in design. Most were single-country studies (n = 43, 87.8%) and conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 31, 63.3%). We identified 5 non-modifiable factors for HIV acquisition (i.e., age, gender, location, place of birth or origin, and ethnicity) and 60 modifiable factors that we further classified into five categories, namely 18 policy and structural, 9 sociocultural, 11 health and mental health, 16 sexual practice, and 6 humanitarian crisis-related traumatic event factors. Within the modifiable categories, factors that were most often investigated were education level, marital status, sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, condom use, and experience of rape or sexual trauma, respectively. Informed by the findings, we applied the social-ecological model to map the identified multidimensional factors associated with HIV acquisition at the levels of individual, social and sexual networks, community, public policy, and the context of humanitarian crises. The current review provides a comprehensive, global analysis of the available evidence on HIV prevalence, incidence, and risk factors in humanitarian crises and implications for potential programs and research. Future research is warranted to further understand the directionality of the non-modifiable and modifiable factors affecting HIV acquisition, and the multilevel barriers and facilitators to the uptake of HIV prevention strategies in the context of humanitarian crises. Such research can generate actionable evidence to inform the development of ethical, trauma-informed, and culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions in humanitarian settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dini Harsono
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College St, Suite 200, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Swarali Atre
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hanna Peterson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Kate Nyhan
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dina Garmroudi
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Lucian Davis
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College St, Suite 200, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Winnie Ho
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaveh Khoshnood
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College St, Suite 200, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Issahaku GR, Fischer HT, Appiah-Brempong E, Opoku D, Hanefeld J. Strategies to foster community engagement for epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e082757. [PMID: 38839384 PMCID: PMC11163618 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The surge of public health emergencies over the past decade has disproportionately affected sub-Saharan Africa. These include outbreaks of infectious diseases such as Ebola, Monkeypox and COVID-19. Experience has shown that community participation is key to the successful implementation of infection control activities. Despite the pivotal role community engagement plays in epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response activities, strategies to engage communities have been underexplored to date, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. Furthermore, reviews conducted have not included evidence from the latest pandemic, COVID-19. This scoping review aims to address these gaps by documenting through available literature, the strategies for community engagement for epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response in sub-Sahara Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will use the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews and the methodological framework for scoping reviews from Arksey and O'Malley to guide the review. Two reviewers will develop a systematic search strategy to identify articles published from January 2014 to date. We will retrieve peer-reviewed research published in the English language from databases including Embase, EBSCO-host, PubMed, Global Health, CINAHL, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Additionally, we will search for relevant grey literature from the websites of specific international organisations, public health institutes and Government Ministries of Health in African countries. After the removal of duplicates, the two reviewers will independently screen all titles, abstracts and full articles to establish the relevance of each study for inclusion in the review. We will extract data from the included articles using a data extraction tool and present the findings in tabular form with an accompanying narrative to aid comprehension. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required for the conduct of scoping reviews. We plan to disseminate the findings from this review through publications in a peer-reviewed journal, presentations at conferences and meetings with policy-makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyesi Razak Issahaku
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Hanna-Tina Fischer
- Institute for Virology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Brempong
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Opoku
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Health Care Management, Technische Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahdoot S, Baum CR, Cataletto MB, Hogan P, Wu CB, Bernstein A. Climate Change and Children's Health: Building a Healthy Future for Every Child. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023065505. [PMID: 38374808 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-065505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Observed changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea level, and extreme weather are destabilizing major determinants of human health. Children are at higher risk of climate-related health burdens than adults because of their unique behavior patterns; developing organ systems and physiology; greater exposure to air, food, and water contaminants per unit of body weight; and dependence on caregivers. Climate change harms children through numerous pathways, including air pollution, heat exposure, floods and hurricanes, food insecurity and nutrition, changing epidemiology of infections, and mental health harms. As the planet continues to warm, climate change's impacts will worsen, threatening to define the health and welfare of children at every stage of their lives. Children who already bear higher burden of disease because of living in low-wealth households and communities, lack of access to high quality education, and experiencing racism and other forms of unjust discrimination bear greater risk of suffering from climate change hazards. Climate change solutions, advanced through collaborative work of pediatricians, health systems, communities, corporations, and governments lead to immediate gains in child health and equity and build a foundation for generations of children to thrive. This technical report reviews the nature of climate change and its associated child health effects and supports the recommendations in the accompanying policy statement on climate change and children's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ahdoot
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Carl R Baum
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Bono Cataletto
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York
| | - Patrick Hogan
- Pediatric Residency Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christina B Wu
- O'Neill Center for Global and National Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aaron Bernstein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Umar H, Geremew A, Worku Kassie T, Dirirsa G, Bayu K, Mengistu DA, Berhanu A, Mulat S. Hand hygiene compliance and associated factor among nurses working in public hospitals of Hararghe zones, Oromia region, eastern Ethiopia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1032167. [PMID: 36568749 PMCID: PMC9768975 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1032167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare workers are in constant contact with a wide variety of materials and surfaces, including waste, body fluids, mucous membranes, food, their own bodies, and the skin of patients. As a result, their hands are colonized by different groups of pathogens. Hand hygiene of healthcare workers is recognized to be the main factor in reducing healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, this study aimed to assess hand hygiene adherence and related factors among nurses working in public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hospital, Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia from July 1 to 30, 2021. A total of 451 study participants were randomly selected, after the proportional allocation of study participants to each selected hospital. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaire and observation checklist. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. Bivariable and multivariable analysis were employed to assess the association between outcome and independent variables. Finally, a p-value of < 0.05 was used as a cutoff point for statistical significance. Results Out of 436 eligible nurses, the overall hand hygiene compliance was 37.4% [95% CI (0.33, 0.42)]. The overall compliance among those working in medical, surgical, OR ward, OPD, Gynecology/obstetrics, emergency ward, Intensive care units, Pediatrics, and other wards/departments was 46.8, 44.8, 35.7, 28.2, 20.7, 45.1, 23.1, 40.5, and 29.4%, respectively. The mean knowledge score was 21.6% (SD: 2.08). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant association between hand hygiene compliance and gender, work experience, training in hand hygiene, availability of running water, and knowledge of hand hygiene. Conclusion The current study found overall compliance with hand hygiene accounted for 34.7%. Therefore, an exemplary worker may initiate others to do so, and strong managerial and leadership commitment may also help the workers stick to the rules and regulations to follow the multimodal hand hygiene practice as per WHO recommendation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Umar
- Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Geremew
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshager Worku Kassie
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebisa Dirirsa
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Gebisa Dirirsa
| | - Kefelegn Bayu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dechasa Adare Mengistu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Berhanu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Salie Mulat
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kashif M, Lu Z, Sang Y, Yan B, Shah SJ, Khan S, Azhar Hussain M, Tang H, Jiang C. Whole-Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing-Based Characterization of Bacillus Cereus NR1 From Subtropical Marine Mangrove and Its Potential Role in Sulfur Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856092. [PMID: 35356521 PMCID: PMC8959591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur, organosulfur compounds, and sulfides are essential parts of life. Microbial sulfate assimilation is among the most active and ancient metabolic activities in the sulfur cycle that operates in various ecosystems. We analyzed the molecular basis of bacterial characterization. NR1 was isolated and purified from mangrove sediments. Whole-genome sequencing indicated that the NR1 isolate was closely related to Bacillus cereus. The genome contained 5,305 functional genes with a total length of 5,420,664 bp, a GC content of 35.62%, 42 rRNA, and 107 tRNA. DBT-grown cultures exhibited DBT utilization, fleeting emergence of DBT sulfone (DBTO2), and formation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP). Molecular analysis of the PCR products’ dsz operon revealed the presence of dszA, dszB, and dszC genes, which encoded for NR1’s 90% DBT desulfurization activity. Furthermore, 17 sulfur metabolism-related genes, including genes involved in assimilation sulfate reduction, APS and PAPS, and the cys, ssu, and TST gene families, were identified. In sulfate media, alkenesulfonate was converted to sulfite and inhibited ssu enzymes. Downregulated cysK variants were associated with nrnA expression and the regulation of L-cysteine synthesis. These findings established a scientific foundation for further research and application of bacteria to mangrove rehabilitation and ecological treatment by evaluating the bacterial characterization and sulfur degradation metabolic pathway. We used whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing to examine their genetic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kashif
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhaomei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yimeng Sang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Syed Jalil Shah
- MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sohail Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | | | - Hongzhen Tang
- Key Laboratory and Cultivation Base of Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Obesity, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Hongzhen Tang, Chengjian Jiang,
| | - Chengjian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Hongzhen Tang, Chengjian Jiang,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Challenges of Providing Health Care in Complex Emergencies: A Systematic Review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 17:e56. [PMID: 34725022 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Providing health care in times of complex emergencies (CEs) is one of the most vital needs of people. CEs are situations in which a large part of the population is affected by social unrest, wars, and food shortages. This systematic review study was conducted to identify the challenges of health-care delivery in CEs. We searched terms related to health-care delivery and CEs in PubMed, Web of Sciences, Science Direct, and Google scholar databases, as well as Persian databases SID and Magiran. The searching keywords included: "Health Care, Complex Crises, War, Humanitarian, Refugees, Displaced Persons, Health Services, and Challenges." Of 409 records, we selected 6 articles based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) checklist. Studies were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The results show that CEs affect health-care delivery in 4 primary areas: the workforce, infrastructure, information access, and organization of health services. These areas can pose potential threats for health-care providers and planners at times of emergencies. Thus, they should be informed about these challenges to strengthen the health-care system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Scoping Review on the Impact of Outbreaks on Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Proposed Frameworks for Pre-, Intra-, and Postoutbreak Situations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9989478. [PMID: 34541003 PMCID: PMC8443356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9989478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recent experiences from global outbreaks have highlighted the severe disruptions in sexual and reproductive health services that expose women and girls to preventable health risks. Yet, to date, there is no review studying the possible impact of outbreaks on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Methodology. Studies reporting outbreaks impacting sexual and reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes were identified using MEDLINE, Embase, and ISI-WoS. Reported impacts were reviewed at systems, community, and legislative levels. Results The initial run listed 4423 studies; the 37 studies that met all inclusion criteria were mainly from Latin America and Africa. Studies on outbreaks of diseases like Zika and Ebola have documented declines in facility-based deliveries, contraceptive use, and antenatal and institutional care due to burdened healthcare system. Service usage was also impacted by a lack of trust in the healthcare system and system shocks, including workforce capacity and availability. At the community level, poverty and lack of awareness were critical contributors to poor access to SRH services. Assessing the target population's knowledge, attitude, beliefs, and behavior and using health literacy principles for communication were fundamental for designing service delivery. Online resources for SRH services were an acceptable medium of information among young adults. In outbreak situations, SRH and pregnancy outcomes were improved by implementing laboratory surveillance, free-of-cost contraceptive services, improved screening through professional training, and quality of care. In addition, mobile health clinics were reported to be effective in remote areas. Knowledge Contribution. In outbreaks, the interventions are categorized into preoutbreak, during, and postoutbreak periods. The proposed steps can help to improve and do course correction in emergencies. Though conducted before the COVID-19 crisis, the authors believe that lessons can be drawn from the paper to understand and mitigate the impact of the pandemic on sexual and reproductive health services.
Collapse
|
8
|
Barboza GE, Schiamberg LB, Pachl L. A spatiotemporal analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on child abuse and neglect in the city of Los Angeles, California. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 116:104740. [PMID: 33067002 PMCID: PMC7494263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19) has created an urgent need to identify child abuse and neglect (CAN) and efficiently allocate resources to improve the coordination of responses during a public health crisis. OBJECTIVE To provide unique insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of CAN in relation to COVID-19 outcomes and identify areas where CAN has increased or decreased during the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS Children under 18 years old reported to the Los Angeles Police Department for CAN. SETTING CAN incidents in the city of Los Angeles. METHODS Negative binomial regression was used to explore associations between the implementation of social distancing protocols and reported CAN during COVID-19. Spatiotemporal analysis identified locations of emerging hot and cold spots during the pandemic. Associations between neighborhood structural factors (e.g., school absenteeism, poverty, unemployment, housing insecurity and birth assets) and hot and cold spot patterns were explored. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decline in reports of CAN during the COVID-19 pandemic but no significant trends following the implementation of social distancing measures (e.g. safer at home orders, school closures). Compared to consecutive cold spots, severe housing burden, the number of assets children have at birth, poverty, school absenteeism and labor force participation were significantly associated with new and intensifying hotspots of CAN during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reinforce the utility of developing intervention strategies that minimize harm to children by targeting resources to specific challenges facing families enduring the COVID-19 experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gia E Barboza
- Department of Criminal Justice, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, United States.
| | - Lawrence B Schiamberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, College of Social Science, Michigan State University, United States.
| | - Layne Pachl
- Department of Criminal Justice, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Babakura B, Nomhwange T, Jean Baptiste AE, Dede O, Taiwo L, Abba S, Soyemi M, Idowu AM, Terna Richard M, Braka F, Oteri J, Shuaib F. The challenges of insecurity on implementing vaccination campaign and its effect on measles elimination and control efforts: A case study of 2017/18 measles campaign in Borno state, Nigeria. Vaccine 2021; 39 Suppl 3:C66-C75. [PMID: 33546886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Conflict has a negative effect on immunization outcomes leading to epidemics of measles and other vaccine preventable diseases. Borno state, located in the North-Eastern parts of the country, started experiencing insurgency since 2009 by a militant group commonly referred to as "Boko Haram", leading to displacement of numerous persons from their homes. The state government created internally displaced persons (IDPs) camps with an estimated 600,000 persons and over 100,000 children aged 9 - 59 months. We explored the challenges in implementing the measles campaign in 2017 and its effect on measles elimination and control efforts in Borno State. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of the measles surveillance data from the Integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR), the early warning alert and response system (EWARS), Measles SIA implementation strategy reports and the Post campaign evaluation survey data. RESULT Seven (26%) of the 27 LGAs had security challenges in Borno state in November 2017. Following the measles campaign, 30 EAs were surveyed as part of the post campaign evaluation with a coverage validation of 72%, the lowest reported state level coverage in the country. Reported measles cases in the age cohort <1Year increased in 2018 by 14.3% compared to 2017. CONCLUSION Despite the security challenges in Borno state, the 2017 measles SIA was conducted with the post campaign evaluation highlighting some areas of suboptimal performance. There remains a need to review the required strategies for successful implementation in Borno and other states affected by security challenges. The reestablishment of holding camps and vaccination posts at all entry points into IDP camps and host communities to ensure new entrants are screened and vaccinated with the measles vaccines, as has been successful in the polio programme in Nigeria will promotes efforts towards Measles control in the state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binta Babakura
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Onome Dede
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Nigeria
| | - Lydia Taiwo
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology & Laboratory Training Program (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Shehu Abba
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology & Laboratory Training Program (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Fiona Braka
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Oteri
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria
| | - Faisal Shuaib
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seddighi H, Salmani I, Javadi MH, Seddighi S. Child Abuse in Natural Disasters and Conflicts: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:176-185. [PMID: 30866745 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019835973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children affects a significant portion of youth around the world. Emergencies and natural disasters escalate the risk due to weakened child protection systems and disruption of preventative mechanisms. In this systematic review, 692 related papers were searched in various databases in the initial search. After review, 11 papers were finally selected for full review. These papers were selected based on publication date, relevance to emergencies, their geographical area type of violence, age of subjects, and their gender. Most families affected by natural disasters, especially those in lower socioeconomic status, face greater social and economic pressures. The families that are more vulnerable to loss of food and shelter commit violence against children more frequently. On the other hand, while the rate of violence increases in emergencies, the reported rate of violence is less than the actual rate due to lack of required infrastructure and reporting mechanisms. The emergency housing increased risk of some types of child abuse. The history of exposure to violence, parental substance abuse, poverty, and child labor were predictors of increased violence against children in emergency situations. Sexual violence against girls after conflicts and physical violence against boys after emergencies are common forms of violence. Poverty as another predictor exposes children to more violence due to limited family economic resources and support. Given the identified predictors of violence, humanitarian organizations can come closer to providing appropriate plans to reduce the risk during and postdisaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Seddighi
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Salmani
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Hossein Javadi
- Department of Social work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Seddighi
- Social Science Department, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ben Hamida A, Bugli D, Hoffman A, Greiner AL, Harley D, Saindon JM, Walsh J, Bierman E, Mallory J, Blaylock K, Shetty S, Bensyl DM, Wheeler BD. Trends and Characteristics of CDC Global Rapid Response Team Deployments-A 6-Month Report, October 2018-March 2019. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:310-312. [PMID: 32228126 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920914662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Global Rapid Response Team (GRRT) was launched in June 2015 to strengthen the capacity for international response and to provide an agency-wide roster of qualified surge-staff members who can deploy on short notice and for long durations. To assess GRRT performance and inform future needs for CDC and partners using rapid response teams, we analyzed trends and characteristics of GRRT responses and responders, for deployments of at least 1 day during October 1, 2018, through March 31, 2019. One hundred twenty deployments occurred during the study period, corresponding to 2645 person-days. The median deployment duration was 19 days (interquartile range, 5-30 days). Most deployments were related to emergency response (n = 2367 person-days, 90%); outbreaks of disease accounted for almost all deployment time (n = 2419 person-days, 99%). Most deployments were to Africa (n = 1417 person-days, 54%), and epidemiologists were the most commonly deployed technical advisors (n = 1217 person-days, 46%). This case study provides useful information for assessing program performance, prioritizing resource allocation, informing future needs, and sharing lessons learned with other programs managing rapid response teams. GRRT has an important role in advancing the global health security agenda and should continuously be assessed and adjusted to new needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amen Ben Hamida
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dante Bugli
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adela Hoffman
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashley L Greiner
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danny Harley
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John M Saindon
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Walsh
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eli Bierman
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathon Mallory
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blaylock
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharmila Shetty
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diana M Bensyl
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Wheeler
- 1242 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Poole DN, Escudero DJ, Gostin LO, Leblang D, Talbot EA. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:41. [PMID: 32199457 PMCID: PMC7085188 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Poole
- Neukom Institute for Computational Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA.
| | - Daniel J Escudero
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
| | | | - David Leblang
- Department of Politics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Batten School of Leadership & Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Priority setting towards achieving under-five mortality target in Africa in context of sustainable development goals: an ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis. Glob Health Res Policy 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 31304284 PMCID: PMC6599522 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-019-0108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Africa reduced its under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) by more than 50% during the MDGs era. However, it still has by far the highest average U5MR in the world – 81 deaths compared to a global average of 43 deaths per 1000 births, with eight of the ten countries in the world with the highest child mortality rates. The primary objective of our study was to examine the socioeconomic, healthcare, and environmental determinants that most account for U5MR disparities between African countries. Methods We used a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to assess the effects of 14 distinct socioeconomic, environmental and healthcare variables that account for the high U5MR differentials that persist between African countries. We conducted our analysis on 43 countries for which data were available. Using a dummy variable, we also emphasized factors that may be accounting for the disparity between the eight worst-performing countries and the remainder of the continent. Results Among all the determinants analyzed in our study, the results reveal that the factors that most account for the inequities observed are, in order, expenditure on healthcare (p < 0.01), total fertility rate (p < 0.01), income per capita (p < 0.05), and access to clean water (p < 0.1). Conclusions Our results show that the gap between the best and worst performing countries in Africa can be significantly narrowed if government and donor interventions will target downstream factors such as improving education for mothers and sensitising them about birth control since fertility rate differences play a critical role. Improving accessibility to clean water sources to reduce outbreaks of diarrhea diseases is also observed as a critical factor.
Collapse
|
14
|
|