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Harpaz E, Cazzaniga FA, Tran L, Vuong TT, Bufano G, Salvesen Ø, Gravdal M, Aldaz D, Sun J, Kim S, Celauro L, Legname G, Telling GC, Tranulis MA, Benestad SL, Espenes A, Moda F, Ersdal C. Transmission of Norwegian reindeer CWD to sheep by intracerebral inoculation results in an unusual phenotype and prion distribution. Vet Res 2024; 55:94. [PMID: 39075607 PMCID: PMC11285437 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease affecting cervids, has been known in North America (NA) since the 1960s and emerged in Norway in 2016. Surveillance and studies have revealed that there are different forms of CWD in Fennoscandia: contagious CWD in Norwegian reindeer and sporadic CWD in moose and red deer. Experimental studies have demonstrated that NA CWD prions can infect various species, but thus far, there have been no reports of natural transmission to non-cervid species. In vitro and laboratory animal studies of the Norwegian CWD strains suggest that these strains are different from the NA strains. In this work, we describe the intracerebral transmission of reindeer CWD to six scrapie-susceptible sheep. Detection methods included immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). In the brain, grey matter vacuolation was limited, while all sheep exhibited vacuolation of the white matter. IHC and WB conventional detection techniques failed to detect prions; however, positive seeding activity with the RT-QuIC and PMCA amplification techniques was observed in the central nervous system of all but one sheep. Prions were robustly amplified in the lymph nodes of all animals, mainly by RT-QuIC. Additionally, two lymph nodes were positive by WB, and one was positive by ELISA. These findings suggest that sheep can propagate reindeer CWD prions after intracerebral inoculation, resulting in an unusual disease phenotype and prion distribution with a low amount of detectable prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Harpaz
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Federico Angelo Cazzaniga
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Linh Tran
- Section for Biohazard and Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Tram T Vuong
- Section for Biohazard and Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Bufano
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Øyvind Salvesen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
- Åkerblå AS, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Maiken Gravdal
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Devin Aldaz
- Prion Research Center (PRC) and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julianna Sun
- Prion Research Center (PRC) and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC) and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Luigi Celauro
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC) and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sylvie L Benestad
- Section for Biohazard and Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Arild Espenes
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Fabio Moda
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilie Ersdal
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway.
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Jackson WS, Bauer S, Kaczmarczyk L, Magadi SS. Selective Vulnerability to Neurodegenerative Disease: Insights from Cell Type-Specific Translatome Studies. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:67. [PMID: 38392286 PMCID: PMC10886597 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) manifest a wide variety of clinical symptoms depending on the affected brain regions. Gaining insights into why certain regions are resistant while others are susceptible is vital for advancing therapeutic strategies. While gene expression changes offer clues about disease responses across brain regions, the mixture of cell types therein obscures experimental results. In recent years, methods that analyze the transcriptomes of individual cells (e.g., single-cell RNA sequencing or scRNAseq) have been widely used and have provided invaluable insights into specific cell types. Concurrently, transgene-based techniques that dissect cell type-specific translatomes (CSTs) in model systems, like RiboTag and bacTRAP, offer unique advantages but have received less attention. This review juxtaposes the merits and drawbacks of both methodologies, focusing on the use of CSTs in understanding conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and specific prion diseases like fatal familial insomnia (FFI), genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD), and acquired prion disease. We conclude by discussing the emerging trends observed across multiple diseases and emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker S Jackson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bauer
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lech Kaczmarczyk
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Srivathsa S Magadi
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Bravo-Risi F, Soto P, Benavente R, Nichols TA, Morales R. Dynamics of CWD prion detection in feces and blood from naturally infected white-tailed deer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20170. [PMID: 37978207 PMCID: PMC10656452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting cervids. Confirmatory testing of CWD is currently performed postmortem in obex and lymphoid tissues. Extensive evidence demonstrates the presence of infectious prions in feces of CWD-infected deer using in vitro prion-amplification techniques and bioassays. In experimental conditions, this has been achieved as soon as 6-month post-inoculation, suggesting this sample type is a candidate for antemortem diagnosis. In the present study, we optimized the detection of CWD-prions in fecal samples from naturally infected, pre-clinical white-tailed deer by comparing protocols aiming to concentrate CWD-prions with direct spiking of the sample into the PMCA reactions. Results of this screening were compared with similar analyses made in blood. Our data shows that CWD-prion detection in feces using PMCA is best in the absence of sample pre-treatments. We performed a screening of 169 fecal samples, detecting CWD-prions with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 54.81% and 98.46%, respectively. In addition, the PMCA seeding activity of 76 fecal samples was compared with that on blood of matched deer. Our findings, demonstrate that CWD-prions in feces and blood are increased at late pre-clinical stages, exhibiting similar detection in both sample types (> 90% sensitivity) when PrP96GG animals are tested. Our findings contribute to understand prion distribution across different biological samples and polymorphic variants in white-tailed deer. This information is also relevant for the current efforts to identify platforms to diagnose CWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Bravo-Risi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Soto
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebeca Benavente
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tracy A Nichols
- Veterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
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Harpaz E, Vuong TT, Tran L, Tranulis MA, Benestad SL, Ersdal C. Inter- and intra-species conversion efficacies of Norwegian prion isolates estimated by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification. Vet Res 2023; 54:84. [PMID: 37773068 PMCID: PMC10542671 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by the misfolding of cellular prion proteins. CWD is known to spread among captive and free-ranging deer in North America. In 2016, an outbreak of contagious CWD was detected among wild reindeer in Norway, marking the first occurrence of the disease in Europe. Additionally, new sporadic forms of CWD have been discovered in red deer in Norway and moose in Fennoscandia. We used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification to study the ability of Norwegian prion isolates from reindeer, red deer, and moose (two isolates), as well as experimental classical scrapie from sheep, to convert a panel of 16 brain homogenates (substrates) from six different species with various prion protein genotypes. The reindeer CWD isolate successfully converted substrates from all species except goats. The red deer isolate failed to convert sheep and goat substrates but exhibited amplification in all cervid substrates. The two moose isolates demonstrated lower conversion efficacies. The wild type isolate propagated in all moose substrates and in the wild type red deer substrate, while the other isolate only converted two of the moose substrates. The experimental classical scrapie isolate was successfully propagated in substrates from all species tested. Thus, reindeer CWD and classical sheep scrapie isolates were similarly propagated in substrates from different species, suggesting the potential for spillover of these contagious diseases. Furthermore, the roe deer substrate supported conversion of three isolates suggesting that this species may be vulnerable to prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Harpaz
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Svebastadveien 112, 4325, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Tram Thu Vuong
- Department of Biohazard and Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Linh Tran
- Department of Biohazard and Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Michael Andreas Tranulis
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Sylvie L Benestad
- Department of Biohazard and Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Cecilie Ersdal
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Svebastadveien 112, 4325, Sandnes, Norway.
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Arar S, Haque MA, Kayed R. Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease: Structural outlook for the novel therapeutics. Proteins 2023:10.1002/prot.26561. [PMID: 37530227 PMCID: PMC10834863 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Before the controversial approval of humanized monoclonal antibody lecanemab, which binds to the soluble amyloid-β protofibrils, all the treatments available earlier, for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were symptomatic. The researchers are still struggling to find a breakthrough in AD therapeutic medicine, which is partially attributable to lack in understanding of the structural information associated with the intrinsically disordered proteins and amyloids. One of the major challenges in this area of research is to understand the structural diversity of intrinsically disordered proteins under in vitro conditions. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the in vitro applications of biophysical methods, which are aimed to shed some light on the heterogeneity, pathogenicity, structures and mechanisms of the intrinsically disordered protein aggregates associated with proteinopathies including AD. This review will also rationalize some of the strategies in modulating disease-relevant pathogenic protein entities by small molecules using structural biology approaches and biophysical characterization. We have also highlighted tools and techniques to simulate the in vivo conditions for native and cytotoxic tau/amyloids assemblies, urge new chemical approaches to replicate tau/amyloids assemblies similar to those in vivo conditions, in addition to designing novel potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Arar
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Md Anzarul Haque
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
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Hay AJD, Latham AS, Mumford G, Hines AD, Risen S, Gordon E, Siebenaler C, Gilberto VS, Zabel MD, Moreno JA. Intranasally delivered mesenchymal stromal cells decrease glial inflammation early in prion disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1158408. [PMID: 37250395 PMCID: PMC10213210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1158408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an intriguing avenue for the treatment of neurological disorders due to their ability to migrate to sites of neuroinflammation and respond to paracrine signaling in those sites by secreting cytokines, growth factors, and other neuromodulators. We potentiated this ability by stimulating MSCs with inflammatory molecules, improving their migratory and secretory properties. We investigated the use of intranasally delivered adipose-derived MSCs (AdMSCs) in combating prion disease in a mouse model. Prion disease is a rare, lethal neurodegenerative disease that results from the misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein. Early signs of this disease include neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, and development of reactive astrocytes. Later stages of disease include development of vacuoles, neuronal loss, abundant aggregated prions, and astrogliosis. We demonstrate the ability of AdMSCs to upregulate anti-inflammatory genes and growth factors when stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or prion-infected brain homogenates. We stimulated AdMSCs with TNFα and performed biweekly intranasal deliveries of AdMSCs on mice that had been intracranially inoculated with mouse-adapted prions. At early stages in disease, animals treated with AdMSCs showed decreased vacuolization throughout the brain. Expression of genes associated with Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Nod-Like Receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling were decreased in the hippocampus. AdMSC treatment promoted a quiescent state in hippocampal microglia by inducing changes in both number and morphology. Animals that received AdMSCs showed a decrease in both overall and reactive astrocyte number, and morphological changes indicative of homeostatic astrocytes. Although this treatment did not prolong survival or rescue neurons, it demonstrates the benefits of MSCs in combatting neuroinflammation and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle J. D. Hay
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amanda S. Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Genova Mumford
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amelia D. Hines
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sydney Risen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Connor Siebenaler
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Vincenzo S. Gilberto
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mark D. Zabel
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordoñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Miller MW, Mysterud A, Nöremark M, Simmons M, Tranulis MA, Vaccari G, Viljugrein H, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Ru G. Monitoring of chronic wasting disease (CWD) (IV). EFSA J 2023; 21:e07936. [PMID: 37077299 PMCID: PMC10107390 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested an analysis of the Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) monitoring programme in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (9 January 2017-28 February 2022). Thirteen cases were detected in reindeer, 15 in moose and 3 in red deer. They showed two phenotypes, distinguished by the presence or absence of detectable disease-associated normal cellular prion protein (PrP) in lymphoreticular tissues. CWD was detected for the first time in Finland, Sweden and in other areas of Norway. In countries where the disease was not detected, the evidence was insufficient to rule out its presence altogether. Where cases were detected, the prevalence was below 1%. The data also suggest that the high-risk target groups for surveillance should be revised, and 'road kill' removed. Data show that, in addition to differences in age and sex, there are differences in the prion protein gene (PRNP) genotypes between positive and negative wild reindeer. A stepwise framework has been proposed with expanded minimum background surveillance to be implemented in European countries with relevant cervid species. Additional surveillance may include ad hoc surveys for four different objectives, specific to countries with/without cases, focusing on parallel testing of obex and lymph nodes from adult cervids in high-risk target groups, sustained over time, using sampling units and a data-driven design prevalence. Criteria for assessing the probability of CWD presence have been outlined, based on the definition of the geographical area, an annual assessment of risk of introduction, sustained minimum background surveillance, training and engagement of stakeholders and a surveillance programme based on data-driven parameters. All positive cases should be genotyped. Sample sizes for negative samples have been proposed to detect and estimate the frequency of PRNP polymorphisms. Double-strand sequencing of the entire PRNP open reading frame should be undertaken for all selected samples, with data collated in a centralised collection system at EU level.
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Sun JL, Telling GC. New developments in prion disease research using genetically modified mouse models. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:33-46. [PMID: 36929219 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
While much of what we know about the general principles of protein-based information transfer derives from studies of experimentally adapted rodent prions, these laboratory strains are limited in their ability to recapitulate features of human and animal prions and the diseases they produce. Here, we review how recent approaches using genetically modified mice have informed our understanding of naturally occurring prion diseases, their strain properties, and the factors controlling their transmission and evolution. In light of the increasing importance of chronic wasting disease, the application of mouse transgenesis to study this burgeoning and highly contagious prion disorder, in particular recent insights derived from gene-targeting approaches, will be a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna L Sun
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
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Cook M, Hensley-McBain T, Grindeland A. Mouse models of chronic wasting disease: A review. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1055487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are essential tools for investigating and understanding complex prion diseases like chronic wasting disease (CWD), an infectious prion disease of cervids (elk, deer, moose, and reindeer). Over the past several decades, numerous mouse models have been generated to aid in the advancement of CWD knowledge and comprehension. These models have facilitated the investigation of pathogenesis, transmission, and potential therapies for CWD. Findings have impacted CWD management and disease outcomes, though much remains unknown, and a cure has yet to be discovered. Studying wildlife for CWD effects is singularly difficult due to the long incubation time, subtle clinical signs at early stages, lack of convenient in-the-field live testing methods, and lack of reproducibility of a controlled laboratory setting. Mouse models in many cases is the first step to understanding the mechanisms of disease in a shortened time frame. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of studies with mouse models in CWD research. We begin by reviewing studies that examined the use of mouse models for bioassays for tissues, bodily fluids, and excreta that spread disease, then address routes of infectivity and infectious load. Next, we delve into studies of genetic factors that influence protein structure. We then move on to immune factors, possible transmission through environmental contamination, and species barriers and differing prion strains. We conclude with studies that make use of cervidized mouse models in the search for therapies for CWD.
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