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Singh A, Maker M, Prakash J, Tandon R, Mitchell CS. What Threshold of Amyloid Reduction Is Necessary to Meaningfully Improve Cognitive Function in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice? J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:371-385. [PMID: 38549638 PMCID: PMC10977462 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β plaques (Aβ) are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pooled assessment of amyloid reduction in transgenic AD mice is critical for expediting anti-amyloid AD therapeutic research. Objective The mean threshold of Aβ reduction necessary to achieve cognitive improvement was measured via pooled assessment (n = 594 mice) of Morris water maze (MWM) escape latency of transgenic AD mice treated with substances intended to reduce Aβ via reduction of beta-secretase cleaving enzyme (BACE). Methods Machine learning and statistical methods identified necessary amyloid reduction levels using mouse data (e.g., APP/PS1, LPS, Tg2576, 3xTg-AD, control, wild type, treated, untreated) curated from 22 published studies. Results K-means clustering identified 4 clusters that primarily corresponded with level of Aβ: untreated transgenic AD control mice, wild type mice, and two clusters of transgenic AD mice treated with BACE inhibitors that had either an average 25% "medium reduction" of Aβ or 50% "high reduction" of Aβ compared to untreated control. A 25% Aβ reduction achieved a 28% cognitive improvement, and a 50% Aβ reduction resulted in a significant 32% improvement compared to untreated transgenic mice (p < 0.05). Comparatively, wild type mice had a mean 41% MWM latency improvement over untreated transgenic mice (p < 0.05). BACE reduction had a lesser impact on the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40. Supervised learning with an 80% -20% train-test split confirmed Aβ reduction was a key feature for predicting MWM escape latency (R2 = 0.8 to 0.95). Conclusions Results suggest a 25% reduction in Aβ as a meaningful treatment threshold for improving transgenic AD mouse cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Maker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jayant Prakash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raghav Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S. Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Machine Learning at Georgia Tech, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lardelli M, Baer L, Hin N, Allen A, Pederson SM, Barthelson K. The Use of Zebrafish in Transcriptome Analysis of the Early Effects of Mutations Causing Early Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease and Other Inherited Neurodegenerative Conditions. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S367-S381. [PMID: 37742650 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which non-human animals can be used to model Alzheimer's disease is a contentious issue, particularly as there is still widespread disagreement regarding the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative dementia. The currently popular transgenic models are based on artificial expression of genes mutated in early onset forms of familial Alzheimer's disease (EOfAD). Uncertainty regarding the veracity of these models led us to focus on heterozygous, single mutations of endogenous genes (knock-in models) as these most closely resemble the genetic state of humans with EOfAD, and so incorporate the fewest assumptions regarding pathological mechanism. We have generated a number of lines of zebrafish bearing EOfAD-like and non-EOfAD-like mutations in genes equivalent to human PSEN1, PSEN2, and SORL1. To analyze the young adult brain transcriptomes of these mutants, we exploited the ability of zebrafish to produce very large families of simultaneous siblings composed of a variety of genotypes and raised in a uniform environment. This "intra-family" analysis strategy greatly reduced genetic and environmental "noise" thereby allowing detection of subtle changes in gene sets after bulk RNA sequencing of entire brains. Changes to oxidative phosphorylation were predicted for all EOfAD-like mutations in the three genes studied. Here we describe some of the analytical lessons learned in our program combining zebrafish genome editing with transcriptomics to understand the molecular pathologies of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lachlan Baer
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nhi Hin
- Alkahest Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Angel Allen
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Black Ochre Data Labs, Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kinds Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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García-Carlos CA, Basurto-Islas G, Perry G, Mondragón-Rodríguez S. Meta-Analysis in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models Reveals Opposite Brain Network Effects of Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau Proteins. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:595-607. [PMID: 38669540 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been correlated with altered hippocampal activity. Although the mechanism remains under extensive study, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques have been proposed as responsible for brain activity alterations. Aiming to unveil the mechanism, researchers have developed several transgenic models of AD. Nevertheless, the variability in hippocampal oscillatory alterations found in different genetic backgrounds and ages remains unclear. Objective To assess the oscillatory alterations in relation to animal developmental age and protein inclusion, amyloid-β (Aβ) load, and abnormally phosphorylated tau (pTau), we reviewed and analyzed the published data on peak power, frequency, and quantification of theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (modulation index values). Methods To ensure that the search was as current as possible, a systematic review was conducted to locate and abstract all studies published from January 2000 to February 2023 that involved in vivo hippocampal local field potential recording in transgenic mouse models of AD. Results The presence of Aβ was associated with electrophysiological alterations that are mainly reflected in power increases, frequency decreases, and lower modulation index values. Concomitantly, pTau accumulation was associated with electrophysiological alterations that are mainly reflected in power decreases, frequency decreases, and no significant alterations in modulation index values. Conclusions In this study, we showed that electrophysiological parameters are altered from prodromal stages to the late stages of pathology. Thus, we found that Aβ deposition is associated with brain network hyperexcitability, whereas pTau deposition mainly leads to brain network hypoexcitability in transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Antonio García-Carlos
- UNAM Division of Neurosciences, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
| | | | - George Perry
- UTSA Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Siddhartha Mondragón-Rodríguez
- UAQ Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CIBA, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro, México
- CONAHCYT National Council for Science and Technology, México City, México
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Sharma H, Chang KA, Hulme J, An SSA. Mammalian Models in Alzheimer's Research: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2459. [PMID: 37887303 PMCID: PMC10605533 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A form of dementia distinct from healthy cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi-stage disease that currently afflicts over 50 million people worldwide. Unfortunately, previous therapeutic strategies developed from murine models emulating different aspects of AD pathogenesis were limited. Consequently, researchers are now developing models that express several aspects of pathogenesis that better reflect the clinical situation in humans. As such, this review seeks to provide insight regarding current applications of mammalian models in AD research by addressing recent developments and characterizations of prominent transgenic models and their contributions to pathogenesis as well as discuss the advantages, limitations, and application of emerging models that better capture genetic heterogeneity and mixed pathologies observed in the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Lanooij SD, Drinkenburg WHIM, Eisel ULM, van der Zee EA, Kas MJH. The effects of social environment on AD-related pathology in hAPP-J20 mice and tau-P301L mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106309. [PMID: 37748620 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, social factors (e.g., loneliness) have been linked to the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). To date, AD pathology is primarily characterized by amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles. We aimed to assess the effect of single- and group-housing on AD-related pathology in a mouse model for amyloid pathology (J20, and WT controls) and a mouse model for tau pathology (P301L) with and without seeding of synthetic human tau fragments (K18). Female mice were either single housed (SH) or group housed (GH) from the age of 6-7 weeks onwards. In 12-week-old P301L mice, tau pathology was induced through seeding by injecting K18 into the dorsal hippocampus (P301LK18), while control mice received a PBS injection (P301LPBS). P301L mice were sacrificed at 4 months of age and J20 mice at 10 months of age. In all mice brain pathology was histologically assessed by examining microglia, the CA1 pyramidal cell layer and specific AD pathology: analysis of plaques in J20 mice and tau hyperphosphorylation in P301L mice. Contrary to our expectation, SH-J20 mice interestingly displayed fewer plaques in the hippocampus compared to GH-J20 mice. However, housing did not affect tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 of P301L mice, nor neuronal cell death in the CA1 region in any of the mice. The number of microglia was increased by the J20 genotype, and their activation (based on cell body to cell size ratio) in the CA1 was affected by genotype and housing condition (interaction effect). Single housing of P301L mice was linked to the development of stereotypic behavior (i.e. somersaulting and circling behavior). In P301LK18 mice, an increased number of microglia were observed, among which were rod microglia. Taken together, our findings point to a significant effect of social housing conditions on amyloid plaques and microglia in J20 mice and on the development of stereotypic behavior in P301L mice, indicating that the social environment can modulate AD-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Lanooij
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division on Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - U L M Eisel
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - E A van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Reekes TH, Devinney MJ, Berger M. Amyloid beta and postoperative delirium: partners in crime or strangers in the dark? Br J Anaesth 2023; 131:205-208. [PMID: 37330308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium is a particularly debilitating complication of surgery and perioperative care. Although the aetiology of postoperative delirium is not entirely understood, recent evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease and related dementias pathology plays an important role in the development of postoperative delirium. A recent study evaluating postoperative changes in plasma beta amyloid (Aβ) levels found increased Aβ across the postoperative period, but the association with postoperative delirium incidence and severity was variable. These findings support the idea that Alzheimer's disease and related dementias pathology in combination with blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation may impart risk for postoperative delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler H Reekes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Devinney
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Miles Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Whiteaker P, George AA. Discoveries and future significance of research into amyloid-beta/α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) interactions. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106743. [PMID: 37084859 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Initiated by findings that Alzheimer's disease is associated with a profound loss of cholinergic markers in human brain, decades of studies have examined the interactions between specific subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and amyloid-β [derive from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is cleaved to yield variable isoforms of amyloid-β]. We review the evolving understanding of amyloid-β's roles in Alzheimer's disease and pioneering studies that highlighted a role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mediating important aspects of amyloid-β's effects. This review also surveys the current state of research into amyloid-β / nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interactions. The field has reached an exciting point in which common themes are emerging from the wide range of prior research and a range of accessible, relevant model systems are available to drive further progress. We highlight exciting new areas of inquiry and persistent challenges that need to be considered while conducting this research. Studies of amyloid-β and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor populations that it interacts with provide opportunities for innovative basic and translational scientific breakthroughs related to nicotinic receptors biology, Alzheimer's disease, and cholinergic contributions to cognition more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Whiteaker
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU Health Sciences Research Building, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Andrew A George
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU Health Sciences Research Building, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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Bermejo-Bescós P, Jiménez-Aliaga KL, Benedí J, Martín-Aragón S. A Diet Containing Rutin Ameliorates Brain Intracellular Redox Homeostasis in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054863. [PMID: 36902309 PMCID: PMC10003355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin has been studied extensively for its anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) and anti-aging effects. Our previous studies have found that quercetin and in its glycoside form, rutin, can modulate the proteasome function in neuroblastoma cells. We aimed to explore the effects of quercetin and rutin on intracellular redox homeostasis of the brain (reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione, GSH/GSSG), its correlation with β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) activity, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression in transgenic TgAPP mice (bearing human Swedish mutation APP transgene, APPswe). On the basis that BACE1 protein and APP processing are regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and that supplementation with GSH protects neurons from proteasome inhibition, we investigated whether a diet containing quercetin or rutin (30 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks) diminishes several early signs of AD. Genotyping analyses of animals were carried out by PCR. In order to determine intracellular redox homeostasis, spectrofluorometric methods were adopted to quantify GSH and GSSG levels using o-phthalaldehyde and the GSH/GSSG ratio was ascertained. Levels of TBARS were determined as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, GR, and GPx were determined in the cortex and hippocampus. ΒACE1 activity was measured by a secretase-specific substrate conjugated to two reporter molecules (EDANS and DABCYL). Gene expression of the main antioxidant enzymes: APP, BACE1, a Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10), caspase-3, caspase-6, and inflammatory cytokines were determined by RT-PCR. First, overexpression of APPswe in TgAPP mice decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, increased malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, and, overall, decreased the main antioxidant enzyme activities in comparison to wild-type (WT) mice. Treatment of TgAPP mice with quercetin or rutin increased GSH/GSSG, diminished MDA levels, and favored the enzyme antioxidant capacity, particularly with rutin. Secondly, both APP expression and BACE1 activity were diminished with quercetin or rutin in TgAPP mice. Regarding ADAM10, it tended to increase in TgAPP mice with rutin treatment. As for caspase-3 expression, TgAPP displayed an increase which was the opposite with rutin. Finally, the increase in expression of the inflammatory markers IL-1β and IFN-γ in TgAPP mice was lowered by both quercetin and rutin. Collectively, these findings suggest that, of the two flavonoids, rutin may be included in a day-to-day diet as a form of adjuvant therapy in AD.
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Turkez H, Altay O, Yildirim S, Li X, Yang H, Bayram C, Bolat I, Oner S, Tozlu OO, Arslan ME, Arif M, Yulug B, Hanoglu L, Cankaya S, Lam S, Velioglu HA, Coskun E, Idil E, Nogaylar R, Ozsimsek A, Hacimuftuoglu A, Shoaie S, Zhang C, Nielsen J, Borén J, Uhlén M, Mardinoglu A. Combined metabolic activators improve metabolic functions in the animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 2023; 314:121325. [PMID: 36581096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are associated with metabolic abnormalities. Integrative analysis of human clinical data and animal studies have contributed to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways involved in the progression of NDDs. Previously, we have reported that the combined metabolic activators (CMA), which include the precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and glutathione can be utilized to alleviate metabolic disorders by activating mitochondrial metabolism. METHODS We first analysed the brain transcriptomics data from AD patients and controls using a brain-specific genome-scale metabolic model (GEM). Then, we investigated the effect of CMA administration in animal models of AD and PD. We evaluated pathological and immunohistochemical findings of brain and liver tissues. Moreover, PD rats were tested for locomotor activity and apomorphine-induced rotation. FINDINGS Analysis of transcriptomics data with GEM revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the underlying molecular pathways of AD. In animal models of AD and PD, we showed significant damage in the high-fat diet groups' brain and liver tissues compared to the chow diet. The histological analyses revealed that hyperemia, degeneration and necrosis in neurons were improved by CMA administration in both AD and PD animal models. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical evidence of decreased immunoreactivity in neurons. In parallel to the improvement in the brain, we also observed dramatic metabolic improvement in the liver tissue. CMA administration also showed a beneficial effect on behavioural functions in PD rats. INTERPRETATION Overall, we showed that CMA administration significantly improved behavioural scores in parallel with the neurohistological outcomes in the AD and PD animal models and is a promising treatment for improving the metabolic parameters and brain functions in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Altay
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cemil Bayram
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ismail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Sena Oner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozdemir Tozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Lutfu Hanoglu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seyda Cankaya
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Halil Aziz Velioglu
- Functional Imaging and Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience Lab, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Neuroimaging Lab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebru Coskun
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Idil
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Rahim Nogaylar
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozsimsek
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Dong H, Guo L, Yang H, Zhu W, Liu F, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Xue K, Li Q, Liang M, Zhang N, Qin W. Association between gray matter atrophy, cerebral hypoperfusion, and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1129051. [PMID: 37091519 PMCID: PMC10117777 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1129051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most severe neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia in the elderly. Cerebral atrophy and hypoperfusion are two important pathophysiological characteristics. However, it is still unknown about the area-specific causal pathways between regional gray matter atrophy, cerebral hypoperfusion, and cognitive impairment in AD patients. Method Forty-two qualified AD patients and 49 healthy controls (HC) were recruited in this study. First, we explored voxel-wise inter-group differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) -derived cerebral blood flow (CBF). Then we explored the voxel-wise associations between GMV and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, GMV and CBF, and CBF and MMSE to identify brain targets contributing to cognitive impairment in AD patients. Finally, a mediation analysis was applied to test the causal pathways among atrophied GMV, hypoperfusion, and cognitive impairment in AD. Results Voxel-wise permutation test identified that the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) had both decreased GMV and CBF in the AD. Moreover, the GMV of this region was positively correlated with MMSE and its CBF, and CBF of this region was also positively correlated with MMSE in AD (p < 0.05, corrected). Finally, mediation analysis revealed that gray matter atrophy of left MTG drives cognitive impairment of AD via the mediation of CBF (proportion of mediation = 55.82%, β = 0.242, 95% confidence interval by bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap: 0.082 to 0.530). Conclusion Our findings indicated suggested that left MTG is an important hub linking gray matter atrophy, hypoperfusion, and cognitive impairment for AD, and might be a potential treatment target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Dong
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lining Guo
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailei Yang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenshuang Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaizhong Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Technical College for the Deaf, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Zhang,
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Wen Qin,
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11
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Tandon R, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Mitchell CS. Machine Learning Selection of Most Predictive Brain Proteins Suggests Role of Sugar Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:411-424. [PMID: 36776048 PMCID: PMC10041447 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex and not yet fully understood etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows important proteopathic signs which are unlikely to be linked to a single protein. However, protein subsets from deep proteomic datasets can be useful in stratifying patient risk, identifying stage dependent disease markers, and suggesting possible disease mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The objective was to identify protein subsets that best classify subjects into control, asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AsymAD), and AD. METHODS Data comprised 6 cohorts; 620 subjects; 3,334 proteins. Brain tissue-derived predictive protein subsets for classifying AD, AsymAD, or control were identified and validated with label-free quantification and machine learning. RESULTS A 29-protein subset accurately classified AD (AUC = 0.94). However, an 88-protein subset best predicted AsymAD (AUC = 0.92) or Control (AUC = 0.92) from AD (AUC = 0.98). AD versus Control: APP, DHX15, NRXN1, PBXIP1, RABEP1, STOM, and VGF. AD versus AsymAD: ALDH1A1, BDH2, C4A, FABP7, GABBR2, GNAI3, PBXIP1, and PRKAR1B. AsymAD versus Control: APP, C4A, DMXL1, EXOC2, PITPNB, RABEP1, and VGF. Additional predictors: DNAJA3, PTBP2, SLC30A9, VAT1L, CROCC, PNP, SNCB, ENPP6, HAPLN2, PSMD4, and CMAS. CONCLUSION Biomarkers were dynamically separable across disease stages. Predictive proteins were significantly enriched to sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Tandon
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S. Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Performance of the intracerebroventricularly injected streptozotocin Alzheimer's disease model in a translationally relevant, aged and experienced rat population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20247. [PMID: 36424423 PMCID: PMC9691696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) induced brain state is a widely used model of sporadic Alzheimer-disease (AD). However, data have been generated in young, naive albino rats. We postulate that the translationally most relevant animal population of an AD model should be that of aged rats with substantial learning history. The objective of the study was thus to probe the model in old rats with knowledge in various cognitive domains. Long-Evans rats of 23 and 10 months age with acquired knowledge in five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), a cooperation task, Morris water-maze (MWM) and "pot-jumping" exercise were treated with 3 × 1.5 mg/kg icv. STZ and their performance were followed for 3 months in the above and additional behavioral assays. Both STZ-treated age groups showed significant impairment in the MWM (spatial learning) and novel object recognition test (recognition memory) but not in passive avoidance and fear conditioning paradigms (fear memory). In young STZ treated rats, significant differences were also found in the 5CSRTT (attention) and pot jumping test (procedural learning) while in old rats a significant increase in hippocampal phospho-tau/tau protein ratio was observed. No significant difference was found in the cooperation (social cognition) and pairwise discrimination (visual memory) assays and hippocampal β-amyloid levels. STZ treated old animals showed impulsivity-like behavior in several tests. Our results partly coincide with partly deviate from those published on young, albino, unexperienced rats. Beside the age, strain and experience level of the animals differences can also be attributed to the increased dose of STZ, and the applied food restriction regime. The observed cognitive and non-cognitive activity pattern of icv. STZ in aged experienced rats call for more extensive studies with the STZ model to further strengthen and specify its translational validity.
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Delport A, Hewer R. The amyloid precursor protein: a converging point in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4501-4516. [PMID: 35579846 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The decades of evidence that showcase the role of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and its fragment amyloidβ (Aβ), in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis are irrefutable. However, the absolute focus on the single APP metabolite Aβ as the cause for AD has resulted in APP and its other fragments that possess toxic propensity, to be overlooked as targets for treatment. The complexity of its processing and its association with systematic metabolism suggests that, if misregulated, APP has the potential to provoke an array of metabolic dysfunctions. This review discusses APP and several of its cleaved products with a particular focus on their toxicity and ability to disrupt healthy cellular function, in relation to AD development. We subsequently argue that the reduction of APP, which would result in a concurrent decrease in Aβ as well as all other toxic APP metabolites, would alleviate the toxic environment associated with AD and slow disease progression. A discussion of those drug-like compounds already identified to possess this capacity is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandré Delport
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
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14
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Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptomes of zebrafish and mouse Alzheimer's disease knock-in models imply early disrupted energy metabolism. Dis Model Mech 2021; 15:273566. [PMID: 34842276 PMCID: PMC8807579 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy production is the most fundamentally important cellular activity supporting all other functions, particularly in highly active organs, such as brains. Here, we summarise transcriptome analyses of young adult (pre-disease) brains from a collection of 11 early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD)-like and non-EOFAD-like mutations in three zebrafish genes. The one cellular activity consistently predicted as affected by only the EOFAD-like mutations is oxidative phosphorylation, which produces most of the energy of the brain. All the mutations were predicted to affect protein synthesis. We extended our analysis to knock-in mouse models of APOE alleles and found the same effect for the late onset Alzheimer's disease risk allele ε4. Our results support a common molecular basis for the initiation of the pathological processes leading to both early and late onset forms of Alzheimer's disease, and illustrate the utility of zebrafish and knock-in single EOFAD mutation models for understanding the causes of this disease. Summary: Young adult zebrafish mutants and a mouse model of a genetic variant promoting early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, respectively, share changes in brain gene expression, indicating disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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15
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Barthelson K, Dong Y, Newman M, Lardelli M. PRESENILIN 1 Mutations Causing Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease or Familial Acne Inversa Differ in Their Effects on Genes Facilitating Energy Metabolism and Signal Transduction. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:327-347. [PMID: 34024832 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common cause of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOfAD) is mutations in PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1) allowing production of mRNAs encoding full-length, but mutant, proteins. In contrast, a single known frameshift mutation in PSEN1 causes familial acne inversa (fAI) without EOfAD. The molecular consequences of heterozygosity for these mutation types, and how they cause completely different diseases, remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE To analyze brain transcriptomes of young adult zebrafish to identify similarities and differences in the effects of heterozygosity for psen1 mutations causing EOfAD or fAI. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on mRNA isolated from the brains of a single family of 6-month-old zebrafish siblings either wild type or possessing a single, heterozygous EOfAD-like or fAI-like mutation in their endogenous psen1 gene. RESULTS Both mutations downregulate genes encoding ribosomal subunits, and upregulate genes involved in inflammation. Genes involved in energy metabolism appeared significantly affected only by the EOfAD-like mutation, while genes involved in Notch, Wnt and neurotrophin signaling pathways appeared significantly affected only by the fAI-like mutation. However, investigation of direct transcriptional targets of Notch signaling revealed possible increases in γ-secretase activity due to heterozygosity for either psen1 mutation. Transcriptional adaptation due to the fAI-like frameshift mutation was evident. CONCLUSION We observed both similar and contrasting effects on brain transcriptomes of the heterozygous EOfAD-like and fAI-like mutations. The contrasting effects may illuminate how these mutation types cause distinct diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yang Dong
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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Watson Y, Nelson B, Kluesner JH, Tanzy C, Ramesh S, Patel Z, Kluesner KH, Singh A, Murthy V, Mitchell CS. Aggregate Trends of Apolipoprotein E on Cognition in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:435-450. [PMID: 34334405 PMCID: PMC8461675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes typically increase risk of amyloid-β deposition and onset of clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, cognitive assessments in APOE transgenic AD mice have resulted in discord. Objective: Analysis of 31 peer-reviewed AD APOE mouse publications (n = 3,045 mice) uncovered aggregate trends between age, APOE genotype, gender, modulatory treatments, and cognition. Methods: T-tests with Bonferroni correction (significance = p < 0.002) compared age-normalized Morris water maze (MWM) escape latencies in wild type (WT), APOE2 knock-in (KI2), APOE3 knock-in (KI3), APOE4 knock-in (KI4), and APOE knock-out (KO) mice. Positive treatments (t+) to favorably modulate APOE to improve cognition, negative treatments (t–) to perturb etiology and diminish cognition, and untreated (t0) mice were compared. Machine learning with random forest modeling predicted MWM escape latency performance based on 12 features: mouse genotype (WT, KI2, KI3, KI4, KO), modulatory treatment (t+, t–, t0), mouse age, and mouse gender (male = g_m; female = g_f, mixed gender = g_mi). Results: KI3 mice performed significantly better in MWM, but KI4 and KO performed significantly worse than WT. KI2 performed similarly to WT. KI4 performed significantly worse compared to every other genotype. Positive treatments significantly improved cognition in WT, KI4, and KO compared to untreated. Interestingly, negative treatments in KI4 also significantly improved mean MWM escape latency. Random forest modeling resulted in the following feature importance for predicting superior MWM performance: [KI3, age, g_m, KI4, t0, t+, KO, WT, g_mi, t–, g_f, KI2] = [0.270, 0.094, 0.092, 0.088, 0.077, 0.074, 0.069, 0.061, 0.058, 0.054, 0.038, 0.023]. Conclusion: APOE3, age, and male gender was most important for predicting superior mouse cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Watson
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brenae Nelson
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie Hernandez Kluesner
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Tanzy
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shreya Ramesh
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zoey Patel
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaci Hernandez Kluesner
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anita Singh
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vibha Murthy
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Maher A, El Sayed N, Nafea H, Gad M. Rolipram rescues memory consolidation deficits caused by sleep deprivation: Implication of the cAMP/PKA and cAMP/Epac pathways. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:631-639. [PMID: 34397335 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210816105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last few years, the number of people suffering from sleeping disorders has increased significantly despite negative effects on cognition and an association with brain inflammation. OBJECTIVES We assessed memory deficits caused by sleep deprivation (SD) to determine the therapeutic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors on SD-induced memory deficits and to investigate whether the modulation of memory deficits by PDE4 inhibitors is mediated by a protein kinase A (PKA)-independent pathway in conjunction with a PKA-dependent pathway. METHODS Adult male mice were divided into four groups. Three SD groups were deprived of Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for 12 h a day for six consecutive days. They were tested daily in the Morris water maze to evaluate learning and memory. One of the SD groups was injected with a PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram (1 mg/kg ip), whereas another had rolipram co-administered with chlorogenic acid (CHA, 20 mg/kg ip), an inhibitor of PKA. After 6 days, the mice were sacrificed, and the hippocampi were evaluated for cyclic AMP (cAMP) and nuclear factor Nrf-2 levels. The hippocampal expression of PKA, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase 3β (Ser389) were also evaluated. RESULTS SD caused a significant decrease in cAMP levels in the brain and had a detrimental effect on learning and memory. The administration of rolipram or rolipram+CHA resulted in an improvement in cognitive function. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that restoration of memory with PDE4 inhibitors occurs through a dual mechanism involving the PKA and Epac pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Maher
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Cairo. Egypt
| | - Nesrine El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. Egypt
| | - Heba Nafea
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo. Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo. Egypt
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18
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Protective effect of methanol leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius against lipopolysaccharides-induced cortico-hippocampal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and memory impairment. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Sideris DI, Danial JSH, Emin D, Ruggeri FS, Xia Z, Zhang YP, Lobanova E, Dakin H, De S, Miller A, Sang JC, Knowles TPJ, Vendruscolo M, Fraser G, Crowther D, Klenerman D. Soluble amyloid beta-containing aggregates are present throughout the brain at early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab147. [PMID: 34396107 PMCID: PMC8361392 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation likely plays a key role in the initiation and spreading of Alzheimer's disease pathology through the brain. Soluble aggregates of amyloid beta are believed to play a key role in this process. However, the aggregates present in humans are still poorly characterized due to a lack of suitable methods required for characterizing the low concentration of heterogeneous aggregates present. We have used a variety of biophysical methods to characterize the aggregates present in human Alzheimer's disease brains at Braak stage III. We find soluble amyloid beta-containing aggregates in all regions of the brain up to 200 nm in length, capable of causing an inflammatory response. Rather than aggregates spreading through the brain as disease progresses, it appears that aggregation occurs all over the brain and that different brain regions are at earlier or later stages of the same process, with the later stages causing increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Sideris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Neuroscience, Research and Early Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - John S H Danial
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Derya Emin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Laboratories of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 WE, Netherlands
| | - Zengjie Xia
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yu P Zhang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Evgeniia Lobanova
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Helen Dakin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Suman De
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alyssa Miller
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jason C Sang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0H3, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Graham Fraser
- Neuroscience, Research and Early Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Damian Crowther
- Neuroscience, Research and Early Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Ryou MG, Chen X, Cai M, Wang H, Jung ME, Metzger DB, Mallet RT, Shi X. Intermittent Hypoxia Training Prevents Deficient Learning-Memory Behavior in Mice Modeling Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:674688. [PMID: 34276338 PMCID: PMC8282412 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.674688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), normobaric intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) can preserve neurobehavioral function when applied before deficits develop, but IHT's effectiveness after onset of amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that IHT improves learning-memory behavior, diminishes Aβ accumulation in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and enhances cerebrocortical contents of the neuroprotective trophic factors erythropoietin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice manifesting AD traits. Twelve-month-old female 3xTg-AD mice were assigned to untreated 3xTg-AD (n = 6), AD+IHT (n = 6), and AD+sham-IHT (n = 6) groups; 8 untreated wild-type (WT) mice also were studied. AD+IHT mice alternately breathed 10% O2 for 6 min and room air for 4 min, 10 cycles/day for 21 days; AD+sham-IHT mice breathed room air. Spatial learning-memory was assessed by Morris water maze. Cerebrocortical and hippocampal Aβ40 and Aβ42 contents were determined by ELISA, and cerebrocortical erythropoietin and BDNF were analyzed by immunoblotting and ELISA. The significance of time (12 vs. 12 months + 21 days) and treatment (IHT vs. sham-IHT) was evaluated by two-factor ANOVA. The change in swimming distance to find the water maze platform after 21 d IHT (-1.6 ± 1.8 m) differed from that after sham-IHT (+5.8 ± 2.6 m). Cerebrocortical and hippocampal Aβ42 contents were greater in 3xTg-AD than WT mice, but neither time nor treatment significantly affected Aβ40 or Aβ42 contents in the 3xTg-AD mice. Cerebrocortical erythropoietin and BDNF contents increased appreciably after IHT as compared to untreated 3xTg-AD and AD+sham-IHT mice. In conclusion, moderate, normobaric IHT prevented spatial learning-memory decline and restored cerebrocortical erythropoietin and BDNF contents despite ongoing Aβ accumulation in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Gwi Ryou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Public Health, Tarleton State University, Texas A&M University System, Stephenville, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- College of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Marianna E. Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Daniel B. Metzger
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Xiangrong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Gáspár A, Hutka B, Ernyey AJ, Tajti BT, Varga BT, Zádori ZS, Gyertyán I. Intracerebroventricularly Injected Streptozotocin Exerts Subtle Effects on the Cognitive Performance of Long-Evans Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662173. [PMID: 34025423 PMCID: PMC8138205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricularly injected streptozotocin (STZ)-induced learning impairment has been an increasingly used rat model of Alzheimer disease. The evoked pathological changes involve many symptoms of the human disease (cognitive decline, increase in β-amyloid and phospho-tau level, amyloid plaque-like deposits). However, the model has predominantly been used with Wistar rats in the literature. The objective of the current study was to transfer it to Long-Evans rats with the ulterior aim to integrate it in a complex cognitive test battery where we use this strain because of its superior cognitive capabilities. We performed two experiments (EXP1, EXP2) with three months old male animals. At EXP1, rats were treated with 2 × 1.5 mg/kg STZ (based on the literature) or citrate buffer vehicle injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricles on days 1 and 3. At EXP2 animals were treated with 3 × 1.5 mg/kg STZ or citrate buffer vehicle injected in the same way as in EXP1 at days 1, 3, and 5. Learning and memory capabilities of the rats were then tested in the following paradigms: five choice serial reaction time test (daily training, started from week 2 or 8 post surgery in Exp1 or Exp2, respectively, and lasting until the end of the experiment); novel object recognition (NOR) test (at week 8 or 14), passive avoidance (at week 11 or 6) and Morris water-maze (at week 14 or 6). 15 or 14 weeks after the STZ treatment animals were sacrificed and brain phospho-tau/tau protein ratio and β -amyloid level were determined by western blot technique. In EXP1 we could not find any significant difference between the treated and the control groups in any of the assays. In EXP2 we found significant impairment in the NOR test and elevated β-amyloid level in the STZ treated group in addition to slower learning of the five-choice paradigm and a trend for increased phospho-tau/tau ratio. Altogether our findings suggest that the Long-Evans strain may be less sensitive to the STZ treatment than the Wistar rats and higher doses may be needed to trigger pathological changes in these animals. The results also highlight the importance of strain diversity in modelling human diseases.
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22
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Müller L, Power Guerra N, Stenzel J, Rühlmann C, Lindner T, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Teipel S, Kuhla A. Long-Term Caloric Restriction Attenuates β-Amyloid Neuropathology and Is Accompanied by Autophagy in APPswe/PS1delta9 Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030985. [PMID: 33803798 PMCID: PMC8003277 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) slows the aging process, extends lifespan, and exerts neuroprotective effects. It is widely accepted that CR attenuates β-amyloid (Aβ) neuropathology in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by so-far unknown mechanisms. One promising process induced by CR is autophagy, which is known to degrade aggregated proteins such as amyloids. In addition, autophagy positively regulates glucose uptake and may improve cerebral hypometabolism-a hallmark of AD-and, consequently, neural activity. To evaluate this hypothesis, APPswe/PS1delta9 (tg) mice and their littermates (wild-type, wt) underwent CR for either 16 or 68 weeks. Whereas short-term CR for 16 weeks revealed no noteworthy changes of AD phenotype in tg mice, long-term CR for 68 weeks showed beneficial effects. Thus, cerebral glucose metabolism and neuronal integrity were markedly increased upon 68 weeks CR in tg mice, indicated by an elevated hippocampal fluorodeoxyglucose [18F] ([18F]FDG) uptake and increased N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine ratio using positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging and magnet resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Improved neuronal activity and integrity resulted in a better cognitive performance within the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, CR for 68 weeks caused a significant increase of LC3BII and p62 protein expression, showing enhanced autophagy. Additionally, a significant decrease of Aβ plaques in tg mice in the hippocampus was observed, accompanied by reduced microgliosis as indicated by significantly decreased numbers of iba1-positive cells. In summary, long-term CR revealed an overall neuroprotective effect in tg mice. Further, this study shows, for the first time, that CR-induced autophagy in tg mice accompanies the observed attenuation of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Müller
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Power Guerra
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Claire Rühlmann
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Bernd J. Krause
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Stefan Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)–Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock and 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-494-2503
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Agca C, Klakotskaia D, Stopa EG, Schachtman TR, Agca Y. Ovariectomy Influences Cognition and Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:529-541. [PMID: 31796679 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating and costly diseases, and prevalence of AD increases with age. Furthermore, females are twice as likely to suffer from AD compared to males. The cessation of reproductive steroid hormone production during menopause is hypothesized to cause this difference. Two rodent AD models, APP21 and APP+PS1, and wild type (WT) rats underwent an ovariectomy or sham surgery. Changes in learning and memory, brain histology, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, levels of mRNAs involved in Aβ production and clearance, and synaptic and cognitive function were determined. Barnes maze results showed that regardless of ovariectomy status, APP+PS1 rats learned slower and had poor memory retention. Ovariectomy caused learning impairment only in the APP21 rats. High levels of Aβ42 and very low levels of Aβ40 were observed in the brain cortices of APP+PS1 rats indicating limited endogenous PS1. The APP+PS1 rats had 43-fold greater formic acid soluble Aβ42 than Aβ40 at 17 months. Furthermore, levels of formic acid soluble Aβ42 increased 57-fold in ovariectomized APP+PS1 rats between 12 and 17 months of age. The mRNA encoding Grin1 significantly decreased due to ovariectomy whereas levels of Bace1, Chat, and Prkcb all decreased with age. The expression levels of mRNAs involved in Aβ degradation and AβPP cleavage (Neprilysin, Ide, Adam9, and Psenen) were found to be highly correlated with each other as well as hippocampal Aβ deposition. Taken together, these results indicate that both ovariectomy and genotype influence AD markers in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Diana Klakotskaia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Todd R Schachtman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yuksel Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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24
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Rai SP, Bascuñana P, Brackhan M, Krohn M, Möhle L, Paarmann K, Pahnke J. Detection and Prediction of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1209-1221. [PMID: 32831204 PMCID: PMC7683054 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The recent failure of clinical trials to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) indicates that the current approach of modifying disease is either wrong or is too late to be efficient. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) denotes the phase between the preclinical phase and clinical overt dementia. AD mouse models that overexpress human amyloid-β (Aβ) are used to study disease pathogenesis and to conduct drug development/testing. However, there is no direct correlation between the Aβ deposition, the age of onset, and the severity of cognitive dysfunction. Objective: To detect and predict MCI when Aβ plaques start to appear in the hippocampus of an AD mouse. Methods: We trained wild-type and AD mice in a Morris water maze (WM) task with different inter-trial intervals (ITI) at 3 months of age and assessed their WM performance. Additionally, we used a classification algorithm to predict the genotype (APPtg versus wild-type) of an individual mouse from their respective WM data. Results: MCI can be empirically detected using a short-ITI protocol. We show that the ITI modulates the spatial learning of AD mice without affecting the formation of spatial memory. Finally, a simple classification algorithm such as logistic regression on WM data can give an accurate prediction of the cognitive dysfunction of a specific mouse. Conclusion: MCI can be detected as well as predicted simultaneously with the onset of Aβ deposition in the hippocampus in AD mouse model. The mild cognitive impairment prediction can be used for assessing the efficacy of a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Rai
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam Brackhan
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Krohn
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Luisa Möhle
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Paarmann
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Oslo, Norway.,LIED, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.,Department for Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
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25
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Flores J, Noël A, Foveau B, Beauchet O, LeBlanc AC. Pre-symptomatic Caspase-1 inhibitor delays cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease and aging. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4571. [PMID: 32917871 PMCID: PMC7486940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early therapeutic interventions are essential to prevent Alzheimer Disease (AD). The association of several inflammation-related genetic markers with AD and the early activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in AD suggest inflammation as a plausible therapeutic target. Inflammatory Caspase-1 has a significant impact on AD-like pathophysiology and Caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765, reverses cognitive deficits in AD mouse models. Here, a one-month pre-symptomatic treatment of Swedish/Indiana mutant amyloid precursor protein (APPSw/Ind) J20 and wild-type mice with VX-765 delays both APPSw/Ind- and age-induced episodic and spatial memory deficits. VX-765 delays inflammation without considerably affecting soluble and aggregated amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) levels. Episodic memory scores correlate negatively with microglial activation. These results suggest that Caspase-1-mediated inflammation occurs early in the disease and raise hope that VX-765, a previously Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for human CNS clinical trials, may be a useful drug to prevent the onset of cognitive deficits and brain inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Flores
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anastasia Noël
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bénédicte Foveau
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Beauchet
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andréa C LeBlanc
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Pera M, Montesinos J, Larrea D, Agrawal RR, Velasco KR, Stavrovskaya IG, Yun TD, Area-Gomez E. MAM and C99, key players in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:235-278. [PMID: 32739006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inter-organelle communication is a rapidly-expanding field that has transformed our understanding of cell biology and pathology. Organelle-organelle contact sites can generate transient functional domains that act as enzymatic hubs involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and intracellular signaling. One of these hubs is located in areas of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) connected to mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM). These MAM are transient lipid rafts intimately involved in cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial function and dynamics. In addition, γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein 99-aa C-terminal fragment (C99) to form amyloid β also occurs at the MAM. Our most recent data indicates that in Alzheimer's disease, increases in uncleaved C99 levels at the MAM provoke the upregulation of MAM-resident functions, resulting in the loss of lipid homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we discuss the relevance of these findings in the field, and the contribution of C99 and MAM dysfunction to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pera
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Delfina Larrea
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rishi R Agrawal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin R Velasco
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irina G Stavrovskaya
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taekyung D Yun
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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27
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Zhang L, Mak E, Reilhac A, Shim HY, Ng KK, Ong MQW, Ji F, Chong EJY, Xu X, Wong ZX, Stephenson MC, Venketasubramanian N, Tan BY, O'Brien JT, Zhou JH, Chen CLH. Longitudinal trajectory of Amyloid-related hippocampal subfield atrophy in nondemented elderly. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2037-2047. [PMID: 31944479 PMCID: PMC7267893 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy and abnormal β‐Amyloid (Aβ) deposition are established markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, longitudinal trajectory of Aβ‐associated hippocampal subfield atrophy prior to dementia remains unclear. We hypothesized that elevated Aβ correlated with longitudinal subfield atrophy selectively in no cognitive impairment (NCI), spreading to other subfields in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We analyzed data from two independent longitudinal cohorts of nondemented elderly, including global PET‐Aβ in AD‐vulnerable cortical regions and longitudinal subfield volumes quantified with a novel auto‐segmentation method (FreeSurfer v.6.0). Moreover, we investigated associations of Aβ‐related progressive subfield atrophy with memory decline. Across both datasets, we found a converging pattern that higher Aβ correlated with faster CA1 volume decline in NCI. This pattern spread to other hippocampal subfields in MCI group, correlating with memory decline. Our results for the first time suggest a longitudinal focal‐to‐widespread trajectory of Aβ‐associated hippocampal subfield atrophy over disease progression in nondemented elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthonin Reilhac
- Clinical Imaging Research Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hee Y Shim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kwun K Ng
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Marcus Q W Ong
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fang Ji
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eddie J Y Chong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi X Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary C Stephenson
- Clinical Imaging Research Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Boon Y Tan
- St. Luke's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juan H Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Clinical Imaging Research Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher L H Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Differential activation of the mTOR/autophagy pathway predicts cognitive performance in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Mahmoud WR, Nissan YM, Elsawah MM, Refaey RH, Ragab MF, Amin KM. Neurobehavioral investigation and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity study for some new coumarin derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Georgevsky D, Retsas S, Raoufi N, Shimoni O, Golzan SM. A longitudinal assessment of retinal function and structure in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:30. [PMID: 31592131 PMCID: PMC6774218 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A great body of evidence suggests that there are retinal functional and structural changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, whether such changes are primary or secondary remains to be elucidated. We studied a range of retinal functional and structural parameters in association with AD- specific pathophysiological markers in the double transgenic APP/PS1 and control mice across age. Methods Electroretinogram (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in APP/PS1 and wild type (WT) control mice every 3 months from 3 to 12 months of age. For functional assessment, the a- and b-wave of the ERG, amplitude of oscillatory potentials (OP) and the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) were quantified at each time point. For structural assessment, the inner and outer retinal thickness was segmented and measured from OCT scans. Episodic memory was evaluated at 6, 9 and 12 months of age using the novel object recognition test. Amyloid beta (Aβ) distribution in the hippocampus and the retina were visualised at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. Inter- and intra- group analysis was performed to study rate of change for each parameter between the two groups. Results Inter-group analysis revealed a significant difference in b-wave and OPs of APP/PS1 compared to WT controls starting from 3 months (p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the amplitude of pSTR between the two groups starting from 6 months (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference in the inner retinal thickness, between the two groups, was observed starting from 9 months (p < 0.001). Conclusions We observed an age-related decline in retinal functional and structural parameters in both APP/PS1 and WT controls, however, inter-group analysis revealed that inner retinal functional and structural decline is exacerbated in APP/PS1 mice, and that retinal functional changes precede structural changes in this strain. Further studies are required to confirm whether such phenomenon occurs in humans and if studying retinal functional changes can aid-in early assessment of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0170-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Georgevsky
- 1Vision Science group, Graduate School of Health (Orthoptics Discipline), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Stephanie Retsas
- 1Vision Science group, Graduate School of Health (Orthoptics Discipline), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Newsha Raoufi
- 1Vision Science group, Graduate School of Health (Orthoptics Discipline), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia.,2Institute of Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Olga Shimoni
- 2Institute of Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - S Mojtaba Golzan
- 1Vision Science group, Graduate School of Health (Orthoptics Discipline), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
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31
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El-Bakly W, Wagdy O, Sobhy A, abo elenain O, Riad MS, El Sayed M, Tarkhan S, Yassen M, Mahmoud A, Bassiony M, Nabil N. The efficacy and underlying mechanism of phosphodiesterase- 5 inhibitors in preventing cognitive impairment and Alzheimer pathology: A systematic review of animal studies. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Hu YR, Xing SL, Chen C, Shen DZ, Chen JL. Tiaoxin Recipe, a Chinese herbal formula, inhibits microRNA-34a expression in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:404-409. [PMID: 31548147 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of Tiaoxin Recipe (a Chinese herbal formula) treatment on Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Twelve-week-old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice were used as a model of AD-afflicted mice. One group of mice was treated with Tiaoxin Recipe by gastrogavage for 12 weeks, while two other groups were given intraperitoneal injections of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or FK866 for 4 weeks. Morris water maze and thioflavin S staining tests were performed to evaluate cognitive impairment and amyloid plaque deposition, respectively. Serum amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) content was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to examine the expression levels of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) in cortex and hippocampus samples of the study mice. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the memory and learning abilities of the APP/PS1 model group were found to be impaired (P < 0.01), as shown by the increased levels of senile plaque deposition in cortex and hippocampus (P < 0.01), miR-34a expression (P < 0.01) and serum Aβ1-42 content (P < 0.01). Treatment with Tiaoxin Recipe significantly reduced memory impairment (P < 0.01) by reducing amyloid plaque accumulation in cortex and hippocampus (P < 0.01), miR-34a expression (P < 0.01) and serum Aβ1-42 content (P < 0.01) in APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION Tiaoxin Recipe is a viable complementary or alternative therapeutic treatment that is capable of delaying the development of early-stage AD by inhibiting the expression of miR-34a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ran Hu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - San-Li Xing
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ding-Zhu Shen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
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Sacher C, Blume T, Beyer L, Peters F, Eckenweber F, Sgobio C, Deussing M, Albert NL, Unterrainer M, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Brzak I, Neumann U, Saito T, Saido TC, Bartenstein P, Rominger A, Herms J, Brendel M. Longitudinal PET Monitoring of Amyloidosis and Microglial Activation in a Second-Generation Amyloid-β Mouse Model. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1787-1793. [PMID: 31302633 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.227322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonphysiologic overexpression of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein in common transgenic Aβ mouse models of Alzheimer disease likely hampers their translational potential. The novel App NL-G-F mouse incorporates a mutated knock-in, potentially presenting an improved model of Alzheimer disease for Aβ-targeting treatment trials. We aimed to establish serial small-animal PET of amyloidosis and neuroinflammation in App NL-G-F mice as a tool for therapy monitoring. Methods: App NL-G-F mice (20 homozygous and 21 heterogeneous) and 12 age-matched wild-type mice were investigated longitudinally from 2.5 to 10 mo of age with 18F-florbetaben Aβ PET and 18F-GE-180 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) PET. Voxelwise analysis of SUV ratio images was performed using statistical parametric mapping. All mice underwent a Morris water maze test of spatial learning after their final scan. Quantification of fibrillar Aβ and activated microglia by immunohistochemistry and biochemistry served for validation of the PET results. Results: The periaqueductal gray emerged as a suitable pseudo reference tissue for both tracers. Homozygous App NL-G-F mice had a rising SUV ratio in cortex and hippocampus for Aβ (+9.1%, +3.8%) and TSPO (+19.8%, +14.2%) PET from 2.5 to 10 mo of age (all P < 0.05), whereas heterozygous App NL-G-F mice did not show significant changes with age. Significant voxelwise clusters of Aβ deposition and microglial activation in homozygous mice appeared at 5 mo of age. Immunohistochemical and biochemical findings correlated strongly with the PET data. Water maze escape latency was significantly elevated in homozygous App NL-G-F mice compared with wild-type at 10 mo of age and was associated with high TSPO binding. Conclusion: Longitudinal PET in App NL-G-F knock-in mice enables monitoring of amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation in homozygous mice but is insensitive to minor changes in heterozygous animals. The combination of PET with behavioral tasks in App NL-G-F treatment trials is poised to provide important insights in preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sacher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Tanja Blume
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonie Beyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Finn Peters
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eckenweber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Carmelo Sgobio
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | | | - Irena Brzak
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Jochen Herms
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich Germany .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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34
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Sedler AR, Mitchell CS. SemNet: Using Local Features to Navigate the Biomedical Concept Graph. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:156. [PMID: 31334227 PMCID: PMC6616276 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Literature-Based Discovery (LBD) aims to connect scientists across silos by assembling models of the literature to reveal previously hidden connections. Unfortunately, LBD systems have been unable to achieve user adoption on a large scale. This work develops opens source software in Python to convert a database of semantic predications of all of PubMed's 27.9 million indexed abstracts into a semantic inference network and biomedical concept graph in Neo4j. The developed software, called SemNet, queries a modified version of the publicly available SemMedDB and computes feature vectors on source-target pairs. Each unique United Medical Language System (UMLS) concept is represented as a node and each predication as an edge. Each node is assigned one of 132 node labels (e.g., Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (AAPP); Gene or Genome (GG); etc.) and each edge is labeled with one of 58 predications (e.g. treats, causes, inhibits, etc.). SemNet computes a single feature value for each metapath, or sequence of node types, between a source node and user-specified target node(s). Several different types of metapath-based features (count, degree weighted path count, and HeteSim metric) are computed and vectorized. SemNet employs an unsupervised learning algorithm for rank aggregation (ULARA) to rank identified source nodes that are most relevant to the user-specified target nodes(s). Statistical analysis of correlation among identified source nodes or resultant literature network features are used to identify patterns that can guide future research. Analysis of high residual nodes is used to compare and contrast SemNet rankings between different targets of interest. An example SemNet use case is presented to assess “the differential impact of smoking on cognition in males and females” using the following target nodes: nicotine, learning, memory, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cigarette smoke, X chromosome, and Y chromosome. Detailed rankings are discussed. Overall results suggest a hypothesis where smoking negatively impacts cognition to a greater extent in females, but smoking has stronger cardiovascular impacts in males. In summary, SemNet provides an adoptable method for efficient LBD of PubMed that extends beyond omics-only relationships to true multi-scalar connections that can provide actionable insight for predictive medicine, research prioritization, and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Sedler
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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35
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Stockburger C, Eckert S, Eckert GP, Friedland K, Müller WE. Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Permeability Transition: A Complex Love Triangle as A Possible Target for the Treatment of Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S455-S467. [PMID: 29504539 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of the failure of all amyloid-β directed treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the concept of mitochondrial dysfunction as a major pathomechanism of the cognitive decline in aging and AD has received substantial support. Accordingly, improving mitochondrial function as an alternative strategy for new drug development became of increasing interest and many different compounds have been identified which improve mitochondrial function in preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, very few if any have been investigated in clinical trials, representing a major drawback of the mitochondria directed drug development. To overcome these problems, we used a top-down approach by investigating several older antidementia drugs with clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy. These include EGb761® (standardized ginkgo biloba extract), piracetam, and Dimebon. All improve experimentally many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial dynamics and also improve cognition and impaired neuronal plasticity, the functionally most relevant consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction. All partially inhibit opening events of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) which previously has mainly been discussed as a mechanism relevant for the induction of apoptosis. However, as more recent work suggests the mPTP as a master regulator of many mitochondrial functions, our data suggest the mPTP as a possible relevant drug target within the love triangle between mPTP regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial function including regulation of neuronal plasticity. Drugs interfering with mPTP function will improve not only mitochondrial impairment in aging and AD but also will have beneficial effects on impaired neuronal plasticity, the pathomechanism which correlates best with functional deficits (cognition, behavior) in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Stockburger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Schamim Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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36
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Cam M, Durieu E, Bodin M, Manousopoulou A, Koslowski S, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Hammock BD, Bohl B, Koch P, Omori C, Yamamoto K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Karg F, Gizzi P, Erakovic Haber V, Bencetic Mihaljevic V, Tavcar B, Portelius E, Pannee J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Garbis SD, Auvray P, Gerber H, Fraering J, Fraering PC, Meijer L. Induction of Amyloid-β42 Production by Fipronil and Other Pyrazole Insecticides. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1663-1681. [PMID: 29504531 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) by proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), especially increased production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40, and their aggregation as oligomers and plaques, represent a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In familial AD (FAD), altered Aβ production originates from specific mutations of AβPP or presenilins 1/2 (PS1/PS2), the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase. In sporadic AD, the origin of altered production of Aβs remains unknown. We hypothesize that the 'human chemical exposome' contains products able to favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40 and shorter Aβs. To detect such products, we screened a library of 3500 + compounds in a cell-based assay for enhanced Aβ42/Aβ43 production. Nine pyrazole insecticides were found to induce a β- and γ-secretase-dependent, 3-10-fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines and neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy and FAD patients. Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses showed increased production of Aβs cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and shorter. Strongly supporting a direct effect on γ-secretase activity, pyrazoles shifted the cleavage pattern of another γ-secretase substrate, alcadeinα, and shifted the cleavage of AβPP by highly purified γ-secretase toward Aβ42/Aβ43. Focusing on fipronil, we showed that some of its metabolites, in particular the persistent fipronil sulfone, also favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 in both cell-based and cell-free systems. Fipronil administered orally to mice and rats is known to be metabolized rapidly, mostly to fipronil sulfone, which stably accumulates in adipose tissue and brain. In conclusion, several widely used pyrazole insecticides enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 peptides, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Svenja Koslowski
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/ Medical, Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS and Atlantis Développement SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Patrick Gizzi
- Plate-forme TechMedILL, UMR 7242, ESBS - Pôle API, Illkirch cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pierrick Auvray
- C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Hermeto Gerber
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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37
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Müller WE, Eckert A, Eckert GP, Fink H, Friedland K, Gauthier S, Hoerr R, Ihl R, Kasper S, Möller HJ. Therapeutic efficacy of the Ginkgo special extract EGb761 ® within the framework of the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:173-189. [PMID: 28460580 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1308552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of dementia assumes mitochondrial dysfunction as an important common pathomechanism for the whole spectrum of age-associated memory disorders from cognitive symptoms in the elderly over mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia. Thus, a drug such as the Ginkgo special extract EGb 761® which improves mitochondrial function should be able to ameliorate cognitive deficits over the whole aging spectrum. METHODS We review the most relevant publications about effects of EGb 761® on cognition and synaptic deficits in preclinical studies as well as on cognitive deficits in man from aging to dementia. RESULTS EGb 761® improves mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment over the whole spectrum of age-associated cognitive disorders in relevant animal models and in vitro experiments, and also shows clinical efficacy in improving cognition over the whole range from aging to Alzheimer's or even vascular dementia. CONCLUSIONS EGb 761® shows clinical efficacy in the treatment of cognitive deficits over the whole spectrum of age-associated memory disorders. Thus, EGb 761® can serve as an important pharmacological argument for the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Müller
- a Department of Pharmacology , Biocenter, Goethe-University , Frankfurt/M , Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- b Neurobiological laboratory, Department of Psychiatry , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- c Department of Nutritional Sciences , Justus-Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
| | - Heidrun Fink
- d Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Free University , Berlin , Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- e Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy , University Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Serge Gauthier
- f McGill Center for Studies in Aging , Montreal , Canada
| | - Robert Hoerr
- g Dr.Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Ralf Ihl
- h Alexianer Hospital, Clinic of Geriatric Psychiatry , Krefeld , Germany
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- i Department of Psychiatry , Medical University , Vienna , Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- j Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilian University , Munich , Germany
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38
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Mullane K, Williams M. Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 84:e57. [PMID: 30802363 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40-year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease-associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs-including their bioavailability and toxicity-the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged-related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Mullane K, Williams M. The de-Alzheimerization of age-related dementias: implications for drug targets and approaches to effective therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:62-75. [PMID: 30795894 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was differentiated from senile dementia (SD) in 1910 due to its early onset and pathological severity. In 1976, this distinction was upended when SD was redesignated as AD to focus efforts and funding in dementia-related research. AD then became conflated with amyloid plaques and, to a lesser degree, neurofibrillary tangles complicating efforts in understanding dementia causality and its treatment. The resultant four-decade search for therapies-based almost exclusively on amyloid was an exercise in futility. While dementia is a complex, multifactorial syndrome, AD is viewed as a homogeneous, linear disease. An amyloid-agnostic approach is necessary to discover therapeutics for age-related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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40
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Medawar E, Benway TA, Liu W, Hanan TA, Haslehurst P, James OT, Yap K, Muessig L, Moroni F, Nahaboo Solim MA, Baidildinova G, Wang R, Richardson JC, Cacucci F, Salih DA, Cummings DM, Edwards FA. Effects of rising amyloidβ levels on hippocampal synaptic transmission, microglial response and cognition in APP Swe/PSEN1 M146V transgenic mice. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:422-435. [PMID: 30555043 PMCID: PMC6354711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of Alzheimer's disease is thought initially to depend on rising amyloidβ and its synaptic interactions. Transgenic mice (TASTPM; APPSwe/PSEN1M146V) show altered synaptic transmission, compatible with increased physiological function of amyloidβ, before plaques are detected. Recently, the importance of microglia has become apparent in the human disease. Similarly, TASTPM show a close association of plaque load with upregulated microglial genes. METHODS CA1 synaptic transmission and plasticity were investigated using in vitro electrophysiology. Microglial relationship to plaques was examined with immunohistochemistry. Behaviour was assessed with a forced-alternation T-maze, open field, light/dark box and elevated plus maze. FINDINGS The most striking finding is the increase in microglial numbers in TASTPM, which, like synaptic changes, begins before plaques are detected. Further increases and a reactive phenotype occur later, concurrent with development of larger plaques. Long-term potentiation is initially enhanced at pre-plaque stages but decrements with the initial appearance of plaques. Finally, despite altered plasticity, TASTPM have little cognitive deficit, even with a heavy plaque load, although they show altered non-cognitive behaviours. INTERPRETATION The pre-plaque synaptic changes and microglial proliferation are presumably related to low, non-toxic amyloidβ levels in the general neuropil and not directly associated with plaques. However, as plaques grow, microglia proliferate further, clustering around plaques and becoming phagocytic. Like in humans, even when plaque load is heavy, without development of neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration, these alterations do not result in cognitive deficits. Behaviours are seen that could be consistent with pre-diagnosis changes in the human condition. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline; BBSRC; UCL; ARUK; MRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Medawar
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Tiffanie A Benway
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Taylor A Hanan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Haslehurst
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Owain T James
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kenrick Yap
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laurenz Muessig
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Fabia Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Muzammil A Nahaboo Solim
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK..
| | - Gaukhar Baidildinova
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.; Department of Science and Innovations, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Zhamakayev Street, Almaty, A26P6B5, Kazakhstan
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Dervis A Salih
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
| | - Frances A Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK..
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41
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Kelly DM. The role of dialysis in the pathogenesis and treatment of dementia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 34:1080-1083. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dearbhla M Kelly
- Center for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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42
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Schmid S, Rammes G, Blobner M, Kellermann K, Bratke S, Fendl D, Kaichuan Z, Schneider G, Jungwirth B. Cognitive decline in Tg2576 mice shows sex-specific differences and correlates with cerebral amyloid-beta. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:408-417. [PMID: 30458163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease show a sex-dependent decline of cognitive function. The aim of this investigation was to show these differences in an animal model for Alzheimer's disease and to determine whether this effect is correlated to amyloid-beta-induced pathophysiological changes. Therefore, we assessed cognitive performance with the modified hole-board test in female and male Tg2576 and wild type mice at the age of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 months and correlated these findings to the total amount of soluble amyloid-beta and insoluble amyloid deposits in the brain. Tg2576 mice perform worse than wild types. Female Tg2576 mice develop an accentuated cognitive impairment (wrong choice total) beginning at the age of 12 months compared to their male littermates. Alterations in the mice's behaviour do not show interference with these deficits. Cognitive impairment is correlated to the amount of soluble amyloid-beta and insoluble amyloid deposits in the brain in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Blobner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristine Kellermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bratke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Fendl
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Zhu Kaichuan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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43
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Tasaki S, Gaiteri C, Mostafavi S, De Jager PL, Bennett DA. The Molecular and Neuropathological Consequences of Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Dementia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:699. [PMID: 30349450 PMCID: PMC6187226 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's dementia commonly impacts the health of older adults and lacks any preventative therapy. While Alzheimer's dementia risk has a substantial genetic component, the specific molecular mechanisms and neuropathologies triggered by most of the known genetic variants are unclear. Resultantly, they have shown limited influence on drug development portfolios to date. To facilitate our understanding of the consequences of Alzheimer's dementia susceptibility variants, we examined their relationship to a wide range of clinical, molecular and neuropathological features. Because the effect size of individual variants is typically small, we utilized a polygenic (overall) risk approach to identify the global impact of Alzheimer's dementia susceptibility variants. Under this approach, each individual has a polygenic risk score (PRS) that we related to clinical, molecular and neuropathological phenotypes. Applying this approach to 1,272 individuals who came to autopsy from one of two longitudinal aging cohorts, we observed that an individual's PRS was associated with cognitive decline and brain pathologies including beta-amyloid, tau-tangles, hippocampal sclerosis, and TDP-43, MIR132, four proteins including VGF, IGFBP5, and STX1A, and many chromosomal regions decorated with acetylation on histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9Ac). While excluding the APOE/TOMM40 region (containing the single largest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's dementia) in the calculation of the PRS resulted in a slightly weaker association with the molecular signatures, results remained significant. These PRS-associated brain pathologies and molecular signatures appear to mediate genetic risk, as they attenuated the association of the PRS with cognitive decline. Notably, the PRS induced changes in H3K9Ac throughout the genome, implicating it in large-scale chromatin changes. Thus, the PRS for Alzheimer's dementia (AD-PRS) showed effects on diverse clinical, molecular, and pathological systems, ranging from the epigenome to specific proteins. These convergent targets of a large number of genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's dementia will help define the experimental systems and models needed to test therapeutic targets, which are expected to be broadly effective in the aging population that carries diverse genetic risks for Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Tasaki
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chris Gaiteri
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Department of Statistics, Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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44
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Dai SJ, Zhang JY, Bao YT, Zhou XJ, Lin LN, Fu YB, Zhang YJ, Li CY, Yang YX. Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 combined with two-vessel occlusion accelerate Alzheimer’s disease development in rats. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1583-1595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Focke C, Blume T, Zott B, Shi Y, Deussing M, Peters F, Schmidt C, Kleinberger G, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Beyer L, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Bartenstein P, Ozmen L, Baumann K, Dorostkar MM, Haass C, Adelsberger H, Herms J, Rominger A, Brendel M. Early and Longitudinal Microglial Activation but Not Amyloid Accumulation Predicts Cognitive Outcome in PS2APP Mice. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:548-554. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.217703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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46
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Huber CM, Yee C, May T, Dhanala A, Mitchell CS. Cognitive Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid-Beta versus Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:265-281. [PMID: 29154274 PMCID: PMC5734131 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We perform a large-scale meta-analysis of 51 peer-reviewed 3xTg-AD mouse publications to compare Alzheimer’s disease (AD) quantitative clinical outcome measures, including amyloid-β (Aβ), total tau, and phosphorylated tau (pTau), with cognitive performance in Morris water maze (MWM) and Novel Object Recognition (NOR). “High” levels of Aβ (Aβ40, Aβ42) showed significant but weak trends with cognitive decline (MWM: slope = 0.336, R2 = 0.149, n = 259, p < 0.001; NOR: slope = 0.156, R2 = 0.064, n = 116, p < 0.05); only soluble Aβ or directly measured Aβ meaningfully contribute. Tau expression in 3xTg-AD mice was within 10–20% of wild type and not associated with cognitive decline. In contrast, increased pTau is directly and significantly correlated with cognitive decline in MWM (slope = 0.408, R2 = 0.275, n = 371, p < < 0.01) and NOR (slope = 0.319, R2 = 0.176, n = 113, p < 0.05). While a variety of pTau epitopes (AT8, AT270, AT180, PHF-1) were examined, AT8 correlated most strongly with cognition (slope = 0.586, R2 = 0.521, n = 185, p < < 0.001). Multiple linear regression confirmed pTau is a stronger predictor of MWM performance than Aβ. Despite pTau’s lower physical concentration than Aβ, pTau levels more directly and quantitatively correlate with 3xTg-AD cognitive decline. pTau’s contribution to neurofibrillary tangles well after Aβ levels plateau makes pTau a viable treatment target even in late-stage clinical AD. Principal component analysis, which included hyperphosphorylation induced by kinases (pGSK3β, GSK3β, CDK5), identified phosphorylated ser9 GSK3β as the primary contributor to MWM variance. In summary, meta-analysis of cognitive decline in preclinical AD finds tauopathy more impactful than Aβ. Nonetheless, complex AD interactions dictate successful therapeutics harness synergy between Aβ and pTau, possibly through the GSK3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Huber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Connor Yee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taylor May
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Apoorva Dhanala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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47
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Asaad M, Lee JH. A guide to using functional magnetic resonance imaging to study Alzheimer's disease in animal models. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031724. [PMID: 29784664 PMCID: PMC5992611 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a leading healthcare challenge facing our society today. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain has played an important role in our efforts to understand how Alzheimer's disease alters brain function. Using fMRI in animal models of Alzheimer's disease has the potential to provide us with a more comprehensive understanding of the observations made in human clinical fMRI studies. However, using fMRI in animal models of Alzheimer's disease presents some unique challenges. Here, we highlight some of these challenges and discuss potential solutions for researchers interested in performing fMRI in animal models. First, we briefly summarize our current understanding of Alzheimer's disease from a mechanistic standpoint. We then overview the wide array of animal models available for studying this disease and how to choose the most appropriate model to study, depending on which aspects of the condition researchers seek to investigate. Finally, we discuss the contributions of fMRI to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the issues to consider when designing fMRI studies for animal models, such as differences in brain activity based on anesthetic choice and ways to interrogate more specific questions in rodents beyond those that can be addressed in humans. The goal of this article is to provide information on the utility of fMRI, and approaches to consider when using fMRI, for studies of Alzheimer's disease in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Asaad
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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48
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Ułamek-Kozioł M, Kocki J, Bogucka-Kocka A, Petniak A, Gil-Kulik P, Januszewski S, Bogucki J, Jabłoński M, Furmaga-Jabłońska W, Brzozowska J, Czuczwar SJ, Pluta R. Dysregulation of Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Apoptotic Genes in the Medial Temporal Lobe Cortex in an Ischemic Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:113-21. [PMID: 27472881 PMCID: PMC5008226 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain damage is a pathological incident that is often linked with medial temporal lobe cortex injury and finally its atrophy. Post-ischemic brain injury associates with poor prognosis since neurons of selectively vulnerable ischemic brain areas are disappearing by apoptotic program of neuronal death. Autophagy has been considered, after brain ischemia, as a guardian against neurodegeneration. Consequently, we have examined changes in autophagy (BECN 1), mitophagy (BNIP 3), and apoptotic (caspase 3) genes in the medial temporal lobe cortex with the use of quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR following transient 10-min global brain ischemia in rats with survival 2, 7, and 30 days. The intense significant overexpression of BECN 1 gene was noted on the 2nd day, while on days 7-30 the expression of this gene was still upregulated. BNIP 3 gene was downregulated on the 2nd day, but on days 7-30 post-ischemia, there was a significant reverse tendency. Caspase 3 gene, associated with apoptotic neuronal death, was induced in the same way as BNIP 3 gene after brain ischemia. Thus, the demonstrated changes indicate that the considerable dysregulation of expression of BECN 1, BNIP 3, and caspase 3 genes may be connected with a response of neuronal cells in medial temporal lobe cortex to transient complete brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Petniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Jabłoński
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Judyta Brzozowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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49
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Bond L, Bernhardt K, Madria P, Sorrentino K, Scelsi H, Mitchell CS. A Metadata Analysis of Oxidative Stress Etiology in Preclinical Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Benefits of Antioxidant Therapy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:10. [PMID: 29416499 PMCID: PMC5787557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, induced by an imbalance of free radicals, incites neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In fact, a mutation in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) accounts for 20% of familial ALS cases. However, the variance among individual studies examining ALS oxidative stress clouds corresponding conclusions. Therefore, we construct a comprehensive, temporal view of oxidative stress and corresponding antioxidant therapy in preclinical ALS by mining published quantitative experimental data and performing metadata analysis of 41 studies. In vitro aggregate analysis of innate oxidative stress inducers, glutamate and hydrogen peroxide, revealed 70–90% of cell death coincides to inducer exposure equivalent to 30–50% peak concentration (p < 0.05). A correlative plateau in cell death suggests oxidative stress impact is greatest in early-stage neurodegeneration. In vivo SOD1-G93A transgenic ALS mouse aggregate analysis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) revealed HSP levels are 30% lower in muscle than spine (p < 0.1). Overall spine HSP levels, including HSP70, are mildly upregulated in SOD1-G93A mice compared to wild type, but not significantly (p > 0.05). Thus, innate HSP compensatory responses to oxidative stress are simply insufficient, a result supportive of homeostatic system instability as central to ALS etiology. In vivo aggregate analysis of antioxidant therapy finds SOD1-G93A ALS mouse survival duration significantly increases by 11.2% (p << 0.001) but insignificantly decreases onset age by 2%. Thus, the aggregate antioxidant treatment effect on survival in preclinical ALS is not sufficient to overcome clinical heterogeneity, which explains the literature disparity between preclinical and clinical antioxidant survival benefit. The aggregate effect sizes on preclinical ALS survival and onset illustrate that present antioxidants, alone, are not sufficient to halt ALS, which underscores its multi-factorial nature. Nonetheless, antioxidant-treated SOD1-G93A ALS mice have significantly increased motor performance (p < 0.05) measured via rotarod. With a colossal aggregate preclinical effect size average of 59.6%, antioxidants are promising for increasing function/quality of life in clinical ALS patients, a premise worth exploration via low-risk nutritional supplements. Finally, more direct, quantitative measures of oxidative stress, antioxidant levels and bioavailability are key to developing powerful antioxidant therapeutics that can assert measurable impacts on redox homeostasis in the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bond
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kamren Bernhardt
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Priyank Madria
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine Sorrentino
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hailee Scelsi
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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50
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Ochalek A, Mihalik B, Avci HX, Chandrasekaran A, Téglási A, Bock I, Giudice ML, Táncos Z, Molnár K, László L, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Freude K, Hyttel P, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. Neurons derived from sporadic Alzheimer's disease iPSCs reveal elevated TAU hyperphosphorylation, increased amyloid levels, and GSK3B activation. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:90. [PMID: 29191219 PMCID: PMC5709977 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting one in eight adults over 65 years of age. The majority of AD cases are sporadic, with unknown etiology, and only 5% of all patients with AD present the familial monogenic form of the disease. In the present study, our aim was to establish an in vitro cell model based on patient-specific human neurons to study the pathomechanism of sporadic AD. METHODS We compared neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines of patients with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD), all caused by mutations in the PSEN1 gene; patients with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD); and three control individuals without dementia. The iPSC lines were differentiated toward mature cortical neurons, and AD pathological hallmarks were analyzed by RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting methods. RESULTS Neurons from patients with fAD and patients with sAD showed increased phosphorylation of TAU protein at all investigated phosphorylation sites. Relative to the control neurons, neurons derived from patients with fAD and patients with sAD exhibited higher levels of extracellular amyloid-β 1-40 (Aβ1-40) and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42). However, significantly increased Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios, which is one of the pathological markers of fAD, were observed only in samples of patients with fAD. Additionally, we detected increased levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, a physiological kinase of TAU, in neurons derived from AD iPSCs, as well as significant upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis and APP carboxy-terminal fragment cleavage. Moreover, elevated sensitivity to oxidative stress, as induced by amyloid oligomers or peroxide, was detected in both fAD- and sAD-derived neurons. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the experiments we performed, we can conclude there is no evident difference except secreted Aβ1-40 levels in phenotype between fAD and sAD samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein has been compared in fAD and sAD iPSC-derived neurons. Our findings demonstrate that iPSC technology is suitable to model both fAD and sAD and may provide a platform for developing new treatment strategies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ochalek
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.,BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6700, Szeged, Hungary.,Present address: University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - István Bock
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Maria Lo Giudice
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Táncos
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julianna Kobolák
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Dinnyés
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary. .,BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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