1
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O’Hare N, Millican K, Ebong EE. Unraveling neurovascular mysteries: the role of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1394725. [PMID: 39027900 PMCID: PMC11254711 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1394725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While cardiovascular disease, cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mortality rates have decreased over the past 20 years, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) deaths have risen by 145% since 2010. Despite significant research efforts, effective AD treatments remain elusive due to a poorly defined etiology and difficulty in targeting events that occur too downstream of disease onset. In hopes of elucidating alternative treatment pathways, now, AD is commonly being more broadly defined not only as a neurological disorder but also as a progression of a variety of cerebrovascular pathologies highlighted by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), which is an essential regulator of vascular physiology, plays a crucial role in the function of the neurovascular system, acting as an essential vascular mechanotransducer to facilitate ultimate blood-brain homeostasis. Shedding of the cerebrovascular GCX could be an early indication of neurovascular dysfunction and may subsequently progress neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Recent advances in in vitro modeling, gene/protein silencing, and imaging techniques offer new avenues of scrutinizing the GCX's effects on AD-related neurovascular pathology. Initial studies indicate GCX degradation in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases and have begun to demonstrate a possible link to GCX loss and cerebrovascular dysfunction. This review will scrutinize the GCX's contribution to known vascular etiologies of AD and propose future work aimed at continuing to uncover the relationship between GCX dysfunction and eventual AD-associated neurological deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O’Hare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karina Millican
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Tang F, Reeves SR, Brune JE, Chang MY, Chan CK, Waldron P, Drummond SP, Milner CM, Alonge KM, Garantziotis S, Day AJ, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) and hyaluronan modifications enhance the innate immune response to influenza virus in the lung. Matrix Biol 2024; 126:25-42. [PMID: 38232913 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) complex is composed of the bikunin core protein with a single chondroitin sulfate (CS) attached and one or two heavy chains (HCs) covalently linked to the CS chain. The HCs from IαI can be transferred to hyaluronan (HA) through a TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) dependent process to form an HC•HA matrix. Previous studies reported increased IαI, HA, and HC•HA complexes in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) post-influenza infection. However, the expression and incorporation of HCs into the HA matrix of the lungs during the clinical course of influenza A virus (IAV) infection and the biological significance of the HC•HA matrix are poorly understood. The present study aimed to better understand the composition of HC•HA matrices in mice infected with IAV and how these matrices regulate the host pulmonary immune response. In IAV infected mice bikunin, HC1-3, TSG-6, and HAS1-3 all show increased gene expression at various times during a 12-day clinical course. The increased accumulation of IαI and HA was confirmed in the lungs of infected mice using immunohistochemistry and quantitative digital pathology. Western blots confirmed increases in the IαI components in BALF and lung tissue at 6 days post-infection (dpi). Interestingly, HCs and bikunin recovered from BALF and plasma from mice 6 dpi with IAV, displayed differences in the HC composition by Western blot analysis and differences in bikunin's CS chain sulfation patterns by mass spectrometry analysis. This strongly suggests that the IαI components were synthesized in the lungs rather than translocated from the vascular compartment. HA was significantly increased in BALF at 6 dpi, and the HA recovered in BALF and lung tissues were modified with HCs indicating the presence of an HC•HA matrix. In vitro experiments using polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) treated mouse lung fibroblasts (MLF) showed that modification of HA with HCs increased cell-associated HA, and that this increase was due to the retention of HA in the MLF glycocalyx. In vitro studies of leukocyte adhesion showed differential binding of lymphoid (Hut78), monocyte (U937), and neutrophil (dHL60) cell lines to HA and HC•HA matrices. Hut78 cells adhered to immobilized HA in a size and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the binding of dHL60 and U937 cells depended on generating a HC•HA matrix by MLF. Our in vivo findings, using multiple bronchoalveolar lavages, correlated with our in vitro findings in that lymphoid cells bound more tightly to the HA-glycocalyx in the lungs of influenza-infected mice than neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs). The neutrophils and MNPs were associated with a HC•HA matrix and were more readily lavaged from the lungs. In conclusion, this work shows increased IαI and HA accumulation and the formation of a HC•HA matrix in mouse lungs post-IAV infection. The formation of HA and HC•HA matrices could potentially create specific microenvironments in the lungs for immune cell recruitment and activation during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Tang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jourdan E Brune
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Y Chang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Waldron
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheona P Drummond
- Welcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anthony J Day
- Welcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Wu W, Huang J, Han P, Zhang J, Wang Y, Jin F, Zhou Y. Research Progress on Natural Plant Molecules in Regulating the Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:7631. [PMID: 38005352 PMCID: PMC10674591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. With the aging population and the continuous development of risk factors associated with AD, it will impose a significant burden on individuals, families, and society. Currently, commonly used therapeutic drugs such as Cholinesterase inhibitors, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, and multiple AD pathology removal drugs have been shown to have beneficial effects on certain pathological conditions of AD. However, their clinical efficacy is minimal and they are associated with certain adverse reactions. Furthermore, the underlying pathological mechanism of AD remains unclear, posing a challenge for drug development. In contrast, natural plant molecules, widely available, offer multiple targeting pathways and demonstrate inherent advantages in modifying the typical pathologic features of AD by influencing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We provide a comprehensive review of recent in vivo and in vitro studies on natural plant molecules that impact the BBB in the treatment of AD. Additionally, we analyze their specific mechanisms to offer novel insights for the development of safe and effective targeted drugs as well as guidance for experimental research and the clinical application of drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Pengfei Han
- Science and Education Section, Zhangjiakou First Hospital, Zhangjiakou 075041, China;
| | - Jian Zhang
- Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Fangfang Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
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4
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Egorova D, Nomura Y, Miyata S. Impact of hyaluronan size on localization and solubility of the extracellular matrix in the mouse brain. Glycobiology 2023; 33:615-625. [PMID: 36924076 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a central component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain and plays a pivotal role in neural development and plasticity. Brain HA exists in 2 distinct forms of the ECM: the diffuse ECM, which is soluble in saline and detergents, and the condensed ECM, which forms aggregates, such as perineuronal nets (PNNs). Although the physiological functions of HA significantly differ depending on its size, size differences in HA have not yet been examined in the 2 ECM types, which is partly because of the lack of methods to rapidly and accurately measure the molecular weight (MW) of HA. In this study, we established a simple method to simultaneously assess the MW of HA in multiple crude biological samples. HA was purified through single-step precipitation from tissue extracts using biotinylated HA-binding protein and streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads, followed by separation on gel electrophoresis. By applying this method to HA in the mouse brain, we revealed that the condensed ECM contained higher MW HA than the diffuse ECM. Higher MW HA and lower MW HA exhibited different spatial distributions: the former was confined to PNNs, whereas the latter was widely present throughout the brain. Furthermore, the limited degradation of HA showed that only higher MW HA was required to form an insoluble HA-aggrecan complex. The present study demonstrated that the MW of HA in the brain strongly correlates with the localization and solubility of the ECM it forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Egorova
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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5
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Sun L, Wang L, Ye KX, Wang S, Zhang R, Juan Z, Feng L, Min S. Endothelial Glycocalyx in Aging and Age-related Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1606-1617. [PMID: 37196119 PMCID: PMC10529737 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide population is aging exponentially, creating burdens to patients, their families and society. Increasing age is associated with higher risk of a wide range of chronic diseases, and aging of the vascular system is closely linked to the development of many age-related diseases. Endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycan polymers on the surface of the inner lumen of blood vessels. It plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and protecting various organ functions. Endothelial glycocalyx loss happens through the aging process and repairing the endothelial glycocalyx may alleviate the symptoms of age-related diseases. Given the important role of the glycocalyx and its regenerative properties, it is posited that the endothelial glycocalyx may be a potential therapeutic target for aging and age-related diseases and repairing endothelial glycocalyx could play a role in the promotion of healthy aging and longevity. Here, we review the composition, function, shedding, and manifestation of the endothelial glycocalyx in aging and age-related diseases, as well as regeneration of endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Kaisy Xinhong Ye
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shoushi Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Zhaodong Juan
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Su Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Di Santo C, La Russa D, Greco R, Persico A, Zanaboni AM, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Characterization of the Involvement of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α-Stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6) in Ischemic Brain Injury Caused by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065800. [PMID: 36982872 PMCID: PMC10051687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of novel targets to modulate the immune response triggered by cerebral ischemia is crucial to promote the development of effective stroke therapeutics. Since tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), a hyaluronate (HA)-binding protein, is involved in the regulation of immune and stromal cell functions in acute neurodegeneration, we aimed to characterize its involvement in ischemic stroke. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (1 h MCAo, followed by 6 to 48 of reperfusion) in mice resulted in a significant elevation in cerebral TSG-6 protein levels, mainly localized in neurons and myeloid cells of the lesioned hemisphere. These myeloid cells were clearly infiltrating from the blood, strongly suggesting that brain ischemia also affects TSG-6 in the periphery. Accordingly, TSG-6 mRNA expression was elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients 48 h after ischemic stroke onset, and TSG-6 protein expression was higher in the plasma of mice subjected to 1 h MCAo followed by 48 h of reperfusion. Surprisingly, plasma TSG-6 levels were reduced in the acute phase (i.e., within 24 h of reperfusion) when compared to sham-operated mice, supporting the hypothesis of a detrimental role of TSG-6 in the early reperfusion stage. Accordingly, systemic acute administration of recombinant mouse TSG-6 increased brain levels of the M2 marker Ym1, providing a significant reduction in the brain infarct volume and general neurological deficits in mice subjected to transient MCAo. These findings suggest a pivotal role of TSG-6 in ischemic stroke pathobiology and underscore the clinical relevance of further investigating the mechanisms underlying its immunoregulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Santo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Daniele La Russa
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | | | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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7
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Extracellular matrix and synapse formation. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232259. [PMID: 36503961 PMCID: PMC9829651 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex molecular network distributed throughout the extracellular space of different tissues as well as the neuronal system. Previous studies have identified various ECM components that play important roles in neuronal maturation and signal transduction. ECM components are reported to be involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axonal growth by interacting or binding to specific receptors. In addition, the ECM is found to regulate synapse formation, the stability of the synaptic structure, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we mainly reviewed the effects of various ECM components on synapse formation and briefly described the related diseases caused by the abnormality of several ECM components.
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8
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La Russa D, Di Santo C, Lizasoain I, Moraga A, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α-Stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6): A Promising Immunomodulatory Target in Acute Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021162. [PMID: 36674674 PMCID: PMC9865344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), the first soluble chemokine-binding protein to be identified in mammals, inhibits chemotaxis and transendothelial migration of neutrophils and attenuates the inflammatory response of dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and T cells. This immunoregulatory protein is a pivotal mediator of the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in diverse pathological conditions, including neuroinflammation. However, TSG-6 is also constitutively expressed in some tissues, such as the brain and spinal cord, and is generally upregulated in response to inflammation in monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, astrocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Due to its ability to modulate sterile inflammation, TSG-6 exerts protective effects in diverse degenerative and inflammatory diseases, including brain disorders. Emerging evidence provides insights into the potential use of TSG-6 as a peripheral diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, especially in the context of ischemic stroke, whereby the pathobiological relevance of this protein has also been demonstrated in patients. Thus, in this review, we will discuss the most recent data on the involvement of TSG-6 in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly focusing on relevant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Furthermore, we will examine evidence suggesting novel therapeutic opportunities that can be afforded by modulating TSG-6-related pathways in neuropathological contexts and, most notably, in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Santo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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An update on the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulating gene-6 in inflammatory diseases. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:224-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Anwar MM, Özkan E, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. The role of extracellular matrix alterations in mediating astrocyte damage and pericyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5453-5475. [PMID: 34182602 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly vascularized tissue protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex structure allowing only necessary substances to pass through into the brain while limiting the entrance of harmful toxins. The BBB comprises several components, and the most prominent features are tight junctions between endothelial cells (ECs), which are further wrapped in a layer of pericytes. Pericytes are multitasked cells embedded in a thick basement membrane (BM) that consists of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and are surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. The primary function of astrocytes and pericytes is to provide essential blood supply and vital nutrients to the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), long-term neuroinflammatory cascades associated with infiltration of harmful neurotoxic proteins may lead to BBB dysfunction and altered ECM components resulting in brain homeostatic imbalance, synaptic damage, and declined cognitive functions. Moreover, BBB structure and functional integrity may be lost due to induced ECM alterations, astrocyte damage, and pericytes dysfunction, leading to amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmarks deposition in different brain regions. Herein, we highlight how BBB, ECM, astrocytes, and pericytes dysfunction can play a leading role in AD's pathogenesis and discuss their impact on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esra Özkan
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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He L, Zhang F, Zhu Y, Lu M. A crosstalk between circular RNA, microRNA, and messenger RNA in the development of various brain cognitive disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:960657. [PMID: 36329693 PMCID: PMC9622787 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.960657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and postoperative neurocognitive disorder (POND) are commonly faced with neurocognitive disorders with limited therapeutic options. Some non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are involved in the development of various brain cognitive disorders. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a typical group of ncRNAs, can function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to dysregulate shared microRNAs (miRNAs) at post-transcription level, inhibiting regulation of miRNAs on their targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). circRNAs are abundant in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and cause brain disorders, but the exact roles of circRNAs are unclear. The crosstalk between circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these neurocognitive dysfunction diseases and abnormal conditions including AD, PD, stroke, TBI, and POND. In this review, we summarized the participation of circRNA in neuroglial damage and inflammation. Finally, we aimed to highlight the regulatory mechanisms of circRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks in the development of various brain cognitive disorders and provide new insights into the therapeutics of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Liang He
| | - Furong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Meilin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Meilin Lu
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12
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Pintér P, Alpár A. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911085. [PMID: 36232390 PMCID: PMC9569603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dense neuropil of the central nervous system leaves only limited space for extracellular substances free. The advent of immunohistochemistry, soon followed by advanced diagnostic tools, enabled us to explore the biochemical heterogeneity and compartmentalization of the brain extracellular matrix in exploratory and clinical research alike. The composition of the extracellular matrix is critical to shape neuronal function; changes in its assembly trigger or reflect brain/spinal cord malfunction. In this study, we focus on extracellular matrix changes in neurodegenerative disorders. We summarize its phenotypic appearance and biochemical characteristics, as well as the major enzymes which regulate and remodel matrix establishment in disease. The specifically built basement membrane of the central nervous system, perineuronal nets and perisynaptic axonal coats can protect neurons from toxic agents, and biochemical analysis revealed how the individual glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan components interact with these molecules. Depending on the site, type and progress of the disease, select matrix components can either proactively trigger the formation of disease-specific harmful products, or reactively accumulate, likely to reduce tissue breakdown and neuronal loss. We review the diagnostic use and the increasing importance of medical screening of extracellular matrix components, especially enzymes, which informs us about disease status and, better yet, allows us to forecast illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panka Pintér
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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13
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Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer's disease: From discovery to clinical relevance. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108119. [PMID: 35108575 PMCID: PMC9107516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD brain pathology starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. One early pathological hallmark is blood-brain barrier dysfunction characterized by barrier leakage and associated with cognitive decline. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the extent and clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. First, we focus on AD animal models and their susceptibility to barrier leakage based on age and genetic background. Second, we re-examine barrier dysfunction in clinical and postmortem studies, summarize changes that lead to barrier leakage in patients and highlight the clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. Third, we summarize signaling mechanisms that link barrier leakage to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Finally, we discuss clinical relevance and potential therapeutic strategies and provide future perspectives on investigating barrier leakage in AD. Identifying mechanistic steps underlying barrier leakage has the potential to unravel new targets that can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to repair barrier leakage and slow cognitive decline in AD and AD-related dementias.
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14
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Damodarasamy M, Khaing ZZ, Hyde J, Keene CD, Bentov I, Banks WA, Reed MJ. Viable human brain microvessels for the study of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Microvasc Res 2022; 140:104282. [PMID: 34813858 PMCID: PMC8846932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The brain microvasculature is altered in normal aging and in the presence of disease processes, such as neurodegeneration or ischemia, but there are few methods for studying living tissues. We now report that viable microvessels (MV) are readily isolated from brain tissue of subjects enrolled in studies of neurodegenerative diseases who undergo rapid autopsy (performed with <12 h postmortem interval - PMI). We find that these MV retain their morphology and cellular components and are fairly uniform in size. Sufficient MV (~3-5000) are obtained from 3 to 4 g of tissue to allow for studies of cellular composition as well as extracellular matrix (ECM). Using live/dead assays, these MV are viable for up to 5 days in tissue culture media (2D) designed to support endothelial cells and up to 11 days post-isolation in a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix (Low Growth Factor Matrigel™). Assays that measure the reducing potential of live cells \demonstrated that the majority of the MV maintain high levels of metabolic activity for a similar number of days as the live/dead assays. Functional cellular components (such as tight junctions and transporter proteins) and ECM of MV in tissue culture media, and to a lesser extent in 3D matrices, were readily visualized using immunofluorescence techniques. MV in tissue culture media are lysed and protein content analyzed, but MV in 3D matrix first require removal of the supporting matrix, which can confound the analysis of MV ECM. Finally, MV can be preserved in cryoprotective media, whereby over 50% retain their baseline viability upon thawing. In summary, we find that MV isolated from human brains undergoing rapid autopsy are viable in standard tissue culture for up to 5 days and the timeframe for experiments can be extended up to 11 days by use of a supportive 3D matrix. Viable human MV allow for temporal and spatial analysis of relevant cellular and ECM components that have implications for microvascular function in neurodegenerative diseases, vascular brain injury, and neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hyde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Itay Bentov
- Department of Pain and Anesthesia, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Stoddart P, Satchell SC, Ramnath R. Cerebral microvascular endothelial glycocalyx damage, its implications on the blood-brain barrier and a possible contributor to cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Zakusilo FT, Kerry O’Banion M, Gelbard HA, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Matters of size: Roles of hyaluronan in CNS aging and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101485. [PMID: 34634492 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in aging and age-related neurodegeneration is not well understood. The role of hyaluronan (HA), a major extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, in malignancy and inflammation is gaining new understanding. In particular, the differential biological effects of high molecular weight (HMW-HA) and low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), and the mechanism behind such differences are being uncovered. Tightly regulated in the brain, HA can have diverse effects on cellular development, growth and degeneration. In this review, we summarize the homeostasis and signaling of HA in healthy tissue, discuss its distribution and ontogeny in the central nervous system (CNS), summarize evidence for its involvement in age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer Disease (AD), and assess the potential of HA as a therapeutic target in the CNS.
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17
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Wilson ES, Litwa K. Synaptic Hyaluronan Synthesis and CD44-Mediated Signaling Coordinate Neural Circuit Development. Cells 2021; 10:2574. [PMID: 34685554 PMCID: PMC8533746 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan-based extracellular matrix is expressed throughout nervous system development and is well-known for the formation of perineuronal nets around inhibitory interneurons. Since perineuronal nets form postnatally, the role of hyaluronan in the initial formation of neural circuits remains unclear. Neural circuits emerge from the coordinated electrochemical signaling of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Hyaluronan localizes to the synaptic cleft of developing excitatory synapses in both human cortical spheroids and the neonatal mouse brain and is diminished in the adult mouse brain. Given this developmental-specific synaptic localization, we sought to determine the mechanisms that regulate hyaluronan synthesis and signaling during synapse formation. We demonstrate that hyaluronan synthase-2, HAS2, is sufficient to increase hyaluronan levels in developing neural circuits of human cortical spheroids. This increased hyaluronan production reduces excitatory synaptogenesis, promotes inhibitory synaptogenesis, and suppresses action potential formation. The hyaluronan receptor, CD44, promotes hyaluronan retention and suppresses excitatory synaptogenesis through regulation of RhoGTPase signaling. Our results reveal mechanisms of hyaluronan synthesis, retention, and signaling in developing neural circuits, shedding light on how disease-associated hyaluronan alterations can contribute to synaptic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
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18
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Sun Y, Xu S, Jiang M, Liu X, Yang L, Bai Z, Yang Q. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:707466. [PMID: 34512308 PMCID: PMC8430252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.707466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with complex pathological characteristics, whose etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Over the past few decades, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained importance in neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we describe the role of the ECM in AD, focusing on the aspects of synaptic transmission, amyloid-β-plaque generation and degradation, Tau-protein production, oxidative-stress response, and inflammatory response. The function of ECM in the pathological process of AD will inform future research on the etiology and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Sen Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Zhantao Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
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19
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Logsdon AF, Francis KL, Richardson NE, Hu SJ, Faber CL, Phan BA, Nguyen V, Setthavongsack N, Banks WA, Woltjer RL, Keene CD, Latimer CS, Schwartz MW, Scarlett JM, Alonge KM. Decoding perineuronal net glycan sulfation patterns in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:942-954. [PMID: 34482642 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain comprises unique glycan "sulfation codes" that influence neurological function. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing matrices that enmesh neural networks involved in memory and cognition, and loss of PNN matrices is reported in patients with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we show that patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD-related dementia undergo a re-coding of their PNN-associated CS-GAGs that correlates to Braak stage progression, hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) accumulation, and cognitive impairment. As these CS-GAG sulfation changes are detectable prior to the regional onset of classical AD pathology, they may contribute to the initiation and/or progression of the underlying degenerative processes and implicate the brain matrix sulfation code as a key player in the development of AD clinicopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kendra L Francis
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shannon J Hu
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Naly Setthavongsack
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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20
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Rahman MM, Lendel C. Extracellular protein components of amyloid plaques and their roles in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:59. [PMID: 34454574 PMCID: PMC8400902 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically defined by the presence of fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in extracellular senile plaques and tau filaments in intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Extensive research has focused on understanding the assembly mechanisms and neurotoxic effects of Aβ during the last decades but still we only have a brief understanding of the disease associated biological processes. This review highlights the many other constituents that, beside Aβ, are accumulated in the plaques, with the focus on extracellular proteins. All living organisms rely on a delicate network of protein functionality. Deposition of significant amounts of certain proteins in insoluble inclusions will unquestionably lead to disturbances in the network, which may contribute to AD and copathology. This paper provide a comprehensive overview of extracellular proteins that have been shown to interact with Aβ and a discussion of their potential roles in AD pathology. Methods that can expand the knowledge about how the proteins are incorporated in plaques are described. Top-down methods to analyze post-mortem tissue and bottom-up approaches with the potential to provide molecular insights on the organization of plaque-like particles are compared. Finally, a network analysis of Aβ-interacting partners with enriched functional and structural key words is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahafuzur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christofer Lendel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Diao S, Xiao M, Chen C. The role of hyaluronan in myelination and remyelination after white matter injury. Brain Res 2021; 1766:147522. [PMID: 34010609 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is one of the major components of the neural extracellular matrix (ECM) and provides structural support in physiological conditions. Altered hyaluronan regulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of white matter injury (WMI), such as perinatal WMI, multiple sclerosis (MS), traumatic brain injury (TBI). Early research reported diverse central nervous system (CNS) insults led to accumulated high-molecular-weight (HMW) hyaluronan in hypomyelinating/demyelinating lesions. Furthermore, recent findings have shown an elevated production of hyaluronan fragments in WMI, possibly resulting from HMW hyaluronan degradation. Subsequent in vitro studies identified bioactive hyaluronan fragments with a specific molecular weight (around 2x105 Da) regulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) maturation and myelination/remyelination in WMI. However, it is unclear about the effective hyaluronidases in generating bioactive hyaluronan fragments. Several hyaluronidases are proposed recently. Although PH20 is shown to block OPCs maturation by generating bioactive hyaluronan fragments in vitro, it seems unlikely to play a primary role in WMI with negligible expression levels in vivo. The role of other hyaluronidases on OPCs maturation and myelination/remyelination is still unknown. Other than hyaluronidases, CD44 and Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) are also implicated in HMW hyaluronan degradation in WMI. Moreover, recent studies elucidated bioactive hyaluronan fragments interact with TLR4, initiating signaling cascades to mediate myelin basic protein (MBP) transcription. Identifying key factors in hyaluronan actions may provide novel therapeutic targets to promote OPCs maturation and myelination/remyelination in WMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Diao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, China
| | - Mili Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, China.
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22
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Logsdon AF, Rhea EM, Reed M, Banks WA, Erickson MA. The neurovascular extracellular matrix in health and disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:835-844. [PMID: 33302738 PMCID: PMC8719034 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220977195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vital interface that supports normal brain functions. Endothelial cells (ECs) are the main component of the BBB and are highly specialized to govern the transfer of substances into brain. The EC lumen is enmeshed with an extracellular matrix (ECM), known as the endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL). The lumen-facing EGL is primarily comprised of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which function as the first line of defense for blood-to-brain transfer of substances. Circulating factors must first penetrate the EGL before interacting with the EC. The abundance and composition of the PG and GAGs can dictate EGL function, and determine which circulating substances communicate with the ECs. The EGL can interact with circulating factors through physio-chemical interactions with the EC. Some disease states reveal a "thinning" of the EGL that may increase EC interactions with components of the systemic circulation and alter BBB function. EGL changes may also contribute to the cognitive complications of systemic diseases, such as sepsis and diabetes. For decades, researchers have measured how genetic and environmental factors influence the peripheral EGL constituents; however, much less is known about the neurovascular EGL. In this mini-review, we introduce components of the EGL and innovative ways to measure their abundance and composition that may contribute to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center,
Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108,
USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine,
Seattle, WA 98159, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center,
Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108,
USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine,
Seattle, WA 98159, USA
| | - May Reed
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center,
Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108,
USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine,
Seattle, WA 98159, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center,
Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108,
USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine,
Seattle, WA 98159, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center,
Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108,
USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine,
Seattle, WA 98159, USA
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23
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Jin W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycans in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:189-204. [PMID: 34495536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that consist of alternating disaccharides sequences of uronic acids and/or galactose hexamino sugars most of which are sulfated. GAGs are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface, in the intracellular milieu and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. Thus, GAGs exhibit many essential roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The targets of GAGs are GAG-binding proteins and related proteins that are of significant interest to both the academic community and in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the structures of GAGs, their binding proteins, and analogs are presented that further the development of GAGs and their analogs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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24
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Wilson E, Knudson W, Newell-Litwa K. Hyaluronan regulates synapse formation and function in developing neural networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16459. [PMID: 33020512 PMCID: PMC7536407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders present with synaptic alterations that disrupt the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling. For example, hyperexcitability of cortical neurons is associated with both epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. However, the mechanisms that initially establish the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling in brain development are not well understood. Here, we sought to determine how the extracellular matrix directs synapse formation and regulates synaptic function in a model of human cortical brain development. The extracellular matrix, making up twenty percent of brain volume, is largely comprised of hyaluronan. Hyaluronan acts as both a scaffold of the extracellular matrix and a space-filling molecule. Hyaluronan is present from the onset of brain development, beginning with neural crest cell migration. Through acute perturbation of hyaluronan levels during synaptogenesis, we sought to determine how hyaluronan impacts the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synapse formation and the resulting neural activity. We used 3-D cortical spheroids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to replicate this neurodevelopmental window. Our results demonstrate that hyaluronan preferentially surrounds nascent excitatory synapses. Removal of hyaluronan increases the expression of excitatory synapse markers and results in a corresponding increase in the formation of excitatory synapses, while also decreasing inhibitory synapse formation. This increased excitatory synapse formation elevates network activity, as demonstrated by microelectrode array analysis. In contrast, the addition of purified hyaluronan suppresses excitatory synapse formation. These results establish that the hyaluronan extracellular matrix surrounds developing excitatory synapses, where it critically regulates synapse formation and the resulting balance between excitatory to inhibitory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Karen Newell-Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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25
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Damodarasamy M, Vernon RB, Pathan JL, Keene CD, Day AJ, Banks WA, Reed MJ. The microvascular extracellular matrix in brains with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:60. [PMID: 32993718 PMCID: PMC7525948 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microvasculature (MV) of brains with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in the absence of concurrent pathologies (e.g., infarctions, Lewy bodies), is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To analyze microvascular density, diameter and extracellular matrix (ECM) content in association with ADNC and CAA. METHODS We examined samples of cerebral cortex and isolated brain microvasculature (MV) from subjects with the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) designations of not-, intermediate-, or high ADNC and from subjects with no CAA and moderate-severe CAA. Cases for all groups were selected with no major (territorial) strokes, ≤ 1 microinfarct in screening sections, and no Lewy body pathology. MV density and diameter were measured from cortical brain sections. Levels of basement membrane (BM) ECM components, the protein product of TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), and the ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) were assayed by western blots or HA ELISA of MV lysates. RESULTS We found no significant changes in MV density or diameter among any of the groups. Levels of BM laminin and collagen IV (col IV) were lower in MV isolated from the high ADNC vs. not-ADNC groups. In contrast, BM laminin was significantly higher in MV from the moderate-severe CAA vs. the no CAA groups. TSG-6 and HA content were higher in the presence of both high ADNC and CAA, whereas levels of BM fibronectin and perlecan were similar among all groups. CONCLUSIONS Cortical MV density and diameter are not appreciably altered by ADNC or CAA. TSG-6 and HA are increased in both ADNC and CAA, with laminin and col IV decreased in the BM of high ADNC, but laminin increased in moderate-severe CAA. These results show that changes in the ECM occur in AD and CAA, but independently of one another, and likely reflect on the regional functioning of the brain microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jasmine L Pathan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - William A Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Diverse Roles for Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan Receptors in the Developing and Adult Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175988. [PMID: 32825309 PMCID: PMC7504301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays a vital role in the extracellular matrix of neural tissues. Originally thought to hydrate tissues and provide mechanical support, it is now clear that HA is also a complex signaling molecule that can regulate cell processes in the developing and adult nervous systems. Signaling properties are determined by molecular weight, bound proteins, and signal transduction through specific receptors. HA signaling regulates processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and process extension in a variety of cell types including neural stem cells, neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte progenitors. The synthesis and catabolism of HA and the expression of HA receptors are altered in disease and influence neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis. This review discusses the roles of HA, its synthesis and breakdown, as well as receptor expression in neurodevelopment, nervous system function and disease.
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27
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Lord MS, Melrose J, Day AJ, Whitelock JM. The Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor Family: Versatile Molecules in Biology and Pathology. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:907-927. [PMID: 32639183 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420940067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family members are ancient and unique molecules that have evolved over several hundred million years of vertebrate evolution. IαI is a complex containing the proteoglycan bikunin to which heavy chain proteins are covalently attached to the chondroitin sulfate chain. Besides its matrix protective activity through protease inhibitory action, IαI family members interact with extracellular matrix molecules and most notably hyaluronan, inhibit complement, and provide cell regulatory functions. Recent evidence for the diverse roles of the IαI family in both biology and pathology is reviewed and gives insight into their pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis. In addition, the clinical uses of these molecules are explored, such as in the treatment of inflammatory conditions including sepsis and Kawasaki disease, which has recently been associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Stem Cell Extracellular Matrix & Glycobiology, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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28
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Das R, Chinnathambi S. Microglial priming of antigen presentation and adaptive stimulation in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3681-3694. [PMID: 31093687 PMCID: PMC11105582 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prominent pathological consequences of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the misfolding and mis-sorting of two cellular proteins, amyloid-β and microtubule-associated protein Tau. The accumulation of toxic phosphorylated Tau inside the neurons induces the increased processing of amyloid-β-associated signaling cascade and vice versa. Neuroinflammation-driven synaptic depletion and cognitive decline are substantiated by the cross talk of activated microglia and astroglia, leading to neuron degeneration. Microglia are the brain-resident immune effectors that prove their diverse functions in maintaining CNS homeostasis via collaboration with astrocytes and T lymphocytes. Age-related senescence and chronic inflammation activate microglia with increased pro-inflammatory markers, oxidative damage and phagocytosis. But the improper processing of misfolded protein via lysosomal pathway destines the spreading of 'seed' constituents to the nearby healthy neurons. Primed microglia process and present self-antigen such as amyloid-β and modified Tau to the infiltrated T lymphocytes through MHC I/II molecules. After an effective conversation with CD4+ T cells, microglial phenotype can be altered from pro-active M1 to neuro-protective M2 type, which corresponds to the tissue remodeling and homeostasis. In this review, we are focusing on the change in functionality of microglia from innate to adaptive immune response in the context of neuroprotection, which may help in the search of novel immune therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
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29
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Reed MJ, Damodarasamy M, Banks WA. The extracellular matrix of the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional roles in health, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1651157. [PMID: 31505997 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1651157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in defining the location, content, and role of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in brain structure and function during development, aging, injury, and neurodegeneration. Studies in vivo confirm brain ECM has a dynamic composition with constitutive and induced alterations that impact subsequent cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Moreover, it is clear that for any given ECM component, the brain region, and cell type within that location, determines the direction, magnitude, and composition of those changes. This review will examine the ECM at the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within the NVU. The discussion will begin at the glycocalyx ECM on the luminal surface of the vasculature, and progress to the abluminal side with a focus on changes in basement membrane ECM during aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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