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Wang R, Zhan Y, Zhu W, Yang Q, Pei J. Association of soluble TREM2 with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1407980. [PMID: 38841103 PMCID: PMC11150578 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1407980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) is a potential neuroinflammatory biomarker linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have produced inconsistent results regarding sTREM2 levels in various clinical stages of AD. This study aims to establish the correlation between sTREM2 levels and AD progression through a meta-analysis of sTREM2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Methods Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify observational studies reporting CSF and blood sTREM2 levels in AD patients, MCI patients, and healthy controls. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Thirty-six observational studies involving 3,016 AD patients, 3,533 MCI patients, and 4,510 healthy controls were included. CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in both the AD [SMD = 0.28, 95% CI (0.15, 0.41)] and MCI groups [SMD = 0.30, 95% CI (0.13, 0.47)] compared to the healthy control group. However, no significant differences in expression were detected between the AD and MCI groups [SMD = 0.09, 95% CI (-0.09, 0.26)]. Furthermore, increased plasma sTREM2 levels were associated with a higher risk of AD [SMD = 0.42, 95% CI (0.01, 0.83)]. Conclusion CSF sTREM2 levels are positively associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI. Plasma sTREM2 levels were notably higher in the AD group than in the control group and may serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosing AD. However, sTREM2 levels are not effective for distinguishing between different disease stages of AD. Further investigations are needed to explore the longitudinal changes in sTREM2 levels, particularly plasma sTREM2 levels, during AD progression. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024514593.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Pei
- Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Xu CZ, Huan X, Luo SS, Zhong HH, Zhao CB, Chen Y, Zou ZY, Chen S. Serum cytokines profile changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28553. [PMID: 38596011 PMCID: PMC11002056 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive limb weakness, dysphagia, dysphonia, and respiratory failure due to degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS is still unclear. Neuroinflammation has been found to be involved in its development and progression. Cytokines play a significant role in the inflammatory process. This study aims to identify novel biomarkers that may assist in the diagnosis of ALS. Methods In Fujian Medical University Union Hospital and Huashan Hospital Fudan University, two independent centers, we prospectively recruited 50 ALS patients, and 41 healthy controls (25 ALS and 26 controls in the first stage and 25 ALS and 15 controls in the validation stage). An 18-plex Luminex kit was used to screen the serum cytokines levels in the first stage. Commercial ELISA kits were used to measure the levels of target cytokines in the validation stage. A single-molecule array HD-X platform was applied to assess the levels of serum neurofilament light chain (NFL). Results The levels of serum IL-18 were markedly increased in patients with ALS in the first stage (p = 0.016). The ROC curve showed an area under the curve at 0.695 (95% CI 0.50-0.84) in distinguishing ALS patients from healthy controls. The IL-21 was decreased in elderly patients when grouped by 55 years old (the medium age). Furthermore, the IL-5, IL-13, IL-18, and NFL had a positive relationship with the disease progression of ALS. We also found that serum IL-18 was markedly increased in ALS patients in the validation stage (167.67 [148.25-175.59] vs 116.44 [102.43-122.19]pg/ml, p < 0.0015). Conclusion In this study, we identified systemic cytokine profile changes in the serum of ALS patients, especially the elevated IL-18, as well as the decreased IL-21 in elder patients. These changes in serum cytokine profiles may shed new light on an in-depth understanding of the immunopathogenic characteristics of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Zuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huan
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Shan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Hua Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-Bo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Chamberland É, Moravveji S, Doyon N, Duchesne S. A computational model of Alzheimer's disease at the nano, micro, and macroscales. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1348113. [PMID: 38586183 PMCID: PMC10995318 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1348113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mathematical models play a crucial role in investigating complex biological systems, enabling a comprehensive understanding of interactions among various components and facilitating in silico testing of intervention strategies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by multifactorial causes and intricate interactions among biological entities, necessitating a personalized approach due to the lack of effective treatments. Therefore, mathematical models offer promise as indispensable tools in combating AD. However, existing models in this emerging field often suffer from limitations such as inadequate validation or a narrow focus on single proteins or pathways. Methods In this paper, we present a multiscale mathematical model that describes the progression of AD through a system of 19 ordinary differential equations. The equations describe the evolution of proteins (nanoscale), cell populations (microscale), and organ-level structures (macroscale) over a 50-year lifespan, as they relate to amyloid and tau accumulation, inflammation, and neuronal death. Results Distinguishing our model is a robust foundation in biological principles, ensuring improved justification for the included equations, and rigorous parameter justification derived from published experimental literature. Conclusion This model represents an essential initial step toward constructing a predictive framework, which holds significant potential for identifying effective therapeutic targets in the fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éléonore Chamberland
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Seyedadel Moravveji
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doyon
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Duchesne
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Radiologie et Médecine Nucléaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Yang Y, Kim WS, Michaelian JC, Lewis SJG, Phillips CL, D'Rozario AL, Chatterjee P, Martins RN, Grunstein R, Halliday GM, Naismith SL. Predicting neurodegeneration from sleep related biofluid changes. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106369. [PMID: 38049012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake disturbances are common in neurodegenerative diseases and may occur years before the clinical diagnosis, potentially either representing an early stage of the disease itself or acting as a pathophysiological driver. Therefore, discovering biomarkers that identify individuals with sleep-wake disturbances who are at risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases will allow early diagnosis and intervention. Given the association between sleep and neurodegeneration, the most frequently analyzed fluid biomarkers in people with sleep-wake disturbances to date include those directly associated with neurodegeneration itself, such as neurofilament light chain, phosphorylated tau, amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein. Abnormalities in these biomarkers in patients with sleep-wake disturbances are considered as evidence of an underlying neurodegenerative process. Levels of hormonal sleep-related biomarkers such as melatonin, cortisol and orexin are often abnormal in patients with clinical neurodegenerative diseases, but their relationships with the more standard neurodegenerative biomarkers remain unclear. Similarly, it is unclear whether other chronobiological/circadian biomarkers, such as disrupted clock gene expression, are causal factors or a consequence of neurodegeneration. Current data would suggest that a combination of fluid biomarkers may identify sleep-wake disturbances that are most predictive for the risk of developing neurodegenerative disease with more optimal sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Johannes C Michaelian
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Craig L Phillips
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Angela L D'Rozario
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Ron Grunstein
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Alkhalifa AE, Al-Ghraiybah NF, Odum J, Shunnarah JG, Austin N, Kaddoumi A. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Targeted Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16288. [PMID: 38003477 PMCID: PMC10671257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique and selective feature of the central nervous system's vasculature. BBB dysfunction has been observed as an early sign of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) before the onset of dementia or neurodegeneration. The intricate relationship between the BBB and the pathogenesis of AD, especially in the context of neurovascular coupling and the overlap of pathophysiology in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases, underscores the urgency to understand the BBB's role more deeply. Preserving or restoring the BBB function emerges as a potentially promising strategy for mitigating the progression and severity of AD. Molecular and genetic changes, such as the isoform ε4 of apolipoprotein E (ApoEε4), a significant genetic risk factor and a promoter of the BBB dysfunction, have been shown to mediate the BBB disruption. Additionally, receptors and transporters like the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) have been implicated in AD's pathogenesis. In this comprehensive review, we endeavor to shed light on the intricate pathogenic and therapeutic connections between AD and the BBB. We also delve into the latest developments and pioneering strategies targeting the BBB for therapeutic interventions, addressing its potential as a barrier and a carrier. By providing an integrative perspective, we anticipate paving the way for future research and treatments focused on exploiting the BBB's role in AD pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (A.E.A.); (N.F.A.-G.); (J.O.); (J.G.S.); (N.A.)
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Sadlon A, Takousis P, Ankli B, Alexopoulos P, Perneczky R. Association of Chronic Pain with Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration, Microglial Activation, and Inflammation in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Impaired Cognitive Function. Ann Neurol 2023; 95:10.1002/ana.26804. [PMID: 37787094 PMCID: PMC10987399 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Debate surrounds the role of chronic pain as a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. This study aimed at examining the association of chronic pain with biomarkers of neurodegeneration using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. METHODS Participants were classified using the ATN (amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration) classification. Chronic pain was defined as persistent or recurrent pain reported at baseline. For each ATN group, analysis of covariance models identified differences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid β1-42 , phosphorylated tau 181 (ptau181 ), total tau (t-tau), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and cognitive function between chronic pain states. Differences in CSF levels of inflammatory markers between chronic pain states were further analyzed. Linear mixed effect models examined longitudinal changes. RESULTS The study included 995 individuals, with 605 (60.81%) reporting chronic pain at baseline. At baseline, individuals with suspected non-Alzheimer pathophysiology and chronic pain showed increased CSF levels of t-tau and sTREM2. Chronic pain was associated with increased tumor necrosis factor α levels, irrespective of the ATN group. Longitudinally, an increase in ptau181 CSF levels was observed in chronic pain patients with negative amyloid and neurodegeneration markers. Amyloid-positive and neurodegeneration-negative chronic pain patients showed higher memory function cross-sectionally. No significant longitudinal decline in cognitive function was observed for any ATN group. INTERPRETATION Our study suggests that chronic pain induces neuronal damage and microglial activation in particular subgroups of patients along the AD spectrum. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. ANN NEUROL 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Sadlon
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Pain Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petros Takousis
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Barbara Ankli
- Pain Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Global Βrain Health Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Patras University General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Patras Dementia Day Care Centre, Patras, Greece
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurosciences (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom (UK)
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de la Monte SM, Tong M, Hapel AJ. Concordant and Discordant Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2394. [PMID: 37760836 PMCID: PMC10525668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation may be a pathogenic mediator and biomarker of neurodegeneration at the boundary between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether neuroinflammatory processes are endogenous to the central nervous system (CNS) or originate from systemic (peripheral blood) sources could impact strategies for therapeutic intervention. To address this issue, we measured cytokine and chemokine immunoreactivities in simultaneously obtained lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 39 patients including 18 with MCI or early AD and 21 normal controls using a 27-plex XMAP bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MCI/AD combined group had significant (p < 0.05 or better) or statistically trend-wise (0.05 ≤ p ≤ 0.10) concordant increases in CSF and serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α and reductions in GM-CSF, b-FGF, IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1; CSF-only increases in IFN-y and IL-7 and reductions in VEGF and IL-12p70; serum-only increases in IL-1β, MIP-1α, and eotaxin and reductions in G-CSF, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-15; and discordant CSF-serum responses with reduced CSF and increased serum PDGF-bb, IL-17a, and RANTES. The results demonstrate simultaneously parallel mixed but modestly greater pro-inflammatory compared to anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective responses in CSF and serum. In addition, the findings show evidence that several cytokines and chemokines are selectively altered in MCI/AD CSF, likely corresponding to distinct neuroinflammatory responses unrelated to systemic pathologies. The aggregate results suggest that early management of MCI/AD neuroinflammation should include both anti-inflammatory and pro-neuroprotective strategies to help prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Hapel
- Department of Genome Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Zhou F, Sun Y, Xie X, Zhao Y. Blood and CSF chemokines in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:107. [PMID: 37291639 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokines, which are chemotactic inflammatory mediators involved in controlling the migration and residence of all immune cells, are closely associated with brain inflammation, recognized as one of the potential processes/mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment. We aim to determine the chemokines which are significantly altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as the respective effect sizes, by performing a meta-analysis of chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood (plasma or serum). METHODS We searched three databases (Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane library) for studies regarding chemokines. The three pairwise comparisons were as follows: AD vs HC, MCI vs healthy controls (HC), and AD vs MCI. The fold-change was calculated using the ratio of mean (RoM) chemokine concentration for every study. Subgroup analyses were performed for exploring the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Of 2338 records identified from the databases, 61 articles comprising a total of 3937 patients with AD, 1459 with MCI, and 4434 healthy controls were included. The following chemokines were strongly associated with AD compared with HC: blood CXCL10 (RoM, 1.92, p = 0.039), blood CXCL9 (RoM, 1.78, p < 0.001), blood CCL27 (RoM, 1.34, p < 0.001), blood CCL15 (RoM, 1.29, p = 0.003), as well as CSF CCL2 (RoM, 1.19, p < 0.001). In the comparison of AD with MCI, there was significance for blood CXCL9 (RoM, 2.29, p < 0.001), blood CX3CL1 (RoM, 0.77, p = 0.017), and blood CCL1 (RoM, 1.37, p < 0.001). Of the chemokines tested, blood CX3CL1 (RoM, 2.02, p < 0.001) and CSF CCL2 (RoM, 1.16, p = 0.004) were significant for the comparison of MCI with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines CCL1, CCL2, CCL15, CCL27, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CX3CL1 might be most promising to serve as key molecular markers of cognitive impairment, although more cohort studies with larger populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futao Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China.
| | - Yangyan Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yushi Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
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Xu Y, Jiang H, Zhu B, Cao M, Feng T, Sun Z, Du G, Zhao Z. Advances and applications of fluids biomarkers in diagnosis and therapeutic targets of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 37144603 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with challenging early diagnosis and effective treatments due to its complex pathogenesis. AD patients are often diagnosed after the appearance of the typical symptoms, thereby delaying the best opportunity for effective measures. Biomarkers could be the key to resolving the challenge. This review aims to provide an overview of application and potential value of AD biomarkers in fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and saliva, in diagnosis and treatment. METHODS A comprehensive search of the relevant literature was conducted to summarize potential biomarkers for AD in fluids. The paper further explored the biomarkers' utility in disease diagnosis and drug target development. RESULTS Research on biomarkers mainly focused on amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, Tau protein abnormal phosphorylation, axon damage, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and related hypotheses associated with AD mechanisms. Aβ42 , total Tau (t-Tau), and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), have been endorsed for their diagnostic and predictive capability. However, other biomarkers remain controversial. Drugs targeting Aβ have shown some efficacy and those that target BACE1 and Tau are still undergoing development. CONCLUSION Fluid biomarkers hold considerable potential in the diagnosis and drug development of AD. However, improvements in sensitivity and specificity, and approaches for managing sample impurities, need to be addressed for better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongshi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Soluble TREM2 in body fluid in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06729-5. [PMID: 36913148 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed conflicting results regarding soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) level alteration in body fluid in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We applied the STATA 12.0 software to compute standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The study showed elevated sTREM2 level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and preclinical AD (pre-AD) patients, compared to healthy controls (HCs) with random effects models (AD: SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.44, I2 = 77.6%, p < 0.001; MCI: SMD 0.29, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.48, I2 = 89.7%, p < 0.001; pre-AD: SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.48, I2 = 80.8%, p < 0.001). The study showed no significant difference in sTREM2 level in plasma between AD patients and HCs with a random effects model (SMD 0.06, 95% CI - 0.16 to 0.28, I2 = 65.6%, p = 0.008). The study showed no significant difference in sTREM2 level in CSF or plasma between PD patients and HCs with random effects models (CSF: SMD 0.33, 95% CI - 0.02 to 0.67, I2 = 85.6%, p < 0.001; plasma: SMD 0.37, 95% CI - 0.17 to 0.92, I2 = 77.8%, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the study highlighted the CSF sTREM2 as a promising biomarker in the different clinical stages of AD. More studies were essential to explore the CSF and plasmatic concentrations of sTREM2 alteration in PD.
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11
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Li TR, Lyu DY, Liu FQ. Cerebrospinal Fluid sTREM2 in Alzheimer’s Disease Is Associated with Both Amyloid and Tau Pathologies but not with Cognitive Status. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1123-1138. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) is considered a biomarker of microglial activation. The relationships between CSF sTREM2 levels and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) CSF core biomarkers, cognitive status, and neurodegeneration remain unclear. Objective: To assess the association between CSF sTREM2 levels and AD progression and other AD hallmarks. Methods: Using the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, we investigated 1,035 participants, including 310 cognitively normal controls, 527 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 198 patients with dementia. They were grouped according to CSF pathology (A/T profile) severity. CSF sTREM2 levels were compared between the groups, and linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors affecting sTREM2 levels. The predictive effectiveness of sTREM2 levels was tested, and the correlation with other indicators was explored. The increase rate was assessed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Higher CSF sTREM2 levels were associated with older age as well as higher CSF p-tau or t-tau and amyloid-β levels (all p < 0.001), but not with cognitive status. sTREM2 levels were not correlated with the baseline or longitudinal scale and neuroimaging result changes, and could not predict clinical conversion, but were correlated with multiple non-amyloid-β and non-tau CSF cytokines related to inflammation and neurodegeneration (p < 0.0001). The increased sTREM2 expression rate did not change among groups. Conclusion: CSF sTREM2 levels were jointly determined by age, amyloid-β, and tau pathologies, leading to complex AD cognitive continuum changes. Although sTREM2 levels could not predict cognitive deterioration and neurodegeneration, they could reflect the microglial state as a non-specific biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di-Yang Lyu
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Qi Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Rauchmann B, Brendel M, Franzmeier N, Trappmann L, Zaganjori M, Ersoezlue E, Morenas‐Rodriguez E, Guersel S, Burow L, Kurz C, Haeckert J, Tatò M, Utecht J, Papazov B, Pogarell O, Janowitz D, Buerger K, Ewers M, Palleis C, Weidinger E, Biechele G, Schuster S, Finze A, Eckenweber F, Rupprecht R, Rominger A, Goldhardt O, Grimmer T, Keeser D, Stoecklein S, Dietrich O, Bartenstein P, Levin J, Höglinger G, Perneczky R. Microglial activation and connectivity in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:768-781. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.26465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris‐Stephan Rauchmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN) University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Department of Neuroradiology University Hospital LMU Munich Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Lena Trappmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Mirlind Zaganjori
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Ersin Ersoezlue
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas‐Rodriguez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Selim Guersel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
| | - Lena Burow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Carolin Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Jan Haeckert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University of Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Maia Tatò
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Julia Utecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Boris Papazov
- Department of Radiology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Daniel Janowitz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Katharina Buerger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Carla Palleis
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Neurology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich Germany
| | - Endy Weidinger
- Department of Neurology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Gloria Biechele
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Sebastian Schuster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Anika Finze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Florian Eckenweber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University of Bern, Inselspital Bern Switzerland
| | - Oliver Goldhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Radiology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology University Hospital LMU Munich Germany
| | - Sophia Stoecklein
- Department of Radiology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Olaf Dietrich
- Department of Radiology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Neurology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Neurology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Munich Germany
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich Germany
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN) University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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13
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Pan R, Luo S, Huang Q, Li W, Cai T, Lai K, Shi X. The Associations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Ferritin with Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Along the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1115-1125. [PMID: 35754266 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has suggested that iron accumulation plays an important role in the onset and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the potential mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the associations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin, an indicator for brain iron load, with neurodegenerative and inflammatory changes in AD. METHODS The study involved 302 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). They were classified as normal controls (A-T-N-, n = 48), AD continuum (A+TN-, n = 46; A+TN+, n = 166), and suspected non-AD pathology (A-TN+, n = 42), according to the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) system. Group comparisons of CSF ferritin among groups were performed using one-way ANOVA. Linear regression models were used to test the relationships between CSF ferritin and cognitive assessments, and the associations between CSF ferritin and other biomarkers, respectively. RESULTS We found that CSF ferritin showed significant differences among the ATN groups, with higher concentration in more advanced categories (A+TN+). Furthermore, CSF ferritin level was independently related to cognitive performance (MMSE, ADAS-Cog13, and ADNI-mem). Linear regression analysis indicated positive relationships between CSF ferritin and phosphorylated tau and total tau, rather than Aβ42. Significant associations were revealed between CSF ferritin and inflammatory proteins, including TNF-α, TNFR1, TNFR2, ICAM1, VCAM1, TGF-β1, IL-9, and IP-10, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insight into iron dysfunction in AD pathology and highlight elevated brain iron as a possible mechanism of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation along AD continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pan
- School of Nursing, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Foreign Languages, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Cai
- School of Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Kelin Lai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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14
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Li RY, Qin Q, Yang HC, Wang YY, Mi YX, Yin YS, Wang M, Yu CJ, Tang Y. TREM2 in the pathogenesis of AD: a lipid metabolism regulator and potential metabolic therapeutic target. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:40. [PMID: 35658903 PMCID: PMC9166437 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a single-pass transmembrane immune receptor that is mainly expressed on microglia in the brain and macrophages in the periphery. Recent studies have identified TREM2 as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increasing evidence has shown that TREM2 can affect lipid metabolism both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. In the CNS, TREM2 affects the metabolism of cholesterol, myelin, and phospholipids and promotes the transition of microglia into a disease-associated phenotype. In the periphery, TREM2 influences lipid metabolism by regulating the onset and progression of obesity and its complications, such as hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. All these altered lipid metabolism processes could influence the pathogenesis of AD through several means, including affecting inflammation, insulin resistance, and AD pathologies. Herein, we will discuss a potential pathway that TREM2 mediates lipid metabolism to influence the pathogenesis of AD in both the CNS and periphery. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that TREM2 may be a key factor that links central and peripheral lipid metabolism under disease conditions, including AD. This link may be due to impacts on the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, and we introduce potential pathways by which TREM2 affects the blood–brain barrier. Moreover, we discuss the role of lipids in TREM2-associated treatments for AD. We propose some potential therapies targeting TREM2 and discuss the prospect and limitations of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yang Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chen Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xin Mi
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Si Yin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Ji Yu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China.
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15
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Gonzales MM, Garbarino VR, Pollet E, Palavicini JP, Kellogg DL, Kraig E, Orr ME. Biological aging processes underlying cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e158453. [PMID: 35575089 PMCID: PMC9106343 DOI: 10.1172/jci158453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are among the top contributors to disability and mortality in later life. As with many chronic conditions, aging is the single most influential factor in the development of ADRD. Even among older adults who remain free of dementia throughout their lives, cognitive decline and neurodegenerative changes are appreciable with advancing age, suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms. In this Review, we provide an overview of changes in cognition, brain morphology, and neuropathological protein accumulation across the lifespan in humans, with complementary and mechanistic evidence from animal models. Next, we highlight selected aging processes that are differentially regulated in neurodegenerative disease, including aberrant autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, epigenetic changes, cerebrovascular dysfunction, inflammation, and lipid dysregulation. We summarize research across clinical and translational studies to link biological aging processes to underlying ADRD pathogenesis. Targeting fundamental processes underlying biological aging may represent a yet relatively unexplored avenue to attenuate both age-related cognitive decline and ADRD. Collaboration across the fields of geroscience and neuroscience, coupled with the development of new translational animal models that more closely align with human disease processes, is necessary to advance novel therapeutic discovery in this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi M. Gonzales
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Department of Neurology
| | | | - Erin Pollet
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Juan P. Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dean L. Kellogg
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ellen Kraig
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Jiahuan X, Ying Z, Hongyu J, Zhijing W, Shibo G, Chengyue D, Liangyu F, Fan L, Wei W. Serum sTREM2: A Potential Biomarker for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:843828. [PMID: 35615588 PMCID: PMC9125145 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.843828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cognitive impairment is a common comorbidity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that leads to poor quality of life and a heavier medical burden. However, the assessment and longitudinal tracking of cognitive impairment in OSA is challenging. This study aimed to examine the alternation and related factors of serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) in patients with OSA, and to explore whether serum sTREM2 could be a biomarker for mild cognitive impairment in OSA patients. Methods A total of 94 OSA patients and 13 snoring subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Demographic information, questionnaires, and polysomnography results were collected. Serum sTREM2 levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the factors influencing sTREM2, and the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the predictive value of serum sTREM2 for mild cognitive impairment in patients with OSA. Results Patients with OSA had higher serum sTREM2 levels than the controls. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that serum sTREM2 levels in patients with OSA were associated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score and oxygen depletion index levels. Additionally, serum sTREM2 levels were higher in OSA patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than in those without. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that at a cutoff value of >18,437 pg/ml, the sensitivity of serum sTREM2 to predict MCI in OSA was 64.62%, the specificity was 68.97%, and the area under the curve was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.58–0.81). Conclusion Serum sTREM2 levels were elevated in patients with OSA, particularly in those with MCI. It therefore has the potential to be a biomarker for MCI in OSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiahuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zou Ying
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Hongyu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zhijing
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guan Shibo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Deng Chengyue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fu Liangyu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Wang Wei,
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17
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Brown GC, St George-Hyslop P. Does Soluble TREM2 Protect Against Alzheimer's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:834697. [PMID: 35153729 PMCID: PMC8831327 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.834697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering Receptor Expressed in Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) is a pattern recognition receptor on myeloid cells, and is upregulated on microglia surrounding amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rare, heterozygous mutations in TREM2 (e.g., R47H) increase AD risk several fold. TREM2 can be cleaved at the plasma membrane by metalloproteases to release the ectodomain as soluble TREM2 (sTREM2). Wild-type sTREM2 binds oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) and acts as an extracellular chaperone, blocking and reversing Aβ oligomerization and fibrillization, and preventing Aβ-induced neuronal loss in vitro. Whereas, R47H sTREM2 increases Aβ fibrillization and neurotoxicity. AD brains expressing R47H TREM2 have more fibrous plaques with more neuritic pathology around these plaques, consistent with R47H sTREM2 promoting Aβ fibrillization relative to WT sTREM2. Brain expression or injection of wild-type sTREM2 reduces pathology in amyloid models of AD in mice, indicating that wild-type sTREM2 is protective against amyloid pathology. Levels of sTREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fall prior to AD, rise in early AD, and fall again in late AD. People with higher sTREM2 levels in CSF progress more slowly into and through AD than do people with lower sTREM2 levels, suggesting that sTREM2 protects against AD. However, some of these experiments can be interpreted as full-length TREM2 protecting rather than sTREM2, and to distinguish between these two possibilities, we need more experiments testing whether sTREM2 itself protects in AD and AD models, and at what stage of disease. If sTREM2 is protective, then treatments could be designed to elevate sTREM2 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Guy C. Brown
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Filipello F, Goldsbury C, Feng YS, Locca A, Karch CM, Piccio L. Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105630. [PMID: 35041990 PMCID: PMC10108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Beyond the role played by TREM2 genetic variants in these diseases, TREM2 engagement is a key step in microglia activation in response to different types of tissue injury (e.g. β-Amyloid deposition, demyelination, apoptotic cell death) leading to enhanced microglia metabolism, phagocytosis, proliferation and survival. TREM2 also exists as a soluble form (sTREM2), generated from receptor shedding or alternative splicing, which is detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genetic variation, physiological conditions and disease status impact CSF sTREM2 levels. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that targeting and/or monitoring sTREM2 could have clinical and therapeutic implications. Despite the critical role of sTREM2 in neurologic disease, its function remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current literature on sTREM2 regarding its origin, genetic variation, and possible functions as a biomarker in neurological disorders and as a potential active player in CNS diseases and target for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - You Shih Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Hu WT, Ozturk T, Kollhoff A, Wharton W, Christina Howell J. Higher CSF sTNFR1-related proteins associate with better prognosis in very early Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4001. [PMID: 34183654 PMCID: PMC8238986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the application of cerebrospinal fluid measures of inflammatory proteins may be limited by overlapping pathways and relationships between them. In this work, we measure 15 cerebrospinal proteins related to microglial and T-cell functions, and show them to reproducibly form functionally-related groups within and across diagnostic categories in 382 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuro-imaging Initiative as well participants from two independent cohorts. We further show higher levels of proteins related to soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 are associated with reduced risk of conversion to dementia in the multi-centered (p = 0.027) and independent (p = 0.038) cohorts of people with mild cognitive impairment due to predicted Alzheimer's disease, while higher soluble TREM2 levels associated with slower decline in the dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease. These inflammatory proteins thus provide prognostic information independent of established Alzheimer's markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Hu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Tugba Ozturk
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Kollhoff
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- Nell Hodgson School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Christina Howell
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Aksnes M, Aass HCD, Tiiman A, Edwin TH, Terenius L, Bogdanović N, Vukojević V, Knapskog AB. Associations of cerebrospinal fluid amyloidogenic nanoplaques with cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:18. [PMID: 34099032 PMCID: PMC8186140 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) is central in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently it has been shown that specifically, larger, Thioflavin T-binding Aβ aggregates are associated with increased neuroinflammation and cytokine release. This study was aimed to quantify fibrillary amyloid aggregates, so-called nanoplaques, and investigate their relationship with cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS CSF was collected from 111 patients assessed for cognitive complaints at the Oslo University Hospital Memory Clinic. The patients were grouped based on their amyloid status. The CSF nanoplaque concentration was quantified with the Thioflavin T-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (ThT-FCS) assay. The levels of nine cytokines (eotaxin-1, granulocyte stimulating factor, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-7, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, gamma-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1α, and MIP-1β) were quantified with a magnetic bead-based multiplex assay and read on a Luminex IS 200 instrument. RESULTS There were 49 amyloid-negative and 62 amyloid-positive patients in the cohort; none of the cytokines differed significantly between the amyloid groups. The increased nanoplaque levels were associated with levels of MIP-1β below the lower limit of quantification, and with decreased levels of MIP-1α and IL-8. The associations remained significant when adjusted for age, sex, cognitive function, apolipoprotein ε4 status and CSF core biomarker levels. CONCLUSION The cytokine levels were not associated with amyloid status in this cohort. The nanoplaque levels were negatively associated with MIP-1β, MIP-1α and IL-8, which is in line with recent findings suggesting that the upregulation of some cytokine markers has a protective role and is negatively associated with AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Ann Tiiman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trine Holt Edwin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Morgan DG, Mielke MM. Knowledge gaps in Alzheimer's disease immune biomarker research. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:2030-2042. [PMID: 33984178 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has accumulated implicating a role for immune mechanisms in moderating the pathology in Alzheimer's disease dementia. However, the appropriate therapeutic target, the appropriate direction of manipulation, and the stage of disease at which to begin treatment remain unanswered questions. Part of the challenge derives from the absence of any selective pressure to develop a coordinated beneficial immune response to severe neural injury in adults. Thus, immune responses to the prevailing stimuli are likely to contain both beneficial and detrimental components. Knowledge gaps include: (1) how a biomarker change relates to the underlying biology, (2) the degree to which pathological stage group differences reflect a response to pathology versus trait differences among individuals regulating risk of developing pathology, (3) the degree to which biomarker levels are predictive of subsequent changes in pathology and/or cognition, and (4) experimental manipulations in model systems to determine whether differences in immune biomarkers are causally related to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Morgan
- Alzheimer's Alliance, Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Neuroinflammation modulates the association of PGRN with cerebral amyloid-β burden. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:52-59. [PMID: 33813350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) and neuroinflammatory markers increased over the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to determine whether neuroinflammation could modulate the association of PGRN with amyloid pathologies. Baseline cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN and AD pathologies were measured for 965 participants, among whom 228 had measurements of CSF neuroinflammatory markers. Causal mediation analyses with 10,000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediation effects within the framework of A/T/N biomarker profile. Increased levels of CSF PGRN and inflammatory markers (sTNFR1, sTNFR2, TGF-β1, ICAM1, and VCAM1) were associated with T- or N-positive (TN+) profile, irrespective of the amyloid pathology. In TN+ group, CSF PGRN was associated with increased levels of these inflammatory markers and CSF amyloid-β1-42 (p < 0.01). The neuroinflammatory markers significantly modulated (proportion: 20%~60%) the relationship of amyloid burden with CSF PGRN, which could predict slower cognitive decline and lower AD risk in the TN+ group. The abovementioned associations became non-significant in the TN- group. These findings revealed a close relationship between neuroinflammation and CSF PGRN in contributing to AD pathogenesis, and also highlighted the specific roles of PGRN in neurodegenerative conditions. Future experiments are warranted to verify the causal relationship.
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23
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Akhter R, Shao Y, Formica S, Khrestian M, Bekris LM. TREM2 alters the phagocytic, apoptotic and inflammatory response to Aβ 42 in HMC3 cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:171-179. [PMID: 33461764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation in the brain of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques as well as intraneuronal inclusions (neurofibrillary tangles) consisting of total tau and phosphorylated tau. Also present are dystrophic neurites, loss of synapses, neuronal death, and gliosis. AD genetic studies have highlighted the importance of inflammation in this disease by identifying several risk associated immune response genes, including TREM2. TREM2 has been strongly implicated in basic microglia function including, phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response to Aβ in mouse brain and primary cells. These studies show that microglia are key players in the response to Aβ and in the accumulation of AD pathology. However, details are still missing about which apoptotic or inflammatory factors rely on TREM2 in their response to Aβ, especially in human cell lines. Given these previous findings our hypothesis is that TREM2 influences the response to Aβ toxicity by enhancing phagocytosis and inhibiting both the BCL-2 family of apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aβ42 treatment of the human microglial cell line, HMC3 cells, was performed and TREM2 was overexpressed or silenced and the phagocytosis, apoptosis and inflammatory response were evaluated. Results indicate that a robust phagocytic response to Aβ after 24 h requires TREM2 in HMC3 cells. Also, TREM2 inhibits Aβ induced apoptosis by activating the Mcl-1/Bim complex. TREM2 is involved in activation of IP-10, MIP-1a, and IL-8, while it inhibits FGF-2, VEGF and GRO. Taken together, TREM2 plays a role in enhancing the microglial functional response to Aβ toxicity in HMC3 cells. This novel information suggests that therapeutic strategies that seek to activate TREM2 may not only enhance phagocytosis and inhibit apoptosis, but may also inhibit beneficial inflammatory factors, emphasizing the need to define TREM2-related inflammatory activity in not only mouse models of AD, but also in human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akhter
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yvonne Shao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane Formica
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Khrestian
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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24
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Fernández-Calle R, Galán-Llario M, Gramage E, Zapatería B, Vicente-Rodríguez M, Zapico JM, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ramos A, Ramos-Álvarez MP, Uribarri M, Ferrer-Alcón M, Herradón G. Role of RPTPβ/ζ in neuroinflammation and microglia-neuron communication. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20259. [PMID: 33219280 PMCID: PMC7679445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine that is upregulated in different neuroinflammatory disorders. Using mice with transgenic PTN overexpression in the brain (Ptn-Tg), we have found a positive correlation between iNos and Tnfα mRNA and Ptn mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of LPS-treated mice. PTN is an inhibitor of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (RPTP) β/ζ, which is mainly expressed in the central nervous system. We aimed to test if RPTPβ/ζ is involved in the modulation of neuroinflammatory responses using specific inhibitors of RPTPβ/ζ (MY10 and MY33-3). Treatment with MY10 potentiated LPS-induced microglial responses in the mouse PFC. Surprisingly, MY10 caused a decrease in LPS-induced NF-κB p65 expression, suggesting that RPTPβ/ζ may be involved in a novel mechanism of potentiation of microglial activation independent of the NF-κB p65 pathway. MY33-3 and MY10 limited LPS-induced nitrites production and iNos increases in BV2 microglial cells. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were treated with the conditioned media from MY10/LPS-treated BV2 cells. Conditioned media from non-stimulated and from LPS-stimulated BV2 cells increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cultures. RPTPβ/ζ inhibition in microglial cells disrupted this neurotrophic effect of microglia, suggesting that RPTPβ/ζ plays a role in the neurotrophic phenotype of microglia and in microglia-neuron communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de La Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Galán-Llario
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de La Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gramage
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de La Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Zapatería
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Vicente-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de La Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Zapico
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Ramos-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Uribarri
- BRAINco Biopharma, S.L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de La Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Morena F, Martino S. The Other Side of Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E115. [PMID: 32899957 PMCID: PMC7563360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85-90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (C.E.); (F.M.)
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26
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Yang J, Fu Z, Zhang X, Xiong M, Meng L, Zhang Z. TREM2 ectodomain and its soluble form in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:204. [PMID: 32635934 PMCID: PMC7341574 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a receptor mainly expressed on the surface of microglia. It mediates multiple pathophysiological processes in various diseases. Recently, TREM2 has been found to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 is a transmembrane protein that is specifically expressed on microglia in the brain. It contains a long ectodomain that directly interacts with the extracellular environment to regulate microglial function. The ectodomain of TREM2 is processed by a disintegrin and metalloprotease, resulting in the release of a soluble form of TREM2 (sTREM2). Recent studies have demonstrated that sTREM2 is a bioactive molecule capable of binding ligands, activating microglia, and regulating immune responses during the AD continuum. Clinical studies revealed that sTREM2 level is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients, and the sTREM2 level is positively correlated with the levels of classical CSF biomarkers, namely t-tau and p-tau, indicating that it is a reliable predictor of the early stages of AD. Herein, we summarize the key results on the generation, structure, and function of sTREM2 to provide new insights into TREM2-related mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and to promote the development of TREM2-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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27
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Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:207-220. [PMID: 32187501 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1745069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Glial cells are closely associated with neurons located throughout the nervous system and regulate neuronal activity and function through various mechanisms including the secretion of proteins and other signaling molecules. Glia-secreted proteins play crucial roles in modulating neuronal function in physiological and pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of glial cells leading to neuroinflammation is a common phenomenon observed in various neurological disorders. Aberrantly activated glial cells secrete proteins in disease-specific manner and can be exploited as a repository for novel biomarker discovery.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the recent advances in proteomic techniques, highlighting the need for their application to the secretomic field. Studies regarding the secretome profile of glial cells published within the last 5 years are discussed in detail. The use of glia-based biomarkers in various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.Expert opinion: Precise diagnosis and timely treatment of neurological disorders remains a challenge and glia-focused research to identify specific biomarkers appears to be a promising approach to combat these disorders. Recent technological advancement in proteomic research would open new frontiers for more rigorous analysis of glial secretome variations over time and the discovery/development of novel biomarkers for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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28
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Colom-Cadena M, Spires-Jones T, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Caggiano A, DeKosky ST, Fillit H, Harrison JE, Schneider LS, Scheltens P, de Haan W, Grundman M, van Dyck CH, Izzo NJ, Catalano SM. The clinical promise of biomarkers of synapse damage or loss in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:21. [PMID: 32122400 PMCID: PMC7053087 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synapse damage and loss are fundamental to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and lead to reduced cognitive function. The goal of this review is to address the challenges of forging new clinical development approaches for AD therapeutics that can demonstrate reduction of synapse damage or loss. The key points of this review include the following: Synapse loss is a downstream effect of amyloidosis, tauopathy, inflammation, and other mechanisms occurring in AD.Synapse loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline in AD because synaptic function underlies cognitive performance.Compounds that halt or reduce synapse damage or loss have a strong rationale as treatments of AD.Biomarkers that measure synapse degeneration or loss in patients will facilitate clinical development of such drugs.The ability of methods to sensitively measure synapse density in the brain of a living patient through synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, concentrations of synaptic proteins (e.g., neurogranin or synaptotagmin) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or functional imaging techniques such as quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) provides a compelling case to use these types of measurements as biomarkers that quantify synapse damage or loss in clinical trials in AD. CONCLUSION A number of emerging biomarkers are able to measure synapse injury and loss in the brain and may correlate with cognitive function in AD. These biomarkers hold promise both for use in diagnostics and in the measurement of therapeutic successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Colom-Cadena
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Steven T DeKosky
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Howard Fillit
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - John E Harrison
- Metis Cognition Ltd, Kilmington, UK
- Alzheimer Center, AUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Phillip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem de Haan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit and Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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