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Batra JS, Chi TY, Huang MF, Zhu D, Chen Z, Lee DF, Kameoka J. Wearable Biosensor with Molecularly Imprinted Conductive Polymer Structure to Detect Lentivirus in Aerosol. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:861. [PMID: 37754095 PMCID: PMC10527467 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has increased pressure to develop low-cost, compact, user-friendly, and ubiquitous virus sensors for monitoring infection outbreaks in communities and preventing economic damage resulting from city lockdowns. As proof of concept, we developed a wearable paper-based virus sensor based on a molecular imprinting technique, using a conductive polyaniline (PANI) polymer to detect the lentivirus as a test sample. This sensor detected the lentivirus with a 4181 TU/mL detection limit in liquid and 0.33% to 2.90% detection efficiency in aerosols at distances ranging from 30 cm to 60 cm. For fabrication, a mixture of a PANI monomer solution and virus were polymerized together to form a conductive PANI sensing element on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) paper substrate. The sensing element exhibited formation of virus recognition sites after the removal of the virus via ultrasound sonication. A dry measurement technique was established that showed aerosol virus detection by the molecularly imprinted sensors within 1.5 h of virus spraying. This was based on the mechanism via which dispensing virus droplets on the PANI sensing element induced hybridization of the virus and molecularly imprinted virus recognition templates in PANI, influencing the conductivity of the PANI film upon drying. Interestingly, the paper-based virus sensor was easily integrated with a wearable face mask for the detection of viruses in aerosols. Since the paper sensor with molecular imprinting of virus recognition sites showed excellent stability in dry conditions for long periods of time, unlike biological reagents, this wearable biosensor will offer an alternative approach to monitoring virus infections in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskirat Singh Batra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.S.B.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Ting-Yen Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.S.B.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Mo-Fan Huang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.-F.H.); (D.Z.); (D.-F.L.)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.-F.H.); (D.Z.); (D.-F.L.)
| | - Zheyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.-F.H.); (D.Z.); (D.-F.L.)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Kameoka
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Graduate School of Information, Production and System Research, Waseda University, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
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Kanakari E, Dendrinou-Samara C. Fighting Phytopathogens with Engineered Inorganic-Based Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2388. [PMID: 36984268 PMCID: PMC10052108 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective and ecofriendly agrochemicals, including bactericides, fungicides, insecticides, and nematicides, to control pests and prevent plant diseases remains a key challenge. Nanotechnology has provided opportunities for the use of nanomaterials as components in the development of anti-phytopathogenic agents. Indeed, inorganic-based nanoparticles (INPs) are among the promising ones. They may play an effective role in targeting and killing microbes via diverse mechanisms, such as deposition on the microbe surface, destabilization of cell walls and membranes by released metal ions, and the induction of a toxic mechanism mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species. Considering the lack of new agrochemicals with novel mechanisms of action, it is of particular interest to determine and precisely depict which types of INPs are able to induce antimicrobial activity with no phytotoxicity effects, and which microbe species are affected. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on the latest advances in research focusing on the study of several types of engineered INPs, that are well characterized (size, shape, composition, and surface features) and show promising reactivity against assorted species (bacteria, fungus, virus). Since effective strategies for plant protection and plant disease management are urgently needed, INPs can be an excellent alternative to chemical agrochemical agents as indicated by the present studies.
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A Novel Platform for Root Protection Applies New Root-Coating Technologies to Mitigate Soil-Borne Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030728. [PMID: 36992437 PMCID: PMC10051058 DOI: 10.3390/v15030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a soil-borne virus showing a low percentage of ca. 3% soil-mediated infection when the soil contains root debris from a previous 30–50 day growth cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. We designed stringent conditions of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection by increasing the length of the pre-growth cycle to 90–120 days, adding a ToBRFV inoculum as well as truncating seedling roots, which increased seedling susceptibility to ToBRFV infection. These rigorous conditions were employed to challenge the efficiency of four innovative root-coating technologies in mitigating soil-mediated ToBRFV infection while avoiding any phytotoxic effect. We tested four different formulations, which were prepared with or without the addition of various virus disinfectants. We found that under conditions of 100% soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of uncoated positive control plants, root-coating with formulations based on methylcellulose (MC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silica Pickering emulsion and super-absorbent polymer (SAP) that were prepared with the disinfectant chlorinated-trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP) showed low percentages of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of 0%, 4.3%, 5.5% and 0%, respectively. These formulations had no adverse effect on plant growth parameters when compared to negative control plants grown under non ToBRFV inoculation conditions.
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Nature-Inspired Surface Structures Design for Antimicrobial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021348. [PMID: 36674860 PMCID: PMC9865960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface contamination by microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria may simultaneously aggravate the biofouling of surfaces and infection of wounds and promote cross-species transmission and the rapid evolution of microbes in emerging diseases. In addition, natural surface structures with unique anti-biofouling properties may be used as guide templates for the development of functional antimicrobial surfaces. Further, these structure-related antimicrobial surfaces can be categorized into microbicidal and anti-biofouling surfaces. This review introduces the recent advances in the development of microbicidal and anti-biofouling surfaces inspired by natural structures and discusses the related antimicrobial mechanisms, surface topography design, material application, manufacturing techniques, and antimicrobial efficiencies.
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Alavi M, Kamarasu P, McClements DJ, Moore MD. Metal and metal oxide-based antiviral nanoparticles: Properties, mechanisms of action, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 306:102726. [PMID: 35785596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of metal-based nanoparticles are effective antiviral agents when used in their original form ("bare") or after their surfaces have been functionalized ("modified"), including those comprised of metals (e.g., silver) and metal oxides (e.g., zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, or iron dioxide). These nanoparticles can be prepared with different sizes, morphologies, surface chemistries, and charges, which leads to different antiviral activities. They can be used as aqueous dispersions or incorporated into composite materials, such as coatings or packaging materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the design, preparation, and characterization of metal-based nanoparticles. We then discuss their potential mechanisms of action against various kinds of viruses. Finally, the applications of some of the most common metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are discussed, including those fabricated from silver, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and titanium dioxide. In general, the major antiviral mechanisms of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been observed to be 1) attachment of nanoparticles to surface moieties of viral particles like spike glycoproteins, that disrupt viral attachment and uncoating in host cells; 2) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that denature viral macromolecules such as nucleic acids, capsid proteins, and/or lipid envelopes; and 3) inactivation of viral glycoproteins by the disruption of the disulfide bonds of viral proteins. Several physicochemical properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles including size, shape, zeta potential, stability in physiological conditions, surface modification, and porosity can all impact the antiviral efficacy of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Alavi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Pragathi Kamarasu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Chen P, Lang J, Zhou Y, Khlyustova A, Zhang Z, Ma X, Liu S, Cheng Y, Yang R. An imidazolium-based zwitterionic polymer for antiviral and antibacterial dual functional coatings. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl8812. [PMID: 35030022 PMCID: PMC8759736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the severe health risk and the huge economic impact associated with the fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2, an imidazolium-based zwitterionic polymer was designed, synthesized, and demonstrated to achieve contact deactivation of a human coronavirus under dry ambient conditions that resemble fomite transmission. The zwitterionic polymer further demonstrated excellent antifouling properties, reducing the adhesion of coronavirus and the formation of bacteria biofilms under wetted conditions. The polymer was synthesized using a substrate-independent and solvent-free process, leveraging an all-dry technique named initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). The broad applicability of this approach was demonstrated by applying the polymer to a range of substrates that are curved and/or with high-aspect-ratio nano/microporous structures, which remained intact after the coating process. The zwitterionic polymer and the synthesis approach reported here present an effective solution to mitigate viral transmission without the need for manual disinfection, reducing the health and economic impact of the ongoing pandemic.
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Romero-Morán A, Zavala-Franco A, Sánchez-Salas JL, Méndez-Rojas MÁ, Molina-Reyes J. Electrostatically charged rutile TiO2 surfaces with enhanced photocatalytic activity for bacteria inactivation. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Marqus S, Ahmed H, Rezk AR, Huynh T, Lawrie A, Nguyen D, Ehrnst Y, Dekiwadia C, Yeo LY. Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Phytotoxicity of Acoustically Synthesized Large Aspect Ratio Cu-BTC Metal-Organic Frameworks with Exposed Metal Sites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58309-58318. [PMID: 34855354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been shown to be effective antimicrobial agents, particularly if they comprise pathogenicidal metal ions. Nevertheless, the accessibility of these active metal sites to the pathogen, and hence the MOFs' antimicrobial activity itself, is often poor since the metal nodes are usually embedded deep within its three-dimensional (3D) structure. We show that a unique copper-based (copper(II)-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) MOF, whose quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) swordlike structure facilitates exposure of the metal ions along its surface, exhibits enhanced antimicrobial properties against three representative plant pathogens: a bacterium (Pseudomonas syringae), a fungus (Fusarium solani), and a virus (Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV)). Such superior antimicrobial activity results in low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)─half that of a commercial pesticide and an eighth of its conventional 3D cubic MOF counterpart (HKUST-1)─and hence low phytotoxicity, which can be attributed to the accessibility of the surface copper sites to the pathogen, thereby facilitating their adhesion and physical contact with the MOF. Additionally, we observed that orchids treated with the quasi-2D MOF showed negligible phytotoxicity and 80% decreased viral load. This work constitutes the first study to demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of this novel MOF against bacterial, fungal, and viral plant pathogens, and the first chemical control of ORSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marqus
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ann Lawrie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Dao Nguyen
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Yemima Ehrnst
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Barbhuiya NH, Singh SP, Makovitzki A, Narkhede P, Oren Z, Adar Y, Lupu E, Cherry L, Monash A, Arnusch CJ. Virus Inactivation in Water Using Laser-Induced Graphene Filters. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14. [PMID: 34207716 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.13489398.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the pathogenesis, detection, and prevention of viral infections has increased broadly in many fields of research over the past year. The development of water treatment technology to combat viral infection by inactivation or disinfection might play a key role in infection prevention in places where drinking water sources are biologically contaminated. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has antimicrobial and antifouling surface effects mainly because of its electrochemical properties and texture, and LIG-based water filters have been used for the inactivation of bacteria. However, the antiviral activity of LIG-based filters has not yet been explored. Here we show that LIG filters also have antiviral effects by applying electrical potential during filtration of the model prototypic poxvirus Vaccinia lister. This antiviral activity of the LIG filters was compared with its antibacterial activity, which showed that higher voltages were required for the inactivation of viruses compared to that of bacteria. The generation of reactive oxygen species, along with surface electrical effects, played a role in the mechanism of virus inactivation. This new property of LIG highlights its potential for use in water and wastewater treatment for the electrochemical disinfection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmul Haque Barbhuiya
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arik Makovitzki
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel
| | - Pradnya Narkhede
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
| | - Ziv Oren
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel
| | - Yaakov Adar
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel
| | - Edith Lupu
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel
| | - Lilach Cherry
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel
| | - Arik Monash
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
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Barbhuiya NH, Singh SP, Makovitzki A, Narkhede P, Oren Z, Adar Y, Lupu E, Cherry L, Monash A, Arnusch CJ. Virus Inactivation in Water Using Laser-Induced Graphene Filters. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3179. [PMID: 34207716 PMCID: PMC8226673 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the pathogenesis, detection, and prevention of viral infections has increased broadly in many fields of research over the past year. The development of water treatment technology to combat viral infection by inactivation or disinfection might play a key role in infection prevention in places where drinking water sources are biologically contaminated. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has antimicrobial and antifouling surface effects mainly because of its electrochemical properties and texture, and LIG-based water filters have been used for the inactivation of bacteria. However, the antiviral activity of LIG-based filters has not yet been explored. Here we show that LIG filters also have antiviral effects by applying electrical potential during filtration of the model prototypic poxvirus Vaccinia lister. This antiviral activity of the LIG filters was compared with its antibacterial activity, which showed that higher voltages were required for the inactivation of viruses compared to that of bacteria. The generation of reactive oxygen species, along with surface electrical effects, played a role in the mechanism of virus inactivation. This new property of LIG highlights its potential for use in water and wastewater treatment for the electrochemical disinfection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmul Haque Barbhuiya
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
| | - Swatantra P. Singh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arik Makovitzki
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel; (A.M.); (Z.O.); (Y.A.); (E.L.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Pradnya Narkhede
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel;
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
| | - Ziv Oren
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel; (A.M.); (Z.O.); (Y.A.); (E.L.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Yaakov Adar
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel; (A.M.); (Z.O.); (Y.A.); (E.L.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Edith Lupu
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel; (A.M.); (Z.O.); (Y.A.); (E.L.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Lilach Cherry
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel; (A.M.); (Z.O.); (Y.A.); (E.L.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Arik Monash
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Tiona 7410001, Israel; (A.M.); (Z.O.); (Y.A.); (E.L.); (L.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Christopher J. Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
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Mahanta U, Khandelwal M, Deshpande AS. Antimicrobial surfaces: a review of synthetic approaches, applicability and outlook. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:17915-17941. [PMID: 34393268 PMCID: PMC8354584 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rapid spread of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be extremely detrimental and can lead to seasonal epidemics or even pandemic situations. In addition, these microorganisms may bring about fouling of food and essential materials resulting in substantial economic losses. Typically, the microorganisms get transmitted by their attachment and growth on various household and high contact surfaces such as doors, switches, currency. To prevent the rapid spread of microorganisms, it is essential to understand the interaction between various microbes and surfaces which result in their attachment and growth. Such understanding is crucial in the development of antimicrobial surfaces. Here, we have reviewed different approaches to make antimicrobial surfaces and correlated surface properties with antimicrobial activities. This review concentrates on physical and chemical modification of the surfaces to modulate wettability, surface topography, and surface charge to inhibit microbial adhesion, growth, and proliferation. Based on these aspects, antimicrobial surfaces are classified into patterned surfaces, functionalized surfaces, superwettable surfaces, and smart surfaces. We have critically discussed the important findings from systems of developing antimicrobial surfaces along with the limitations of the current research and the gap that needs to be bridged before these approaches are put into practice. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbashi Mahanta
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Mudrika Khandelwal
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Atul Suresh Deshpande
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
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