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Kikuchi S, Sugama Y, Takada K, Kamihara Y, Wada A, Arihara Y, Nakamura H, Sato T. Simultaneous XIAP and cIAP1/2 inhibition by a dimeric SMAC mimetic AZD5582 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:30-36. [PMID: 38081681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins is associated with poor prognosis. In multiple myeloma (MM), the IAP inhibitors (IAPi), LCL161, have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings but are not fully effective. Among IAPs, XIAP has the strongest anti-apoptotic function with direct binding activity to caspases and cIAP1 and cIAP2 are positive regulator of NF-κB signaling. Prior IAPi such as LCL161 has high affinity to cIAP1 and cIAP2 resulting in inferior inhibiting activity against XIAP. A novel dimeric IAPi, AZD5582 (C58H78N8O8), have high binding potency to XIAP with EC50 dose of 15 nM, enabling to simultaneous inhibit XIAP and cIAP1/2. AZD5582 monotherapy showed cell growth inhibition for all MM cell lines, MM1S, RPMI8226, U266 and KMS-5 and induced apoptosis. AZD5582 further showed anti-proliferation effect under the IL-6 additional condition and inhibited JAK-STAT signaling triggered by IL-6. AZD5582 combined with carfilzomib therapy showed a synergistic effect. Enhanced apoptosis was also observed in combination therapy. Synergistic effect was further observed with other conventional therapeutics. Simultaneous XIAP and cIAP1/2 inhibition by the dimeric IAPi AZD5582 is promising. This study provides a rationale of AZD5582 as a new treatment strategy in monotherapy and in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kikuchi
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sugama
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Takada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamihara
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yohei Arihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
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Cui Y, Wang F, Fang B. Mitochondrial dysfunction and drug targets in multiple myeloma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:8007-8016. [PMID: 36928159 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological cancer that has no cure. Although currently there are several novel drugs, most MM patients experience drug resistance and disease relapse. The results of previous studies suggest that aberrant mitochondrial function may contribute to tumor progression and drug resistance. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and metabolic reprogramming have been reported in MM patients. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown encouraging results of mitochondria-targeting therapy in MM patients. In this review, we have summarized our current understanding of mitochondrial biology in MM. More importantly, we have reviewed mitochondrial targeting strategies in MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Cui
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127 of Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Fujue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421000, China
| | - Baijun Fang
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127 of Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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3
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Alipoor SD, Chang H. Exosomal miRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment of Multiple Myeloma. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071030. [PMID: 37048103 PMCID: PMC10092980 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells in the bone marrow and is characterized by the clonal proliferation of B-cells producing defective monoclonal immunoglobulins. Despite the latest developments in treatment, drug resistance remains one of the major challenges in the therapy of MM. The crosstalk between MM cells and other components within the bone marrow microenvironment (BME) is the major determinant of disease phenotypes. Exosomes have emerged as the critical drivers of this crosstalk by allowing the delivery of informational cargo comprising multiple components from miniature peptides to nucleic acids. Such material transfers have now been shown to perpetuate drug-resistance development and disease progression in MM. MicroRNAs(miRNAs) specifically play a crucial role in this communication considering their small size that allows them to be readily packed within the exosomes and widespread potency that impacts the developmental trajectory of the disease inside the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of exosomal miRNAs in the epigenetic modifications inside the TME and its pathogenic influence on the developmental phenotypes and prognosis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran P5X9+7F9, Iran
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Subcellular localization of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in cancer: does that matter? BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100050. [PMID: 37082602 PMCID: PMC10074912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) finely tunes the balance between survival and death to control homeostasis. XIAP is found aberrantly expressed in cancer, which has been shown to promote resistance to therapy-induced apoptosis and confer poor outcome. Despite its predominant cytoplasmic localization in human tissues, growing evidence implicates the expression of XIAP in other subcellular compartments in sustaining cancer hallmarks. Herein, we review our current knowledge on the prognostic role of XIAP localization and discuss molecular mechanisms underlying differential biological functions played in each compartment. The comprehension of XIAP subcellular shuttling and functional dynamics might provide the rationale for future anticancer therapeutics.
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Liao CL, Ma YS, Hsia TC, Chou YC, Lien JC, Peng SF, Kuo CL, Hsu FT. Tetrandrine Suppresses Human Brain Glioblastoma GBM 8401/ luc2 Cell-Xenografted Subcutaneous Tumors in Nude Mice In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237105. [PMID: 34885686 PMCID: PMC8659155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TET), a bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBI) alkaloid, is isolated from the plant Stephania tetrandra S. Moore and has a wide range of biological activity, including anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo. At first, we established a luciferase-expressing stable clone that was named GBM 8401/luc2 cells. Herein, the primary results indicated that TET reduced the total cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in GBM 8401/luc2 human glioblastoma cells. However, there is no available information showing that TET suppresses glioblastoma cells in vivo. Thus, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of TET on a GBM 8401/luc2 cell-generated tumor in vivo. After the tumor volume reached 100-120 mm3 in subcutaneously xenografted nude mice, all of the mice were randomly divided into three groups: Group I was treated with phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, Group II with 25 mg/kg of TET, and Group III with 50 mg/kg of TET. All mice were given the oral treatment of PBS or TET by gavage for 21 days, and the body weight and tumor volumes were recorded every 5 days. After treatment, individual tumors, kidneys, livers, and spleens were isolated from each group. The results showed that TET did not affect the body weights, but it significantly decreased the tumor volumes. The TET treatment at 50 mg/kg had a two-fold decrease in tumor volumes than that at 25 mg/kg when compared to the control. TET decreased the total photon flux, and treatment with TET at 50 mg/kg had a lower total photon flux than that at 25 mg/kg, as measured by a Xenogen IVIS imaging system. Moreover, the higher TET treatment had lower tumor volumes and weights than those of the lower dose. The apoptosis-associated protein expression in the tumor section was examined by immunohistochemical analysis, and the results showed that TET treatment reduced the levels of c-FLIP, MCL-1, and XIAP but increased the signals of cleaved-caspase-3, -8, and -9. Furthermore, the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining of kidney, liver, and spleen tissues showed no significant difference between the TET-treated and control groups. Overall, these observations demonstrated that TET suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth in a nude-mice model via the induction of cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40604, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.K.); (F.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5202) (C.-L.K.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2531) (F.-T.H.); Fax: +886-4-2205-3764 (C.-L.K. & F.-T.H.)
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.K.); (F.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5202) (C.-L.K.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2531) (F.-T.H.); Fax: +886-4-2205-3764 (C.-L.K. & F.-T.H.)
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Park C, Lee WS, Go SI, Jeong SH, Yoo J, Cha HJ, Lee YJ, Kim HS, Leem SH, Kim HJ, Kim GS, Hong SC, Choi YH. Apoptotic Effects of Anthocyanins from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Are Enhanced by Augmented Enhancer of the Rudimentary Homolog (ERH) in Human Gastric Carcinoma MKN28 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3030. [PMID: 33809701 PMCID: PMC8002340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that augmented expression of a certain gene can influence the efficacy of targeted and conventional chemotherapies. Here, we tested whether the high expression of enhancer of the rudimentary homolog (ERH), which serves as a prognostic factor in some cancers, can influence the efficacy of anthocyanins isolated from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, Meoru in Korea (AIMs) on human gastric cancer cells. The anticancer efficacy of AIMs was augmented in ERH-transfected MKN28 cells (E-MKN28 cells). Molecularly, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and -9. The ERH-augmented apoptotic effect was related to mitochondrial depolarization and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins, XIAP, and Bcl-2. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was augmented in AIMs-treated E-MKN28 cells compared to AIMs-treated naïve MKN28 cells. In conclusion, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent mitochondrial-related apoptosis in MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and subsequent excessive ROS generation would be the mechanism for ERH-augmented mitochondrial-related apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of XIAP would be another mechanism for ERH-augmented caspase-dependent apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Liberal Studies, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea;
| | - Se-Il Go
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Jeong
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (Y.-J.L.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Department of Microbiology/Research Institute of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Jinju 660-701, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Young-Joon Lee
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (Y.-J.L.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea;
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea;
| | - Soon-Chan Hong
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (Y.-J.L.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
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7
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Future Therapeutic Directions for Smac-Mimetics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020406. [PMID: 32053868 PMCID: PMC7072318 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that the ability of cancer cells to circumvent the cell death program that untransformed cells are subject to helps promote tumor growth. Strategies designed to reinstate the cell death program in cancer cells have therefore been investigated for decades. Overexpression of members of the Inhibitor of APoptosis (IAP) protein family is one possible mechanism hindering the death of cancer cells. To promote cell death, drugs that mimic natural IAP antagonists, such as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) were developed. Smac-Mimetics (SMs) have entered clinical trials for hematological and solid cancers, unfortunately with variable and limited results so far. This review explores the use of SMs for the treatment of cancer, their potential to synergize with up-coming treatments and, finally, discusses the challenges and optimism facing this strategy.
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Won HR, Lee DH, Yeon SK, Ryu HW, Kim GW, Kwon SH. HDAC6‑selective inhibitor synergistically enhances the anticancer activity of immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:499-512. [PMID: 31268156 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonselective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have therapeutic effects, but exhibit dose‑limiting toxicities in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The present study investigated the interaction between the HDAC6 inhibitor, A452, and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) on dexamethasone (Dex)‑sensitive and ‑resistant MM cells compared with the current clinically tested HDAC6 inhibitor, ACY‑1215. It was shown that the combination of the HDAC6‑selective inhibitor, A452, with either of the IMiDs tested (lenalidomide or pomalidomide) led to the synergistic inhibition of cell growth, a decrease in the viability of MM cells and in an increase in the levels of apoptosis. Furthermore, enhanced cell death was associated with the inactivation of AKT and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Of note, A452 in combination with IMiDs induced synergistic MM cytotoxicity without altering the expression of cereblon and thereby, the synergistic downregulation of IKAROS family zinc finger (IKZF)1/3, c‑Myc and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Furthermore, combined treatment with A452 and IMiDs induced the synergistic upregulation of PD‑L1. More importantly, this combination treatment was effective in the Dex‑resistant MM cells. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that A452 is more effective as an anticancer agent than ACY‑1215. Taken together, these findings suggest that a combination of the HDAC6‑selective inhibitor, A452, and IMiDs may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Won
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Yeon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Woon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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Li Z, Wong KY, Calin GA, Chng WJ, Chan GCF, Chim CS. Epigenetic silencing of miR-340-5p in multiple myeloma: mechanisms and prognostic impact. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:71. [PMID: 31064412 PMCID: PMC6505104 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miR-340-5p, localized to 5q35, is a tumor suppressor miRNA implicated in multiple cancers. As a CpG island is present at the putative promoter region of its host gene, RNF130, we hypothesized that the intronic miR-340-5p is a tumor suppressor miRNA epigenetically silenced by promoter DNA methylation of its host gene in multiple myeloma. Results By pyrosequencing-confirmed methylation-specific PCR, RNF130/miR-340 was methylated in 8/15 (53.3%) myeloma cell lines but not normal plasma cells. Methylation correlated inversely with the expression of both miR-340-5p and RNF130. In completely methylated WL-2 and RPMI-8226R cells, 5-AzadC treatment led to demethylation and re-expression of miR-340-5p. In primary samples, RNF130/miR-340 methylation was detected in 4 (22.2%) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, 15 (23.8%) diagnostic myeloma, and 7 (23.3%) relapsed myeloma. RNF130/miR-340 methylation at diagnosis was associated with inferior overall survival (median 27 vs. 68 months; P = 3.944E−5). In WL-2 cells, overexpression of miR-340-5p resulted in reduced cellular proliferation [MTS, P = 0.002; verified in KMS-12-PE (P = 0.002) and RPMI-8226R (P = 2.623E−05) cells], increased cell death (trypan blue, P = 0.005), and enhanced apoptosis by annexin V-PI staining. Moreover, by qRT-PCR, overexpression of miR-340-5p led to repression of both known targets (CCND1 and NRAS) and bioinformatically predicted targets in MAPK signaling (MEKK1, MEKK2, and MEKKK3) and apoptosis (MDM4 and XIAP), hence downregulation of phospho-ERK1/2 and XIAP by Western blot. Furthermore, by qRT-PCR, in CD138-sorted primary samples (n = 37), miR-340-5p and XIAP were inversely correlated (P = 0.002). By luciferase assay, XIAP was confirmed as a direct target of miR-340-5p via targeting of the distal but not proximal seed region binding site. Conclusions Collectively, tumor-specific methylation-mediated silencing of miR-340-5p is likely an early event in myelomagenesis with adverse survival impact, via targeting multiple oncogenes in MAPK signaling and apoptosis, thereby a tumor suppressive miRNA in myeloma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0669-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Li
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Yeung Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chor Sang Chim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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10
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Prabhu VV, Talekar MK, Lulla AR, Kline CLB, Zhou L, Hall J, Van den Heuvel APJ, Dicker DT, Babar J, Grupp SA, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Benes CH, Pu JJ, Claxton DF, Khan N, Oster W, Allen JE, El-Deiry WS. Single agent and synergistic combinatorial efficacy of first-in-class small molecule imipridone ONC201 in hematological malignancies. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:468-478. [PMID: 29157092 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1403689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ONC201, founding member of the imipridone class of small molecules, is currently being evaluated in advancer cancer clinical trials. We explored single agent and combinatorial efficacy of ONC201 in preclinical models of hematological malignancies. ONC201 demonstrated (GI50 1-8 µM) dose- and time-dependent efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Burkitt's lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (nodular sclerosis) and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines including cells resistant to standard of care (dexamethasone in MM) and primary samples. ONC201 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis that involved activation of the integrated stress response (ATF4/CHOP) pathway, inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, Foxo3a activation, downregulation of cyclin D1, IAP and Bcl-2 family members. ONC201 synergistically reduced cell viability in combination with cytarabine and 5-azacytidine in AML cells. ONC201 combined with cytarabine in a Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft model induced tumor growth inhibition that was superior to either agent alone. ONC201 synergistically combined with bortezomib in MM, MCL and ALCL cells and with ixazomib or dexamethasone in MM cells. ONC201 combined with bortezomib in a Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft model reduced tumor cell density and improved CHOP induction compared to either agent alone. These results serve as a rationale for ONC201 single-agent trials in relapsed/refractory acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, MM and combination trial with dexamethasone in MM, provide pharmacodynamic biomarkers and identify further synergistic combinatorial regimens that can be explored in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mala K Talekar
- b The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- c Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Junior Hall
- b The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | | | - Jawad Babar
- c Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- b The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | | | - Cyril H Benes
- f Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA
| | | | | | - Nadia Khan
- c Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA
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11
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Ramakrishnan V, Gomez M, Prasad V, Kimlinger T, Painuly U, Mukhopadhyay B, Haug J, Bi L, Rajkumar SV, Kumar S. Smac mimetic LCL161 overcomes protective ER stress induced by obatoclax, synergistically causing cell death in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56253-56265. [PMID: 27494845 PMCID: PMC5302912 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl2 and IAP families are anti-apoptotic proteins deregulated in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Pharmacological inhibition of each of these families has shown significant activity only in subgroups of MM patients. Here, we have examined a broad-spectrum Bcl2 family inhibitor Obatoclax (OBX) in combination with a Smac mimetic LCL161 in MM cell lines and patient cells. LCL161/OBX combination induced synergistic cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative effects on a broad range of human MM cell lines. The cytotoxicity was mediated through inhibition of the IAPs, activation of caspases and up regulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bim, Puma and Noxa by the drug combination. In addition, we observed that OBX caused ER stress and activated the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) leading to drug resistance. LCL161, however inhibited spliced Xbp-1, a pro-survival factor. In addition, we observed that OBX increased GRP78 localization to the cell surface, which then induced PI3K dependent Akt activation and resistance to cell death. LCL161 was able to block OBX induced Akt activation contributing to synergistic cell death. Our results support clinical evaluation of this combination strategy in relapsed refractory MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Gomez
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vivek Prasad
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Utkarsh Painuly
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,4th Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jessica Haug
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lintao Bi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,The Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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12
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Hideshima T, Qi J, Paranal RM, Tang W, Greenberg E, West N, Colling ME, Estiu G, Mazitschek R, Perry JA, Ohguchi H, Cottini F, Mimura N, Görgün G, Tai YT, Richardson PG, Carrasco RD, Wiest O, Schreiber SL, Anderson KC, Bradner JE. Discovery of selective small-molecule HDAC6 inhibitor for overcoming proteasome inhibitor resistance in multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13162-13167. [PMID: 27799547 PMCID: PMC5135369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608067113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) has proven clinically susceptible to modulation of pathways of protein homeostasis. Blockade of proteasomal degradation of polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) achieves responses and prolongs survival in MM, but long-term treatment with BTZ leads to drug-resistant relapse in most patients. In a proof-of-concept study, we previously demonstrated that blocking aggresomal breakdown of polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins with the histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor tubacin enhances BTZ-induced cytotoxicity in MM cells in vitro. However, these foundational studies were limited by the pharmacologic liabilities of tubacin as a chemical probe with only in vitro utility. Emerging from a focused library synthesis, a potent, selective, and bioavailable HDAC6 inhibitor, WT161, was created to study the mechanism of action of HDAC6 inhibition in MM alone and in combination with BTZ. WT161 in combination with BTZ triggers significant accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and cell stress, followed by caspase activation and apoptosis. More importantly, this combination treatment was effective in BTZ-resistant cells and in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells, which have been shown to mediate MM cell drug resistance. The activity of WT161 was confirmed in our human MM cell xenograft mouse model and established the framework for clinical trials of the combination treatment to improve patient outcomes in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ronald M Paranal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Edward Greenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Nathan West
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Meaghan E Colling
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Guillermina Estiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02142
| | - Jennifer A Perry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hiroto Ohguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Francesca Cottini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Güllü Görgün
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
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13
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A dominant-negative F-box deleted mutant of E3 ubiquitin ligase, β-TrCP1/FWD1, markedly reduces myeloma cell growth and survival in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21589-602. [PMID: 26009993 PMCID: PMC4673288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of multiple myeloma with bortezomib can result in severe adverse effects, necessitating the development of targeted inhibitors of the proteasome. We show that stable expression of a dominant-negative F-box deleted (ΔF) mutant of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, SCFβ-TrCP/FWD1, in murine 5TGM1 myeloma cells dramatically attenuated their skeletal engraftment and survival when inoculated into immunocompetent C57BL/KaLwRij mice. Similar results were obtained in immunodeficient bg-nu-xid mice, suggesting that the observed effects were independent of host recipient immune status. Bone marrow stroma offered no protection for 5TGM1-ΔF cells in cocultures treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), indicating a cell-autonomous anti-myeloma effect. Levels of p100, IκBα, Mcl-1, ATF4, total and cleaved caspase-3, and phospho-β-catenin were elevated in 5TGM1-ΔF cells whereas cIAP was down-regulated. TNF also activated caspase-3 and downregulated Bcl-2, correlating with the enhanced susceptibility of 5TGM1-ΔF cells to apoptosis. Treatment of 5TGM1 tumor-bearing mice with a β-TrCP1/FWD1 inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), significantly reduced tumor burden in bone. PDTC also increased levels of cleaved Mcl-1 and caspase-3 in U266 human myeloma cells, correlating with our murine data and validating the development of specific β-TrCP inhibitors as an alternative therapy to nonspecific proteasome inhibitors for myeloma patients.
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14
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Walters B, Thompson SR. Cap-Independent Translational Control of Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2016; 6:128. [PMID: 27252909 PMCID: PMC4879784 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational regulation has been shown to play an important role in cancer and tumor progression. Despite this fact, the role of translational control in cancer is an understudied and under appreciated field, most likely due to the technological hurdles and paucity of methods available to establish that changes in protein levels are due to translational regulation. Tumors are subjected to many adverse stress conditions such as hypoxia or starvation. Under stress conditions, translation is globally downregulated through several different pathways in order to conserve energy and nutrients. Many of the proteins that are synthesized during stress in order to cope with the stress use a non-canonical or cap-independent mechanism of initiation. Tumor cells have utilized these alternative mechanisms of translation initiation to promote survival during tumor progression. This review will specifically discuss the role of cap-independent translation initiation, which relies on an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to recruit the ribosomal subunits internally to the messenger RNA. We will provide an overview of the role of IRES-mediated translation in cancer by discussing the types of genes that use IRESs and the conditions under which these mechanisms of initiation are used. We will specifically focus on three well-studied examples: Apaf-1, p53, and c-Jun, where IRES-mediated translation has been demonstrated to play an important role in tumorigenesis or tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Walters
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Sunnie R Thompson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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15
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Takeda T, Tsubaki M, Kino T, Kawamura A, Isoyama S, Itoh T, Imano M, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Matsuda H, Satou T, Nishida S. Mangiferin enhances the sensitivity of human multiple myeloma cells to anticancer drugs through suppression of the nuclear factor κB pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2704-12. [PMID: 27035859 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable hematological malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of ~35%, despite the use of various treatment options. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MM. Thus, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway is a potential target for the treatment of MM. In a previous study, we showed that mangiferin suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. However, the treatment of MM involves a combination of two or three drugs. In this study, we examined the effect of the combination of mangiferin and conventional anticancer drugs in an MM cell line. We showed that the combination of mangiferin and an anticancer drug decreased the viability of MM cell lines in comparison with each drug used separately. The decrease in the combination of mangiferin and an anticancer drug induced cell viability was attributed to increase the expression of p53 and Noxa and decreases the expression of XIAP, survivin, and Bcl-xL proteins via inhibition of NF-κB pathway. In addition, the combination treatment caused the induction of apoptosis, activation of caspase-3 and the accumulation of the cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Our findings suggest that the combination of mangiferin and an anticancer drug could be used as a new regime for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kino
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawamura
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Isoyama
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Itoh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsuda
- Department of Natural Drugs Resources, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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16
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Takeda T, Tsubaki M, Kino T, Yamagishi M, Iida M, Itoh T, Imano M, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Satou T, Nishida S. Mangiferin induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cell lines by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor kappa B-inducing kinase. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 251:26-33. [PMID: 26996543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mangiferin is a naturally occurring glucosyl xanthone, which induces apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying mangiferin-induced apoptosis has not been clarified thus far. Therefore, we examined the molecular mechanism underlying mangiferin-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. We found that mangiferin decreased the viability of MM cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. We also observed an increased number of apoptotic cells, caspase-3 activation, and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, mangiferin inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and expression of phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B (IκB) and increased the expression of IκB protein, whereas no changes were observed in the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The molecular mechanism responsible for mangiferin-induced inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB was a decrease in the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). Moreover, mangiferin decreased the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin, and Bcl-xL proteins. Knockdown of NIK expression showed results similar to those observed with mangiferin treatment. Our results suggest that mangiferin induces apoptosis through the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB by suppressing NIK activation in MM cell lines. Our results provide a new insight into the molecular mechanism of mangiferin-induced apoptosis. Importantly, since the number of reported NIK inhibitors is limited, mangiferin, which targets NIK, may be a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kino
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Misa Yamagishi
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Iida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Itoh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Nara, Japan
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan.
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17
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Bartee MY, Dunlap KM, Bartee E. Myxoma Virus Induces Ligand Independent Extrinsic Apoptosis in Human Myeloma Cells. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 16:203-12. [PMID: 26803534 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma is a clonal malignancy of plasma B cells. Although recent advances have improved overall prognosis, virtually all myeloma patients still succumb to relapsing disease. Therefore, novel therapies to treat this disease remain urgently needed. We have recently shown that treatment of human multiple myeloma cells with an oncolytic virus known as myxoma results in rapid cell death even in the absence of viral replication; however, the specific mechanisms and pathways involved remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine how myxoma virus eliminates human multiple myeloma cells, we queried the apoptotic pathways that were activated after viral infection using immunoblot analysis and other cell biology approaches. RESULTS Our results indicate that myxoma virus infection initiates apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through activation of the extrinsic initiator caspase-8. Caspase-8 activation subsequently results in cleavage of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential causing secondary activation of caspase-9. Activation of caspase-8 appears to be independent of extrinsic death ligands and instead correlates with depletion of cellular inhibitors of apoptosis. We hypothesize that this depletion results from virally mediated host-protein shutoff because a myxoma construct that overexpresses the viral decapping enzymes displays improved oncolytic potential. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that myxoma virus eliminates human multiple myeloma cells through a pathway unique to oncolytic poxviruses, making it an excellent therapeutic option for the treatment of relapsed or refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Y Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Katherine M Dunlap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
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Rational combination treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e312. [PMID: 25978432 PMCID: PMC4476017 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide (Len) and pomalidomide trigger anti-tumor activities in multiple myeloma (MM) by targetting cereblon and thereby impacting IZF1/3, c-Myc and IRF4. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) also downregulate c-Myc. We therefore determined whether IMiDs with HDACi trigger significant MM cell growth inhibition by inhibiting or downregulating c-Myc. Combination treatment of Len with non-selective HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid or class-I HDAC-selective inhibitor MS275 induces synergic cytotoxicity, associated with downregulation of c-Myc. Unexpectedly, we observed that decreased levels of cereblon (CRBN), a primary target protein of IMiDs, was triggered by these agents. Indeed, sequential treatment of MM cells with MS275 followed by Len shows less efficacy than simultaneous treatment with this combination. Importantly ACY1215, an HDAC6 inhibitor with minimal effects on class-I HDACs, together with Len induces synergistic MM cytotoxicity without alteration of CRBN expression. Our results showed that only modest class-I HDAC inhibition is able to induce synergistic MM cytotoxicity in combination with Len. These studies may provide the framework for utilizing HDACi in combination with Len to both avoid CRBN downregulation and enhance anti-MM activities.
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Leprivier G, Rotblat B, Khan D, Jan E, Sorensen PH. Stress-mediated translational control in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:845-60. [PMID: 25464034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells are continually subjected to diverse stress conditions of the tumor microenvironment, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and oxidative or genotoxic stress. Tumor cells must evolve adaptive mechanisms to survive these conditions to ultimately drive tumor progression. Tight control of mRNA translation is critical for this response and the adaptation of tumor cells to such stress forms. This proceeds though a translational reprogramming process which restrains overall translation activity to preserve energy and nutrients, but which also stimulates the selective synthesis of major stress adaptor proteins. Here we present the different regulatory signaling pathways which coordinate mRNA translation in the response to different stress forms, including those regulating eIF2α, mTORC1 and eEF2K, and we explain how tumor cells hijack these pathways for survival under stress. Finally, mechanisms for selective mRNA translation under stress, including the utilization of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) are discussed in the context of cell stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translation and Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leprivier
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L4, Canada; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Debjit Khan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L4, Canada; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L4, Canada; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2014; 28:1519-28. [PMID: 24402161 PMCID: PMC4090267 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins plays a critical role in the control of apoptotic machinery, and has been explored as a therapeutic target. Here, we have examined the functional importance of IAPs in multiple myeloma (MM) by using a Smac-mimetic LCL161. We observed that LCL161 was able to potently induce apoptosis in some MM cell lines but not in others. Examining the levels of XIAP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 post LCL161 treatment indicated clear down regulation of both XIAP activity and cIAP1 levels in both the sensitive and less sensitive (resistant) cell lines. cIAP2, however, was not down regulated in the cell line resistant to the drug. siRNA mediated silencing of cIAP2 significantly enhanced the effect of LCL161 indicating the importance of down regulating all IAPs simultaneously for induction of apopotsis in MM cells. LCL161 induced marked up regulation of the Jak2/Stat3 pathway in the resistant MM cell lines. Combining LCL161 with a Jak2 specific inhibitor resulted in synergistic cell death in MM cell lines and patient cells. In addition, combining LCL161 with death inducing ligands clearly showed that LCL161 sensitized MM cells to both FAS-L and TRAIL.
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21
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Liu G, Wang R, Wang Y, Li P, Zhao G, Zhao L, Jing Y. Ethacrynic Acid Oxadiazole Analogs Induce Apoptosis in Malignant Hematologic Cells through Downregulation of Mcl-1 and c-FLIP, Which Was Attenuated by GSTP1-1. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Hideshima T, Anderson KC. Biologic impact of proteasome inhibition in multiple myeloma cells--from the aspects of preclinical studies. Semin Hematol 2013; 49:223-7. [PMID: 22726545 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is a major protein degradation system that maintains homeostasis of intracellular proteins, involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and drug resistance. Since numerous proteins are processed by proteasomes, their inhibition triggers dramatic disruption of protein homeostasis. Consequently, accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins triggers different types of cellular stress responses, followed by growth arrest and cytotoxicity. Importantly, multiple myeloma (MM) cells are considered to have lower threshold against these stresses than other cell types, which makes these cells sensitive to proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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23
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Abroun S, Saki N, Fakher R, Asghari F. Biology and bioinformatics of myeloma cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:30-41. [PMID: 23253865 DOI: 10.1532/lh96.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder that occurs in about 10% of all hematologic cancers. The majority of patients (99%) are over 50 years of age when diagnosed. In the bone marrow (BM), stromal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of blood cells. Therefore any destruction or/and changes within the BM undesirably impacts a wide range of hematopoiesis, causing diseases and influencing patient survival. In order to establish an effective therapeutic strategy, recognition of the biology and evaluation of bioinformatics models for myeloma cells are necessary to assist in determining suitable methods to cure or prevent disease complications in patients. This review presents the evaluation of molecular and cellular aspects of MM such as genetic translocation, genetic analysis, cell surface marker, transcription factors, and chemokine signaling pathways. It also briefly reviews some of the mechanisms involved in MM in order to develop a better understanding for use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Morin inhibits STAT3 tyrosine 705 phosphorylation in tumor cells through activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:898-912. [PMID: 23279849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The major goal of cancer drug discovery is to find an agent that is safe and affordable, yet effective against cancer. Here we show that morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) has potential against cancer cells through suppression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, which is closely linked to the transformation, survival, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer. We found that morin completely suppressed inducible and constitutively activated STAT3 and blocked the nuclear translocation of STAT3 and its DNA binding in multiple myeloma and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Morin inhibited activated Src, JAK-1, and JAK-2, all of which are linked to STAT3 activation, while up-regulating a protein inhibitor of activated STAT3, PIAS3. Pervanadate reversed the effects of morin on STAT3 phosphorylation, indicating the role of a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Furthermore, morin induced SHP1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and silencing of SHP1 abrogated the effect of morin on STAT3 phosphorylation, indicating that morin mediates its effects on STAT3 through SHP1. Suppression of STAT3 correlated with the down-regulation of various gene products linked to tumor survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis and led to sensitization of tumor cells to thalidomide and bortezomib. Comparing the activities of morin with those of four structurally related flavonols demonstrated the importance of hydroxyl groups in the B ring in inhibiting STAT3 activation. These findings suggest that morin suppresses the STAT3 pathway, leading to the down-regulation of STAT3-dependent gene expression and chemosensitization of tumor cells.
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Cao B, Mao X. The ubiquitin-proteasomal system is critical for multiple myeloma: implications in drug discovery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2011; 1:46-56. [PMID: 22432065 PMCID: PMC3301411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib is a specific inhibitor of proteasomes, the most important protease complexes in protein degradation. Bortezomib can induce apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells, including leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, breast cancers, prostate cancers, lung cancers, and so on. However, extensive studies and overall evaluation suggested that multiple myeloma is the most sensitive and the best responsive disease which was later approved by Food and Drug Administration for bortezomib treatment. Because proteasomes are an essential component in the ubiquitin-proteasomal protein degradation pathway, the discovery of bortezomib implicates that the UPS is critical for myeloma pathophysiology. The UPS also contains ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), ubiquitin ligases (E3) and deubiquitinases (Dubs). In this review, we examined and analyzed the recent advancements of the UPS components in multiple myeloma and its implications in drug discovery for myeloma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyin Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University Suzhou, China
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Abstract
NFkB transcription factors play a key role in the survival and proliferation of many kinds of B-cell tumors, including multiple myeloma (MM). It was shown that NFkB activation in MM tumors results mainly from extrinsic signaling by APRIL and BAFF ligands that stimulate receptors on normal plasma cells as well as on pre-malignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and MM tumors. However, the mutations that occur during MM progression and that constitutively activate NFkB would be expected to decrease dependence of tumor cells on the bone marrow microenvironment. These mutations can activate the classical or alternative NFkB pathways selectively, but usually both pathways are activated in MM. Significantly, activation of either NFkB pathway leads to a similar response of MM cell lines. This frequent activation of the alternative pathway distinguishes MM from other B-cell tumors, which more frequently have mutations that are predicted to activate only the classical NFkB pathway. Given the strong dependence of MGUS and MM tumors on NFkB pathway activation, inhibition by a combination of targeting extrinsic signaling plus both NFkB pathways appears to be an attractive therapeutic approach in MM tumors.
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Morgenroth A, Dinger C, Zlatopolskiy BD, Al-Momani E, Glatting G, Mottaghy FM, Reske SN. Auger electron emitter against multiple myeloma--targeted endo-radio-therapy with 125I-labeled thymidine analogue 5-iodo-4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:1067-77. [PMID: 21982576 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by accumulation of malignant, terminally differentiated B cells in the bone marrow. Despite advances in therapy, MM remains an incurable disease. Novel therapeutic approaches are, therefore, urgently needed. Auger electron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals are attractive for targeted nano-irradiation therapy, given that DNA of malignant cells is selectively addressed. Here we evaluated the antimyeloma potential of the Auger electron-emitting thymidine analogue (125)I-labeled 5-iodo-4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine ([(125)I]ITdU). METHODS Cellular uptake and DNA incorporation of [(125)I]ITdU were determined in fluorodeoxyuridine-pretreated KMS12BM, U266, dexamethasone-sensitive MM1.S and -resistant MM1.R cell lines. The effect of stimulation with interleukin 6 (IL6) or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) on the intracellular incorporation of [(125)I]ITdU was investigated in cytokine-sensitive MM1.S and MM1.R cell lines. Apoptotic cells were identified using Annexin V. Cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP was visualized by Western blot. DNA fragmentation was investigated using laddering assay. Therapeutic efficiency of [(125)I]ITdU was proven by clonogenic assay. RESULTS [(125)I]ITdU was shown to be efficiently incorporated into DNA of malignant cells, providing a promising mechanism for delivering highly toxic Auger radiation emitters into tumor DNA. [(125)I]ITdU had a potent antimyeloma effect in cell lines representing distinct disease stages and, importantly, in cell lines sensitive or resistant to the conventional therapeutic agent, but was not toxic for normal plasma and bone marrow stromal cells. Furthermore, [(125)I]ITdU abrogated the protective actions of IL6 and IGF1 on MM cells. [(125)I]ITdU induced massive damage in the DNA of malignant plasma cells, which resulted in efficient inhibition of clonogenic growth. CONCLUSION These studies may provide a novel treatment strategy for overcoming resistance to conventional therapy in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Morgenroth
- Nuclear Medicine Clinic, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abeltino M, Bonomini S, Bolzoni M, Storti P, Colla S, Todoerti K, Agnelli L, Neri A, Rizzoli V, Giuliani N. The proapoptotic effect of zoledronic acid is independent of either the bone microenvironment or the intrinsic resistance to bortezomib of myeloma cells and is enhanced by the combination with arsenic trioxide. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hörnle M, Peters N, Thayaparasingham B, Vörsmann H, Kashkar H, Kulms D. Caspase-3 cleaves XIAP in a positive feedback loop to sensitize melanoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2010; 30:575-87. [PMID: 20856198 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of melanoma is still challenging, because metastasis remain chemoresistant and radioresistant. Accordingly, combinational treatments involving death ligands are mandatory. In a recent study from our lab, the majority out of 18 melanoma cell lines remained resistant against treatment with the death ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand). Resistance was shown to be mainly due to incomplete processing of caspase-3 into catalytically inactive p21 by binding of the anti-apoptotic protein X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Co-irradiation with sub-lethal ultraviolet (UV) B caused depletion of XIAP resulting in synergistic sensitization of all but two melanoma cell lines to TRAIL. We show here the XIAP depletion to essentially require initial caspase-mediated cleavage, which promotes proteasomal degradation of XIAP. Utilizing specific caspase inhibitors and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown, we further identified caspase-3 to be responsible for performing the initial cleavage of XIAP after UVB treatment. Additional evidence suggests an accelerated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization in response to co-treatment with TRAIL and UVB, which directs the release of XIAP antagonizing factors including Smac. Distraction of XIAP consequently liberates caspase-3 to autocatalytically process into active p17. Activated caspase-3 cleaves XIAP and further enhances its activation in a positive regulatory feedback loop. The molecular mechanism discovered here appears to have broader implications, because cleavage of XIAP was also shown to accompany cisplatin-induced sensitization of melanoma cells to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hörnle
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Hundsdoerfer P, Dietrich I, Schmelz K, Eckert C, Henze G. XIAP expression is post-transcriptionally upregulated in childhood ALL and is associated with glucocorticoid response in T-cell ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:260-6. [PMID: 20582956 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to glucocorticoid induced apoptosis is one of the major risk factors for relapse and poor outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Overexpression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) has been shown to be associated with chemotherapy resistance in several malignancies. PROCEDURE XIAP protein and mRNA expression were determined in leukemic blasts of 51 childhood ALL patients and normal bone marrow mononuclear cells. XIAP expression was correlated with glucocorticoid response and outcome. RESULTS XIAP protein but not mRNA expression was found to be highly increased in childhood ALL compared to control bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNC) (median: 3.5 vs. 0.14 ng/10(5) MNC, P < 0.0001) indicating a post-transcriptional regulation of XIAP expression. In patients with T-cell ALL, poor prednisone response was associated with increased XIAP expression (median: 2.8 in good vs. 5.8 in poor responders; P = 0.005). Similarly, T-cell ALL patients suffering adverse events showed higher initial XIAP levels than patients in continuous complete remission (CCR) (median: 2.7 in patients in CCR vs. 5.6 in patients suffering adverse events; P = 0.007). XIAP inhibition using the low-molecular-weight SMAC mimetic LBW242 resulted in a significant increase of prednisone-induced apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSION In childhood ALL compared to control bone marrow, the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor XIAP is highly increased by post-transcriptional regulation. The association with poor in vivo glucocorticoid response and outcome in T-cell ALL suggests XIAP inhibition as a promising novel approach for the treatment of resistant ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hundsdoerfer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in defining a new understanding of the role of mRNA translation and protein synthesis in human cancer. Translational control is a crucial component of cancer development and progression, directing both global control of protein synthesis and selective translation of specific mRNAs that promote tumour cell survival, angiogenesis, transformation, invasion and metastasis. Translational control of cancer is multifaceted, involving alterations in translation factor levels and activities unique to different types of cancers, disease stages and the tumour microenvironment. Several clinical efforts are underway to target specific components of the translation apparatus or unique mRNA translation elements for cancer therapeutics.
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Sensintaffar J, Scott FL, Peach R, Hager JH. XIAP is not required for human tumor cell survival in the absence of an exogenous death signal. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:11. [PMID: 20067634 PMCID: PMC2827368 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) has attracted much attention as a cancer drug target. It is the only member of the IAP family that can directly inhibit caspase activity in vitro, and it can regulate apoptosis and other biological processes through its C-terminal E3 ubiquitin ligase RING domain. However, there is controversy regarding XIAP's role in regulating tumor cell proliferation and survival under normal growth conditions in vitro. METHODS We utilized siRNA to systematically knock down XIAP in ten human tumor cell lines and then monitored both XIAP protein levels and cell viability over time. To examine the role of XIAP in the intrinsic versus extrinsic cell death pathways, we compared the viability of XIAP depleted cells treated either with a variety of mechanistically distinct, intrinsic pathway inducing agents, or the canonical inducer of the extrinsic pathway, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). RESULTS XIAP knockdown had no effect on the viability of six cell lines, whereas the effect in the other four was modest and transient. XIAP knockdown only sensitized tumor cells to TRAIL and not the mitochondrial pathway inducing agents. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that XIAP has a more central role in regulating death receptor mediated apoptosis than it does the intrinsic pathway mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sensintaffar
- Aragon Pharmaceuticals, 4215 Sorrento Valley Blvd, Suite 215 San Diego CA 92121, USA.
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Cuesta R, Gupta M, Schneider RJ. The regulation of protein synthesis in cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 90:255-92. [PMID: 20374744 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)90007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Translational control of cancer is a multifaceted process, involving alterations in translation factor levels and activities that are unique to the different types of cancers and the different stages of disease. Translational alterations in cancer include adaptations of the tumor itself, of the tumor microenvironment, an integral component in disease, and adaptations that occur as cancer progresses from development to local disease and ultimately to metastatic disease. Adaptations include the overexpression and increased activity of specific translation factors, the physical or functional loss of translation regulatory components, increased production of ribosomes, selective mRNA translation, and alteration of signal transduction pathways to permit unfettered activation of protein synthesis. There is intense clinical interest to capitalize on the emerging new understanding of translational control in cancer by targeting specific components of the translation apparatus that are altered in disease for the development of specific cancer therapeutics. Clinical trial data are nascent but encouraging, suggesting that translational control constitutes an important new area for drug development in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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