1
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Tyrna P, Procyk G, Szeleszczuk Ł, Młynarczuk-Biały I. Different Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Proteasome Inhibitors-A Summary 20 Years after Their Introduction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8949. [PMID: 39201634 PMCID: PMC11354503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib, are the first-line treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). They inhibit cytosolic protein degradation in cells, which leads to the accumulation of misfolded and malfunctioned proteins in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in cell death. Despite being a breakthrough in MM therapy, malignant cells develop resistance to PIs via different mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms drives research toward new anticancer agents to overcome PI resistance. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of action of PIs and how MM cells adapt to these drugs to develop resistance. Finally, we explore these mechanisms to present strategies to interfere with PI resistance. The strategies include new inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, drug efflux inhibitors, autophagy disruption, targeting stress response mechanisms, affecting survival and cell cycle regulators, bone marrow microenvironment modulation, and immunotherapy. We list potential pharmacological targets examined in in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Some of these strategies have already provided clinicians with new anti-MM medications, such as panobinostat and selinexor. We hope that further exploration of the subject will broaden the range of therapeutic options and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Tyrna
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Procyk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Młynarczuk-Biały
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Anderson GSF, Chapman MA. T cell-redirecting therapies in hematological malignancies: Current developments and novel strategies for improved targeting. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00482-9. [PMID: 39095991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell-redirecting therapies (TCRTs), such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (TCR) T cells and T cell engagers, have emerged as a highly effective treatment modality, particularly in the B and plasma cell-malignancy setting. However, many patients fail to achieve deep and durable responses; while the lack of truly unique tumor antigens, and concurrent on-target/off-tumor toxicities, have hindered the development of TCRTs for many other cancers. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in TCRT targets for hematological malignancies, as well as novel targeting strategies that aim to address these, and other, challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Chapman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Universities Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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3
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Revert-Ros F, Ventura I, Prieto-Ruiz JA, Hernández-Andreu JM, Revert F. The Versatility of Collagen in Pharmacology: Targeting Collagen, Targeting with Collagen. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6523. [PMID: 38928229 PMCID: PMC11203716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Collagen, a versatile family of proteins with 28 members and 44 genes, is pivotal in maintaining tissue integrity and function. It plays a crucial role in physiological processes like wound healing, hemostasis, and pathological conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. Collagen is a target in these processes. Direct methods for collagen modulation include enzymatic breakdown and molecular binding approaches. For instance, Clostridium histolyticum collagenase is effective in treating localized fibrosis. Polypeptides like collagen-binding domains offer promising avenues for tumor-specific immunotherapy and drug delivery. Indirect targeting of collagen involves regulating cellular processes essential for its synthesis and maturation, such as translation regulation and microRNA activity. Enzymes involved in collagen modification, such as prolyl-hydroxylases or lysyl-oxidases, are also indirect therapeutic targets. From another perspective, collagen is also a natural source of drugs. Enzymatic degradation of collagen generates bioactive fragments known as matrikines and matricryptins, which exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. Overall, collagen-derived peptides present significant therapeutic potential beyond tissue repair, offering various strategies for treating fibrosis, cancer, and genetic disorders. Continued research into specific collagen targeting and the application of collagen and its derivatives may lead to the development of novel treatments for a range of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Revert
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine Research Group, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-R.); (I.V.); (J.A.P.-R.); (J.M.H.-A.)
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4
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Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. The role of B-1 cells in cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363176. [PMID: 38629061 PMCID: PMC11019000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, in addition to the well-established role of T cells in controlling or promoting tumor growth, a new wave of research has demonstrated the active involvement of B cells in tumor immunity. B-cell subsets with distinct phenotypes and functions play various roles in tumor progression. Plasma cells and activated B cells have been linked to improved clinical outcomes in several types of cancer, whereas regulatory B cells have been associated with disease progression. However, we are only beginning to understand the role of a particular innate subset of B cells, referred to as B-1 cells, in cancer. Here, we summarize the characteristics of B-1 cells and review their ability to infiltrate tumors. We also describe the potential mechanisms through which B-1 cells suppress anti-tumor immune responses and promote tumor progression. Additionally, we highlight recent studies on the protective anti-tumor function of B-1 cells in both mouse models and humans. Understanding the functions of B-1 cells in tumor immunity could pave the way for designing more effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Immunobiology Department, Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana M. Hernández
- Applied Genetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Habana, Habana, Cuba
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5
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Angelini G, Russo S, Mingrone G. Intestinal heat shock proteins in metabolic syndrome: Novel mediators of obesity and its comorbidities resolution after metabolic surgery. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:217-226. [PMID: 38412940 PMCID: PMC10939036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, the prevalence of obesity has risen dramatically, reaching epidemic proportions. Metabolic surgery has proven to be highly effective in treating obesity, leading to significant improvements or complete resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. Research conducted in both animals and humans suggests that the metabolic benefits achieved through metabolic surgery cannot be solely attributed to weight loss. Indeed, there has been an increasing recognition of intestinal inflammation as a novel factor influencing obesity. The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to dietary components, particularly diets rich in saturated fats, which are known to contribute to obesity. It is now widely accepted that heat shock proteins can be released from various cells including intestinal epithelial cells and act as proinflammatory signals. Several studies have shown that circulating levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) are increased in subjects with obesity and correlate with the severity of the disease. Moreover, mice with a partial knockout of GRP78 are protected from diet-induced obesity. In this review, we discuss the role of GRP78 in the development of obesity. Several evidence suggests that GRP78 can influence adipogenesis, lipid droplets stabilization, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. We also provide an update on GRP78 regulation following metabolic surgery, focusing on the bypass of the small intestine as a key factor for GRP78 secretion. Finally, we discuss the potential role of monoclonal antibodies against GRP78 as a treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Angelini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Russo
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Guo W, Wang M, Yang Z, Liu D, Ma B, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Recent advances in small molecule and peptide inhibitors of glucose-regulated protein 78 for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115792. [PMID: 37690265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is one of key endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone proteins that regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain ER homeostasis. As a core factor in the regulation of the UPR, GRP78 takes a critical part in the cellular processes required for tumorigenesis, such as proliferation, metastasis, anti-apoptosis, immune escape and chemoresistance. Overexpression of GRP78 is closely correlated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in various malignant tumors. Targeting GRP78 is regarded as a potentially promising therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Although none of the GRP78 inhibitors have been approved to date, there have been several studies of GRP78 inhibitors. Herein, we comprehensively review the structure, physiological functions of GRP78 and the recent progress of GRP78 inhibitors, and discuss the structures, in vitro and in vivo efficacies, and merits and demerits of these inhibitors to inspire further research. Additionally, the feasibility of GRP78-targeting proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), disrupting GRP78 cochaperone interactions, or covalent inhibition are also discussed as novel strategies for drugs discovery targeting GRP78, with the hope that these strategies can provide new opportunities for targeted GRP78 antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Guo
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Manjie Wang
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhengfan Yang
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Borui Ma
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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7
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Liu Z, Zhao X, Shen H, Liu X, Xu X, Fu R. Cellular immunity in the era of modern multiple myeloma therapy. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1436-1447. [PMID: 37306091 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a relapsing clonal plasma cell malignancy and incurable thus far. With the increasing understanding of myeloma, highlighting the critical importance of the immune system in the pathogenesis of MM is essential. The immune changes in MM patients after treatment are associated with prognosis. In this review, we summarize currently available MM therapies and discuss how they affect cellular immunity. We find that the modern anti-MM treatments enhance antitumour immune responses. A deeper understanding of the therapeutic activity of individual drugs offers more effective treatment approaches that enhance the beneficial immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, we show that the immune changes after treatment in MM patients can provide useful prognostic marker. Analysing cellular immune responses offers new perspectives for evaluating clinical data and making comprehensive predictions for applying novel therapies in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianghong Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongli Shen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
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8
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Akinyemi AO, Simpson KE, Oyelere SF, Nur M, Ngule CM, Owoyemi BCD, Ayarick VA, Oyelami FF, Obaleye O, Esoe DP, Liu X, Li Z. Unveiling the dark side of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in cancers and other human pathology: a systematic review. Mol Med 2023; 29:112. [PMID: 37605113 PMCID: PMC10464436 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78) is a chaperone protein that is predominantly expressed in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. GRP78 plays a crucial role in protein folding by assisting in the assembly of misfolded proteins. Under cellular stress conditions, GRP78 can translocate to the cell surface (csGRP78) were it interacts with different ligands to initiate various intracellular pathways. The expression of csGRP78 has been associated with tumor initiation and progression of multiple cancer types. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing evidence on the roles of GRP78 in various types of cancer and other human pathology. Additionally, the review discusses the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying GRP78's involvement in tumorigenesis and cancer advancement. Furthermore, we highlight recent innovative approaches employed in downregulating GRP78 expression in cancers as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Nur
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | | | | | | | - Felix Femi Oyelami
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | | | - Dave-Preston Esoe
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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9
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Maher J, Davies DM. CAR-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumours-A Survey of the Emerging Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1171. [PMID: 36831514 PMCID: PMC9953954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with CAR T-cells has revolutionised the treatment of B-cell and plasma cell-derived cancers. However, solid tumours present a much greater challenge for treatment using CAR-engineered immune cells. In a partner review, we have surveyed data generated in clinical trials in which patients with solid tumours that expressed any of 30 discrete targets were treated with CAR-based immunotherapy. That exercise confirms that efficacy of this approach falls well behind that seen in haematological malignancies, while significant toxic events have also been reported. Here, we consider approximately 60 additional candidates for which such clinical data are not available yet, but where pre-clinical data have provided support for their advancement to clinical evaluation as CAR target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David M. Davies
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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10
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Wang G, Fan F, Sun C, Hu Y. Looking into Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: The Key to Drug-Resistance of Multiple Myeloma? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5340. [PMID: 36358759 PMCID: PMC9654020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy, resulting from the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Despite significant advances that have been made with novel drugs over the past two decades, MM patients often develop therapy resistance, especially to bortezomib, the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor that was approved for treatment of MM. As highly secretory monoclonal protein-producing cells, MM cells are characterized by uploaded endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and rely heavily on the ERS response for survival. Great efforts have been made to illustrate how MM cells adapt to therapeutic stresses through modulating the ERS response. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms by which ERS response pathways influence MM cell fate and response to treatment. Moreover, based on promising results obtained in preclinical studies, we discuss the prospect of applying ERS modulators to overcome drug resistance in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fengjuan Fan
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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11
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Avila H, Yu J, Boddu G, Phan A, Truong A, Peddi S, Guo H, Lee SJ, Alba M, Canfield E, Yamamoto V, Paton JC, Paton AW, Lee AS, MacKay JA. Hydra-Elastin-like Polypeptides Increase Rapamycin Potency When Targeting Cell Surface GRP78. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3116-3129. [PMID: 35786858 PMCID: PMC10231879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapalogues are powerful therapeutic modalities for breast cancer; however, they suffer from low solubility and dose-limiting side effects. To overcome these challenges, we developed a long-circulating multiheaded drug carrier called 5FA, which contains rapamycin-binding domains linked with elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). To target these "Hydra-ELPs" toward breast cancer, we here linked 5FA with four distinct peptides which are reported to engage the cell surface form of the 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (csGRP78). To determine if these peptides affected the carrier solubility, this library was characterized by light scattering and mass spectrometry. To guide in vitro selection of the most potent functional carrier for rapamycin, its uptake and inhibition of mTORC1 were monitored in a ductal breast cancer model (BT474). Using flow cytometry to track cellular association, it was found that only the targeted carriers enhanced cellular uptake and were susceptible to proteolysis by SubA, which specifically targets csGRP78. The functional inhibition of mTOR was monitored by Western blot for pS6K, whereby the best carrier L-5FA reduced mTOR activity by 3-fold compared to 5FA or free rapamycin. L-5FA was further visualized using super-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy, which revealed that targeting increased exposure to the carrier by ∼8-fold. This study demonstrates how peptide ligands for GRP78, such as the L peptide (RLLDTNRPLLPY), may be incorporated into protein-based drug carriers to enhance targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Avila
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jingmei Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Geetha Boddu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alvin Phan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anh Truong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Santosh Peddi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shin-Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mario Alba
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ethan Canfield
- Mass Spectrometry Core, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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12
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Hung JT, Chen IJ, Ueng SH, Huang CS, Chen SC, Chen MY, Lin YC, Lin CY, Campbell MJ, Rugo HS, Yu AL. The clinical relevance of humoral immune responses to Globo H-KLH vaccine adagloxad simolenin (OBI-822)/OBI-821 and expression of Globo H in metastatic breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004312. [PMID: 35732348 PMCID: PMC9226869 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An international randomized phase II trial of Globo H (GH) vaccine, adagloxad simolenin/OBI-821 in 349 patients with metastatic breast cancer showed longer progression-free survival (PFS) in vaccinated patients who developed anti-Globo H (anti-GH) IgG than those who did not and the placebo group. The impacts of anti-GH IgM and GH expression on peak anti-GH IgG and clinical outcome were further evaluated. The titers of anti-GH IgG and IgM were determined by ELISA. GH expression in tumor was examined by immunohistochemical staining. Immunophenotyping was conducted by flow cytometry. Adagloxad simolenin elicited anti-GH IgM which peaked at titers ≥1:80 between weeks 5 and 13. The mean anti-GH IgG titer peaked at week 41 and decreased thereafter on the completion of vaccination. One log increase in peak IgM was associated with 10.6% decrease in the HR of disease progression (HR: 0.894, 95% CI: 0.833 to 0.960, p=0.0019). Patients with anti-GH IgM ≥1:320 within first 4 weeks after vaccination had significantly higher maximum anti-GH IgM (p<0.0001) and IgG titers (p<0.0001) than those with <1:320. Moreover, the median PFS appears to be longer for patients with anti-GH IgM ≥1:320 within first 4 weeks than those with anti-GH IgM titer <1:320 (11.1 vs 7.3 months, p=0.164), but not statistically significant. Among patients with H score ≥80 for GH expression by immunohistochemistry, the vaccination group (n=42) seemed to have better PFS than the placebo group (n=23) (HR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.32 to 1.10, p=0.10), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition, peak levels of anti-GH IgM were higher in patients who had lower percentage of activated regulatory T cells (Treg cells; CD4+CD45RA-Foxp3high) at baseline than those who had higher activated Treg cells (p=0.042). This study demonstrates that adagloxad simolenin induced both IgG and IgM antibodies against GH. Anti-GH IgM ≥1:320 within first 4 weeks or low activated Treg cells at baseline may help to select patients who are likely to produce a higher level of GH-specific IgM and IgG in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Shir-Hwa Ueng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Sheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Cheh Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michael J Campbell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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13
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Chen J, Lynn EG, Yousof TR, Sharma H, MacDonald ME, Byun JH, Shayegan B, Austin RC. Scratching the Surface—An Overview of the Roles of Cell Surface GRP78 in Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051098. [PMID: 35625836 PMCID: PMC9138746 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is considered an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in protein folding homeostasis by regulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) and inducing numerous proapoptotic and autophagic pathways within the eukaryotic cell. However, in cancer cells, GRP78 has also been shown to migrate from the ER lumen to the cell surface, playing a role in several cellular pathways that promote tumor growth and cancer cell progression. There is another insidious consequence elicited by cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) on cancer cells: the accumulation of csGRP78 represents a novel neoantigen leading to the production of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies that can bind csGRP78 and further amplify these cellular pathways to enhance cell growth and mitigate apoptotic cell death. This review examines the current body of literature that delineates the mechanisms by which ER-resident GRP78 localizes to the cell surface and its consequences, as well as potential therapeutics that target csGRP78 and block its interaction with anti-GRP78 autoantibodies, thereby inhibiting further amplification of cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Edward G. Lynn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Tamana R. Yousof
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Hitesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Melissa E. MacDonald
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Jae Hyun Byun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Bobby Shayegan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Research Institute of St. Joe′s Hamilton, McMaster University, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
| | - Richard C. Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-522-1155 (ext. 35175)
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14
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Hebbar N, Epperly R, Vaidya A, Thanekar U, Moore SE, Umeda M, Ma J, Patil SL, Langfitt D, Huang S, Cheng C, Klco JM, Gottschalk S, Velasquez MP. CAR T cells redirected to cell surface GRP78 display robust anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity and do not target hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:587. [PMID: 35102167 PMCID: PMC8803836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing CAR T cells for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been hampered by a paucity of targets that are expressed on AML blasts and not on hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Here we demonstrate that GRP78 is expressed on the cell surface of primary AML blasts but not HPCs. To target GRP78, we generate T cell expressing a GRP78-specific peptide-based CAR, which show evidence of minimal fratricide post activation/transduction and antigen-dependent T cell differentiation. GRP78-CAR T cells recognize and kill GRP78-positive AML cells without toxicity to HPCs. In vivo, GRP78-CAR T cells have significant anti-AML activity. To prevent antigen-dependent T cell differentiation, we block CAR signaling and GRP78 cell surface expression post activation by using dasatinib during GRP78-CAR T cell manufacturing. This significantly improves their effector function in vitro and in vivo. Thus, targeting cell surface GRP78-positive AML with CAR T cells is feasible, and warrants further active exploration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Dasatinib/pharmacology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Hebbar
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca Epperly
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Abishek Vaidya
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Unmesha Thanekar
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sarah E Moore
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Masayuki Umeda
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sagar L Patil
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Deanna Langfitt
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sujuan Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jeffery M Klco
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - M Paulina Velasquez
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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15
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Hernandez I, Cohen M. Linking cell-surface GRP78 to cancer: From basic research to clinical value of GRP78 antibodies. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:1-14. [PMID: 34637844 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) is a chaperone protein localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, where it helps in proper protein folding by targeting misfolded proteins and facilitating protein assembly. In stressed cells, GRP78 is translocated to the cell surface (csGRP78) where it binds to various ligands and triggers different intracellular pathways. Thus, csGRP78 expression is associated with cancer, involved in the maintenance and progression of the disease. Extracellular exposition of csGRP78 leads to the production of autoantibodies as observed in patients with prostate or ovarian cancer, in which the ability to target csGRP78 affects the tumor development. Present on the surface of cancer cells and not normal cells in vivo, csGRP78 represents an interesting target for therapeutic antibody strategies. Here we give an overview of the csGRP78 function in the cell and its role in oncogenesis, thereby providing insight into the clinical value of GRP78 monoclonal antibodies for cancer prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Rai R, Kennedy AL, Isingizwe ZR, Javadian P, Benbrook DM. Similarities and Differences of Hsp70, hsc70, Grp78 and Mortalin as Cancer Biomarkers and Drug Targets. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112996. [PMID: 34831218 PMCID: PMC8616428 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Upregulation of Heath Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) chaperones supports cancer cell survival. Their high homology causes a challenge to differentiate them in experimental or prevention and treatment strategies. The objective of this investigation was to determine similarities and differences of Hsp70, hsc70, Grp78 and Mortalin members of the HSP70 family encoded by HSPA1, HSPA8, HSPA5 and HSPA9 genes, respectively. Methods: Literature reviews were conducted using HSPA1, HSPA5, HSPA8 and HSPA9 gene or protein names or synonyms combined with biological or cancer-relevant terms. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify and compare profiles of proteins that directly bind individual chaperones and their associated pathways. TCGA data was probed to identify associations of hsc70 with cancer patient survival. ClinicalTrials.gov was used to identify HSP70 family studies. Results: The chaperones have similar protein folding functions. Their different cellular effects are determined by co-chaperones and client proteins combined with their intra- and extra-cellular localizations. Their upregulation is associated with worse patient prognosis in multiple cancers and can stimulate tumor immune responses or drug resistance. Their inhibition selectively kills cancer over healthy cells. Conclusions: Differences in Hsp70, hsc70, Grp78 and mortalin provide opportunities to calibrate HSP70 inhibitors for individual cancers and combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- Gynecologic Oncology Section, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Amy L. Kennedy
- Pathology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Zitha Redempta Isingizwe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Pouya Javadian
- Gynecologic Oncology Section, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook
- Gynecologic Oncology Section, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (P.J.)
- Pathology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-271-5523
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17
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Precision medicine in clinical oncology: the journey from IgG antibody to IgE. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 20:282-289. [PMID: 32349107 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and the incidence rates are constantly rising. The heterogeneity of tumors poses a big challenge for the treatment of the disease and natural antibodies additionally affect disease progression. The introduction of engineered mAbs for anticancer immunotherapies has substantially improved progression-free and overall survival of cancer patients, but little efforts have been made to exploit other antibody isotypes than IgG. RECENT FINDINGS In order to improve these therapies, 'next-generation antibodies' were engineered to enhance a specific feature of classical antibodies and form a group of highly effective and precise therapy compounds. Advanced antibody approaches include among others antibody-drug conjugates, glyco-engineered and Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody fragments, radioimmunotherapy compounds, bispecific antibodies and alternative (non-IgG) immunoglobulin classes, especially IgE. SUMMARY The current review describes solutions for the needs of next-generation antibody therapies through different approaches. Careful selection of the best-suited engineering methodology is a key factor in developing personalized, more specific and more efficient mAbs against cancer to improve the outcomes of cancer patients. We highlight here the large evidence of IgE exploiting a highly cytotoxic effector arm as potential next-generation anticancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Shabani S, Moghadam MF, Gargari SLM. Isolation and characterization of a novel GRP78-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) using ribosome display method. Med Oncol 2021; 38:115. [PMID: 34390413 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a well-characterized endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperon frequently overexpressed at the surface of tumor cells and associated with tumor survival, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Hence, potential GRP78 binders emerge as promising candidates for cancer therapy and diagnosis. We applied ribosome display to isolate a single-chain variable domain (scFv) specific for the C-terminal domain of a recombinant human GRP78 (CGRP). Six female BALB/c mice were immunized and then splenocyte mRNA was extracted. An scFv-ribosome display library was established by joining the amplified VH/Vκ fragments through a 72-bp linker using overlap extension PCR. Then, selection was performed by applying two rounds of eukaryotic ribosome display panning with stepwise decreased amount of CGRP. Ultimately, the selected scFv was characterized using the indirect-ELISA assay, competitive-ELISA assay, Western blotting, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), and in-silico analyses. The constructed library had a length of ~ 1100 bp and the high-affinity scFvs were isolated using the outputs of the final panning round. Among 60 positive clones, GSF3 was selected and its expression, purification, and binding capacity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. GSF3 exhibited an affinity of 13 × 107 M-1 to CGRP as assessed by SPR. Moreover, the in-silico analyses indicated that GSF3 binds the C-terminal domain of GRP78 through key residues engaged in antibody-antigen interactions. We found that ribosome display is a swift and reliable technique for specific and high-affinity scFv isolation. Moreover, our results suggest that GSF3 might be applied as a potential cancer immunotherapeutic and diagnostic tool if this approach is carefully followed by successful preclinical and clinical evaluations to validate the findings for further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115/111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzandeh Moghadam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115/111, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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van Nieuwenhuijzen N, Frunt R, May AM, Minnema MC. Therapeutic outcome of early-phase clinical trials in multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:44. [PMID: 33649328 PMCID: PMC7921415 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has been made due to the development of novel drugs. Patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM) can be enrolled in early-phase clinical trials, but their performance across the last decade is unknown. We conducted a meta-analysis on the overall response rate (ORR) and toxicity. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for phase I and phase II trials investigating an experimental compound as a single agent or in combination with dexamethasone, published from January 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020. Eighty-eight articles were included, describing 61 phase I trials involving 1835 patients and 37 phase II trials involving 2644 patients. There was a high degree of heterogeneity. Using a random-effects model, the 95% CIs of the estimated ORR were 8-17% for phase I trials and 18-28% for phase II trials. There were significant subgroup differences in ORR between the years of publication in phase I trials and between drug classes in both phase I and phase II trials. The ORR in early-phase clinical trials in RRMM is substantial, especially in phase II trials, but due to high heterogeneity a general assessment of clinical benefit before participation is difficult to offer to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels van Nieuwenhuijzen
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rowan Frunt
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M May
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique C Minnema
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Dong X, Zhang Z, Shou L, Shen J. Interleukin-6 gene-174 G/C promoter polymorphism is not associated with multiple myeloma susceptibility: evidence from meta-analysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24647. [PMID: 33578591 PMCID: PMC10545425 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Presently, whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene-174 G/C promoter polymorphism is correlated to the susceptibility of multiple myeloma (MM) remains controversial. For this reason, the method of meta-analysis was applied to exploring the association between IL-6 gene-174 G/C promoter polymorphism and MM. METHOD Two independent researchers systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Google academic, Cochrane Library and Chinese literature databases to screen case-control studies on IL-6 gene-174 G/C promoter polymorphism and MM susceptibility. The retrieval period was limited from the formation of the database to January 2020, and data analysis was conducted by employing Stata 11.0 software. RESULT Seven articles were ultimately included in the present study, including 594 MM patients and 681 controls. Integration analysis exhibited that compared with GC or CC genotype, GG genotype did not increase MM susceptibility (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.22; OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.52-1.19, respectively). Further, in comparison with CC genotype, GC genotype also presented no effect on increasing MM susceptibility (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.53-1.16), while compared with GC+CC genotype, GG genotype had no significant relationship with MM susceptibility (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.75-1.19). In subsequent analysis, an observation was made that allele G or C was not related to MM susceptibility (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.76-1.12). Funnel chart and Begg test did not reveal publication bias in the included articles. CONCLUSION The results of the present study advocate that there is no testimony to support the relationship between IL-6 gene-174 G/C promoter polymorphism and MM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuanbei Road, Wuxing district, Huzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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21
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Liu J, Huang X, Liu H, Wei C, Ru H, Qin H, Lai H, Meng Y, Wu G, Xie W, Mo X, Johnson CH, Zhang Y, Tang W. Immune landscape and prognostic immune-related genes in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2021; 19:27. [PMID: 33413474 PMCID: PMC7789428 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS gene is the most common type of mutation reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). KRAS mutation-mediated regulation of immunophenotype and immune pathways in CRC remains to be elucidated. Methods 535 CRC patients were used to compare the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) and the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the tumor microenvironment between KRAS-mutant and KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An independent dataset included 566 cases of CRC and an in-house RNA sequencing dataset were served as validation sets. An in-house dataset consisting of 335 CRC patients were used to analyze systemic immune and inflammatory state in the presence of KRAS mutation. An immue risk (Imm-R) model consist of IRG and TIICs for prognostic prediction in KRAS-mutant CRC patients was established and validated. Results NF-κB and T-cell receptor signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in KRAS-mutant CRC patients. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) was increased while macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell was decreased in KRAS-mutant CRC. Prognosis correlated with enhanced Tregs, macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell and was validated. Serum levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), CRP, and IgM were significantly decreased in KRAS-mutant compared to KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An immune risk model composed of VGF, RLN3, CT45A1 and TIICs signature classified CRC patients with distinct clinical outcomes. Conclusions KRAS mutation in CRC was associated with suppressed immune pathways and immune infiltration. The aberrant immune pathways and immune cells help to understand the tumor immune microenvironments in KRAS-mutant CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Liu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyin Wei
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Ru
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Qin
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lai
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Meng
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Wu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Weishun Xie
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Mo
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Liu Y, Tan Z, Yang Y. Negative feedback and modern anti-cancer strategies targeting the ER stress response. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4247-4265. [PMID: 33206409 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a cell state in which misfolded or unfolded proteins are aberrantly accumulated in the ER. ER stress induces an evolutionarily conserved adaptive response, named the ER stress response, that deploys a self-regulated machinery to maintain cellular proteostasis. However, compared to its well-established canonical activation mechanism, the negative feedback mechanisms regulating the ER stress response remain unclear and no accepted methods or markers have been established. Several studies have documented that both endogenous and exogenous insults can induce ER stress in cancer. Based on this evidence, small molecule inhibitors targeting ER stress response have been designed to kill cancer cells, with some of them showing excellent curative effects. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of negative feedback of the ER stress response and compare the markers used to date. We also summarize therapeutic inhibitors targeting ER stress response and highlight the promises and challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofu Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhi Tan
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yili Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
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Farshbaf M, Khosroushahi AY, Mojarad-Jabali S, Zarebkohan A, Valizadeh H, Walker PR. Cell surface GRP78: An emerging imaging marker and therapeutic target for cancer. J Control Release 2020; 328:932-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Bordron A, Bagacean C, Tempescul A, Berthou C, Bettacchioli E, Hillion S, Renaudineau Y. Complement System: a Neglected Pathway in Immunotherapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:155-171. [PMID: 31144209 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approved for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, hematological malignancies, and solid cancers, several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) make use of complement in their mechanism of action. Such an assessment is based on comprehensive investigations that used mouse models, in vitro studies, and analyses from patients at initiation (basal level to highlight deficiencies) and after treatment initiation (mAb impact on complement), which have further provided key insights into the importance of the complement activation and/or complement deficiencies in mAb activity. Accordingly, new approaches can now be developed with the final objective of increasing the clinical efficacy of mAb. These improvements include (i) the concurrent administration of fresh frozen plasma during mAb therapy; (ii) mAb modifications such as immunoglobulin G subclass switching, Fc mutation, or IgG hexamerization to improve the fixation and activation of C1q; (iii) optimization of the target recognition to induce a higher complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and/or complement-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC); and (iv) the control of soluble and cellular complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bordron
- Inserm UMR1227, B lymphocytes and autoimmunity, University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- Inserm UMR1227, B lymphocytes and autoimmunity, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Service d'Hématologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- Inserm UMR1227, B lymphocytes and autoimmunity, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Service d'Hématologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- Inserm UMR1227, B lymphocytes and autoimmunity, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Service d'Hématologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Sophie Hillion
- Inserm UMR1227, B lymphocytes and autoimmunity, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Inserm UMR1227, B lymphocytes and autoimmunity, University of Brest, Brest, France. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU de Brest, Brest, France.
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Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
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26
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Ninkovic S, Harrison SJ, Quach H. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) as a potential novel biomarker and therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:1201-1210. [PMID: 32990063 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1830372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a stress-inducible molecular chaperone expressed within the endoplasmic reticulum where it acts as a master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. At times of ER stress, activation of the UPR, a multimolecular pathway, limits proteotoxicity induced by misfolded proteins. In malignancies, including multiple myeloma which is characterized by an accumulation of misfolded immunoglobulins, GRP78 expression is increased, with notable translocation of GRP78 to the cell surface. Studies suggest cell-surface GRP78 (csGRP78) to be of prognostic significance with emerging evidence that it interacts with a myriad of co-ligands to activate signaling pathways promoting cell proliferation and survival or apoptosis. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the role of ER and csGRP78 in physiology and oncogenesis in multiple myeloma, addressing factors that shift the balance in GRP78 signaling from survival to apoptosis. The role of GRP78 as a potential prognostic biomarker is explored and current therapeutics in development aimed at targeting csGRP78 are addressed. We conducted a PubMed literature search using the keywords 'GRP78,' 'multiple myeloma' reviewing studies prior to 2020. EXPERT OPINION Cell-surface GRP78 expression is a potential novel prognostic biomarker in myeloma and targeting of csGRP78 is promising and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavisa Ninkovic
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Simon J Harrison
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia
| | - Hang Quach
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia
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27
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Samsudin F, Yeo JY, Gan SKE, Bond PJ. Not all therapeutic antibody isotypes are equal: the case of IgM versus IgG in Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2843-2854. [PMID: 32206268 PMCID: PMC7069520 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04722k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of immunoglobulin M (IgM) is of considerable interest in immunotherapy due to its complement-activating and cell-agglutinating abilities. Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab are monoclonal antibodies used to treat human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer but exhibit significantly different binding affinities as IgM when compared to its IgG isotype. Using integrative multiscale modelling and simulations of complete antibody assemblies, we show that Pertuzumab IgM is able to utilize all of its V-regions to bind multiple HER2 receptors simultaneously, while similar binding in Trastuzumab IgM is prohibited by steric clashes caused by the large globular domain of HER2. This is subsequently validated by confirming that Pertuzumab IgM inhibits proliferation in HER2 over-expressing live cells more effectively than its IgG counterpart and Trastuzumab IgM. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the molecular details of antibody-antigen interactions for the design and isotype selection of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Samsudin
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
- p53 Laboratory (ASTAR) , 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05 Neuros/Immunos , Singapore 138648
- Experimental Drug Development Center (ASTAR) , 10 Biopolis Road Chromos #05-01 , Singapore 138670
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
- Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
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28
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Liu L, Shurin MR, Wheeler SE. A novel approach to remove interference of therapeutic monoclonal antibody with serum protein electrophoresis. Clin Biochem 2020; 75:40-47. [PMID: 31669513 PMCID: PMC6928417 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by malignant growth of plasma cells, usually producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb). New treatments for MM include therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (tmAbs), but patients treated with tmAb demonstrate interference on serum electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoprecipitation electrophoresis (IEP). Evaluation of treatment efficacy and determination of MM remission include SPE and IEP which identifies mAb, but cannot differentiate between disease associated mAb and tmAb. We hypothesized that tmAb could be removed from patient sera before testing by SPE and IEP to provide accurate diagnoses for clinicians. DESIGN AND METHODS We developed the Antigen Specific therapeutic monoclonal Antibody Depletion Assay (ASADA), that utilizes magnetic beads coated with the cognate antigen of the tmAbs, to deplete two different tmAb (daratumumab, elotuzumab) from saline and patient sera and assessed for complete removal of tmAb by SPE and IEP. RESULTS We found that tmAb could be efficiently removed from saline and patient sera. ASADA demonstrated acceptable analytical specificity and sensitivity in IEP. Recovery of appropriate quantitative values by SPE was demonstrated with clinically acceptable precision. A single bead cocktail could be used to treat both daratumumab and elotuzumab. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates proof of principle that ASADA can be used to remove current and future tmAb from patient sera, regardless of platform. This research provides for accurate diagnosis, disease monitoring, and remission status in MM patients being treated with tmAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory Building, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Michael R Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory Building, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Clinical Laboratory Building, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory Building, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory Building, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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29
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Chen Y, Paluch M, Zorn JA, Rajan S, Leonard B, Estevez A, Brady J, Chiu H, Phung W, Famili A, Yan M, Ciferri C, Matsumoto ML, Lazar GA, Crowell S, Hass P, Agard NJ. Targeted IgMs agonize ocular targets with extended vitreal exposure. MAbs 2020; 12:1818436. [PMID: 32936727 PMCID: PMC7577241 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1818436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of ocular disease is hindered by the presence of the blood-retinal barrier, which restricts access of systemic drugs to the eye. Intravitreal injections bypass this barrier, delivering high concentrations of drug to the targeted tissue. However, the recommended dosing interval for approved biologics is typically 6-12 weeks, and frequent travel to the physician's office poses a substantial burden for elderly patients with poor vision. Real-world data suggest that many patients are under-treated. Here, we investigate IgMs as a novel platform for treating ocular disease. We show that IgMs are well-suited to ocular administration due to moderate viscosity, long ocular exposure, and rapid systemic clearance. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity of IgMs can be readily removed with a P436G mutation, reducing safety liabilities. Furthermore, dodecavalent binding of IgM hexamers can potently activate pathways implicated in the treatment of progressive blindness, including the Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway for the treatment of diabetic macular edema, or the death receptor 4 tumor necrosis family receptor pathway for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. Collectively, these data demonstrate the promise of IgMs as therapeutic agonists for treating progressive blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chen
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maciej Paluch
- Departments of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie A. Zorn
- Departments of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharmila Rajan
- Departments of Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Leonard
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Departments of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Brady
- Departments of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry Chiu
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Physiology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Departments of Microchemistry Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amin Famili
- Departments of Drug Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minhong Yan
- Departments of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Departments of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Greg A. Lazar
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Crowell
- Departments of Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phil Hass
- Departments of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Agard
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the abnormal proliferation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow leading to end-organ manifestations. Despite the advancement in the therapy and care of patients with MM, relapse and resistance to standard therapy remain significant. The development of immunotherapy as a treatment modality for many types of cancers has led investigators to explore its use in MM in order to elicit myeloma-targeted immune responses, especially given that immune dysregulation is an underlying feature in the pathogenesis and progression of MM. In this concise review, we discuss the different advances in the immune-based therapy of MM, from immunomodulation, vaccines, to monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell therapies, and future promising therapies under investigation.
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Cell Surface GRP78 as a Death Receptor and an Anticancer Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111787. [PMID: 31766302 PMCID: PMC6896222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa) is preferentially overexpressed in aggressive, metastatic, and chemo-resistant cancers. GRP78 is best studied as a chaperone protein in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), facilitating folding and secretion of the newly synthesized proteins and regulating protein degradation as an ER stress sensor in the unfolded protein pathway. As a cell surface signal receptor, multiple csGRP78 ligands have been discovered to date, and they trigger various downstream cell signaling pathways including pro-proliferative, pro-survival, and pro-apoptotic pathways. In this perspective, we evaluate csGRP78 as a cell surface death receptor and its prospect as an anticancer drug target. The pro-apoptotic ligands of csGRP78 discovered so far include natural proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and synthetic peptides. Even the secreted GRP78 itself was recently found to function as a pro-apoptotic ligand for csGRP78, mediating pancreatic β-cell death. As csGRP78 is found to mainly configur as an external peripheral protein on cancer cell surface, how it can transmit death signals to the cytoplasmic environment remains enigmatic. With the recent encouraging results from the natural csGRP78 targeting pro-apoptotic monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6 in early-stage cancer clinical trials, the potential to develop a novel class of anticancer therapeutics targeting csGRP78 is becoming more compelling.
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Monoclonal Antibody Therapies in Multiple Myeloma: A Challenge to Develop Novel Targets. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:6084012. [PMID: 31781214 PMCID: PMC6875016 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6084012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment options in multiple myeloma (MM) has changed dramatically over the past decade with the development of novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors (PIs); bortezomib and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs); thalidomide, and lenalidomide which revealed high efficacy and improvement of overall survival (OS) in MM patients. However, despite these progresses, most patients relapse and become eventually refractory to these therapies. Thus, the development of novel, targeted immunotherapies has been pursued aggressively. Recently, next-generation PIs; carfilzomib and ixazomib, IMiD; pomalidomide, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDADi); panobinostat and monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs); and elotuzumab and daratumumab have emerged, and especially, combination of mAbs plus novel agents has led to dramatic improvements in the outcome of MM patients. The field of immune therapies has been accelerating in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has also taken center stage in MM. This review focuses on an overview of current status of novel MoAb therapy including bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody (BsAb), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, in relapsed or refractory MM (RRMM). Lastly, investigational novel MoAb-based therapy to overcome immunotherapy resistance in MM is shown.
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Iftikhar A, Hassan H, Iftikhar N, Mushtaq A, Sohail A, Rosko N, Chakraborty R, Razzaq F, Sandeep S, Valent JN, Kanate AS, Anwer F. Investigational Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review of Agents under Clinical Development. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E34. [PMID: 31544840 PMCID: PMC6640719 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy for multiple myeloma (MM) has been the focus in recent years due to its myeloma-specific immune responses. We reviewed the literature on non-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to highlight future perspectives. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov to include phase I/II clinical trials. Data from 39 studies (1906 patients) were included. Of all the agents, Isatuximab (Isa, anti-CD38) and F50067 (anti-CXCR4) were the only mAbs to produce encouraging results as monotherapy with overall response rates (ORRs) of 66.7% and 32% respectively. Isa showed activity when used in combination with lenalidomide (Len) and dexamethasone (Dex), producing a clinical benefit rate (CBR) of 83%. Additionally, Isa used in combination with pomalidomide (Pom) and Dex resulted in a CBR of 73%. Indatuximab Ravtansine (anti-CD138 antibody-drug conjugate) produced an ORR of 78% and 79% when used in combination with Len-Dex and Pom-Dex, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy using mAbs such as indatuximab, pembrolizumab, lorvotuzumab, siltuximab or dacetuzumab with chemotherapy agents produced better outcomes as compared to monotherapies. Further clinical trials investigating mAbs targeting CD38 used in combination therapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Iftikhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Hamza Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
| | - Nimra Iftikhar
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Adeela Mushtaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA 16148, USA.
| | - Atif Sohail
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
| | - Nathaniel Rosko
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | | - Faryal Razzaq
- Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Sonia Sandeep
- Department of Pathology, Wilson Medical Center, Wilson, NC 27893, USA.
| | | | | | - Faiz Anwer
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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35
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Sohail A, Mushtaq A, Iftikhar A, Warraich Z, Kurtin SE, Tenneti P, McBride A, Anwer F. Emerging immune targets for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Immunotherapy 2019; 10:265-282. [PMID: 29421983 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed emerging immune strategies for multiple myeloma (MM) therapy excluding US FDA approved drugs. In relapsed refractory MM, isatuximab (anti-CD38) monotherapy achieved overall response (OR) of 24%. Other monoclonal antibodies that have shown efficacy in combination therapy include siltuximab (OR: 66%), indatuximab (OR: 78%), isatuximab (OR: 64.5%), pembrolizumab (OR: 60%), bevacizumab (OR: 70%), dacetuzumab (OR: 39%) and lorvotuzumab (OR: 56.4%). No OR was observed with monotherapy using BI-505, siltuximab, bevacizumab, AVE-1642, figitumumab, atacicept, milatuzumab, dacetuzumab, lucatumumab, IPH2101, lorvotuzumab, BT062 and nivolumab. We included seven clinical trials on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. CAR T-cell targets include BCMA, CD19, KLC and CD138. A recent experience of CAR T-cell (B-cell maturation antigen) therapy in advanced MM has shown global response of 100%. The future of monoclonal antibodies and adoptive T cells for MM treatment seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Sohail
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Adeela Mushtaq
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ahmad Iftikhar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Zabih Warraich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sandra E Kurtin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Pavan Tenneti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ali McBride
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Faiz Anwer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Chaiyawat P, Sungngam P, Teeyakasem P, Sirikaew N, Klangjorhor J, Settakorn J, Diskul-Na-Ayudthaya P, Chokchaichamnankit D, Srisomsap C, Svasti J, Pruksakorn D. Protein profiling of osteosarcoma tissue and soft callus unveils activation of the unfolded protein response pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1704-1718. [PMID: 30816440 PMCID: PMC6438438 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic drivers of osteosarcoma remain controversial due to the complexity of the genomic background of the disease. There are limited novel therapeutic options, and the survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma has not improved in decades. Genomic instability leads to complexity in various pathways, which is potentially revealed at the protein level. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the mechanisms involved in the oncogenesis of osteosarcoma using proteomics and bioinformatics tools. As clinical specimens from patients are the most relevant disease-related source, expression patterns of proteins in osteosarcoma tissues were compared with soft tissue callus from donors containing high numbers of osteoblastic cells. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) successfully identified 33 differentially expressed proteins in the osteosarcoma tissues compared with the soft tissue callus. Among these proteins, 29 proteins were significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma. A functionally grouped network of the overexpressed proteins, that was created using the ClueGo and CluePedia applications, demonstrated that the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway was activated mainly through the activating transcription factor 6 arm in osteosarcoma. The results of proteomics analysis were confirmed by elevated expression of UPR-related chaperone proteins, including 78 kDa glucose-related protein (GRP78), endoplasmin, calreticulin and prelamin-A/C, in the patient-derived primary cells and osteosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, the expression of GRP78, a master regulator of the UPR, was enhanced in the osteosarcoma tissues of patients that were resistant to double regimen of doxorubicin and a platinum-based drug. The findings of the present study suggest that targeting the UPR pathway may be promising for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parunya Chaiyawat
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patsadakorn Sungngam
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pimpisa Teeyakasem
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nutnicha Sirikaew
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeerawan Klangjorhor
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jongkolnee Settakorn
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chantragan Srisomsap
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Ozpiskin OM, Zhang L, Li JJ. Immune targets in the tumor microenvironment treated by radiotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1215-1231. [PMID: 30867826 PMCID: PMC6401500 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT), the major anti-cancer modality for more than half of cancer patients after diagnosis, has the advantage of local tumor control with relatively less systematic side effects comparing to chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of RT is limited by acquired tumor resistance leading to the risks of relapse and metastasis. To further enhance the efficacy of RT, with the renaissances of targeted immunotherapy (TIT), increasing interests are raised on RT combined with TIT including cancer vaccines, T-cell therapy, and antibody-based immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1/PD-L1. In achieving a significant synergy between RT and TIT, the dynamics of radiation-induced response in tumor cells and stromal cells, especially the cross-talk between tumor cells and immune cells in the irradiated tumor microenvironment (ITME) as highlighted in recent literature are to be elucidated. The abscopal effect refereeing the RT-induced priming function outside of ITME could be compromised by the immune-suppressive factors such as CD47 and PD-L1 on tumor cells and Treg induced or enhanced in the ITME. Cell surface receptors temporally or permanently induced and bioactive elements released from dead cells could serve antigenic source (radiation-associated antigenic proteins, RAAPs) to the host and have functions in immune regulation on the tumor. This review is attempted to summarize a cluster of factors that are inducible by radiation and targetable by antibodies, or have potential to be immune regulators to synergize tumor control with RT. Further characterization of immune regulators in ITME will deepen our understanding of the interplay among immune regulators in ITME and discover new effective targets for the combined modality with RT and TIT.
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Hennicke J, Reinhart D, Altmann F, Kunert R. Impact of temperature and pH on recombinant human IgM quality attributes and productivity. N Biotechnol 2019; 50:20-26. [PMID: 30630093 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IgM antibodies are arousing considerable interest as biopharmaceuticals. Despite their immunotherapeutic potential, little is known about the impact of environmental conditions on product quantity and quality of these complex molecules. Process conditions influence the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of therapeutic proteins and thus are important parameters for biological safety and efficacy. Here, the results of a systematic study are presented that characterized the influence of temperature and pH on cell-specific productivity and IgM quality attributes. Biphasic temperature and pH shift experiments were performed as batch cultures in DASGIP® bioreactors under controlled conditions and defined by a specific design of experiment (DOE) approach. An internally-developed recombinant IgM producing CHO cell line was used. With respect to product quality, after an initial purification step efforts were focused on pentamer content, nucleic acid (NA) impurities and the glycosylation profile after an initial purification step. All quality attributes were evaluated by densitometric and chromatographic methods. The reduction of cultivation temperature severely reduced IgM titers, while pH variation had no impact. In contrast, IgM quality was not significantly influenced by bioprocessing parameters. Data revealed that an additional purification step is required to reduce the presence of NAs for in vivo applications. In conclusion, the results showed that for the chosen IgM model, IgM012_GL, variation in quality attributes is not caused by the environmental conditions of temperature and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reinhart
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Shen C, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang G, Chen J, Chen S, Li Z, Wei F, Chen J, Yang K, Guo S, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Yu H, Luo W, Zhang J, Chen H, Chen Y, Xia N. An IgM antibody targeting the receptor binding site of influenza B blocks viral infection with great breadth and potency. Theranostics 2019; 9:210-231. [PMID: 30662563 PMCID: PMC6332795 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting the receptor binding site (RBS) of hemagglutinin (HA) have potential for developing into powerful anti-influenza agents. Several previously reported influenza B bnAbs are nevertheless unable to neutralize a portion of influenza B virus variants. HA-specific bnAbs with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity may possess the ability to block virus entry directly. Polymeric IgM antibodies are expected to more effectively inhibit virus attachment and entry into target cells due to their higher avidity and/or steric hindrance. We therefore hypothesized that certain RBS-targeted IgM antibodies with strong cross-lineage HI activity might display broader and more potent antiviral activity against rapidly evolving influenza B viruses. Methods: In this study, we generated IgM and IgG bnAbs targeting the RBS of influenza B virus using the murine hybridoma technique. IgM and IgG versions of the same antibodies were then developed by isotype switching and characterized in subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: Two IgM and two IgG bnAbs against influenza B virus HA were identified. Of these, one IgM subtype antibody, C7G6-IgM, showed strong HI and neutralization activities against all 20 representative influenza B strains tested, with higher potency and broader breadth of anti-influenza activity in vitro than the IgG subtype variant of itself, or other previously-reported influenza B bnAbs. Furthermore, C7G6-IgM conferred excellent cross-protection against distinct lineages of influenza B viruses in mice and ferrets, performing better than the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir, and showed an additive antiviral effect when administered in combination with oseltamivir. Mechanistically, C7G6-IgM potently inhibits infection with influenza B virus strains from different lineages by blocking viral entry. Conclusion: In summary, our study highlights the potential of IgM subtype antibodies in combatting pathogenic microbes. Moreover, C7G6-IgM is a promising candidate for the development of prophylactics or therapeutics against influenza B infection.
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Laubach JP, van de Donk N, Davies FE, Mikhael J. Practical Considerations for Antibodies in Myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:667-674. [PMID: 30231321 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_205443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of the monoclonal antibodies daratumumab and elotuzumab has expanded treatment options for multiple myeloma and led to great improvement in patient outcomes. These agents have favorable safety profiles and synergize effectively with established agents used in the management of myeloma, namely immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors. This article reviews the rationale for use of monoclonal antibodies in myeloma, current approved indications for daratumumab and elotuzumab, the manner in which these agents are used in the overall management of myeloma, and specific challenges associated with their use in the clinic. It also highlights other, emerging drug combinations that incorporate daratumumab or elotuzumab and profiles new therapeutic antibodies currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Laubach
- From the Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; International Myeloma Foundation, North Hollywood, CA
| | - Niels van de Donk
- From the Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; International Myeloma Foundation, North Hollywood, CA
| | - Faith E Davies
- From the Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; International Myeloma Foundation, North Hollywood, CA
| | - Joseph Mikhael
- From the Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; International Myeloma Foundation, North Hollywood, CA
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41
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McGrath EP, Logue SE, Mnich K, Deegan S, Jäger R, Gorman AM, Samali A. The Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100344. [PMID: 30248920 PMCID: PMC6211039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2018, in the US alone, it is estimated that 268,670 people will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and that 41,400 will die from it. Since breast cancers often become resistant to therapies, and certain breast cancers lack therapeutic targets, new approaches are urgently required. A cell-stress response pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), has emerged as a promising target for the development of novel breast cancer treatments. This pathway is activated in response to a disturbance in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis but has diverse physiological and disease-specific functions. In breast cancer, UPR signalling promotes a malignant phenotype and can confer tumours with resistance to widely used therapies. Here, we review several roles for UPR signalling in breast cancer, highlighting UPR-mediated therapy resistance and the potential for targeting the UPR alone or in combination with existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan P McGrath
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Susan E Logue
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Katarzyna Mnich
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Shane Deegan
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Richard Jäger
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
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42
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Wang M, Law ME, Castellano RK, Law BK. The unfolded protein response as a target for anticancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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43
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Cuesta-Mateos C, Alcaraz-Serna A, Somovilla-Crespo B, Muñoz-Calleja C. Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Hematological Malignancies: Not Just Lineage-Specific Targets. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1936. [PMID: 29387053 PMCID: PMC5776327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a widespread and necessary tool for biomedical science. In the hematological cancer field, since rituximab became the first mAb approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, a number of effective mAbs targeting lineage-specific antigens (LSAs) have been successfully developed. Non-LSAs (NLSAs) are molecules that are not restricted to specific leukocyte subsets or tissues but play relevant pathogenic roles in blood cancers including the development, proliferation, survival, and refractoriness to therapy of tumor cells. In consequence, efforts to target NLSAs have resulted in a plethora of mAbs-marketed or in development-to achieve different goals like neutralizing oncogenic pathways, blocking tumor-related chemotactic pathways, mobilizing malignant cells from tumor microenvironment to peripheral blood, modulating immune-checkpoints, or delivering cytotoxic drugs into tumor cells. Here, we extensively review several novel mAbs directed against NLSAs undergoing clinical evaluation for treating hematological malignancies. The review focuses on the structure of these antibodies, proposed mechanisms of action, efficacy and safety profile in clinical studies, and their potential applications in the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alcaraz-Serna
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somovilla-Crespo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Ramakrishnan V, Gomez M, Prasad V, Kimlinger T, Painuly U, Mukhopadhyay B, Haug J, Bi L, Rajkumar SV, Kumar S. Smac mimetic LCL161 overcomes protective ER stress induced by obatoclax, synergistically causing cell death in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56253-56265. [PMID: 27494845 PMCID: PMC5302912 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl2 and IAP families are anti-apoptotic proteins deregulated in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Pharmacological inhibition of each of these families has shown significant activity only in subgroups of MM patients. Here, we have examined a broad-spectrum Bcl2 family inhibitor Obatoclax (OBX) in combination with a Smac mimetic LCL161 in MM cell lines and patient cells. LCL161/OBX combination induced synergistic cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative effects on a broad range of human MM cell lines. The cytotoxicity was mediated through inhibition of the IAPs, activation of caspases and up regulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bim, Puma and Noxa by the drug combination. In addition, we observed that OBX caused ER stress and activated the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) leading to drug resistance. LCL161, however inhibited spliced Xbp-1, a pro-survival factor. In addition, we observed that OBX increased GRP78 localization to the cell surface, which then induced PI3K dependent Akt activation and resistance to cell death. LCL161 was able to block OBX induced Akt activation contributing to synergistic cell death. Our results support clinical evaluation of this combination strategy in relapsed refractory MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Gomez
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vivek Prasad
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Utkarsh Painuly
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,4th Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jessica Haug
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lintao Bi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,The Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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45
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Luo YD, Zhang QL, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Evaluation of adsorption selectivity of immunoglobulins M, A and G and purification of immunoglobulin M with mixed-mode resins. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Al-Hashimi AA, Lebeau P, Majeed F, Polena E, Lhotak Š, Collins CAF, Pinthus JH, Gonzalez-Gronow M, Hoogenes J, Pizzo SV, Crowther M, Kapoor A, Rak J, Gyulay G, D'Angelo S, Marchiò S, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Shayegan B, Austin RC. Autoantibodies against the cell surface-associated chaperone GRP78 stimulate tumor growth via tissue factor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21180-21192. [PMID: 29066620 PMCID: PMC5743090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells display on their surface several molecular chaperones that normally reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. Because this display is unique to cancer cells, these chaperones are attractive targets for drug development. Previous epitope-mapping of autoantibodies (AutoAbs) from prostate cancer patients identified the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) as one such target. Although we previously showed that anti-GRP78 AutoAbs increase tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity on the surface of tumor cells, the direct effect of TF activation on tumor growth was not examined. In this study, we explore the interplay between the AutoAbs against cell surface-associated GRP78, TF expression/activity, and prostate cancer progression. First, we show that tumor GRP78 expression correlates with disease stage and that anti-GRP78 AutoAb levels parallel prostate-specific antigen concentrations in patient-derived serum samples. Second, we demonstrate that these anti-GRP78 AutoAbs target cell-surface GRP78, activating the unfolded protein response and inducing tumor cell proliferation through a TF-dependent mechanism, a specific effect reversed by neutralization or immunodepletion of the AutoAb pool. Finally, these AutoAbs enhance tumor growth in mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts, and heparin derivatives specifically abrogate this effect by blocking AutoAb binding to cell-surface GRP78 and decreasing TF expression/activity. Together, these results establish a molecular mechanism in which AutoAbs against cell-surface GRP78 drive TF-mediated tumor progression in an experimental model of prostate cancer. Heparin derivatives counteract this mechanism and, as such, represent potentially appealing compounds to be evaluated in well-designed translational clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Al-Hashimi
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Paul Lebeau
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Fadwa Majeed
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Enio Polena
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Šárka Lhotak
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Celeste A F Collins
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Jehonathan H Pinthus
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Mario Gonzalez-Gronow
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jen Hoogenes
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- the Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Mark Crowther
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Sara D'Angelo
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Serena Marchiò
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
- the Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy, and
- the Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Wadih Arap
- the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Bobby Shayegan
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
- the Department of Surgery, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada,
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47
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Glycan profile of CHO derived IgM purified by highly efficient single step affinity chromatography. Anal Biochem 2017; 539:162-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Kretschmer A, Schwanbeck R, Valerius T, Rösner T. Antibody Isotypes for Tumor Immunotherapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 44:320-326. [PMID: 29070977 DOI: 10.1159/000479240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the evolutionary diversity of antibody isotypes, the spectrum of currently approved therapeutic antibodies is biased to the human IgG1 isotype. Detailed studies into the different structures and functions of human isotypes have suggested that other isotypes than IgG1 may be advantageous for specific indications - depending on the complex interplay between the targeted antigen or epitope, the desired mode of action, the pharmacokinetic properties, and the biopharmaceutical considerations. Thus, it may be speculated that with the increasing number of antibodies becoming available against a broadening spectrum of target antigens, identification of the optimal antibody isotype for particular therapeutic applications may become critical for the therapeutic success of individual antibodies. Thus, investments into this rather unexplored area of antibody immunotherapy may provide opportunities for distinction in the increasingly busy 'antibody space'. Therefore, IgG, IgA, IgE as well as IgM isotypes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kretschmer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwanbeck
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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49
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Rasche L, Weinhold N, Morgan GJ, van Rhee F, Davies FE. Immunologic approaches for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 55:190-199. [PMID: 28431262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The FDA approval of two monoclonal antibodies in 2015has heralded a new era of targeted immunotherapies for multiple myeloma (MM). In this review we discuss the recent approaches using different immunological components to treat MM. In particular, we review current monoclonal antibody based therapies, engineered T- and NK cell products, 'off-target' immunomodulation, and strategies utilizing allogeneic cell transplantation in MM. We discuss how an immunologic approach offers promise for the treatment of this genetically heterogeneous disease, and how patients with acquired drug resistance may particularly benefit from these therapies. We also describe some of the limitations of the current strategies and speculate on the future of personalized immunotherapies for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Rasche
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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50
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Monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 31:1039-1047. [PMID: 28210004 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of multiple myeloma (MM) has evolved spectacularly over the past decade with the discovery and validation of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents as highly active agents, both in front-line therapy as well as in the relapse and maintenance settings. Although previous attempts to apply available monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to the treatment of patients with MM has until recently been disappointing, novel targets specifically explored in the context of MM have recently lead to the first approvals of Mabs for the treatment of patients with MM. We have performed a literature search to identify preclinical targeting of MM, including in vitro and in vivo models using monoclonal antibodies, as well as clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies in patients with MM. Sources used were peer-reviewed publications, congress abstracts and on-line clinical trials data (such as clinicaltrials.gov). Several targets have been evaluated in preclinical models and a growing number of agents are being evaluated in clinical trials, as single agents or in combination and under various antibody formats. Two agents, targeting for the first time CD38 and SLAMF7, respectively, have recently been approved for the treatment of patients with MM. The recent approval of these two antibodies is expected to have a strong impact on treatment modalities and outcome in patients with MM, including both transplant eligible and elderly patients.
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