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Chau-Etchepare F, Hoerger JL, Kuhn BT, Zeki AA, Haczku A, Louie S, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE, Schivo M. Viruses and non-allergen environmental triggers in asthma. J Investig Med 2019; 67:1029-1041. [PMID: 31352362 PMCID: PMC7428149 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease with many triggers. The best understood asthma inflammatory pathways involve signals characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E levels (called T2-high or allergic asthma), though other asthma phenotypes exist (eg, T2-low or non-allergic asthma, eosinophilic or neutrophilic-predominant). Common triggers that lead to poor asthma control and exacerbations include respiratory viruses, aeroallergens, house dust, molds, and other organic and inorganic substances. Increasingly recognized non-allergen triggers include tobacco smoke, small particulate matter (eg, PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds. The interaction between respiratory viruses and non-allergen asthma triggers is not well understood, though it is likely a connection exists which may lead to asthma development and/or exacerbations. In this paper we describe common respiratory viruses and non-allergen triggers associated with asthma. In addition, we aim to show the possible interactions, and potential synergy, between viruses and non-allergen triggers. Finally, we introduce a new clinical approach that collects exhaled breath condensates to identify metabolomics associated with viruses and non-allergen triggers that may promote the early management of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Chau-Etchepare
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Joshua L Hoerger
- Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Brooks T Kuhn
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samuel Louie
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Choi J, Oh JY, Lee YS, Hur GY, Lee SY, Shim JJ, Kang KH, Min KH. The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:953-959. [PMID: 31190782 PMCID: PMC6511627 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s197361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of antibiotics is based on the clinician's experience and judgment, and antibiotics may often be overused in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Eosinophils have been studied as biomarkers of bacterial infection and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AECOPD. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether eosinophils could be used to determine bacterial infection in AECOPD events. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients admitted to Korea University Guro Hospital for AECOPD between January 2011 and May 2017. Data pertaining to baseline characteristics, results of previous pulmonary function tests, treatment information during the admission period, and history of pulmonary treatment were collected before admission. Results: A total of 736 AECOPD events were eligible for inclusion and were divided into two groups based on the eosinophil count: those involving eosinophil counts of less than 2% (546 events) and those involving counts of 2% or more (190 events). In univariate analysis, the only bacterial pathogen identification events and bacterial-viral pathogen co-identification events were significantly more frequent in the group with eosinophil counts of less than 2% (P=0.010 and P=0.001, respectively). In logistic regression analysis, the rates of only bacterial pathogen identification [odds ratios =1.744; 95% confidence interval, 1.107-2.749; P=0.017] and bacterial-viral pathogen co-identification [odds ratios=2.075; 95% confidence interval, 1.081-3.984; P=0.028] were higher in the group with eosinophil count less than 2%. Conclusion: In conclusion, eosinophil counts of less than 2% are potential indicators of a bacterial infection in AECOPD events. Eosinophils could thus serve as a reference for the use of antibiotics in AECOPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwhan Choi
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Oh
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Young Hur
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Lee
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Shim
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Kang
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Min
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Song JH, Kim SR, Heo EY, Lee JY, Kim DE, Cho S, Chang SY, Yoon BI, Seong J, Ko HJ. Antiviral activity of gemcitabine against human rhinovirus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:6-13. [PMID: 28705625 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus, a major causative agent of the common cold, is associated with exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there is no antiviral treatment or vaccine for human rhinovirus (HRV). Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) is a deoxycytidine analog with antiviral activity against rhinovirus, as well as enterovirus 71, in vitro. However, the antiviral effects of gemcitabine in vivo have not been investigated. In the current study, we assessed whether gemcitabine mediated antiviral effects in the murine HRV infection model. Intranasal administration of gemcitabine significantly lowered pulmonary viral load and inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, and reduction in the number of lung-infiltrating lymphocytes. Interestingly, we found that the addition of UTP and CTP significantly attenuated the antiviral activity of gemcitabine. Thus the limitation of UTP and CTP by the addition of gemcitabine may inhibit the viral RNA synthesis. These results suggest that gemcitabine, an antineoplastic drug, can be repositioned as an antiviral drug to inhibit HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ryeol Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Heo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Ochang, South Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Ochang, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, South Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Seong
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Kangwon National University, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, South Korea; Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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Reply. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1717-1718. [PMID: 28274584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee SB, Song JA, Choi GE, Kim HS, Jang YJ. Rhinovirus infection in murine chronic allergic rhinosinusitis model. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1131-1138. [PMID: 27348296 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) commonly experience aggravation of their symptoms after viral upper respiratory infection (URI). Rhinovirus (RV) is the most common URI-causing virus. However, there is a lack of a mouse model of RV infection and in vivo studies investigating the effect of RV infection on CRS. METHODS A mouse model of chronic allergic rhinosinusitis (CARS) was established by sensitizing to ovalbumin (OVA) through intraperitoneal injection followed by nasal challenges with OVA for 5 weeks. Both control and CARS mice were euthanized at 48 hours after infection with minor group RV serotype 1B (RV1B). Sinonasal complex samples were evaluated histologically; and interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were measured in the nasal lavage fluid. The RV1B-infected areas in control and CARS mice were identified using immunofluorescence. RESULTS In the infected control mice group, RV1B increased secretory hyperplasia in the sinonasal mucosa and the production of proinflammatory cytokines including INF-γ, MIP-2, and IL-13. Immunohistochemical analysis of nasal mucosa from RV1B-infected mice presented abundant RV1B staining, which was distributed between the epithelium and the lamina propria. In the CARS group, the RV1B-infected area per unit was significantly higher than that in control mice. However, RV1B infection neither increased the proinflammatory cytokine secretion nor worsened the histology significantly. CONCLUSION We successfully established a mouse model of upper airway RV infection by nasal inoculation with RV1B. Although there was histologically-proven increased RV infection in the CARS model, the infection did not intensify sinonasal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bu Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yuseoung Sun General Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Eun Choi
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cellular Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Therapeutic and prophylactic activity of itraconazole against human rhinovirus infection in a murine model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23110. [PMID: 26976677 PMCID: PMC4791555 DOI: 10.1038/srep23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. There is a need for appropriate vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat HRV infection. In this study, we investigated whether itraconazole (ICZ) can protect cells from HRV-induced cytotoxicity. Replication of HRV1B was reduced by ICZ treatment in the lungs of HRV1B- as compared to vehicle-treated mice. The numbers of immune cells, including granulocytes and monocytes, were reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by ICZ administration after HRV1B infection, corresponding to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in BALF. A histological analysis of lung tissue showed that ICZ suppressed inflammation caused by HRV1B infection. Interestingly, pretreatment of mice with ICZ in the form of a nasal spray had potent prophylactic antiviral activity. Cholesterol accumulation in the plasma membrane was observed upon HRV infection; ICZ blocked cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane, as well as resulted in its accumulation in subcellular compartments near the nucleus. These findings suggest that ICZ is a potential antiviral agent for the treatment of HRV infection, which can be adopted preventatively as well as therapeutically.
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Kumar RK, Herbert C, Foster PS. Mouse models of acute exacerbations of allergic asthma. Respirology 2016; 21:842-9. [PMID: 26922049 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the healthcare costs associated with asthma relate to emergency department visits and hospitalizations because of acute exacerbations of underlying chronic disease. Development of appropriate animal models of acute exacerbations of asthma is a necessary prerequisite for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and assessing potential novel therapeutic approaches. Most such models have been developed using mice. Relatively few mouse models attempt to simulate the acute-on-chronic disease that characterizes human asthma exacerbations. Instead, many reported models involve relatively short-term challenge with an antigen to which animals are sensitized, followed closely by an unrelated triggering agent, so are better described as models of potentiation of acute allergic inflammation. Triggers for experimental models of asthma exacerbations include (i) challenge with high levels of the sensitizing allergen (ii) infection by viruses or fungi, or challenge with components of these microorganisms (iii) exposure to environmental pollutants. In this review, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of published mouse models, their application for investigation of novel treatments and potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney
| | - Cristan Herbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney
| | - Paul S Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
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